Flash Cards

ICSE
MATHEMATICS
CLASS 10

Ankit Jain
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 GST
Goods and Services Tax

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 Goods and Services Tax
Implemented on (came into force on) – 1st July, 2017

Main agenda of the government in implementing GST

⇒ One Nation, One Tax

Terms/Concepts/Formulae:
Cost Price = Basic Price
List Price = Marked Price = Printed Price = Quoted Price
Discount is always calculated on marked price.
Selling Price = List Price – Discount
S.P. = Also known as Discounted Price.
(If an article is sold without any discount, Selling Price = List Price)
GST/Tax = Selling Price x Rate of tax.

@ankit. mathology
Anyone who charges GST,
has to mention GST registration number on the bill.
GST is a destination based consumption tax.
GST is levied only on Value Addition.
GST/Tax deposited with the Government
= GST Collected – GST Paid
= GST on Sale Price – GST on Purchase Price
= GST on (Sale Price – Purchase Price)
= GST on Value Addition

Terminologies/ Composition of GST

CGST = Central Goods and Services Tax.

SGST = State Goods and Services Tax.

UTGST = Union Territory Goods and Services Tax.

IGST = Integrated Goods and Services Tax.

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Intra State transactions (Levy of CGST and SGST)
Transactions taking place within the same state or same
union territory are called as Intra State transactions.
Seller collects both CGST and SGST from the buyer and deposits CGST
with the Central Government and SGST with the State Government.
If rate of GST is 18%
E.g.: Mumbai
∴ Rate of CGST = 9% → 50 % of GST to
∴ Rate of SGST = 9% → 50 % of GST Pune

Inter State transactions (Levy of IGST) [Only for General Knowledge]

Transactions taking place from one state to another state
are called as Inter State transactions.
Seller collects IGST from the buyer and deposits it with
the Central Government.
If rate of GST is 18% E.g.: Mumbai
to
∴ Rate of IGST = 18% Ahmedabad

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Who is the beneficiary in collection of the taxes ?

CGST = Central Goods and Services Tax.

Beneficiary is the Central Government.

SGST = State Goods and Services Tax.

Beneficiary is the State Government.

UTGST = Union Territory Goods and Services Tax.

Beneficiary is the Union Territory.

IGST = Integrated Goods and Services Tax.

It is levied by the Central Government.
Central Government later distributes IGST between the
respective State Governments as per the law.

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 Intra
Within the same state

Inter
One state to another state

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 BANKING
Recurring Deposit Account

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 BANKING
Recurring Deposit Account

Terms
P = Sum deposited every month
n = number of months

r = rate of interest p.a.

Ankit Jain

Total sum deposited = P × n

 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐈)

𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒓
𝐈=𝐏× ×
𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐈 = 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 − 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐈 = 𝐌. 𝐕. − 𝐏 × 𝒏
 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐌. 𝐕.

𝐌. 𝐕. = 𝐏 × 𝒏 + 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭

𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝒓
𝐌. 𝐕. = 𝐏 × 𝒏 + 𝐏 × ×
𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 Linear
Inequations

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 Linear Inequations
Signs of Inequality
Sign Meaning
< less than
> greater than
≤ less than or equal to
≥ greater than or equal to

W ⇒ Whole Numbers
N ⇒ Natural Numbers
I or Z ⇒ Integers
R ⇒ Real Numbers

Real numbers can never be represented in listing form,

so they are represented in set-builder form.
Whole Numbers, Natural Numbers and Integers
can be represented in listing form.

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Rules of solving Linear Inequations:

1) If a positive term is transferred from one side to another side,

the term becomes negative.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟖 + 𝟐 > 𝟑 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
⇒𝟖>𝟑−𝟐

⇒ 𝟖 > 𝟏 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟖 + 𝟐 < 𝟏𝟒 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
⇒ 𝟖 < 𝟏𝟒 − 𝟐
⇒ 𝟖 < 𝟏𝟐 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.

2) If a negative term is transferred from one side to another side,

the term becomes positive.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟕 − 𝟐 < 𝟗 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
⇒𝟕<𝟗+𝟐

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⇒ 𝟕 < 𝟏𝟏 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟕 − 𝟐 > 𝟑 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
⇒𝟕>𝟑+𝟐
⇒ 𝟕 > 𝟓 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
Rules of solving Linear Inequations:

3) If each term of an inequation be multiplied or divided by the

same positive number, the sign of inequality remains the same.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟔 > 𝟒 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝟔 𝟒
⇒ > … 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐲 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
⇒ 𝟑 > 𝟐 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟑 < 𝟓 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
⇒ 𝟑×𝟐 < 𝟓×𝟐 … 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐲 𝟐

⇒ 𝟔 < 𝟏𝟎 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.

4) If each term of an inequation be multiplied or divided by the

same negative number, the sign of inequality reverses.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟔 > 𝟒 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝟔 𝟒
⇒ < … 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐲 − 𝟐
−𝟐 −𝟐

@ankit. mathology
⇒ −𝟑 > −𝟐 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝟑 < 𝟓 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞

⇒ 𝟑 × −𝟐 > 𝟓 × −𝟐 … 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐲 𝟐
⇒ −𝟔 > − 𝟏𝟎 , 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞.
Rules of solving Linear Inequations:

5) If sign on each term on both the sides of the inequation is changed,

the sign of inequality gets reversed.
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 7 > 5
−𝟕 < −𝟓
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: −3 < 2
𝟑 > −𝟐

6) If both the sides of the inequation are positive or both are negative,
then on taking their reciprocals, the sign of inequality reverses.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 7 > 5 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: −3 < −2

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
< >
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑 𝟐

@ankit. mathology
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = … … , −5 , −4 , −3 − 2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ R

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = … … , −5 , −4 , −3 − 2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ R

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
𝑥 > −3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 > −3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 > −3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 > −3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 > −3, 𝑥 ∈ R

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
𝑥 ≥ −3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≥ −3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≥ −3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −3 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … …

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥 ≥ −3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ≥ −3, 𝑥 ∈ R

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
−3 < 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ R , −3 < 𝑥 < 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
−3 ≤ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −3 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 < 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ R , −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
−3 < 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 < 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ R , −3 < 𝑥 ≤ 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Representation of Solution set on the Number Line:
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ N
Solution Set = 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ W
Solution Set = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ I
Solution Set = −3 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 𝑥 ∈ R
Solution Set = 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ R , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Quadratic
Equations
Including word problems

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 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

Standard Form: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

where, 𝑎 = co − efficient of 𝑥 2

𝑏 = co − efficient of 𝑥

𝑐 = constant term

Discriminant ∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4ac
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Formula for finding the roots ∶ 𝑥 =
2𝑎

Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 ⇒ Roots are real and equal.

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 ⇒ Roots are imaginary not real .

@ankit. mathology
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and it is a perfect square
⇒ Roots are real, rational and unequal.

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and it is not a perfect square

⇒ Roots are real, irrational and unequal.
 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬

𝐓𝐰𝐨 − 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫

If the digits in the tens place is 𝑥
and the digit in the unit’s place is 𝑦.
∴ The two digit number formed = 10𝑥 + 𝑦
If the digits are interchanged or reversed,
then the number becomes = 10𝑦 + 𝑥

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬
Consecutive numbers or integers or natural numbers
or whole numbers = 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 + 2 , … …
Consecutive even numbers = 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 + 4 , … …
Consecutive odd numbers = 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 + 4 , … …
Consecutive multiples of 7 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 7 , 𝑥 + 14 , 𝑥 + 21 … …

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𝐔𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦
 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝐔𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦

If the speed of the boat in still water is 20 km/hr

and the speed of the river current is 𝑥 km/hr.

∴ Speed of the boat going upstream

against the direction of the wind = 20 − 𝑥 km/hr.

∴ Speed of the boat going downstream

with the direction of the wind = 20 + 𝑥 km/hr.
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤
If a person takes 6 days to complete a work.
1
∴ The amount of work completed in 1 day is .
6

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 Ratio
and
Proportion

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 Ratio

a 1st term antecedent

= nd = , where b ≠ 0
b 2 term consequent

A ratio should always be expressed in lowest terms.

15 3
Example: =
20 4

A ratio is a comparison between two or more

quantities of the same kind and with the same units.

@ankit. mathology
 Composition of Ratios
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
𝟏) 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
Compound ratio of a ∶ b, c ∶ d , e ∶ f = a × c × e ∶ b × d × f

𝟐) 𝐃𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞

Duplicate ratio of 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎2 ∶ 𝑏 2

𝟑) 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐂𝐮𝐛𝐞

Triplicate ratio of 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎3 ∶ 𝑏 3

𝟒) 𝐒𝐮𝐛 − 𝐝𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭

Sub − duplicate ratio of 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏

𝟓) 𝐒𝐮𝐛 − 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 𝐂𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭

3
Sub − triplicate ratio of 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ⇒ 3 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏

𝟔) 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
Reciprocal ratio of 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎
 Proportion

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are in proportion.

𝑎∶𝑏=𝑐∶𝑑 𝑎 is the 1st proportional.

𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 is the 2nd proportional.

∴ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐 is the 3rd proportional.

∴𝑎×𝑑 =𝑏×𝑐 𝑑 is the 4th proportional.

Product of extremes = Product of means

Note: 𝑎 and 𝑑 are extremes end terms
𝑏 and 𝑐 are means middle terms

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 Continued Proportion

𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are in continued proportion.

𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 = 𝑏: 𝑐
𝑎 is the 1st proportional.
𝑎 𝑏
∴ = 𝑏 is the 2nd proportional.
𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 is the 3rd proportional.
∴𝑏×𝑏 =𝑎×𝑐
∴ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
∴𝑏= 𝑎×𝑐
Note: 𝑏 is the mean proportional between 𝑎 and 𝑐
𝑐 is the third proportional to 𝑎 and 𝑏

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k − Method

Proportion

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 are in proportion

𝑎∶𝑏=𝑐∶𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
∴ =
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
Let = = k
𝑏 𝑑
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑏k
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑑k
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k − Method

Continued Proportion

𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are in continued proportion

𝑎∶𝑏=𝑏∶𝑐

𝑎 𝑏
∴ =
𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
Let = = k
𝑏 𝑐
∴ 𝑏 = 𝑐k ∴ 𝑎 = 𝑏k
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑐k × k
∴ 𝑎 = 𝑐k 2
 Properties of Proportion
1) Invertendo
𝑎 𝑐
= … Given a,b,c and d are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑
∴ = … By Invertendo
𝑎 𝑐

1 3
= … Given E.g. : 1,2,3 and 6 are in proportion.
2 6

2 6
∴ = … By Invertendo
1 3

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 Properties of Proportion
2) Alternendo
𝑎 𝑐
= … Given a,b,c and d are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
∴ = … By Alternendo
𝑐 𝑑

1 3
= … Given E.g. : 1,2,3 and 6 are in proportion.
2 6

1 2
∴ = … By Alternendo
3 6

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 Properties of Proportion
3) Componendo
𝑎 𝑐
= … Given a,b,c and d are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
∴ = … By Componendo
𝑏 𝑑

1 3
= … Given E.g. : 1,2,3 and 6 are in proportion.
2 6

1+2 3+6
∴ = … By Componendo
2 6

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 Properties of Proportion
4) Dividendo
𝑎 𝑐
= … Given a,b,c and d are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
∴ = … By Dividendo
𝑏 𝑑

1 3
= … Given E.g. : 1,2,3 and 6 are in proportion.
2 6

1−2 3−6
∴ = … By Dividendo
2 6

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 Properties of Proportion
5) Componendo and Dividendo
𝑎 𝑐
= … Given a,b,c and d are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
∴ = … By Componendo and Dividendo
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑

1 3
= … Given E.g. : 1,2,3 and 6 are in proportion.
2 6
1+2 3+6
∴ = … By Componendo and Dividendo
1−2 3−6

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Theorem on Equal Ratios

𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
If = = , then
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓

𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒 𝑎+𝑐−𝑒
= = = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓 𝑏+𝑑−𝑓
𝑎+𝑐 𝑎−𝑐−𝑒
= =
𝑏+𝑑 𝑏−𝑑−𝑓
𝑎−𝑒 𝑎−𝑐+𝑒
= = and 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛 …
𝑏−𝑓 𝑏−𝑑+𝑓

1 3 4
Try It Yourself : = =
2 6 8
Concept !

What should be added

to each of the numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑;
so that the resulting numbers are in proportion.

Let the number to be added be 𝑥.

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑥, 𝑏 + 𝑥, 𝑐 + 𝑥 and 𝑑 + 𝑥 are in proportion.

𝑎+𝑥 𝑐+𝑥
=
𝑏+𝑥 𝑑+𝑥

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Concept !

What should be subtracted

from each of the numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑;
so that the resulting numbers are in proportion.

Let the number to be subtracted be 𝑥.

∴ 𝑎 − 𝑥, 𝑏 − 𝑥, 𝑐 − 𝑥 and 𝑑 − 𝑥 are in proportion.

𝑎−𝑥 𝑐−𝑥
=
𝑏−𝑥 𝑑−𝑥

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 Concept !

What should be added

to each of the numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐;
so that the numbers are in continued proportion.

Let the number to be added be 𝑥.

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑥, 𝑏 + 𝑥 and 𝑐 + 𝑥 are in continued proportion.

𝑎+𝑥 𝑏+𝑥
=
𝑏+𝑥 𝑐+𝑥

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 Concept !

What should be subtracted

from each of the numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐;
so that the numbers are in continued proportion.

Let the number to be subtracted be 𝑥.

∴ 𝑎 − 𝑥, 𝑏 − 𝑥 and 𝑐 − 𝑥 are in continued proportion.

𝑎−𝑥 𝑏−𝑥
=
𝑏−𝑥 𝑐−𝑥

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 Remainder and
Factor Theorems
Factorization of Polynomials

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 Remainder and Factor Theorems

𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝒇 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝒙 − 𝒂 , 𝒙−𝒂=𝟎

𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 ⇒ 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙=𝒂

𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝒇 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝒙 + 𝒂 , 𝒙+𝒂=𝟎

𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 ⇒ 𝒇 − 𝒂 𝒙=−𝒂

𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝒇 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒃 , 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒃 = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒃
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 ⇒ 𝒇 𝒙=
𝒂 𝒂

𝐈𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝒇 𝒙 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 , 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝟎

−𝒃 −𝒃
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 ⇒ 𝒇 𝒙=
𝒂 𝒂

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Remainder Theorem

To find the remainder, equate the divisor with zero

and substitute the value of the variable in the dividend.

Factor Theorem

If the divisor is the factor of the dividend,

then the remainder is always zero.

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 Matrices

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 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, symbols or
expressions, arranged in rows (horizontal lines) and columns
(vertical lines) that is interpreted and manipulated in certain
prescribed ways.
Order of a matrix
If a matrix contains 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns,
then it is called a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛. (read as 𝑚 by 𝑛)

𝑎 𝑏
M=
𝑐 𝑑 2×2
Number of rows = 2
Number of columns = 2

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 Row Matrix Column Matrix
A matrix having only one row is A matrix having only one column
called a row matrix or row is called a column matrix or
vector. column vector.

2 6 4
1×2
3 2 ×1
6
4
5 1 9 1×3
7 3 ×1

Square Matrix Rectangular Matrix

A matrix in which the number of A matrix in which the number of

rows is equal to the number of rows is not equal to the number
columns is called a square matrix. of columns is called a rectangular
matrix.
1 2 3
6 8
4 3 6
2 5
7 2 9 3×3
3 7 3×2
8 2 5 6 4
3 4 2×2 2 3 1 2×3
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 Zero Matrix or Null Matrix Diagonal Matrix

A matrix of any order is said to A square matrix is said to be a

be a zero matrix or null matrix if diagonal matrix if all its elements
each of its elements is zero. are zero except the elements in
the principal diagonal.
0 0
0 0 6 0
P2 × 2 =
0 0 0 7
3×2
4 0 0
0 0 Q3 × 3 = 0 7 0
0 0 2×2 0 0 2
Scalar matrix Unit or Identity matrix

A diagonal matrix in which all the A scalar matrix in which all

elements in the principal diagonal the elements in the principal
are equal is said to be a scalar diagonal are one and all
matrix. other elements are zero is
called as the unit or identity
matrix.
6 0
A2 × 2 = 1 0
0 6 I2 × 2 =
0 1
5 0 0 1 0 0
B3 × 3 = 0 5 0 I3 × 3 = 0 1 0
0 0 5 0 0 1
 Multiplication of Matrices

Two matrices can be multiplied together if and only if,

Number of columns of the 1st matrix = Number of rows of the 2nd matrix.

If the order of the 1st matrix is m × n and the order of the 2nd matrix is n × p,
then the two matrices are compatible for multiplication and
the order of the resultant matrix is m × p.

Matrix Multiplication is not commutative

Let us consider matrix A and matrix B which are compatible for multiplication,
then, AB ≠ BA

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 Arithmetic
Progression

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 Definition
An arithmetic progression is a sequence(series) of
numbers in which each term is obtained by adding
a fixed number to its preceding term, except the
first term.
An arithmetic progression is of the form:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d … and so on.

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 Te r m i n o l o g i e s
𝑎 = first term
𝑑 = common difference ⇒ Any term – Preceding term
𝑛 = number of terms Difference between
any two consecutive terms
𝑙 = last term

Common Difference (d) can be

positive, zero or negative.

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General term (𝑛th term) of an Arithmetic Progression:
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic Progression:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑙 … If the last term is known
2
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 Concept !

If a , b and c are in arithmetic progression, then

b–a=c–b
b+b=c+a
Reason:
2b = a + c Difference between
two consecutive terms in an
A.P. is same.

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 If the sum of 𝑛 terms in an A.P. is given,
then the selection of terms can be taken as:
Number of Common
Terms to be assumed
terms Difference
3 a – d, a, a + d d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
6 a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d

Note: Sum of the above terms is independent of d.

(i.e. d gets eliminated when we add the above terms.
 Similarity
~
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 Similarity of Triangles
Criteria or Tests to prove triangles similar ∶ AA , SAS and SSS.
c. s. s. t = Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
c. a. s. t = Corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal.
P
A

4 6 8 12

B 5 C
Q 10 R
∆ABC ~ ∆PQR … Given
∠ABC = ∠PQR

∠ACB = ∠PRQ … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.

∠BAC = ∠QPR
AB BC AC
= = … Corresponding sides of similar triangles
PQ QR PR
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 AA or AAA test of Similarity
If two angles of a triangle P
A
are respectively equal to
the two angles of another
triangle, then by the angle
sum property of a triangle
their third angles will also B C
Q R
be equal.

AA test ⇒ Angle Angle test

In ∆ABC and ∆PQR,
∠ABC = ∠PQR … Given

∠ACB = ∠PRQ … Given

∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR … By AA test of Similarity

AB BC AC
= = … Corresponding sides of similar triangles.
PQ QR PR
∠BAC = ∠QPR … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.

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 SAS test of Similarity

P
A
AB 4 1
= = … 𝑖
PQ 8 2
4 8
BC 5 1
= = … 𝑖𝑖
QR 10 2 B 5 C
Q 10 R
In ∆ABC and ∆PQR, SAS test ⇒ Side Angle Side test
AB BC
= … From 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖
PQ QR
∠ABC = ∠PQR … Given
∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR … By SAS test of Similarity
AB BC AC
= = … Corresponding sides of similar triangles.
PQ QR PR
∠ACB = ∠PRQ … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.
∠BAC = ∠QPR … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.
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 SSS test of Similarity

AB 4 1 P
= = … 𝑖 A
PQ 8 2

BC 5 1
= = … 𝑖𝑖 4 6 8 12
QR 10 2

AC 6 1 B 5 C
= = … 𝑖𝑖𝑖
PR 12 2 Q 10 R
In ∆ABC and ∆PQR, SSS test ⇒ Side Side Side test

AB BC AC
= = … From 𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖𝑖
PQ QR PR

∴ ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR … By SSS test of Similarity

∠ABC = ∠PQR … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.

∠ACB = ∠PRQ … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.

∠BAC = ∠QPR … Corresponding angles of similar triangles.

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 Multiple Choice Question

Which of the following is not a test of Similarity ?

A SAS B ASA

C AA or AAA D SSS

Answer: b) ASA

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