Introduction to Mobile & Wireless

Communications
•  Aim: achieve an overview of mobile communications
•  Examples
–  Personal Area Networks (PANs)
–  Local Area Networks (LANs)
–  Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
–  Wide Area Networks (WANs)
–  Satellite
•  Evolution of Mobile Radio
•  Mobile Radio around the world
•  Trends in Mobile Communications, Mobile Services
•  Standards
•  Basic components of a mobile system

Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 1
 What is Mobile Radio Communications
•  There are many forms of communications between users
where at least one end of the connection is physically
moving during the session (voice or data)
•  Examples:
–  mobile phone, cordless phone, control devices, satellite phone,
wireless data cards/USB devices, garage door openers,
motorised toys, near field communications, sensor networks,
RF ID tags
•  Some blurring of what is mobile and what is wireless
–  Can also be used to deliver fixed services using wireless
(mobile or fixed) infrastructure
–  wireless local loop (WLL)
–  mobile broadband or wireless broadband
»  HSPA/HSPA+, LTE (3GPP)
»  IEEE 802.11 WLAN (WiFi)
»  IEEE 802.16 WMAN (WiMAX) – includes mobile & fixed
»  CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 2
 Examples
•  Personal Area Networks
–  Very short distance (<10m) for localised connections, users mostly stationary
–  Bluetooth
•  Local Area Networks
–  Short distance (up to ~50m to 100m), users mostly stationary
–  Cordless Telephony
»  extension of the basic telephone to a cordless handset
–  WiFi (WLAN)
»  Computer connection
•  Metropolitan Area Networks
–  Medium distances (up to a few km), may support handover
–  WiMAX
•  Wide Area Networks
–  Large distances (10 s of km), supports handover, high speed mobility
–  Cellular (2G, 3G, beyond 3G, 4G)
•  Satellite
–  global coverage (focus on Europe & Nth America)
–  relative low capacity
–  handover (as satellite moves relative to user)

Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 3
 Evolution of Mobile Wireless
Communications
•  First systems
–  low capacity
–  vehicle mounted handsets
–  no handover
•  USA: AMPS - First system with handover
–  developed in 60 s & 70 s by Bell Labs (USA)
–  vehicle & handheld phones, handover
–  evolved to NAMPS, DAMPS
–  CDMA
•  Europe
–  NMT
–  GSM 900 & 1800 (DCS1800), DECT

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 Evolution of Mobile Wireless
Communications
•  Japan
–  JTACS
–  PDC
–  PHS (cordless)
–  now pushing 3G development
•  Satellite
–  Low earth orbit
–  Medium earth orbit
–  Geostationary
•  WLAN
–  2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n), 5 GHz (802.11a, ac)
–  2 Mbit/s to 11 Mbit/s (IEEE 802.11b), 54 Mbit/s (802.11a and g)
–  To 300 Mbps (802.11n with MIMO)
–  802.11 ac to Gbps with wider bandwidth, high level modulation
& coding, MIMO, beamforming
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 5
 Evolution of Mobile Wireless
Communications
•  Early systems - Analog
–  FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
–  Frequency Modulation
•  Current and Evolving Systems (still use FDMA + mixes of)
–  TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
–  CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
–  OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
–  Digital Modulation
–  Speech encoding
–  Error mitigation
–  3G
»  UMTS (WCDMA, HSDPA, LTE)
»  EDGE, EDGE Evolution
»  cdma2000, 1xEV-DO
»  WiMAX
–  4G
»  LTE-Advanced
»  IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced

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pre
Cellular Mobile Data Technologies - Evolution
2000 2001 2004 2006 2010 2014+
2G 2.5G GSM (GERAN) 3G 3G 3G +
GSM GPRS EDGE EDGE Evolved
9.6 kbps 48 kbps 384 kbps 470 kbps EDGE
1.89 Mbps

WCDMA HSDPA HSPA HSPA HSPA HSPA

Rel 4 Rel 5/6 Rel 7 Rel 8 Rel 9 Rel 10
384kbps 14/2Mbps 28/2Mbps 42/11.5Mbp 84/23Mbps 168/11Mbp
s s
UTRAN
LTE LTE LTE-A
Rel 8 Rel 9 Rel 10/11
150/75 300/150 >1Gbps
Mbps Mbps

3G cdma2000 3G +
E-UTRAN 4G
cdma 1xRTT 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO
one 144kbps Rel 0 Rev A Rev B
14.4kbps 2.4Mbps 3.1/1.8Mbps (4.1/1.8)*N Mbps

Data Only Data Only

IEEE 802.11 (b, a, g, n, …….. ) (10, 54, 300 Mbps)

4G

IEEE802.16 IEEE802.16e IEEE802.16e IEEE802.16m

Fixed Rel 1 Mobile Rel 1.5 Mobile Rel 1 Mobile
140Mbps 45/4Mbps 45/4Mbps 45/11.5Mbps

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 Mobile Data Technologies

10km

LTE
Typical Coverage

1km IEE8
02.1
6e W
iMA
X
2G / 2.5G

WCDMA

1xEV-DO
Cellular

100m (2005) IEEE802.16d

Wireless LANs
802.11b - 802.11a/g - 802.11n

10m

100kbit/s 1Mbit/s 10Mbit/s 100Mbit/s

Typical Data Rates (Shared)

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 Mobile Radio around the world

•  Largest market – Asia-Pacific

•  Technology selection
–  Driven largely by local operators – regulations, frequency
bands
•  Global – ITU define requirements
–  IMT2000/FPLMTS – 3G definition and compliant systems
–  IMT Advanced – 4G
•  Europe – 3GPP
–  GSM, UMTS (also known as 3G or UTRA), LTE
•  North America
–  TIA/Standards Committee T1
–  3GPP2: CDMA (IS-95), 3G CDMA2000, UMB
–  IEEE 802. (11, 15, 16, 20)
•  Japan - ARIB
–  3G - W-CDMA, CDMA2000
•  other - China - 3G standard
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 9
 Mobile Services - 2010

Ref: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=566
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 10
 Mobile Services - 2011

Ref: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=566
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 11
 Technologies - 2010

Ref: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=565
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 12
 Technologies - 2011

Ref: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=565

Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 13
 Asia-Pacific Cellular Services

Ref: http://www.cellular-news.com/story/24739.php
Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 14
 CDMA2000 Deployment

Ref: CDG, CDMA2000 Market Trends and Facts , Dec 2010

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 LTE Investments
285  operators  in  93  countries  investing  in  LTE    
285  operators  in  93  countries  investing  in  LTE
‰    226  commercial  LTE  network  commitments  in  76  countries
226  commercial  LTE  network  commitments  in  76  countries    
‰          
     59  pre
59  pre-­-­commitment  trials  in  additional  17  countries
commitment  trials  in  additional  17  countries    
 
‰    49  commercial  LTE  networks  launched  in  29  countries
49  commercial  LTE  networks  launched  in  29  countries    
www.gsacom.com  

GSA  ±  Evolution  to  LTE  report  

January  5,  2012  
  www.gsacom.com  
Countries  with  commercial  LTE  service  

Countries  with  LTE  commercial  network  deployments  on-­going  or  planned   ©  Global  mobile  Suppliers  Association   ±  GSA  
Countries  with  LTE  trial  systems  (pre-­commitment)    

Source: GSA http://www.gsacom.com/gsm_3g/info_papers.php4

Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 16
 Trends in Mobile Communications

•  Focus on Data
–  Broadband access
»  Apps
»  Video (including TV)
»  voice (VoIP)
»  email
»  web browsing
»  Video telephony
•  Regular telephony and messaging
–  Being challenged by “over the top” VoIP and IM apps

Dr. Paul Fitzpatrick – updated Jan 2012 Mobile & Wireless Introduction The University of Melbourne CRICOS Provider Code: 00116K 17
 Mobile Services
•  Data now the dominant traffic in most networks
•  Voice - remains important service, trend toward VoIP
•  Messaging – SMS, MMS
•  Internet/intranet
–  wireless broadband
–  full browsers on smart phones or WAP on regular phones
•  Directory service/ news/ finance/ sport/ travel/ weather /
entertainment
•  Location dependent services
•  Video
–  conversational and streaming
•  Games & real time gaming
•  Machine-to-machine (M2M)
–  incorporates m-commerce and control/monitoring
–  meter reading, vending machines, taxis (charging and location), etc
•  Higher quality audio
•  Smartphone as a “universal entertainment controller”
–  e.g. music, home temperature, lighting, security etc

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 Standards Bodies
•  3rd Generation Wireless
–  3GPP – 3G Partnership Project
»  Based on Europe
»  visit www.3gpp.org
–  3GPP2
»  Based in North America
»  visit www.3gpp2.org
•  Internet
–  IETF
–  Mobile IP, IPv6
–  visit www.ietf.org
•  IEEE
–  IEEE 802. 11, 16, 20
–  visit www.ieee.org
•  International Telecommunications Union
–  sets the framework or system expectations
–  visit www.itu.int

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 Other Industry Players
•  Equipment manufacturers
–  Qualcomm www.qualcomm.com
–  Ericsson www.ericsson.com
–  Nokia-Siemens Networks www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
–  Huawei www.huawei.com
•  Operators
–  China Mobile – driving TD-LTE development
–  DoCoMo
–  Vodafone
–  T-mobile
–  Orange (France Telecom) - large R&D labs
–  Verizon, AT&T, Sprint - U.S.
•  NGMN Alliance www.ngmn.org
–  Next Generation Mobile Networks
•  3GAmericas www.3gamericas.org
•  WiMAX Forum (802.16) www.wimaxforum.org

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 Mobile Communications Spectrum Bands
E-UTRA Band UE Transmit (MHz) BS Transmit (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz) Common usage - Notes
1 1920-1980 2110-2170 60 3G- 2GHz (or 2.1GHz) band
2 1850-1910 1930-1990 60 U.S. PCS band (1900 MHz band)
3 1710-1785 1805-1880 75 1800 MHz band - currently used for GSM
4 1710-1755 2110-2155 45
5 824-849 869-894 25 Extended AMPS band (820-845/870-890 in Aus)
6 830-840 874-885 10
7 2500-2570 2620-2690 70 2.6 GHz band
8 880-915 925-960 35 Extended GSM band (890-915/935-960 in Aus)
9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 35
10 1710-1770 2110-2170 60
11 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 25
12 698-716 728-746 18 Digital Dividend - recovery of analog TV
13 777-787 746-756 10 US Digital Dividend - recovery of analog TV
14 788-798 758-768 10 US Digital Dividend - recovery of analog TV
… … … …
17 704-716 734-746 12 Digital Dividend - recovery of analog TV

Based on 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.4.0 (2008-12), Table 5.5-1

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 Spectrum - Other Australian Bands

Frequency Band Use / Incumbent

2302-2400 MHz WiMAX, Unwired

2400-2483.5 MHz WiFi (802.11b/g), unlicensed (ISM)

3425-3442.5/3475-3492.5 MHz WiMAX, Pay TV, Unwired/Austar/

3442.5-3475/4542.5-3575 MHz Telstra

5725-5850 MHz WiFi (802.11a), unlicensed (ISM)

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 Basic Components of a Mobile System
2nd Generation VLR HLR AuC

Other PLMNs

BTS PSTN
PSTN/ISDN
BSC MSC

IWF
BTS IP IP networks
(Internet)

•  IP delivery via MSC & IWF

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 Network Architectures
Visitor Home Authentication
2.5/3 G Location LR Centre
Register
Other PLMNs

Base PSTN
PSTN/ISDN
Transceiver
Station Base Station Mobile
Or Node B (3G) Controller Switching
Or Radio Network Centre
Controller (3G)

BTS
IP networks
(Internet)

IP
Packet Switching Node
SGSN/GGSN - 3GPP
PDSN - 3GPP2

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 Cellular Network Architectures
IP based network (WiMAX)
Charging &
Policy
AAA
(Authentication, Authorisation & Accounting
E.g. using Radius or Diameter protocols)

Gateway

Intranet
BTS
IP IP
Home Agent
IP networks
IP (Internet)

BTS
PSTN/ISDN

Media Gateway

Other PLMNs

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 Cellular Network Architectures
IP based network (LTE)
Charging & Policy
PCRF

Serving
Gateway
S-GW

Intranet
eNodeB
IP Network IP
Packet
Gateway IP networks
P-GW (Internet)

Mobility Management Entity

MME
eNodeB PSTN/ISDN

Media Gateway
HSS - Subscriber Database

Other PLMNs

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 Typical MS – BTS Structure for Voice

Data TDMA
Codec Interleave Encrpyt Mod’n Tx
Code Framing

Antenna
Depends on system – typical for GSM
Voice In Data in CDMA uses multiplexing & spreading
(forward link only)

Channel

Voice Out Data out Antenna

Data De- TDMA Demod &

Codec Decrpyt Rx
Decode Interleave de-frame Equalise

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 Glossary
AAA: Authentication Authorisation and Accounting
AMPS; Analog Mobile Phone System
AuC: Authentication Centre - system used to authenticate handset and user information (SIM and IMEI in 3GPP)
BTS: Base Transceiver Station - the name for a base station in 2G systems
BSC: Base Station Controller
GSM: Global System for Mobile communication (originally Groupe Special Mobile)
HLR: Home Location Register - data base of user information in the home MSC
HSDPA: High Speed Packet Downlink
HSUPA: High Speed Packet Uplink
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
IWF: Inter-Working Function - this provides a translation between the data from the MSC and the IP network
ISM: Industrial Scientific and Medical (band)
LTE: Long Term Evolution - 3GPP name for evolution of WCDMA/HSDPA
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
MSC: Mobile Switching Centre
NodeB: Node B - the base station in 3GPP 3G systems (WCDMA)
PCS: Personal Communication Service
RNC: Radio Network Controller
SGSN: Serving GPRS Serving Node - a control node in GSM and WCDMA systems
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telephone System (3GPP)
UTRA: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (3GPP)
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (3GPP)
VLR: Visitors Location Register - data base of user information in the visited MSC
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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