OHTKVHJ TGJMH@WOWHJ
ML^OKAH^L @LT

Mlsusuj kog`2
ILVML\H \WOLHJH
JLE. T63664468>44
T63664468>44

TVKCVHE ^]WML TVKIG^L JGV^

TKO]GAAG^ AGEGJAG^ ^WVHAHV]H
]H@WJ HAHMGELA 6468/6466
 

OHTKVHJ TGJMH@WOWHJ
ML^OKAH^L @LT

H. Akj
Akjsgp
sgp ]gkr
]gkrll Mlsokah
Mlsokahsl
sl @lp

8. Mg
Mgil
iljl
jlsl
sl
Ahthh mls
Aht mlsoka
okahsl
hsl egr
egrup
uphah
hahj
j ch
chfuj
fujchj
chj mhr
mhrll ah
ahth
th mls mhj oka
okahsl
hsl yhj
yhjc
c fgr
fgrhrt
hrtll
agmumuahj yhjc shoh`. Mlsokahsl sgjml hmhoh` aghmhhj mlehjh tgrbhml pgrcgsgrhj tktho
 pgreuahhj tuohjc yhjc egefgjtua
egefgjtua pgrsgjmlhj. Mlsokahsl sgjml egruphahj aghmhhj
aghmhhj chwht
mhrurht ml flmhjc krtkpgml yhjc egegrouahj pgjhjchjhj sgcgrh. Mlsokahsl hmhoh` aghmhhj
ml ehjh tuohjc-tuohjc yhjc egefgjtua sgjml tlmha ohcl fgr`ufujchj sgnhrh hjhtkels
(tuohjc ogphs mhrl sgjml). Mlsokahsl ljl mhpht `hjyh akepkjgj tuohjcjyh shbh yhjc fgrcgsgr 
hthu tgrogphsjyh sgouru` akepkjgj tuohjc mhrl tgepht yhjc sg`hrusjyh (mhrl ehjcaua 
sgjml) (Vhsbhm, N`hlrummlj. 648=).
Mlsoka
Mlsokahsl
hsl `lp hthu
hthu mls
mlsoka
okahsl
hsl phj
phjccu
ccuoo hmhoh`
hmhoh` suh
suhtu
tu agh
aghmhh
mhhj
j mle
mlehj
hjhh tgr
tgrbhm
bhmll

pgreuahhj nhput igekrls tgr`hmhp hngthfuoue. Mlsokahsl tgrbhml agtlah nhput 

 pgrpljmh`hj pgreuahhj
 igekrls agouhr mhrl hngthfuoue. Akjmlsl ljl mhpht akjcgjltho hthu mlmhpht ( hnqulrgm ).
). Mhrl
agmuh mlsokahsl ljl, mlsokahsl yhjc pholjc sgrljc mltgeuahj hmhoh` mlsokahsl phjccuo halfht
trhueh (mlsokahsl phjccuo trhuehtla). Mlsokahsl phjccuo trhuehtla ljl mhpht tgrbhml phmh
sgeuhh agok
sgeu agokepka
epka uslh mhj hjca
hjcahh agbh
agbhmlhj
mlhjjyh
jyh egjljcah
egjljcahtt sglrl
sglrljc
jc mgjc
mgjchj
hj egjl
egjljcah
jcahtjyh
tjyh
hjcah agngohahhj ohou oljths mhj mlsokahsl phjccuo ljl egruphahj suhtu agchwhtmhrurhthj
krtkpg
krtkpgml
ml yhj
yhjc
c ege
egefut
futu`a
u`ahj
hj tht
ththoh
hohash
ashjh
jh sgcgrh ( Hegrlnhj Hnhmgey ki Krt`kphgmln
sgcgrh
^urcgkjs, 648=).

6. Gt
Gtlk
lkok
okcl
cl

 Gtlkokcl mlsokahsl `lp egjurut Cheekjs (6480), yhltu2

h. Ngmgrh Koh`rhch
Koh`rhch yhjc flhshjyh egjygfhfahj mlsokahsl hmhoh` sgpha fkoh mhj `kal, sgrth
koh`rhch yhjc fgrgslak bhtu`.
f. ]rhueh
Fgjturhj agrhs phmh sgjml shht agngohahhj ektkr flhshjyh egjygfhfahj
egjygfhfahj mlsokahsl.
n. ]grbhtu`
]grbhtu` mhrl thjcch hthu tgrbhtu` shht fgrmhjsh mlhths ohjthl yhjc olnlj.
m. Thtkokcls
]grbh ‐tgghr“ olchegjt   mh
rbhml ‐t mhj nhps
nhpsuo
uo hrtlnu
hrtlnuogr 
ogr   yhj
yhjc
c eg
egrup
ruphah
hahj
j ake
akepkj
pkjgj
gj vlt
vltho
ho

 pgjc`ufujc tuohjc.
 

>. Ehjl
Ehjlig
igst
sths
hsll Ao
Aolj
ljls
ls
Ehjligsthsl aoljls mlsokahsl `lp egjurut Cheekjs (6480), yhltu2
h. Jygr
Jygrll hhau
autt
 f. Tgrufh`hj ak
akjtur
jtur sgjml
n. Tgrufh`h
Tgrufh`hj
j phj
phjbhjc
bhjc ggastrg
astrgelths
elths

m. Ag`lohjc
Ag`lohjchj
hj ek
ekflolth
flolthss jkre
jkreho
ho
g. Tgrufh`h
Tgrufh`hjj suefu tuohj
tuohjcc yhjc egjch
egjchohel
ohel mlsok
mlsokahsl
ahsl
i. Ch
Chjc
jccu
cuhj
hj c
cgr
grha
hahj
hj
c. Agah
Agahau
auhj
hj
`. Tge
Tgefgj
fgjcah
cahahj
ahj
l. Mgikre
Mgikrelth
lthss phm
phmhh pgr
pgrsgj
sgjmlh
mlhj
j

=. Aohs
Aohsli
lila
lahs
hsll
Fgrmhshrahj hrh` mlsokahsl, mlsokahsl `lp mlfhcl egjbhml > (Cheekjs, Ehtt`gw. 6480),
yhltu2

h. Mlsokahsl Tkstgrlkr 
8) Egagahj
hjls
lse
eg Ng
Ngmmgrh
grh
Nhput igekrls agouhr mhrl hngthfuoue egohoul suhtu trhueh yhjc ml`hjthrahj phmh
mlhp`lsls igeur mlehjh sgjml phjccuo mhohe pkslsl iogxl hthu sgeliogxl. ]rhueh
 flhshjyh tgrbhml ahrgjh agngohahhj ohou oljths mlehjh outut pgjuephjc mhohe
aghm
aghmhh
hhj
j io
iogx
gxll mhj
mhj eg
egjh
jhfr
frha
ha mgjc
mgjchj
hj agrh
agrhss fgjm
fgjmhh yhjc
yhjc hmh
hmh ml mgph
mgphj
j ou
outu
tut.
t.
Egahjl
Egahjlseg
seg a`h
a`hss ujt
ujtua
ua mlsoka
mlsokahsl
hsl pk
pkstg
stgrlk
rlkrr hm
hmhoh
hoh`
` pgr
pgrohe
ohefht
fhthj
hj mle
mlehj
hjhh out
outut
ut
 pgjmgrlth egjcgjhl mhs`fkhrm mgjchj egjgaua outut mhj phjccuo. Mlsokahsl
 pkstgrlkr sgjml phjccuo flhsh mlsgfhfahj kog` trhueh. Ljl tgrbhml phmh hxls
okjcltumljho phmh igeur shht igeur mhohe aghmhhj iogxl <4 mgrhbht mhj sgmlalt

hmmuasl.
6) Che
Chefh
fhrhj
rhj Aol
Aoljls
jls mh
mhj
j Tgeg
Tgegrla
rlashh
shhj
j Il
Ilsla 
sla 
Tgjmgrlth flhshjyh mhthjc sgtgoh` trhueh yhjc `gfht mlsgrthl jygrl mhj mgikrelths
 phmh mhgrh` sgjml phjccuo buch tlmha flsh egjccgrha
egjccgrhahj
hj hjcckth cgrha fhwh`.
^gjml phjccuo tgrhfh egjkjbko ag fgohahjc mhohe pkslsl hmmuasl, iogxl, mhj rkthsl
ljtgrjh. ]grmhpht pgegjmgahj hjcckth cgrha fhwh` mhj tgrhfh nhput igeur phmh
 phjccuo. rhsh jygrl
jygrl mlhalfhtah
mlhalfhtahj
j sphseg ktkt mlsg
mlsgalthr
althr phjccuo.
Nhput igekrls  mhpht fgrhmh ml pkslsl yhjc tljccl ( lolhn) hthu rgjmh` ( lsn`lhtln),
tgrchjtujc mhrl pkslsl iogxl ph`h agtlah tgrbhml mlsokahsl.
Mlsokahsl tlpg lolhn2

- Thjc
Thjccu
cuoo io
iogx
gxl,
l, hhmm
mmua
uasl
sl,, gj
gjmk
mkrk
rkth
thsl
sl
- Gx
Gxtrg
trgelt
elthshs yh
yhjc
jc tgr
tgragj
agjhh the
thepha
pha ege
egegjm
gjmga 
ga 
 

- ]rkn`hjtgr ehbkr   mhj fkakjc ml mhgrh` yhjc egjchohel mlsokahsl tgrol`ht

egjkjbko
- Ou
Outu
tutt gxtr
gxtrge
gelt
lths
hs yh
yhjc
jc eg
egjc
jcho
hohe
hell mlso
mlsoka
kahs
hsll thep
thepha
ha eg
egju
juep
ephj
hjc
c ml ph
ph`h
`h
sgfgoh`jyh
Mlsokahsl tlpg lsn`lhtln2
- Thjccuo iogxl

- Thjc
Thjccu
cuoo shjc
shjcht
ht fgrh
fgrhmm
mmua
uasl
sl sg`l
sg`ljc
jcch
ch ou
outu
tutt ml gxtr
gxtrge
gelt
lths
hs yhjc
yhjc eg
egjc
jcho
hohe
hell
mlsokahsl thepha egjljml` ml ph`h sgfgoh`jyh
- Gx
Gxtrg
trgelt
elths
hs fh
fhwh`
wh` tthep
hepha
ha mh
mhohe
ohe pk
pksls
slsll gjm
gjmkrk
krkths
thsll yhj
yhjc
c gas
gastrl
trle
e
- ]rkn`hjtgr ehbkr   mhj fkakjc ml mhgrh` yhjc egjchohel mlsokahsl tgrol`ht
egjkjbko
Blah shoh` shtu tuohjc phjbhjc egjchohel irhatur (flhshjyh igeur), mlsokahsl
 phjccuo sgrljcahol tlmha tgrmlhcjksls. Tgmkehj yhjc fhla hmhoh` mgjchj
 pgegrlashhj pgovls mgjchj pgegrlashhj rhmlkokcls. ]ujcahl fhwh` buch `hrus
mlpgrlash ujtua egjnhrl hphah` tgrbhml ngmgrh syhrhi lsn`lhmlnus.
f. Mlsokahsl Hjtgrlkr 

Mlsokahsl hjtgrlkr bhrhjc tgrbh

Mlsokahsl tgrbhml
ml blah mlfhjmljcahj
mlfhjmljcahj mgjchj mlsok
mlsokahsl
ahsl pkstgrlkr. Nhput 
pkstgrlkr.
 igekrls  mlm
mlmkrk
krkjc
jc mg
mgjch
jchj
j ph
phash
ash ag hrh
hrh`
` hj
hjtgr
tgrklj
kljigr
igrlkr
lkr mhj fgrpljmh
fgrpljmh`` ag  ikrhegj
kfturhtkrlue hthu pufls.
8) Ega
gahj
hjls
lse
eg Ng
Ngm
mgrh
grh
Mlsoka
Mlsokahsl
hsl ljl mhp
mhpht
ht tgr
tgrbhm
bhmll mho
mhohe
he agn
agngoh
gohahh
ahhj
j oho
ohou
u oljths
oljths agt
agtlah
lah out
outut
ut tgr
tgrfgj
fgjtur 
tur 
mhs`fkhrm   agtlah ph`h mhohe pkslsl hfmuasl. Mlsokahsl phmh shtu hthu fh`ahj
agmuh phjccuo mhpht tgrbhml blah sgsgkrhjc tgrtleph fgjmh fgrht phmh pujccujcjyh
shhtt pks
shh pkslsl
lsl ah
ahal
al egrgj
egrgjthj
thjc,
c, out
outut
ut ourus
ourus mhj puj
pujccu
ccujc mgphj.. Nhput igekrls
jc ag mgphj
mlmkrkjc mgjchj phash ag hrh` hjtgrkljigrlkr hngthfuol mhj fgrpljmh` ag  ikrhegj
kfturhtkrlue hthu pufls.

6) Che
Chefh
fhrhj
rhj Aol
Aoljls
jls mh
mhj
j Tgeg
Tgegrla
rlashh
shhj
j Il
Ilsla 
sla 
Ahal
Ahal fgrh
fgrhmh
mh mhoh
mhohe
e pksl
pkslsl
sl gxkr
gxkrkt
kths
hsl,
l, hfmu
hfmuas
asl,
l, mhj
mhj sgml
sgmlal
altt iogx
iogxl.
l. Ahal
Ahal tlmh
tlmha 
a 
egegjmga ahrgjh pgrogahthj rgatus igekrls egjngch` nhput igekrls
igekrls fgrcgsgr ag
hths.
hths. Floh
Floh mlo
mlol`h
l`htt mhr
mhrll she
sheplj
pljc,
c, tkjbko
tkjbkohj
hj hjt
hjtgrl
grlkr phmhh nhput   yhjc egjcho
kr phm egjchohel
hel
mlsokahsl thepha bgohs. ]grahmhjc ahal fgrhfmuasl `heplr egefgjtua sumut slau-
slau. Nhput  yhjc
 yhjc egjkjbko eumh` mlrhfh. Cgrhahj phjccuo tlmha mhpht mlohauahj.

n. Mlsokahsl ^gjtrho (Tusht)

8) Ega
gahj
hjls
lse
eg Ng
Ngm
mgrh
grh
Mlsokahsl ^gjtrho tgrbhml hphfloh ahput igeur tgrmkrkjc ag egmlho hngthfuoue phmh
rkjcch
rkjcch phj
phjcc
ccuo.
uo. Mlsljl
Mlsljl ahpsuo
ahpsuo tgt
tgthp
hp utu
utu`.
`. Irhatu
Irhaturr hng
hngthf
thfuou
uoue
e tgr
tgrbhm
bhmll ahr
ahrgj
gjhh
 

mkrkjchj yhjc auht mhrl ohtgrho hthu bhtu` mhrl agtljcclhj phmh shtu slsl hthu suhtu
tgahjhj yhjc egohoul igeur mlehjh phjccuo mhohe agmhhj hfmuasl.
6) Chef
Chefhrhj
hrhj Aoljl
Aoljlss mh
mhj
j Tg
Tgegrl
egrlashh
ashhj
j Il
Ilsla 
sla 
]grmhpht ouah ogngt hthu egehr phmh ph`h, jheuj ahal tgrogtha phmh pkslsl jkreho.
]rkn`hjtgr   mhj mhg
mhgrh`
rh` phj
phjccu
ccuoo tgr
tgrhsh
hsh jyg
jygrl.
rl. Cgr
Cgrhah
hahj
j elj
eljleh
lehoo eh
ehsl`
sl` mhp
mhpht
ht
mlohauahj
mlohauahj.. Thsl
Thslgj
gj `hru
`hruss mlpg
mlpgrlash
rlash mgjchj ngre
ngreht
ht ujtu
ujtua
a egjn
egjnhrl
hrl hmh tlmh
tlmhajyh
ajyh

ngmgrh pgovls mhj hfmkegj.

7. Tht
Thtkik
kiklko
lkokcl
kclss
Thmh mlsokahsl akjcgjltho tgrmhpht agtlmhasthflohj pljccuo phmh fhyl mhj hjha 
mgjchj
mgjchj akjmlsl pljccuo yhjc sthflo mhj iogasl sgfh
sgfhclhj
clhj.. Hmh fhjy
fhjyha
ha ihatk
ihatkrr yhjc
egeujcaljahj
egeujcaljahj akmlsl mlokahsl akjcgjltho, egolputl ihatks cgjgtla, `krekjho, ehopkslsl
ljtrhutgrlj mhj ihatkr phsnh agoh`lrhj mhrl pgrtkokjchj pgrsholjhj. Thmh kstgkelgoltls
haut yhjc egjcljvhsl egthisls,ljtrhahpsuohr sgjml pljccuo buch laut egjchohel ljigasl.
^gohbutjyh, ahput mhj agphoh igeur egjchohel agrushahj mhj egjchohel pgrufh`hj
ogtha
ogtha half
halfht
ht ogph
ogphsjyh
sjyh agphoh igeu
igeurr mhrl ehjcaua hsgthef
hsgthefuoue
uoue.. Aolgj yhjc pgrj
pgrjh`
h`

egjchohel phrholsls sgrgfrho,pkolkelgoltls mhj elgokegjljckago hahj egjlefuoahj

suhtu akjmlsl phrholsls yhjc egjygfhfahj agtlmhasglefhjchj
agtlmhasglefhjchj ktkt sg`ljcch tgrbhml
hfmuasl pljccuo. Thmh akjmlsl sgohjbutjyh, trkjahjtgr ehykr chcho fgragefhjc, og`gr 
igeur fgjcaka mhj agouhr mhrl pljccuo mhj tgrbhml mlsokahsl/sufoua
mlsokahsl/sufouahsl
hsl pljccuo.
Tgrufh`h
Tgrufh`hj
j ogtha sgjm
sgjmll pljc
pljccuo
cuo mhph
mhphtt egjy
egjygfhf
gfhfahj
ahj akep
akeprgsl
rgsl shrhi salht
salhtlah
lah
sg`ljcch aolgj hahj egjcgou` jygrl, agtlmhaehepuhj egjccgrhahj sgjml pljccuo yhjc
egjygfhfahj aolgj tlmha mhpht egohauahj ekflolshsl pljccuo mhj aolgj egepujyhl
rlslak
rlslak trhue
trhueh.
h. Ljtgr
Ljtgrvgjs
vgjsll rgmu
rgmuasl
asl tgrtu
tgrtutup
tup mgjc
mgjchj
hj pgeh
pgehshjc
shjchj
hj trha
trhasl
sl egef
egefgrlah
grlahj
j
lepolahsl agpgrhwhthj ujtua egjurujahj rlslak tljccl trhueh mhj rgmuasl tgrfuah hahj
egjlefuoahj mhepha agrusahj bhrljchj oujha yhjc egjygfhfah
egjygfhfahj
j jygrl ouah phsah

 fgmh sg`ljcch
sg`ljcch egjlefuoah
egjlefuoahj
j rlslak tljccl ljigasl (Trln
(Trlngg & Sloskj. 6486).
6486).
 

 Tht`why

Thtkokcls Ngmgrh koh`rhch, trhueh, tgrbhtu`

 Mlsokahsl ]grogphsjyh bhr. ]uohjc Egrusha struatur  Egrkfga

mhrl agshtuhj sgjml sgjml, olchegj ahpsuo/egjygfhfahj
sgjml rh`hjc
tgpl cogjklm tgrhvuosl
 Mlsokahsl sgjml bhrl Mlsokahsl

Mlsokahsl sgjml fh`u Mlsokahsl sgjml phjccuo Mlsokahsl sgjml phtgooh

Mlsokahsl Mlsokahsl Hjtgrlkr  Mlsokahsl ^gjtrho

Tkstgrlkr 
Nhput igekrls mlmkrkjc Ahput igeur tgrmkrkjc ag Thjccuo

Nhput igekrls agouhr  mgjchj phash ag hrh` egmlho hngthfuoue tgrhsh jygrl

mhrl hngthfuoue hjtgrkljigrlkr 
Ogngt mhj egehr phmh
Gastrgelths Mgikrelths Nhput igekrls fgrpljmh` fhclhj ph`h
egjchohel sgjml phjccuo ag ikrhegj kfturhtkrlue
pgegjmgahj Agrushahj phmh auolt Vlslak
^phseg ktkt Ahal fgrhfmuasl `heplr  (ouah tgrfuah) ljigasl
Chjccuhj egefgjtua sumut slau
ekflolths ilsla Agrushahj ljtgcrlths
Jygrl haut
Thjccuo suolt mlcgrhaahj auolt

Ngmgrh
jgurkvhsauogr 

Tgriusl pgrligr 
Gastrgelths punht mhj mljclj
tlmha gigatli  (Trlng & Sloskj. 6486 )

9. Tg
Tgeg
egrl
rlas
ashh
hhj
j Ml
Mlhc
hcjk
jkst
stla 
la 
h. Tgegrlashhj ^ljhr„P hthu P-Vhy
Thmh fhclhj hjtgrkpkstgrlkr hahj egepgrol`htahj fhyhjchj yhjc tuephjc-tljml` hjthrh
ahput `uegrus mhj ikssh Cogjklm, Ahput flhshjyh tgrogtha ml fhwh` mhj egmlho tgr`hmhp
tgr`hmhp ehjcaua sgjml.
f. Tgegrlashhj Vhmlkokcl
]hepha tuohjc ogphs mhrl sgjml.
n. Tgegrlashhj Ohfkrhtkrlu
Ohfkrhtkrlue
e
Wjtua egjlohl hphah` hmh ljigasl mgjchj pgjljcahthj oguakslt.
m. N] ^nhj
N]-^nhj yhltu pgegrlashhj sljhr-P yhjc ogfl` nhjccl` mgjchj fhjtuhj akeputgr, sg`ljcch
egepgrkog` chefhr yhjc ogfl` mgthlo mhj mhpht mlfuht chefhrhj sgnhrh > mlegjsl. Thmh
 pslgj mlsokahsl
mlsokahsl mltgeuahj che
chefhr
fhr > mlegjsl mle
mlehjh
hjh sgjml tlmha fgrhmh phmh tg
tgephtjyh.
ephtjyh.
g. EVL
EVL egruphahj pgegrlashhj yhjc egjccujhahj cgokefhjc ehcjgt mhj irgaugjsl rhmlk
thjph egjccujhahj sljhr-P hthu fh`hj rhmlk hatli, sg`ljcch mhpht mlpgrkog` chefhrhj
tufu`
tufu` (tg
(tgrut
ruthe
hehh bhr
bhrljc
ljchj
hj ouj
oujha)
ha) mgj
mgjchj
chj ogf
ogfl`
l` mgthlo
mgthlo.. ^gpgr
^gpgrtl
tl `ho
`hojyh
jyh N]
N]-^n
-^nhj,
hj, phm
phmhh
 pgegrlashhj EVL
EVL mltgeuah
mltgeuahj
j hmhjyh pgrcg
pgrcgsgrhj
sgrhj sgjml mhr
mhrll ehjcaua sgjm
sgjml.
l.

3. Tgjh
Tgjhth
thoh
ohas
ashj
hjhh
hhj
j
Tgjhthohashjhhj
Tgjhthohashjhhj mlsokahsl yhltu2 (Mhvgjtpkrt, E M. 6486) mhj (Hegrlnhj Hnhmgey ki
 Krt`kphgmln ^urcgkjs. 648=)
h. ]hthohashj
]hthohashjhh Mlsokahsl Tkstgrlkr 
Mlsoka
Mlsokahsl
hsl `h
`hrus
rus mlr
mlrgmu
gmuasl
asl sgn
sgngph
gphtt eu
eujca
jcalj
lj ml fh
fhwh`
wh` hjg
hjgstg
stgsl
sl ueu
ueue.
e. Vgm
Vgmuas
uasll `hr
`hrus
us
mlo
mlohau
hauahj
ahj mho
mhohe
he wha
whatu
tu 86 bhe sgb
sgbha
ha tgr
tgrbhm
bhmljy
ljyhh mls
mlsoka
okahsl
hsl.. Thm
Thmhh sgf
sgfhcl
hclhj
hj fgs
fgshr
hr ahs
ahsus
us
mlohauahj rgmuasl tgrtutup, jheuj blah rgmuasl tgrtutup chcho sgfhjyha 6 ahol ehah `hrus
mlohauahj rgmuasl tgrfuah ujtua egjngch` agrushahj nhput igekrls
igekrls ogfl` ohjbut. ^gfgoue
egohauahj rgmuasl, sgfhlajyh mlohauahj pgegrlashhj jgurkvhsauohr.
8) Ljmlahsl
Ljmlahsl rgm
rgmuasl
uasl tg
tgrtutu
rtutup2
p2
- Mlsokahsl
Mlsokahsl mg
mgjchj
jchj hhthu
thu thj
thjph
ph mgil
mgilslt
slt jgu
jgurkok
rkokcls
cls bla
blahh tlmha hhmh
mh irha
irhatur 
tur 
- Mlsokahsl
Mlsokahsl yh
yhjc
jc mlsg
mlsgrthl
rthl irh
irhatur
atur bla
blahh tlmha tg
tgrmhp
rmhpht
ht mgils
mgilslt
lt jgur
jgurkokc
kokcls
ls
6) Akjtrhljm
Akjtrhljmlahsl
lahsl rgmua
rgmuasl
sl tgrtutu
tgrtutup2
p2
- Mlso
Mlsoka
kahs
hsll ph
phjc
jccu
cuoo tg
tgrf
rfua
uahh
>) Mlsokahsl Thjccuo yhjc ]
]lmha
lmha ]
]grgmuasl
grgmuasl
]grahmhjc mlsokahsl phjccuo pkstgrlkr thjph irhatur hngthfuoue hthu nhput igekrls tlmha 
mhpht mlrgmuasl mgjchj egtkmg rgmuasl tgrtutup. Thmh mlsokahsl pkstgrlkr, nhput igekrls
agouhr
agouhr ag hrh` pkstgrkl
pkstgrkljigrl
jigrlkr
kr mhrl ahpsuo mhj mhph
mhphtt egjg
egjgefus
efus ktkt-ktkt gxkrkths
gxkrkthsl.
l.
Bhrljchj
Bhrljchj oujha yhjc egjcg
egjcgololjcl nkooue igekrls  mhpht egjngch`
ololjcl egjngch` rgokahsl mhrl nhput 
rgokahsl

 igekrls. ]hth ohashjh ujtua mlsokahsl yhjc tlmha tgrgmuasl ljl hmhoh` mgjchj rgmuasl
kpgrhtli (tgrfuah).
f. ]hthohashj
]hthohashjhh Mlsok
Mlsokahsl
ahsl Hjtgrlkr 
Mlsokahsl `hrus mlrgmuasl sgngpht eujcalj ml fhwh` hjgstgsl ueue. Vgmuasl `hrus
mlohauahj mhohe whatu 86 bhe sgbha tgrbhmljyh mlsokahsl. ^gfgoue egohauahj rgmuasl,
sgfhlajyh mlohauahj pgegrlashhj jgurkvhsauohr. Ehjuvgr yhjc mlcujhahj `heplr sheh
mgjchj yhjc mlcujhahj ujtua egrgmuasl mlsokahsl pkstgrlkr, agnuhol fh`wh agtlah ph`h
yhjc fgriogxl mlthrla ag hths, ph`h `hrus mlhmmuasl. ]hth ohashjh fgrlautjyh elrlp mgjchj
thth ohashjh phmh mlsokahsl pkstgrlkr.
^gtgoh`
^gtgoh` rgmu
rgmuasl,
asl, phjc
phjccuo
cuo mllstlrh`
mllstlrh`htahj
htahj mgjc
mgjchj
hj pgeh
pgehshjchj  salj trhntlkj  sgoheh
shjchj
tlch eljccu. Fgfgrhph `hrl sgtgoh` rgmuasl, cgrhahj hatli mhj phsli sgjml phjccuo mhpht
mleuoh
mleuohl.
l. Th
Thmh
mh ha`
ha`lr
lr elj
eljccu
ccu agtlch
agtlch,, phslgj
phslgj mlp
mlpgrf
grfkog
kog`a
`ahj
hj bho
bhohj
hj eg
egjcc
jccujh
ujhahj
ahj aru
arua 
a 
 pgjkphjc thjph fgrtuepu phmh slsl yhjc egjchohel mlsokahsl. ^goheh pgrlkmg ljl mhpht
mlohauahj ohtl`hj hatli tgrakjtrko ujtua egjcgefholahj iujcsl sgjml mhj pgragefhjchj
tkjus mhj agauhthj ktkt. Agrbh rljchj mhpht mlohjbutahj phmh eljccu ag 8=-89 mhj hatlvlths
 pgju` mhpht
mhpht mlohauahj 9-8
9-84
4 fuohj sgtgoh` nngmgrh.
gmgrh.
Lautl pgragefhjchj phslgj sgoheh eljleho 6 th`uj, sgtlhp pgegrlashhj rgahe
hj rhjcg ki ektlkj mhrl sgjml phjccuo mhj ohauahj pgegrlashhj P-rhy sgtlhp =-
 pgragefhjchj
 pgragefhjc
egjcgth`ull hmh tlmhajyh jgarksls hvhsauohr mhrl nhput igekrls.
9 fuohj ujtua egjcgth`u

Mlsokahsl Thjccuo yhjc ]lmha ]grgmuasl

 Thmh ahsus yhjc bhrhjc, ehjuvgr rgmuasl tgrtutup mhpht chcho mhohe egrgmuasl mlsokahsl
 phjccuo hjtgrlkr. Blah `ho ljl tgrbhml, ehah rgmuasl tgrtutup tlmha fkog` mlphashahj mhj `ho
ljl egruphahj ljmlahsl ujtua mlohauahjjyh rgmuasl tgrfuah. Agchchohj rgmuasl tgrtutup ljl
mhpht mlsgfhfahj kog` 2
- Tgjgtrhsl nhput igekrls ag mhohe ktkt lolkpskhs
- Gastrusl nhput igekrls ag mhohe oufhjc (futtkj`kog ) ml ahpsuo hjtgrlkr 
n. ]hthohashj
]hthohashjhh Mlsokahsl ^gjtrho
Thmh ahsus mlsok
mlsokahsl
ahsl phjc
phjccuo
cuo sgjtr
sgjtrho
ho tgthp `hrus mlush
mlush`hah
`hahj
j ujtu
ujtua
a egoh
egohauah
auahj
j
rgmuasl mhj egeuol`ahj fgjtua jkreho phjccuo. Mlsokahsl sgjtrho yhjc mlsgrthl mgjchj
irhatu
irhaturr ake
akelju
ljusl
sl phmh
phmh ohjthl hngthfuoue  mhph
ohjthl mhphtt mlrg
mlrgmuasl
muasl mgjchj ehjlpu
ehjlpuohsl
ohsl ml fhwh
fhwh`
`
hjgstgsl ueue. H`ol fgmh` egjhrla ph`h mgjchj auht mhj ageumlhj egjnkfh egjcujcalt
agouhr nhput mgjchj egjchmmuasl ph`h, egjccujhahj fhjthohj agrhs sgfhchl tltla tuepu.
Blahh nhr
Bla nhrhh ljl fgr
fgr`hs
`hslo,
lo, trh
trhasl
asl okj
okjclt
cltuml
umljho
jho mlp
mlpgrt
grth`h
h`hjah
jahj
j sgo
sgoheh
heh =-9 elj
eljccu
ccu mgj
mgjch
chj
j
 pgegrlashhj  P-rhy  ujtua
ujtua egehstlahj fh`wh nhput igekrls  tgthp fgrhmh ml fhwh` fhclhj
egehstlahj
hngthfuoue yhjc egjh`hj fgfhj.
Blah ehjlpuohsl chcho, akefljhsl trhasl okjcltumljho mhj ohtgrho mhpht egrgmuasl
mlsoka
mlsokahsl
hsl sgo
sgoheh
heh 6-> eljccu
eljccu.. Thmh
Thmh sge
sgeuh
uh egt
egtkm
kmgg ljl
ljl,, cgr
cgrha
hahj
hj pgr
pgrou
ou mle
mleuoh
uohll sgn
sgngp
gpht
ht

eujca
eujcalj.
lj. Floh
Floh trh
trhasl
asl mlo
mlogph
gphs,
s, phslgj
phslgj mlp
mlpgrf
grfkog
kog`ah
`ahj
j fhj
fhjcuj
cuj mgj
mgjch
chj
j aru
arua
a pgj
pgjkph
kphjc
jc..
Tgjh`hjhj fgfhj mlpgrfkog`ahj sgtgoh` 0 eljccu. @hslojyh tgr`hmhp iujcsl ogfl` fhla 
mhrlphmh yhjc mltujbuaahj phmh pgjheplohj P-rhy, tgthpl sgeuh cgrhahj agnuhol iogxl mhj
gxtgjsl tgthp shjcht tgrfhths, mhj phmh ha`lrjyh tgrbhml hrtrltls mgcgjgrhtli, agnuhol blah
 pgrcgsgrhj `hjyh
`hjyh tgrbhml sgml
sgmlalt.
alt.
m. Ljmlahsl Kpgrhsl
8) Irhatur hngthfuoue mgjchj pgrcgsgrhj : 6 ee ml mhohe aufh` hngthfuoue
6) Irha
Irhatur
tur mljm
mljmljc
ljc pks
pkstgrlk
tgrlkrr mgjch
mgjchj
j : 74% agt
agtgrolf
grolfhthj
hthj pg
pgreua
reuahhj
hhj hrtl
hrtlauoh
auohsl
sl sgjml ph
phmh
mh
mljmljc pkstgrlkr 
>) Agt
Agtlmh
lmhast
asthfl
hflohj
ohj aol
aoljls
jls phm
phmhh iogxll <44
iogx
=) Irh
Irhce
cegj
gj yhj
yhjc
c ttgrb
grbgf
gfha
ha ml mhohe hngthfuoue sgtgoh` rgmuasl tgrtutup
mhohe
Fgfgrhph pgjgoltlhj egjchjburahj kpgrhsl mlohauahj 6-> `hrl sgtgoh` ngmgrh ujtua 
egjujccu akjmlsl phslgj hchr sthflo. Lmghojyh rgmuasl tgrfuah mhj ilashsl ljtgrjho irhatur 
hngthfuoue sg`hrusjyh mlohauahj mhohe 7-3 `hrl sgtgoh` ngmgrh. Vgmuasl hjhtkels hahj
egjbh
egjbhml
ml ogf
ogfl`
l` suolt
suolt sgt
sgtgoh
goh`
` ego
egogwh
gwhtl
tl wha
whatu
tu tgr
tgrsgf
sgfut
ut ahrgjh
ahrgjh pge
pgefgj
fgjtua
tuahj
hj `g
`geht
ehtkeh
keh,,
akjtrhatur bhrljchj oujha, mhj pgefgjtuahj nhoous hwho.
pgefgjtuahj
^gtgoh
^gtgoh`
` mlo
mlohau
hauah
ahj
j rgm
rgmuas
uasll tgr
tgrfu
fuah,
ah, mlo
mloha
hauah
uahj
j pg
pgehs
ehshjchj  sagogtho trhntlkj.
hjchj
Tgehshjchj
Tgehshjchj ljl mlohauahj mgjchj nhrh2
8) Ehsuaahj t`rghmgm wlrg ml fhwh` tlflho tufgrnog.
6) Thsh
Thshjc
jc f
fgf
gfht
ht ]
]`k
`keh
ehss mg
mgjchj Tghrskj htthn`egjt fhohjngm  mhrl
jchj  mhrl rhjcah ml hths agphoh.
>) Thj
Thjccu
ccuoo mh
mhj
j ou
outut
tut sgm
sgmlal
laltt mliog
mliogxla
xlahj
hj
 =) Fg
Fgrla
rlahj
hj fgf
fgfhj
hj sgf
sgfgrh
grhtt 6
64-6
4-67
7 ofs
ofs

0. Akep
kepola
olahs
hsll
Akepolahsl yhjc eujcalj tgrbhml yhltu2 (Cheekjs. 6480)
h. Akepolahsl Mlsokahsl Tkstgrlkr 

  Mljl
- Ngmgrh jgrvus lsn`lhmlnus
^hrhii ljl ahmh
^hrh ahmhjc-ah
jc-ahmhjc
mhjc egjchoh
egjchohel
el ngmg
ngmgrh,
rh, jheu
jheuj
j flhsh
flhshjyh
jyh egef
egefhla
hla ohcl. Blah
sgtgoh` egrgmuasl mlsokahsl, ogsl jgrvus lsn`lhmlnus mhj irhatur hngthfuoue yhjc tlmha 
tgrgmuasl tgrmlhcjksls, ehah jgrvus `hrus mlgaspokrhsl mhj irhcegjjyh mlakrgasl ag
tgepht
tgepht hsho
hshojyh
jyh (mlsg
(mlsgarup
arupahj
ahj phmh pksl
pkslsljy
sljyh).
h). Tgjy
Tgjygefu
gefu`hj
`hj sgrlj
sgrljc
c egef
egefutu`
utu`ahj
ahj
whatu fgfgrhph fuohj, mhj sgegjthrh ltu tujcahl `hrus ml`ljmhrahj mhrl ngmgrh mhj
 pgrcgohjchj ahal
ahal `hrus mlfgf
mlfgfht
ht ujtua egjc`
egjc`ljmhrl tgrauohll ( ikkt mrkp).
ljmhrl ahal tgrauoh
- Ngmgrh pgefuou` mhrh`
Ahmh
Ahmhjc
jc-a
-ahm
hmhj
hjc
c hr
hrtg
tgrl
rl co
cout
utgu
guss supg
supgrl
rlkr
kr rkfg
rkfga
a mhj
mhj eujc
eujcal
alj
j tgrm
tgrmhp
hpht
ht fhjy
fhjyha 
ha 
 pgrmhrh`hj. Blah aghmhhj ljl mlnurlchl, ehah `hrus mlohauahj hrtgrlkcrhe. Tgefuou`
mhrh` yhjc rkfga eujcalj pgrou mlolchsl.

- Irhatur nkrpus igekrls

Floh ljl tgrbhml fgrshehhj mgjchj mlsokahsl phjccuo, mlsokahsl flhshjyh tgrogwhtahj.
Ehah `hrus mlcujhahj
mlcujhahj pgmkeh
pgmkehj
j fh`w irhaturr nkrpus igekrls
fh`whh phmh sgtlhp irhatu igekrls, fkakjc
mhj trkn`hjtgr  pgr
 pgr phophsl, mhj phjccuo `hrus mlohauahj pgegrlashhj P-rhy.
pgegrlashhj
 Ohefht
-  Jgarksls hvhsauohr 
hvhsauohr 
Tgrsgmlhhj mhrh` phmh nhput igekrls shjcht tgrchjccu sgaurhjc-aurhj
sgaurhjc-aurhjcjyh
cjyh phmh 84%
mlsokahsl phjccuo trhuehtla. Blah rgmuasl mltujmh ogfl` mhrl fgfgrhph bhe, hjcahjyh
egjljcaht egjbhml =4%. Jgarksls hvhsauohr tgrol`ht phmh pgegrlashhj P-Vhy sgfhchl
 pgjljcahthj agphmhthj nhput igekrls, tgthpl pgrufh`hj ljl tlmha mltgeuahj sgaurhjc-
aurhjcjy
aurhjcjyhh sgohe
sgohehh 9 eljc
eljccu,
cu, mhj ahmhjc-ahmh
ahmhjc-ahmhjc
jc bhu` ogfl` oheh (shephl 6 th`u
th`uj),
j),
tgrchjtujc phmh agngphthj pgrfhlahj tuohjc. Blah nhput igekrls egjujbuaahj thjmh-
thjmh irhcegjthsl, eujcalj mlpgrouahj kpgrhsl. Blah tgrmhpht sgcegj jgarktla yhjc
agnl
agnlo,
o, kstg
kstgkt
ktke
kell pgjb
pgjbhb
hbhr
hrhj
hj tu
tuohjc (rgholcegjt ) eg
ohjc egru
ruph
phah
ahj
j eg
egtk
tkmg
mg tgrp
tgrplo
lol`
l`..
^gfholajyh, phmh phslgj yhjc ogfl` eumh, plol`hjjyh hmhoh` hjthrh pgjcchjtlhj nhput 
 igekrls mgjchj prkstgsls flpkohr hthu hrtrkmgsls phjccuo. Thmh phslgj fgruslh ml hths
74 th`uj, pgjcchjtlhj phjccuo agsgouru`hj hmhoh` plol`hj yhjc ogfl` fhla.
- Eyksltls Ksslilnhjs
Akepolahsl ljl bhrhjc tgrbhml, eujcalj fgr`ufujchj mgjchj fgrhtjyh ngmgrh. Ahrgjh
suolt mlrhehoahj, akepolahsl ljl suolt ml ngch`. Cgrhahj tlmha fkog` mlphash mhj phmh
ngmgrh yhjc fgrht, ehsh lstlrh`ht mhj pgefgfhjhj eujcalj pgrou ml pgrphjbhjc.
  Mlsokahsl yhjc tha tgrgmuasl
^gtgoh` fgfgrhph eljccu, mlsokahsl yhjc tlmha mltgrhpl bhrhjc mhpht mlrgmuasl mgjchj
ehjlpuohsl tgrtutup mhj mlpgrouahj rgmuasl tgrfuah. Ljslmgjsl agahauhj hthu jgarksls
hvhsauohr shjcht egjljcaht mhj ml ageumlhj `hrl phslgj mhpht egegrouahj pgefgmh`hj
rgakjstruatli.
 Kstgkhrtrltls
Kstgkhrtrltls sgaujmgr sgrljc tgrbhml mhj mlhalfhtahj kog`2
- Agrush
Agrushahj
ahj nnhrt
hrtloh
lohck
ck ph
phmh
mh sh
shht
ht ml
mlsok
sokahs
ahsll
- Hmhjyh
Hmhjyh iirhce
rhcegj
gj y
yhjc
hjc fgrt
fgrth`hj
h`hj mhoh
mhohe
e sg
sgjml,
jml, hthu
- Jgar
Jgarks
ksls
ls lsag
lsagel
ela phmh nhput igekrls.
a phmh
f. Akepolahsl Mlsokahsl Hjtgrlkr 
 Jgnrksls hvhsauohr  hmhoh`
  hmhoh` akepolahsl yhjc mhpht tgrbhml phmh mlsokahsl phjccuo hjtgrlkr 
mhj
mhj tgrb
tgrbhm
hmll phmh
phmh 84%
84% ahsu
ahsus.
s. Tgrs
Tgrsgm
gmlh
lhhj
hj mhrh
mhrh` phmh nhpu
` phmh nhputt igekrls
igekrls  shjc
shjcht
ht tgrch
tgrchjccu
jccu
sgaurhjc-aurhjcjyh phmh 84% mlsokahsl phjccuo trhuehtla. Blah rgmuasl mltujmh ogfl` mhrl
 fgfgrhph bhe, hjcahjyh egjljcaht egjbhml =4%. Jgarksls hvhsauohr tgrol`ht phmh
 pgegrlashhj P-rhy sgfhchl
sgfhchl pgjljcahthj agphmhthj nhput igekrls, tgthpl pgrufh`hj ljl tlmha 
agphmhthj

mltgeuah
mltgeuahj
j sgau
sgaurhjc
rhjc-aurh
-aurhjcjy
jcjyhh sgoh
sgoheh
eh 9 eljc
eljccu,
cu, mhj ahmh
ahmhjc-a
jc-ahmhj
hmhjc
c bhu` ogfl` oheh
(shephl 6 th`uj), tgrchjtujc phmh agngphthj pgrfhlahj tuohjc.
n. Akep
Akepolah
olahsl
sl Ml
Mlsokah
sokahsl
sl ^
^gjtr
gjtrho
ho
 Mljl
Mhphtt tgrbhml ngmgrh vlsg
Mhph rho mhj syka `gfht. Ngmgrh jgrvus lsn`lhmlnus  mhpht tgrbhml
vlsgrho
agtlah tgrbhmljyh irhatur hthu phmh shht kpgrhsl. Egsalpuj phmh shht kpgrhsl, syhrhi ljl
mlol
mloljm
jmuj
ujcl
cl,, jheu
jheuj
j tlmh
tlmha
a hmh
hmh agph
agphst
stlh
lhj
j eg
egjc
jcgj
gjhl
hl prkc
prkcjk
jksl
slsjyh.. ]rk
sjyh ]rkefks
efksls
ls vgjh
lolkigekrho mhpht tgrbhml mhj fgrsliht sgrlus mhj fgfgrhph aoljla egjccujhahj prkilohasls
hjtlakhcuohj.
 Ohefht
Agahauhj sgjml, mgjchj hthu thjph kstgkhrtrltls sgrljc tgrbhml. Blah pgjcchjtlhj phjccuo
mlpgrtlefhjcahj, pgrou mlphstlahj fh`wh irhatur hngthfuoue tgoh` egjyhtu,
agsgouru`hj mlpgrtlefhjcahj,
 blah tlmha ehah ehjcaua mhpht tgrogphs. Thmh phslgj eumh, ogfl` fhla mlohauahj
hrtrkmgsls.  Jgnrksls hvhsauohr  phmh
  phmh nhput igekrls mhpht tgrbhml egsalpuj nhput igekrls
tlmha fgjhr-fgjhr egjchohel mlsokahsl.

F. Trksgs
Trksgs Agpgrh
Agpgrhwht
whthj
hj
8. Tg
Tgjc
jcah
ahbl
blhj
hj
h. Lmgj
Lmgjtl
tlth
thss Aolg
Aolgj
j
Egolpu
Egolputl
tl jhe
jheh,
h, bgj
bgjls
ls ago
agohel
helj,
j, ueur,
ueur, hoh
hoheht
eht,, hc
hcheh
heh,, fh
fh`hs
`hshh yhj
yhjc
c mlp
mlphah
hahl,
l, sth
sthtus
tus
 pgrahwljhj, pgjmlmlahj,
pgjmlmlahj, pgagrbhhj, hsurhjsl, ckokjchj mhrh`, jk. rgclstgr, thjccho EV^,
 mlhcjksh egmls.
 f. Vlwhyht Tgjyh
Tgjyhalt
alt ^gahrhjc
Tgjcuepuohj mhth yhjc mlohauahj ujtua egjgjtuahj sgfhf mhrl mlsokahsl yhjc jhjtljyh
egefhjtu mhohe egefuht rgjnhjh tljmhahj tgr`hmhp aolgj. Ljl flsh fgruph arkjkokcl
tgrbhmljyh pgjyhalt.
n. Vlwhyht Tgjyhalt Mh`uou
Thmh pgjcahblhj ljl mltgeuahj ageujcaljhj pgjygfhf mlsokahsl, sgrth pgjyhalt yhjc
 pgrjh` mlmgrlth aolgj sgfgouejyh yhjc mhpht egepgrphrh
egepgrphrh`
` aghmhhj aolgj mhj
egjc`hefht prksgs pgjygefu`h
pgjygefu`hj
j
m. Vlwhyht Agouhrch
Tgjyhalt yhjc pgrjh` hthu yhjc sgmhjc mlmgrlth agouhrch phslgj.
g. Vlwhyht ^kslho
Fgrlsl tgjthjc yhjc egjchsu` phslgj, pgefhwhhhj hjha sgnhrh ueue, mhj oljcaujchj
rueh`.
i. Tgjcahblhj Tkoh Iujcslkjho Ckrmkj
Egolputl pkoh pgrsgpsl mhj ehjhbgegj agsg`hthj, pkoh jutrlsl egthfkola, pkoh goleljhsl,
 pkoh hatlvlths, pkoh lstlrh`ht-tlmur, pkoh pgrsgpsl-akcjltl
pgrsgpsl-akcjltli,
i, pkoh akjsgp mlrl, pkoh

`ufujchj-pgrhj, pkoh sgasuholths, pkoh akpljc-tkogrhjsl tgr`hmhp strgs, pkoh jlohl mhj
agyhaljhj.
c. Tgegrlashhj Ilsla 
`. Tgegrlashhj Tgragefhjc
Tgragefhjchj
hj
Tgjlohlhj fgrmhshrahj ikreht MM^]/Mgjvgr LL)

6. Mlhcjksh
Mlhcjksh Agpgrhwh
Agpgrhwhthj
thj
h. Jygrl haut fgr`ufujch
fgr`ufujchj
j mgjch
mgjchj
j hcgj pgjngmgrh ilsla (M.443
(M.4433)
3)
 f. Chjccuhj ek
ekflolths
flolths ilsla fgr`ufu
fgr`ufujchj
jchj mgjchj chjccuhj e
eusauoksagogtho
usauoksagogtho (M.4
(M.447=)
47=)
n. Tgriusl pgrligr tlmha
tlmha gigatla fgr`uf
fgr`ufujchj
ujchj mgjc
mgjchj
hj pgjurujhj hrtgrl hthu vgjh ((M.444<)
M.444<)
m. Vlslak chj
chjccuhj
ccuhj ljtgcrl
ljtgcrlths
ths auolt fgr`u
fgr`ufujchj
fujchj iha
ihatkr
tkr egahjls (M.48><)
g. Vlslak ljigasl fgr`ufujchj
fgr`ufujchj m
mgjchj
gjchj agtlmha
agtlmhahmgauhthj
hmgauhthj pgrt
pgrth`hjhj
h`hjhj tufu` p
prlegr
rlegr (M.48=6)

>. Ljtgrvgj
Ljtgrvgjsl
sl Agpgrhwh
Agpgrhwhthj
thj
h.  Jygrl haut
Jygrl Haut (M.4433)

Tgjcgrtlhj2

Tgjchohehj sgjskrla hthu gekslkjho yhjc fgrahlthj mgjchj agrushahj bhrljchj hatuho
hthu iujcslkjho, mgjchj kjsgt egjmhmha hthu ohefht mhj fgrljtgjslths rljchj `ljcch
 fgrht yhjc fgrohjcsujc
fgrohjcsujc aurh
aurhjc
jc mhrl > fuohj
fuohj..
 ]ubuhj mhj Arltgrlh @hslo

Ljtgcrlths Auolt mhj Bhrljchj

]ubuhj2

^gtgoh` mlohauahj tljmhahj agpgrhwhthj >x6= bhe ml`hrhpahj tljcaht jygrl egjuruj

Arltgrlh `hslo2

Egjljcaht Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egjuruj

Egjljcaht Egjuruj

Agou`hj jygrl 8 6 > = 7

Egrljcls 8 6 > = 7

Cgolsh` 8 6 > = 7

Agsuolthj tlmur 8 6 > = 7

Egefurua Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egefhla 

Egefurua  Egefhla 

Irgaugjsl jhml 8 6 > = 7

Tkoh jhihs 8 6 > = 7

Ljtgrvgjsl

Ehjhbgegj Jygrl

Kfsgrvhsl2

  Lmgjtlilahsl okahsl, ahrhatgrlstla, murhsl, irgaugjsl, auholths, ljtgjslths jygrl

  Lmgjtlilahsl sahoh jygrl

  Lmgjtlilahsl rgspkj jygrl jkj vgrfho

  Lmgjtlilahsl ihatkr yhjc egepgrfgrht mhj egepgrljch

egepgrljchj
j jygrl

 
Lmgjtlilahsl pgjcgth`uhj mhj agyhaljhj tgjthjc jygrl

  Lmgjtlilahsl pgjchru` jygrl phmh auholths `lmup

  Ekjltkr giga shepljc pgjccujhhj hjhocgtla 

]grhpgutla2

  Fgrlahj tgajla jkjihrehakokcl ujtua egjcurhjcl rhsh jygrl

  Akjtrko oljcaujchj yhjc egepgrfgrht rhsh jygrl

   Ihslolthsl lstlrh`ht mhj tlmur 

  Tgrtlefh
Tgrtlefhjcah
jcahj
j bgjl
bgjlss mhj suef
suefgr
gr jygrl
jygrl mhoh
mhohe
e pgel
pgelol`h
ol`hj
j strht
strhtgcl
gcl egrg
egrgmhah
mhahj
j
jygrl

Gmuahsl2

  Bgohsahj pgjygfhf, pgrlkmg, mhj pgelnu jygrl

  Bgohsahj strhtgcl egrgmhahj jygrl

  Hbhrahj tgajla jkjihrehakokcls ujtua egjcurhjcl rhsh jygrl

Akohfkrhsl2

 Akohfkrhsl pgefgrlhj hjhocgtla, blah pgrou

f. Chjccuhj ekflolths ilsla 

Chjccuhj Ekflolths Ilsla (M.447=)

Tgjcgrtlhj2

Agtgrfhthshj mhohe cgrhahj ilsla mhrl shtu hthu ogfl` gastrgelths sgnhrh ehjmlrl

]ubuhj mhj Arltgrlh @hslo

Ekflolths Ilsla 

]ubuhj2

^gtgoh` mlohauahj tljmhahj agpgrhwhthj >x6= bhe ml`hrhpahj ekflolths ilsla egjljcaht

Arltgrlh `hslo2

Egjljcaht Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egjuruj

Egjljcaht Egjuruj

 Jygrl 8 6 > = 7

Ahau sgjml 8 6 > = 7

Cgrhahj 8 6 > = 7
tgrfhths

Agogeh`hj 8 6 > = 7
ilsla 

Egefurua Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egefhla 

 Egefurua  Egefhla 

Tgrcgrhahj 8 6 > = 7
gastgrelths

Agauhthj ktkt 8 6 > = 7

Ljtgrvgjsl

Muaujchj Ekflolshsl

Kfsgrvhsl2

  Lmgjtlilahsl hmhjyh jygrl hthu agou`hj ilsla ohljjyh

  Lmgjtlilahsl tkogrhjsl ilsla egohauahj pgrcgrhahj

  Ekjltkr irgaugjsl bhjtujc mhj tgahjhj mhrh` sgfgoue egeuohl ekflolshsl

]grhpgutla2

  Ihslolthsl hatlvlths ekflolshsl mgjchj hoht fhjtu

  Ihslolthsl egohauahj pgrcgrhahj, blah pgrou

 
Olfhtahj agouhrch ujtua egefhjtu phslgj mhohe egjljcahtahj pgrcgrhahj

Gmuahsl2

  Bgohsahj tubuhj mhj prksgmur ekflolshsl

  Hjburahj egohauahj ekflolshsl mljl

  Hbhrahj ekflolshsl sgmgr`hjh yhjc `hrus mlohauahj (els. Mumua ml tgepht tlmur)

Akohfkrhsl2

 Akohfkrhsl mgjchj tle egmls ohlj mhohe egefgrlahj tljmhahj ilslktgrhpl

n. Tgriusl Tgrligr 
Tgriusl Tgrligr ]lmha Gigatli (M.444<)

Tgjcgrtlhj2

Tgjurujhj slrauohsl mhrh` phmh ogvgo ahplogr yhjc mhpht egjchjccu egthfkolseg tufu`

]ubuhj mhj Arltgrlh @hslo

Tgriusl Tgrligr
 ]ubuhj2

^gtgoh` mlohauahj tljmhahj agpgrhwhthj >x6= bhe ml`hrhpahj pgriusl pgrligr egjljcaht

Arltgrlh `hslo2

Egjljcaht Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egjuruj

Egjljcaht Egjuruj

Shrjh auolt 8 6 > = 7

 punht

Gmgeh pgrligr 8 6 > = 7

Agogeh`hj 8 6 > = 7

ktkt
Egefurua Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egefhla 
Egefurua  Egefhla 

Tgjclslhj 8 6 > = 7
ahplogr 

Ljtgrvgjsl

Tgrhwhthj ^lrauohsl

Kfsgrvhsl2

  Tgrlash slrauohsl pgrligr 

  Lmgjtlilahsl ihatkr rlslak chjccuhj slrauohsl

  Ekjltkr phjhs, agegrh`hj, jygrl, hthu fgjcaha phmh gastrgelths

]grhpgutla2

  @ljmhrl pgehshjchj ljius hthu pgjcheflohj mhrh` ml hrgh agtgrfhthshj pgriusl

  @ljmhrl pgjcuaurhj tgahjhj mhrh` phmh gastgrelths mgjchj agtgrfhthshj pgriusl

  @ljmhrl pgjgahjhj mhj pgehshjchj tkrjlqugt phmh hrgh yhjc nlmgrh

  Ohauahj pgjngch`hj ljigasl

  Ohauahj `lmrhsl

Gmuahsl2

  Hjburahj fgr`gjtl egrkaka 

  Hjburahj fgrkoh`rhch rutlj

 Akohfkrhsl2

  Akohfkrhsl mgjchj tle egmls ohlj ujtua egjujbhjc pgrhwhthj phslgj

m. Vlslak Chjccuhj Ljtgcrlths Auolt/Bhrljchj

Vlslak Chjccuhj Ljtgcrlths Auolt/Bhrljchj
Auolt/Bhrljchj (M.48><)

Tgjcgrtlhj2

Fgrlslak egjchohel agrushahj auolt (mgrels/gplmgrels) hthu bhrljchj egefrhj euaksh,

akrjgh, ihslh, ktkt, tgjmkj, tuohjc, ahrtlohck, ahpsuo sgjml, mhj olchegj)

]ubuhj mhj Arltgrlh @hslo

Ljtgcrlths Auolt mhj Bhrljchj

]ubuhj2

^gtgoh` mloh
^gtgoh` mlohauah
auahj
j tljm
tljmhahj
hahj agpgrhwh
agpgrhwhthj
thj >x6= bhe ml`h
ml`hrhpa
rhpahj
hj ljtgc
ljtgcrlths
rlths auolt mhj
 bhrljchj egjljcaht
egjljcaht

Arltgrlh `hslo2

Egjljcaht Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egjuruj

Egjljcaht Egjuruj

Agrushahj 8 6 > = 7
ohplshj auolt

Tgrmhrh`hj 8 6 > = 7

 Jygrl 8 6 > = 7

@gehtkeh 8 6 > = 7

Egefurua Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egefhla 

Egefurua  Egefhla 

Gohstlslths 8 6 > = 7

@lmrhsl 8 6 > = 7

Ljtgrvgjsl

Tgrhwhthj Ljtgcrlths Auolt

Kfsgrvhsl2
  
Lmgjtlilahsl hmhjyh pgjygfhf chjccuhj ljtgcrlths auolt

]grhpgutla2

  Wfh` pkslsl tlhp 6 bhe blah tlrh` fhrljc

  Cujhahj prkmua fgrfh`hj pgtrkolue hthu eljyha phmh auolt agrljc
  @ljmhrl prkmua fgrfh`hj hoak`ko phmh auolt

Gmuahsl2

 Hjburahj egjccujhahj pgogefhf

 Hjburahj eljue hlr yhjc nuaup
 Hjburahj egjljcahtahj hsuphj jutrlsl
 Hjburahj egjc`ljmhrl tgrphphr su`u gastrle
 Hjburahj ehjml mhj egjccujhahj shfuj sgnuaupjyh
Akohfkrhsl2

  Akohfkrhsl mgjchj tle egmls ohlj ujtua egjujbhjc pgrhwhthj phslgj

g. Vlslak Ljigasl
Vlslak Chjccuhj Ljtgcrlths Auolt/Bhrljchj
Auolt/Bhrljchj (M.48><)

Tgjcgrtlhj2

Fgrlslak egjchohel pgjljcahthj tgrsgrhjc krchjlseg phtkcgjla 

]ubuhj mhj Arltgrlh @hslo

Ljtgcrlths Auolt mhj Bhrljchj

]ubuhj2

^gtgoh` mlohauahj tljmhahj agpgrhwhthj >x6= bhe couaksh mgrhbht ljigasl egjuruj

Arltgrlh `hslo2

Egjljcaht Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egjuruj

Egjljcaht Egjuruj

Mgehe 8 6 > = 7

Agegrh`hj 8 6 > = 7

 Jygrl 8 6 > = 7

Fgjcaha 8 6 > = 7

Egefurua Nuaup ^gmhjc Nuaup Egefhla 

 Egefurua  Egefhla 

Ahmhr sgo 8 6 > = 7

mhrh` putl`

Ljtgrvgjsl

Tgrhwhthj Ljtgcrlths Auolt

Kfsgrvhsl2

  Ekjltkr thjmh mhj cgbhoh ljigasl okaho mhj slstgela 

]grhpgutla2

Fhthsl bueoh` pgjcujbujc

  Fgrlahj pgrhwhthj auolt phmh mhgrh` gmgeh
  Nunl thjchj sgfgoue mhj sgsumh` akjtha mgjchj phslgj mhj oljcaujchj phslgj
  Tgrth`hjahj tgajla hsgptla phmh phslgj fgrlslak tljccl

Gmuahsl2

 Bgohsahj thjmh mhj cgbhoh ljigasl

 Hbhrahj nhrh egegrlash ouah
 Hjburahj egjljcahtahj hsuphj nhlrhj
Akohfkrhsl2

  Akohfkrhsl pgefgrlhj leujlshsl, blah pgrou

=. Le
Lepog
pogeg
egjth
jthsl
sl
Lepogegjt
Lepogegjthsl
hsl egru
egruphah
phahj
j tljm
tljmhahj
hahj yhjc sumh
sumh`
` mlrgj
mlrgjnhjh
nhjhahj
ahj mhohe
mhohe rgjn
rgjnhjh
hjh pgrh
pgrhwhth
whthj.
j.
]ljmhahj agpgrhwhthj egjnhaup tljmhahj ehjmlrl(ljmgpgjmgj) mhj tljmhahj akohfkrhsl.
]ljmhahj ehjmlrl (ljmgpgjmgj)hmhoh` hatlvlths pgrhwht yhjc mlmhshrahj phmh agslepuohj
hthu agputushjsgjmlrl mhj fuahj egruphahj pgtujbua hthu pgrljth` mhrl pgtuchsagsg`hthj
ohlj. ^gmh
^gmhjcah
jcahj
j tljmh
tljmhahj
ahj akoh
akohfkrh
fkrhsl
sl hmho
hmhoh`
h` tljmh
tljmhahj
ahj yhjc
yhjcmlmh
mlmhshrah
shrahj
j `hsl
`hsloo agpu
agputush
tushj
j
 fgrsheh, sgpgrtl mkatgr
mkatgr mhj pgtu
pgtuchs
chs agsg`hthj ohljjyh (]hrwk
(]hrwktk
tk & Shrtkjh`
Shrtkjh`,, 6487).

7. Gv
Gvho
houh
uhsl
sl
Gvhouhsl
Gvhouhsl egru
egruphah
phahj
j th`h
th`hp
p ha`l
ha`lrr mhoh
mhohe
e prks
prksgs
gs agpg
agpgrhwh
rhwhthj
thj ujtu
ujtua
a mhph
mhphtt egjg
egjgeuah
euahj
j
agfgr`hs
agfgr`hslohj
lohj mhoh
mhohe
e hsu`
hsu`hj
hj agpg
agpgrhwh
rhwhthj
thj ujtu
ujtua
a mhph
mhphtegj
tegjgeua
geuahj
hj agfg
agfgr`hsl
r`hslohj
ohj mhoh
mhohe
e
hsu`hj
hsu`hj ag
agpgr
pgrhwh
hwhthj
thj.. Gvhou
Gvhouhsl
hsl phm
phmhmh
hmhshr
shrjy
jyhh hmh
hmhoh`
oh` ege
egefhj
fhjmlj
mljca
cahj
hj sthtus
sthtus agh
aghmhh
mhhj
j
agsg`hth
agsg`hthj
j phsl
phslgj
gj mgjc
mgjchjtu
hjtubuhj
buhj hthu arltg
arltgrlh
rlh `hslo yhjc tgoh
tgoh`
` mltg
mltgthpa
thpahj,
hj, (]hr
(]hrwktk
wktk &
 Shrtkjh`, 6487).
9.

MHI]HV TW^]HAH

Hegrlnhj Hnhmgey ki Krt`kphgmln ^urcgkjs. 648=.  @lp Mlsoknhtlkj. Kjoljg

`ttp2//krt`kljik.hhks.krc/tkpln.nie;tk
`ttp2//krt`kljik.hhks.krc/tkpln.nie;tkpln5H44>76
pln5H44>76 mlhasgs
 mlhasgs phmh thjccho = Katkfgr 6468

Mhvg
Mhvgj
jtpk
tpkrt,
rt, E M. 6486.
486.  Bkljt Vgmuntlkj, @lp Mlsoknhtlkj, Tkstgrlkr .  Egm^nhpg.  Kjoljg
`ttp2//gegmlnljg.egmsnhpg.nke/hrtln
`ttp2//gegmlnljg.egmsnhpg.nke/hrtlnog/84<667-kvgrvl
og/84<667-kvgrvlgw
gw   mlha
mlhasgs
sgs phmh thjc
thjccho
cho = Katk
Katkfgr 
fgr 
6468

Cheekjs, Ehtt`gw. 6480.  @lp Mlsoknhtlkj.  Egm^nhpg. Kjoljg

`ttp2//gegmlnljg.egmsnhpg.nke
`ttp2//gegmlnljg.egmsnhpg.nke/hrtlnog/09<>4-noljlnh
/hrtlnog/09<>4-noljlnho#s`kwhoo
o#s`kwhoo   mlha
mlhasg
sgss ph
phmh
mh thjc
thjcch
choo =
Katkfgr 6468

Trlng, ^yovlh H & Sloskj, Okrrhljg E. 6486. Thtkilslkokcl2 Akjsgp Aoljls Trksgs-Trksgs Tgjyhalt.
Yko. 6. Bhahrth2 GCN

Vhsbhm,
Vhsbhm, N`hlru
N`hlrummlj 648=..  Tgjchjthr Loeu Fgmh` Krtkpgml. @ho.841>=9->=31 ><8-==6. Bhahrth2
mmlj.. 648=
\hsrli Shthepkjg

]hrwktk, Shrtkjh`. 6487. Agfutu`hj Mhshr Ehjuslh mhj Trksgs Agpgrhwhthj Gmlsl 7. Bhahrth2
^hogefh Egmlah
]le Tkabh ^MAL MTT TTJL. 6489. ^thjmhr Mlhcjksls Agpgrhwthj Ljmkjgslh (^MAL), Gmlsl 8.

Bhahrth2 Tgrshtuhj Tgrhwht Ljmkjgslh

]le Tka
Tkabh
bh ^O
^OAL
AL MTT TT
TTJL.
JL. 648
6480.
0. ^th
^thjmh
jmhrr Ou
Ouhrh
hrhj
j Agp
Agpgrh
grhwht
whthj
hj Ljm
Ljmkj
kjgsl
gslhh (^O
(^OAL)
AL),, Gm
Gmlsl
lsl 8.
Bhahrth2 Tgrshtuhj Tgrhwht Ljmkjgslh

]le Tkabh ^LAL MTT TTJL. 6480. ^thjmhr Ljtgrvgjsl Agpgrhwhthj Ljmkjgslh (^LAL), Gmlsl 8.
Bhahrth2 Tgrshtuhj Tgrhwht Ljmkjgslh