NATURAL LIGHTING TECHNIQUES IN UNDERGROUND SPACES

Submitted by
Lulua Master

Guided by
Dr. Tanisha Dutta
In fulfillment of requirements for the award degree of

B.Arch
Report submitted to
PRIYADARSHINI INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN STUDIES, NAGPUR

Priyadarshini Campus, Digdoh Hills, Off Hingna Road, C.R.P.F, Nagpur- 44019 India

December 2021

Priyadarshini Institute of Architecture and Design Studies, Nagpur (PIADS) 2020-21

1
 DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the Report titled “Natural Lighting Techniques in Underground
Spaces” submitted here has been carried out by me in the Priyadarshini Institute of
Architecture and Design Studies, Nagpur. The work is original and has not been
submitted earlier as
a whole or in part for the award of any degree/diploma at this or any other institution
or university.

Lulua Master
Date: 18/12/2021

ii
 CERTIFICATE

The report titled “Natural Lighting Techniques in Underground Spaces”

submitted by Lulua Master for the award of the degree of B.Arch has been
carried out under My guidance at the Priyadarshini Institute of Architecture and
Design Studies, Nagpur. The work is comprehensive, complete, and fit for
evaluation.

Ar. Tanisha Dutta

Guide
PIADS, Nagpur

Forwarded by –
Prof. Nishant Manapure
Principal,
PIADS, Nagpur

Date: 10th December 2021

Ar. Habeeb Khan

Director,

iii
PIADS, Nagpur

iv
 Acknowledgment:

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, who guided me throughout

this project and helped me finalize it. I would also like to thank my friends and
family who supported me and offered me deep insight into the study.

Sincerely yours,
Lulua Master

iv
 Abstract

Proper light and ventilation are important aspects of architecture. It offers a range of

health benefits, can boost the aesthetics of an indoor space, and enhance the energy

efficiency of a home. Having better lighting in living/working spaces is vital for

health. Lack of light can lead to feelings of sleepiness and depression, but bright light

reverses the process and stimulates our bodies in positive ways.

As the world is developing, the demand for extra space is also developing which is

affecting the quality of life in urban cities. Building underground structures can help

solve the space problem and ensure people’s quality of life.

Light and ventilation is primary requirement of a structure. But artificial lighting never

satisfies the need that natural lighting could. The lack of natural lighting not only

affects the physical health and wellbeing of a person but also psychological wellbeing.

Therefore, it is necessary to find out various natural lighting techniques which help

light up a space to every nook and corner of the building and not just one side of the

structure.

Therefore, it is necessary to find out various natural lighting techniques which help

light up all the areas of space. This research focuses on investigating various

techniques of natural lighting in underground structures.

Keywords: Underground architecture, Natural light, Daylighting technique

v
LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 1
FIG 2
FIG 3
FIG 4
FIG 5
FIG 6
FIG 7
FIG 8
FIG 9
FIG 10
FIG 11
FIG 12
FIG 13
FIG 14
FIG 15
FIG 16
FIG 17

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1

TABLE 2

CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF FIGURES _______________________________________vi

LIST OF TABLES ________________________________________vi

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION____________________________1

1.1 INTRODUCTION _______________________________________ 1

1.1.1 UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE ______________________ 2
1.1.2 NATURAL LIGHTING __________________________________ 2
1.2 RESEARCH FORMULATION _____________________________ 3
1.2.1 AIM __________________________________________________ 3
1.2.2 OBJECTIVE ___________________________________________ 3
1.2.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION _______________________________ 4
1.2.4 HYPOTHESIS __________________________________________ 4

CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW_________________________ 5

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY__________________ 8

CHAPTER 4 – INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY______________ 9

4.1 CASE STUDY 1 – THE CENTRAL UNITED METHODIST

CHURCH, MILWAUKEE___________________ 9
4.2 CASE STUDY 2 – NEW YORK DELANCEY PROJECT BY
RAAD STUDIO AND JAMES RAMSE________ 13

CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION__________________________________ 17
5.1 UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE__________________________17

vii
5.1.1 BENEFITS OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES____________ 17
5.2 DAYLIGHTING IN UNDERGROUND SPACES_________________ 18
5.2.1 COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHTING ________________________18

5.3 DAYLIGHTING TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE IN

UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE__________________________20
5.3.1 EXTERNAL LIGHT SHELVES__________________________ 20
5.3.2 LIGHT PIPES_________________________________________22
5.3.3 MIRRORS ___________________________________________23
5.3.4 SUN-DIRECTING GLASS______________________________ 24
5.3.5 SUNLIGHT TRANSPORT SYSTEM______________________ 25
5.3.6 ANADIOLIC ZENITHAL LIGHT GUIDE__________________ 26
5.3.7 PRISMATIC PANEL SYSTEM___________________________ 27
5.3.8 HELIOSTAT__________________________________________ 28

CHAPTER 6 – RECOMMENDATIONS _________________________ 29

6.1 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR DAYLIGHTING IN
UNDERGROUND SPACES__________________________________ 29

REFERENCES _______________________________________________ 31

viii
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The world is developing and demand for extra space is also growing. This is

resulting in overcrowding of space, increasing the density of urban spaces.

This negatively impacts people's quality of life in cities. Creating underground

structures will help solve the space problem and ensure the quality of life of

the people. The basic requirement of a structure is good light and ventilation.

But artificial lighting cannot satisfy the need for natural light. Lack of natural

light has not only negative effects on the physical well-being of a person but

also their psychological well-being. Thus, it is necessary to find out various

natural lighting techniques that aid in illuminating every nook and corner of a

building, and not just one side.

The purpose of this study is to investigate appropriate techniques of natural

lighting in underground structures and present a model recommendation for

structures from ground to ground minus 2 structures in the Nagpur region. The

objective of this research is to find various natural lighting techniques and

methods to understand its applicability. Understanding case studies and then

finally studying the climate of Nagpur and formulating a recommendation

table for optimal natural lighting in an underground structure in Nagpur is the

core of this project.

1
1.1.1 Underground architecture

Since man first began to use caves for shelter, the use of the underground has

protected man and simultaneously enhanced the environment. Throughout

time, society has looked to the underground any time there was a need for a

safe space, or whenever something needed to be protected against harm or for

future use, or disposal of undesirable wastes (Nessim, 2005). The use of

underground spaces was limited before due to the lack of the proper tools used

for construction and the shortage of research in this field. Nowadays, recent

technological advancements have enabled builders to overcome prior

restrictions that had largely precluded underground construction (Nessim,

2005). Building underground provides new insight into all aspects of

architecture and urban design (Underground architecture Connections between

ground-level public space and below-ground buildings).

1.1.2 Natural lighting

Natural lighting plays an important role to facilitate the performance and

efficiency of the activities done in space. It also provides personality to a

space contributing to the aesthetics immensely.

Therefore, it is essential to provide natural light in an underground space. This

can be done using various methods and techniques like external light shelves,

Light pipes, mirrors, sun-directing glass, sunlight transport system, ventilation

illuminating wall, anecdotic zenithal light guide, prismatic panels, heliostat,

etc.

2
1.2 Research formulation

1.2.1 Aim

To analyze various natural lighting techniques in underground spaces,

and to recommend guidelines to achieve optimal lighting and

ventilation in the Nagpur region.

1.2.2 Objective

1. To find the various natural lighting techniques and methods.

2. Understand how these techniques work and what are their

requirements.

3. Case study on the underground spaces where these techniques are

used.

4. Study the climate and environment of Nagpur.

5. To form a recommendation table (a module) for providing optimal

natural lighting in an underground structure in a region like Nagpur

3
1.2.3 Scope and limitation

o The scope is to find out guidelines for natural lighting techniques most

effective in underground spaces.

o The research is limited to proposing the appropriate guidelines for

underground structures in the Nagpur region only.

o The research is not dealing with seismic zones and soil chemistries.

1.2.4 Hypothesis

Assumption: If the required amount of natural lighting and ventilation is

provided in underground construction, it would be an appropriate

habitable space.

4
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW

The advantages include more moderate and desirable weather conditions than

on-ground spaces, decreasing cooling energy requirements of the building,

energy reserve, increasing green spaces on the earth, decreasing noise and

acoustic pollution penetrating the building, and creating a calm environment.

Disadvantages are lack of stimulation from changing weather conditions and

sunlight can create a sense of confinement. Increasing primary ventilation and

lighting costs are the other problems of such spaces (Fatemeh Vaezizadeh,

2013).

As the population is increasing continuously people are finding space for their

better living and they built structures according to their need due to which

density of concrete structures are getting denser on the ground and now we are

left with very little space on the ground, so due to lack of space our living

must shift back to the underground. As we are more connected to the

underground, our history is more connected to the underground, our past is

more connected to the underground our Source of fertility and life was started

from underground. In the past, different technologies were evolved as per their

knowledge, experience, and their increasing needs. But now due to

technological advancement in this field, we have more ways and solutions for

better underground living. There are some advantages as well as disadvantages

of the underground.

The advantages are as follows:

 It has more moderate and desirable weather conditions than on-ground

spaces.
5
 It decreases the cooling energy requirements of the buildings.

 energy reserve

 green spaces on earth increase.

 it decreases noise and acoustic pollution penetrating the building

 creating a calm environment

The disadvantage is as follows:

 lack of natural light.

 less ventilation

 energy reserve

These disadvantages affect human psychology. Therefore, natural light and

ventilation are very important for healthy living and human comfort.

Light can enter underground spaces in different ways, it can be supplied from

the ceiling light, an inner yard or atrium, and/or from one or more sides of the

building, sufficient ventilation is also very important for removing additional

humidity and heat (Nessim, 2005). As we move towards the underground, we

will be surrounded by solid space. There is no facade, there will be no streets,

there will be no traffic nearby us. It will be complete darkness and our living

will be into a dark mass. So, in a space like this Sunlight and proper ventilation

from all side is very important for our healthy living.  And to bring natural

sunlight in the underground, there are some ways from where we can transport

light from above the ground to underground like a ceiling light, atrium, open to

the sky, etc.

6
Underground space needs to be a functional space that is occupied by humans

for their activities. Top-lighting methods, which include vertical and horizontal

top lighting techniques, were used at first to enhance daylight penetration deep

into the space (Nessim, 2005). Nowadays, advancement in technology shows

many ways and have many solutions to the underground related problem Many

innovative daylight systems are overcome and used for daylighting in both

shallow and deep underground spaces Innovative systems, which include

Heliostats, Light Pipes, and Fibre Optics, allow the use of deep underground

spaces to an extent that has never been reached before.

It is of great importance that the idea of integrating daylight in underground

spaces be studied and investigated thoroughly (Nessim, 2005). In recent times,

there is a huge spread of the use of underground spaces in the entire world.

This widespread use of underground spaces worldwide had made a clear

demonstration of the underground spaces. These spaces have more capabilities

than being a more energy conservation technique. A better and more enhanced

physical environment (by moving certain functions below grade and increasing

the open areas above grade this enriching the built environment) is provided on

underground spaces.

On investigation of the previous research of going through the potentials of the

underground spaces, the daylighting has not been touched sufficiently even

after playing role in the enhancement of the underground environment and its

evolution in the underground spaces.

7
 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Natural light in Techniques of

Underground underground natural lighting in
Literature survey architecture architecture underground
architecture

Devicing
Research formation Case studies
methodology

Preparing
Understanding
Analysis Model/recommend Discussion
requirements
ation

Result Conclusion Reporting

Literature survey on underground architecture, natural lighting, and techniques

used in underground architecture is the initial step for this research. Using this

information devising of methodology, and formulation of research is done. Case

studies and their analysis are the next steps that lead to understanding the

requirements and preparation of the model recommendation table.

8
CHAPTER 4 – INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY

4.1 CASE STUDY 1 - THE CENTRAL UNITED METHODIST

CHURCH, MILWAUKEE

Climate - Milwaukee has a continental climate with wide variations in

temperatures over short periods, especially in spring and autumn. The warmest

month is July when the average high temperature is 81 °F (27 °C), and the

overnight low is 63 °F (17 °C), The coldest month is January when the

average high temperature is only 28 °F (-2 °C). Low temperatures in January

average 16°F (-8°C).

Fig.1

https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/milwaukee-wisconsin.html

9
 Fig.2

The lighting techniques used in this case study are the perimeter skylight, a tall

tower (thermal shutter), and a secondary system of mirrors to redirect the light.

The nave is surrounded by ancillary spaces, but the architect resisted the

temptation to incorporate perimeter skylights in his design, as this would have

prejudiced the simplicity of the effect of the wildflowers on the hillside so that

another solution had to be found. This solution consists of a tall tower with

sunlight entering from the south, with a blank wall to the north.

The tall tower which can be seen in Fig. is designed to collect both light

and solar energy but also registers the presence of the church in the

neighborhood (Lighting Modern Buildings, Case Study 8, pp. 1 18/9).

10
 Fig.3

Fig.4

The tower contains an electrically operated high-tech thermal shutter that can

track the sun, offering an inexpensive opportunity for redirecting low-angle

winter sunlight towards the floor of the chancel, whilst at the same time

directing some light to the roof of the nave, using a secondary system of

mirrors below. During the summer the shutter is in its closed position to reject
11
high angle summer sunlight and heat.

Fig.5

This is an excellent use of model studies which can be carried out quite simply

using actual sunlight conditions; they are both quicker and cheaper than trying

to use the various methods of calculation or using computers. The model

studies showed the architect the dramatic sunlight patterns that would be

achieved. Whilst no daylight is received directly to the nave, by the traditional

means of the aisle and clerestory lighting, the solution adopted for controlling

the daylight and sunlight from the tower provides the theatrical impression

required. (https://www.northernarchitecture.us/artificial-lighting/william-

wenzler-and-associates-william-lam-and-associates-central-united-methodist-

church.html )

 The dramatic angular concrete tower is a solar shaft, which integrates solar

collectors, mechanical systems, and the bell tower, and it brings daylight to the

altar and the church auditorium beneath it. A low concrete wall supports

12
prairie grass, flowers, and shrubs growing on the structure’s roof and walls.

The nave or auditorium is simply finished with natural concrete walls and

furnished with movable chairs and serves the congregation’s multiple social,

educational, and liturgical needs. (https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/WI-01-

MI99 )

4.2 CASE STUDY 2 - NEW YORK DELANCEY PROJECT BY RAAD

STUDIO AND JAMES RAMSEY

CLIMATE - hot and humid in summer, cold in winter

Fig.6

https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/new-york-ny.html

In 2013 New York City ranked 14th among high-density cities in the United

13
States in parkland per 1,000 residentsFig.7
with only 4.6 acres/1000 residents. With

The Lab provides an opportunity to test James Ramsey’s innovative solar

technology. His “remote skylights” allow for the collection and distribution of

sunlight from above ground to the subterranean level. The tubes would allow

for the transmission of wavelengths of light necessary to support

photosynthesis, enabling vegetative growth. The exciting potential of this new

technology gives the designers countless possibilities, but also presents

challenges in their overall goal of creating what they describe as an “entirely

new typology of public space.”

Fig.8

14
 The selection of plants had to be highly varied and intricately planned to

create a thriving green space. Nielsen emphasized the need for an environment

in which plants do more than just survive, one where they can take root and

continue to grow. In our conversation, Nielsen even pondered the possibility

of plants flowering and eventually producing fruit. 

Fig.9

Designed by James Ramsey of Raad Studio, the proposed solar technology

involves the creation of a “remote skylight.” In this approach, sunlight passes

through a glass shield above the parabolic collector and is reflected and

gathered at one focal point and directed underground. Sunlight is transmitted

onto a reflective surface on the distributor dish underground, transmitting that

sunlight into the space. This technology would transmit the necessary

wavelengths of light to support photosynthesis, enabling plants and trees to

grow. During periods of sunlight, electricity would not be necessary to light

the space.

No. Climate Building Floor Floor Area Techniques

15
 type height
1. Hot and Underground 1 4m 40,000sq.ft. Remote Skylight
humid in Park
summer,
cold in
winter
2. A Underground 1 1. Perimeter Skylight
continental Church 2. A tall tower
climate with (thermal shutter)
wide
variations in
temperatures
over short
periods

Table 1. Case study

16
CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION

5.1 Underground architecture

5.1.1 Benefits of underground structures

While studying underground spaces, it is important to discuss the benefits

of the underground space itself because of the special characteristics of such

spaces that differ from any other ordinary above-ground space. Studying the

benefits of such spaces helps in the decision making of their use and clears

the image about the debate of the use of underground spaces in different

aspects of our daily life. (Nessim, 2005)

A. Environmental Benefits of underground facilities:

Underground design is a sustainable environmental design because it

proved the efficiency of energy use and its less impact on the surrounding

environment.

One of the reasons for the need to build underground is because of the

increasing need to reduce the lack of green areas, for example, when you

need to find a building's extension for an existing building and at the same

time, we do not need to interfere with the existing landscape, so the best

way is to build underground (AlKhayat, 2014).

Summarizing the environmental benefits of underground facilities as

follow:

There are different interpretations of phrases (green buildings) and

(sustainable design) and (loving –environment Architecture), but it is more

generally accepted as a standard phrase in the leadership of all the above

17
 statements is (Energy and Environmental Design). Conversely to the

historical developments, the recent examples of buildings under the ground

were not automatic solutions, but because of certain goals (crowded urban

zones often do not provide environmental protection and conserving energy

which we use for heating and cooling in buildings). So, burying buildings

underground offers additional benefits compared with original buildings

such as heat insulation – calm- hurricanes and earthquakes resistance, some

of us will be surprised from underground life, but it is possible to become a

certified issue in the design of the future.

Awareness of the environmental movement began to increase during the

last ten years, and Architects started looking for ways to protect and

conserve energy and reduce the impact of buildings on the natural

environment to save natural environments and produce comfortable for

people. Conserving energy which we need for the process of heating and

cooling, and this is resulting from the natural earth layers (which act as a

high thermal efficiency insulator), which provide approximately 60 to 80%

of energy consumption (AlKhayat, 2014).

5.2 Daylighting in underground spaces

5.2.1 Components of daylighting

Daylighting depends on various factors:

 The amount of daylight available outside is dependent on the

site's latitude, the sun's azimuth angle, and cloud cover percent.

 The size of the window opening.

18
  The orientation of the window.

 The reflectance of the materials inside the space, and

 The location and reflectance of any exterior obstructions

The daylight reaching any point inside the space consists of three main

components: the sky component (SC), the external reflected component

(ERC), and the internal reflected component (IRC) Fig1 (Nessim, 2005)

Fig.10

https://discover.hubpages.com/education/

GATE_Architecture_Terminology_Lighting

The Sky Component (SC) is that portion of the total daylight at a point,

which is received directly from the areas of the sky visible through the

aperture. Total illumination is determined by latitude, sky condition, and

orientation. The External Reflected Component (ERC) is that light reflected

from exterior obstructions on the point under consideration. The size of the

obstruction and its reflectance are factors in determining illumination from

this source.

19
The Internal Reflected Component (IRC) is the light received at the point

under consideration that has been reflected from interior surfaces. The

interior reflected component is further subdivided into the reflected skylight

and reflected ground lightly. (Daylighting in underground buildings)

From the above lighting design problems, the design objectives related to

lighting the underground spaces can be concluded as follows:

1. Provide appropriate levels of illumination to enhance visual clarity and

facilitate all activities.

2. Provide natural light whenever possible.

3. Design artificial lighting systems to supplement natural light and not to

replace it.

4. Use lighting to enhance feelings of spaciousness. (Daylighting in

underground buildings)

5.3 Daylighting techniques applicable in underground architecture

5.3.1 External light shelves

A light shelf is a daylighting system that introduces external natural

light into the building interiors by reflecting the light from the light

shelf’s reflector and the indoor ceiling surface (Figure). Also, a light

shelf improves the problems of glare or illumination imbalance by

blocking the direct introduction of external natural light into the

interior space. The variables for determining the performance of a light

shelf include the height, width, angle, and material of the light shelf;

appropriate variable control is required to maximize the performance

20
 of the light shelf. (Development and Performance Evaluation of Light

Shelves Using Width-Adjustable Reflectors)

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 11: Inflow of light corresponding to three angles of the light shelf.

(a) Light shelf angle: 0°, (b) light shelf angle: 10°, and (c) light shelf angle:

30°

21
 Fig.12

5.3.2 Light pipes

The light pipes consisted of three components: a collector, a

reflective pipe, and a diffuser, as shown in Fig. 4. The optical

properties of both light pipes are listed in Table 1. The

the collector was a transparent element, which was located at

the external aperture of the pipe. Its main functions were to collect

daylight and protect the light pipe from the impact of weather

and soiling. It was usually made flat or dome-shaped from a

highly transmitting material (Hans von Wachenfelt, 2015)

Fig.13 Layout of the light pipe (Hans von Wachenfelt, 2015)

22
 Fig.14

5.3.3 Mirrors

The Mirror Duct System is a technology for brightening room interiors

by taking in natural light from outside buildings and bringing it to

places in buildings where it is needed through ducts with aluminum

mirrors inside. This allows light to be brought even into places where it

could not originally enter, facilitating the efficient use of natural

energy.

The Mirror Duct System is composed of three units: a light collecting

unit that efficiently brings in natural light, a light guide unit that

delivers this light with no attenuation, and a light radiation unit that
23
draws natural light indoors.

https://www.nikken.co.jp/en/expertise/mep_engineering/

incorporating_natural_light_into_windowless_rooms_by_introducing_

a_mirror_duct_s ystem.html (as of 29/11/21)

Fig.15

Fig.16

5.3.4 Sun-directing glass

This type of component generally refers to acrylic elements sealed in a

24
double-glazed window. The principal method of light redirection is by

the total internal reflection of light transmitted via these elements.

Placed in the upper section of a vertical window, these devices perform

both sun shading and light redirecting functions as indicated in Figure.

(https://blestfairy.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/daylighting-research/)

Fig.17

5.3.5 Sunlight transport system

Sunlight transport is a passive system that captures sunlight at a source

such as a roof, focuses it, transports it by a medium such as fiber optics

cables, and defuses it into a room. It is typically used to get natural

light into interior rooms and reduce energy consumption.

(https://simplicable.com/new/sunlight-transport)

25
 Fig.18

5.3.6 Anadiolic zenithal light guide

Anadiolic zenithal light guide the collector consists of three plane

mirror surfaces whose tilt angles redirect solar rays with an acceptance

angle of 808, into a funnel and parallel to its axis so that the number of

reflections is minimized. It facilitates the collection of diffuse light

from large portions of the sky without allowing direct light.

(Classification of indoor daylight enhancement systems)

26
 Fig.19

5.3.7 Prismatic panel system

Prismatic devices redirect incident sunlight using refraction and total

internal reflection to provide sun shading and evenly distribute

daylight in a room. Each prismatic panel consists of an array of acrylic

prisms arranged to give a planar, sawtooth device. The figure shows a

prismatic panel fixed in the vertical plane.

(https://blestfairy.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/daylighting-research/)

Fig.17

27
5.3.8 Heliostat

Heliostats are devices that consist of one or more mirrors, usually

plane ones, which can be individually controlled and moved to keep

reflecting sunlight directed toward the central receiver, thus

compensating for the sun's apparent motions in the sky.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/

heliostats)

28
 CHAPTER 5 – RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR DAYLIGHTING IN

UNDERGROUND SPACES

Table 2. Design guidelines for natural light in underground spaces

NO. FLOORS AREA FLOOR FACING / TECHNIQ SKETCHES
HEIGHT ANGLE UE
1. Basement 4m x 6m 3m South External
1 orientation light
shelves

Basement 7.6m x 3m - Critical Light

2. 1+2 10m angle 39`-42` pipes
- No external
opening is
required

3. Basement 3m x 2m 3m - South Mirrors

1+2 orientation
- opening
required

4. Basement 4m x 6m 3m - south
1 orientation
- Angle 25`- Sun-
50` directing
- 1 face open glass

5. Basement 7.6m x 3m – 9m - No Sunlight

1+2 10m / openings transport
1000sq.ft. - 30`/42`/- system
45`

29
6. Basement 4m x 6m 3m- 4m North facing Anabolic
1+2 zenithal
light
guide

Design of anadiolic zenithal light guides for

daylighting of underground spaces

7. Basement 5m x 3m 3m South Prismatic

1 opening panel
system

Daylight in Underground Architecture Research Paper Ebru

Kaymaz – 1523724 Architectural Engineering Studio

8. Basement 7.6m x 3m- 9m South Heliostat

1+2 10m opening

Intelligent Building Envelopes Architectural Concept &

Applications for Daylighting Quality

The guideline is provided for different types of rooms and different techniques and
innovations are to be applied in different cases. Various sizes are provided i.e., 2m x
3m, 3m x 5m, 4m x 6m, 7.6m x 10m. The height of the spaces is given between 3m to
9m.
External light shelves, Sun-directing glass, and prismatic panels are stated in table 2.
can be used in an underground space or structure where there is only a requirement to
go a single floor below the ground with an opening in the south direction. Area
considerations for these techniques are 4m x 6m, 4m x 6m, 3m x 5m respectively.

Light pipes, sunlight transport system, and heliostat are given under 7.6m x 10m area
going two floors down with a variation in height of 3m, 3m-9m, 3m -9m respectively.
Mirrors and Anadiolic zenithal light guide can go up to two floors below the ground
having height 3m, 3m-4m and areas 3m x2m, 4m x 6m respectively.
This study has been done with Nagpur in focus and can be applied in similar climatic
and soil type zones.

30
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derground%20architecture%20daylight%20and

%20ventilation&f=false as on 28-08-21

 https://www.comsol.com/blogs/simulating-a-transparent-light-pipe-to-

optimize-transmittance/ as on 11-09-21

 https://solarspot.co.uk/daylight/natural-light-for-underground-buildings

as on 11-09-21

 https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150421-will-we-ever-live-

underground as on 12-09-21

 http://www.stoagroup.in/blog/benefits-natural-light-ventilation on

20/11/21

 (Nessim, 2005)

 Underground architecture Connections between ground-level public

space and below-ground buildings

 https://www.gaisma.com/en/location Milwaukee-wisconsin.html /

 https://www.northernarchitecture.us/artificial-lighting/William-

Henzler-and-associates-William-lam-and-associates-central-united-

methodist-church.html

 https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/WI-01-MI99

https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/new-york-ny.html

 (AlKhayat, 2014)
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 https://discover.hubpages.com/education/

GATE_Architecture_Terminology_Lighting

 Development and Performance Evaluation of Light Shelves Using

Width-Adjustable Reflectors

 (Hans von Wachenfelt, 2015)

 https://www.nikken.co.jp/en/expertise/mep_engineering/

incorporating_natural_light_into_windowless_rooms_by_introducing_

a_mirror_duct_s ystem.html

 https://blestfairy.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/daylighting-research/

 https://simplicable.com/new/sunlight-transport

 Classification of indoor daylight enhancement systems

 https://blestfairy.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/daylighting-research/

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/

heliostats

 investigating different strategies for light and ventilation provision in

vernacular underground architecture and their integration with

underground museums architecture

 A Reinterpretation of Underground Architecture

 (Mohirta, Natural Lighting and Psychological Barriers, January 2012)

 (Nessim A. A., daylight in underground buildings, 2005)

 (F. Vaezizadeh, INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR

LIGHT AND VENTILATION PROVISION IN VERNACULAR

UNDERGROUND ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR INTEGRATION WITH

UNDERGROUND MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE, DECEMBER 2013)

 (Kaymaz)

 (Jungwon Lee, 2016)

32
 (WRIGHT, February 2012)

 (Veronica Garcia-Hansen, June 2003)

33