DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

COLLEGE Institute of Teacher Education

Name: NOLI B. CAJES

Course: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Date: SEPTEMBER 04, 2022

Activity What do you know already?

Recall your previous activity of listing 25 substances

1. Ginger
2. Garlic
3. Bleach
4. Vitamins
5. Deodorant blocks
6. Perfumes
7. Basil
8. Baking soda
9. Alcohol
10. Detergent
11. Insecticides (sodium borate)
12. Soaps
13. Chemical Shampoos
14. Fertilizer (potassium sulfate)
15. Saffron
16. Parsley
17. Onions
18. Muriatic acid
19. LPG
20. Coconut oil
21. Ammonia
22. Salt
23. Pepper
24. Lemons
25. Paints

Analysis
Which do you think can be measured by weighing? By
measuring the length and width?
Which are liquids and can be measured by volume?

Can be measured through weighing and by measuring the length and width

1. Ginger
2. Garlic
3. Vitamins
4. Deodorant blocks
5. Basil
6. Baking Soda
7. Detergent
8. Soaps
9. Chemical Shampoos
 10. Fertilizer
11. Saffron
12. Parsley
13. Onions
14. Salt
15. Pepper
16. Lemons

Liquids can be measured by Volume

1. Bleach
2. Perfumes
3. Alcohol
4. Insecticide
5. Muriatic acid
6. LPG
7. Coconut oil
8. Ammonia
9. Paints

Application PLEASE refer to the Laboratory exercise:

No. 1 An application of Preparing Solutions
 LECTURE ASSESSMENT SHEET

Module 1: Lesson 2 – Basic Operations and SI Units

Noli B. Cajes
Name: ______________________________ Date Submitted: September 04, 2022
_____________
Analytical Chemistry
Subject: _____________________________ Time Frame: 1 week

EXERCISES

1. Indicate how many significant figures are in each of the following numbers.

a. 903 = 3
_______________

b. 0.903 = _______________
3
c. 1.0903 = 5
_______________

d. 0.0903 = 3
_______________

e. 0.09030 = 4
_______________

f. 9.03 × 102 = 3
_______________

2. Round each of the following to three significant figures.

0.893
a. 0.89328 _______________

0.894
b. 0.89350 _______________

c. 0.8997 0.900
_______________

0.0890
d. 0.08907 _______________

3. Round each of the following to the stated number of significant figures.

a. The atomic weight of carbon to four significant figures 12.01 a.u.

______________

16.0 a.u.
b. The atomic weight of oxygen to three significant figures ______________

c. Avogadro’s number to four significant figures 6.022 x 10^23 atoms

______________

4. Report results for the following calculations to the correct number of significant figures.

71.9
a. 4.591 + 0.2309 + 67.1 = _______________

39.8
b. 313 – 273.15 = ______________

6, 100
c. 712 × 8.6 = ________________

55
d. 1.43/0.026 = ________________
 -3
25.7 x 10
e. (8.314 × 298)/96485 = ________________

-4.185
f. log(6.53 × 10–5) = _______________

-8
7.2 x 10
g. 10–7.14 = ______________

-13
5.30 x 10
h. (6.51 × 10–5) (8.14 × 10–9) = _________________
 LABORATORY EXERCISE SHEET

Module 1: Lesson 2 -Basic Operations and SI units

Noli B. Cajes
Name: ______________________________
Analytical Chemistry
Subject: _____________________________
09-04-22
Date Submitted: _____________
Time frame: 2 weeks after downloading

Laboratory Exercise no. 1

Conduct the following laboratory exercises at home: An application of Preparing Solutions

Materials: 5 clear plastic bottles (from mineral water, 500 mL, remove the plastic label) or
Any bottle with a maximum capacity of 500 mL
1 Liter of an empty bottle of Coca-cola or mineral water
Measuring spoons or table spoons
Measuring cup (or use the rice cooker’s measuring cup)
Ketchup (any brand will do)
drinking water

Procedure:
1. Label your 500 mL bottles with #1, #2,#3, etc.
2. Measure exactly 5 tablespoons of catsup, try not to overflow the spoon. Measure as
closely as possible each tablespoon of catsup. Put this in an empty cup or glass.
3. Add about ½ cup of drinking water into the catsup you measured, then mix well.
4. Put this mixture into the 1-Liter bottle. Rinse the cup several times with drinking
water, and put the rinse liquid into the 1-liter bottle. About 3 rinsings will do, to
completely remove any trace of the catsup mixture from the cup. Then add enough
drinking water to the bottle, stopping near the neck of the bottle just like what you see
when it was filled with softdrink. This is to approximate a 1-Liter volume of liquid.
Shake by inverting the bottle 10 times. This is your stock solution.
5. Measure 1 cup from the stock solution and put it in bottle no. 1, add enough water,
stopping near the neck of the bottle, just like what you did in procedure #4.
6. Repeat procedure #5 following the measurement shown in the Table below for the
other four bottles.
7. Make sure to create a video while doing this exercises, take pictures as well and
upload them as part of your lab report
8. Observe the differences you can visibly see, like the change in intensity of color.
9. Taste your prepared solution, spiting them after. That is why you are using drinking
water, make sure you have clean utensils and bottles as well. Tasting will give you
another data with regards to differences in taste as you dilute your stock solutions.
10. Fill in the table for your observation, make sure you re-write this table in your Lab
notebook ( you can use/ recycle old notebooks for this purpose, this will be a
permanent notebook for all recordings of laboratory experiments).
Table no. 1 Measurements of solutions
Bottle # Volume of stock solution Approximate volume
in mL
1 1 cup of stock solution 237 mL
2 ½ cup 118 mL
3 ¼ cup 59 mL
4 2 tablespoon (tbsp.) 30 mL
5 1 tbsp 15 mL

Table no. 2 Observation Data

Bottle # Observations in terms of color Observations in terms of Taste

1 Red-orange (closest to the original Tangy, sweet, yet very odd.
color of ketchup)
2 Has a light shade of orange
Still have this odd taste but the
sweet taste is still there.
3 Has an even lighter shade of orange The taste of ketchup is hardly
noticed

4 A little hue of orange, the color of the

water is very visible
5 Its color mirrors the water. The color of
the stock solution is ignorable
The taste of ketchup is barely
recognizable and it is the bitter-
sweet of the mineral water that
stood atop.
It tastes like the original mineral
water

https://drive.google.com/file/d/
1Ove_SKAaEKLFlShbS7zGPl8AOYAqnzHK/view?usp=drivesdk
 LABORATORY EXERCISE SHEET
Module 2: Lesson 1 – Tools in Quantitative analysis

Noli B. Cajes
Name: ______________________________ 09-04-22
Date Submitted: _____________
Analytical Chemistry
Subject: _____________________________ Time frame: 2 weeks

LABORATORY EXERCISE #_2_

Quantitative Measurements Using an Electronic Balance and Analytical Balance

Watch the ff. 3 Videos

1. Operation of an Electronic balance: https://youtu.be/0UymyTJATLc

2. Use of an Analytical balance: https://youtu.be/mmgiehwrK54

3. Weighing by difference using both instruments: https://youtu.be/GPjXohDByU4

I. Introduction
 What is the experiment/demo all about?
 What is the purpose of getting the mass?
 description of both electronic balance and analytical balance

In analytical chemistry, we are asked to do a variety of weighings. It is important to realize

with what sort of accuracy these weighings should be made. Depending on the desired accuracy
you should use the proper balance to make your weighing. The video basically demonstrates the
proper ways of utilizing electronic and analytical balance as well as a detailed illustration of how to
do weighing by difference whilst using both instruments. It shows the proper procedures as well
as the guidelines that one must adhere to using these instruments in order to achieve the
objectives of the experiment. In following those mentioned procedures, an accurate and reliable
mass measurement will be obtained. Also, it will prevent damage to the balance.

Moreover, the purpose of getting the mass is for the accuracy and reliability of the experiment
conducted. Getting the mass is quantitative data that can be used in order to make inferences
about the laboratory works conducted. In ensuring the mass, you will also prevent damage to the
instruments since some laboratory apparatus are sensitive to a certain level of weight.

Furthermore, an electronic balance is a device used to accurately measure the weight of

materials. Electronic balances are important laboratory instruments for precise measurement of
 substances used in many research. A laboratory electronic balance offers a digital measuring
result. On the other hand, analytical balances are highly sensitive laboratory devices used to
precisely measure mass. These will weigh to an accuracy of ± 0.1 mg and must be used
whenever you desire four or more significant figure accuracy. Because they are designed to
detect very tiny increments, even minor vibrations or breezes can have an effect on the results.
As a result, analytical balances should be utilized in a separate area with as few interruptions as
possible.

II. Objectives:

1. To be able to demonstrate how to use the analytical and electronic balance

2. To differentiate analytical balance from the electronic balance

3. Learn the proper weighing technique

4. To develop techniques that allow students to transfer samples of material from one
container to another

5. Learn the weighing by difference method

III. Procedure:

 this is the section where you will enumerate the steps done in conducting the experiment as
shown in the video)

Electronic balance

There are different types of electronic balances depending upon the purpose and accuracy.
Desired balances have ranges from grams to tenths hundreds, thousands, and ten-thousandths of a
gram. To start using an electronic balance, first, turn on the power button the balance will zero itself.
Next, place a clean weigh boat on the balance, and when the reading has steadied set the balance to
zero with the weigh boat using a spatula. Slowly add the material that you are weighing into the weigh
boat, and continue to add the material that you want. Once the material is removed from the stock
bottle, any excess should not be returned to the bottle, this will prevent contaminating the source.

Analytical balance

One of the most commonly used pieces of equipment in biotech laboratories is an analytic
balance. We can use it to take very precise measurements. Four places to the right of the decimal
point. Keep in mind that a small paperclip weighs one gram. In other words, the analytical balance
isn’t designed for weighing heavy items. For example, this balance has a maximum weight of 310
grams. That’s about the same as a can of tomato soup. Weighing anything larger than that will cause
damage. The first consideration is selecting the workplace. The balance needs to be placed on a
steady surface such as a marble counter or a lab workbench in order to minimize vibrations. The
balance shouldn’t be used near doorways or air vents because it’s sensitive enough to be affected by
air currents. Check to see if the balance is level. Adjust the feet until the air bubble inside the black
ring. If the balance has been unplugged or turned off, you need to let it warm up and reach the
required operating temperature. Let’s try an example. We want to measure out 1.5 grams of sodium
bicarbonate. Typically use weighing paper for measuring anything less than 5 grams. Fold the
opposite corners of the weighing paper together and make a crease. Then do the same for the other
corners. Place the paper on the balance pan. Close the side doors and press the tare button to zero
out the paper. Use a lab scoop to slowly add the sodium bicarbonate to the paper. Close the glass
doors and wait for the balance to lock in its reading. Continue adding sodium bicarbonate until your
reach 1.5 grams. Close the doors to reading the actual weight. 1.5026 grams- and always document
your work in your lab notebook.

Weighing by Difference

To learn weighing by difference, you will need Kim wipes, finger cots, a camel hairbrush, a
spatula, a beaker, a laboratory notebook, and a sample of our compound in a container to be
weighed. Ensure that proper personal protective equipment is used. First, zero the analytical balance
with all the doors closed it is important to handle the compound container with finger cots gloves or a
Kim wipe to avoid adding mass to the container from oils in your hands ‘such care does not need to
be taken with the beaker since it will not be weighed on the analytical balance or used to accurately
determine mass.

Place the container onto the center of the balance pan and gently close all the balance doors,
once a stable reading is reached record the mass in a laboratory notebook. Remove the container
from the analytical balance and take both the container and beaker to a top loading balance be sure
to leave the doors to the analytical balance, closed whenever it is not being used. The laboratory
notebook should be set up similarly to this. It is a good idea to place the container on a Kim wipe but if
the bench top is dirty, if the compound is hygroscopic, the container should be capped as much of the
time as possible, and gently clean the balance with a brush. Place the empty beaker on the top
loading balanced and tare the balance, make sure your camel hair brush is clean by brushing it back
and forth on your spatula. Hold the container over the beaker and carefully transfer the desired
amount of compound from the container into the beaker using a spatula in a camel hairbrush.

Remember to not touch the container with your bare fingers it is critically important to achieve
a quantitative transfer and not lose any compound outside of the beaker or container. Make sure the
spatula is at or below the top of the beaker when brushing with a camel hairbrush so that all
compound is brushed into the beaker and not onto the bench top re-weigh the beaker on the top
floating balance the desired amount of compound is 0.5 grams and the balance reads 0.41 grams,
therefore, more compound needs to be added to be within 10% of the desired amount. Remove the
container from the top-loading balance and add more compounds using the same careful quantitative
transfer techniques. Notice how both sides of the spatula are gently brushed into the beaker followed
by cleaning any compound from the hairbrush into the beaker. Take your materials back to the
analytical balance making sure to not touch the container with your bare fingers. Lastly, re-weigh the
container by zeroing the same analytical balance used to weigh the initial container mass. Place the
container onto the center of the balance pan and close all doors of the balance. Once a stable reading
is achieved, record the mass in a laboratory notebook, the massive compound transferred to the
beaker is the difference between the first and second readings of the container.

IV. Materials:

 What are the materials, and apparatus used, including any chemicals and other substances
used?

The following are the materials and apparatus used, including any chemicals and other
substances in the videos:

1. Electronic balance
2. Weigh boat
3. Spatula
4. Stock bottle
5. Analytical balance
6. Can of tomato soup
7. Marble counter or lab workbench
8. 1.5 grams of Sodium bicarbonate
9. Weighing paper
10. Balance pan
11. Lab scoop
12. Lab notebook
13. 12.19 grams of Powdered Tris buffer
14. Bristle paintbrush
15. Kim wipes
16. Finger cots
17. Camel-hairbrush
18. Beaker
19. Sample of a compound in a container

V. Results and Discussion:

Table no. 1

Compound Measurement
1. Sodium Bicarbonate 1.5 grams
2. Tris Base (Buffer) 12. 19 grams

Table no. 2

Terms Measurement
Initial Weight of Compound + Vial 11.9276 g
Final Weight of Compound + Vial 11.4554 g
Weight of Compound in Beaker 0.4722 g

 Discuss what you saw in the video, the results (cite related articles/literature), the lessons
you have learned from the video, and any problems encountered. Insert screenshots of the
set-up showing the results.

One of the most commonly used pieces of equipment in biotech laboratories is an

analytic balance. We can use it to take very precise measurements. Four places to the right
of the decimal point. Keep in mind that a small paperclip weighs one gram. In other words,
the analytical balance isn’t designed for weighing heavy items. Let’s try an example. We
want to measure out 1.5 grams of sodium bicarbonate. Typically use weighing paper for
measuring anything less than 5 grams. Fold the opposite corners of the weighing paper
together and make a crease. Then do the same for the other corners. Place the paper on
the balance pan. Close the side doors and press the tare button to zero out the paper. Use
a lab scoop to slowly add the sodium bicarbonate to the paper. Close the glass doors and
wait for the balance to lock in its reading. Continue adding sodium bicarbonate until your
reach 1.5 grams. Close the doors to reading the actual weight. 1.5026 grams- and always
document your work in your lab notebook. Analytical balances can measure even the
slightest fluctuation in weight, even down to the smallest decimal point. Analytical balances
often feature a draft shield that helps to keep out any dust particles or drafts that could
inadvertently alter the weight (Anon, 2021). Electronic balance, on the other hand, is an
instrument used in the accurate measurement of the weight of materials. Electronic balance
is a significant instrument for laboratories for precise measurement of chemicals which are
used in various experiments. Laboratory electronic balance provides digital results of
measurement (Laboratory Electronic Balance Market - Global Industry Analysis and
Forecast to 2020, n.d.)

Moreover, Weighing by difference is the most accurate method to measure

quantitatively the mass of a solid sample. This procedure involves a repetitive weighing of a
weighing bottle containing a quantity of solid reagent. As the solid is removed from another
vessel, the mass of the weighing bottle contents decreases. Upon reweighing, a lower
mass is found. The difference in the two masses represents the mass of the solid reagent
 transferred to the vessel. Hence, the phrase "weighing by difference"  (Titration - Weighing
by Difference, n.d.)

On the last note, the videos provide ample information that can serve as a companion
in developing critical skills that are necessary for dealing with samples. To obtain the most
trustworthy results from a scientific investigation, it is critical to reduce bias and mistakes
while also being exact and accurate in data gathering. Precision and accuracy are both
concerned with how near a measurement is to its actual or true value. Accuracy is the
degree to which a measured value is near the actual ('true') value. For example, if you
weighed a normal 100g weight on a scale, an accurate reading would be as close to 100g
as possible. If you got a reading of 105g, you would argue you didn't get an accurate
reading (and your scale would need calibrating). While precision is the proximity of
measured values to one another (Tomatosphere - Tomatosphère | Precision and Accuracy,
n.d.)

 make a schematic diagram

Knowledge
of electronic
balance

Knowledge
of analytical
balance
Precision
Proper Accuracy
handling of
sample Sensitivity

Development of weighing
techniques

Learning weighing by
difference
VI. Questions:

1. What is the importance of precision in weighing samples?

It is critical to be both exact and precise when weighing samples because the precision of
measurement shows how near it is to its true value. Precision is the relationship between
sequences of measurements of the same thing. Imprecise measurements do not
appropriately identify random errors and can provide a widespread result. Even minor flaws
can frequently render data worthless. As a result, students must learn how to use measuring
devices in order to achieve optimum accuracy and precision.

2. Explain possible causes for inaccurate/ less precision in weighing.

Erroneous results can stem from the following:

Faulty equipment – If the equipment you are utilizing is faulty in the first place it won’t give you
an accurate measurement.

Temperature - The smallest variation in room temperature can produce significant changes in
sample weight. Strict temperature controls are thus required to provide reliable
measurements.

Chemical reactions- Samples can also be extremely sensitive to slight changes in

atmospheric temperature and wind pressure. For example, exposing a chunk of white
phosphorous to open air causes it to burst into flames. When such volatile samples are
exposed to those conditions, they might undergo chemical reactions that are not only harmful
but also change the state of the sample. As a result, users must exercise caution to ensure
that the sample stays chemically inert during the weighing procedure.

User Error- Most erroneous measurements are the consequence of user mistakes. A lab
worker may inadvertently leave a sample on the table, exposing it to reactions with air
elements; or a lab worker may incorrectly calibrate the equipment, affecting the balance's
accuracy.

3. What do you think are the skills developed in doing this activity (as seen in the video)?
 Precision in measuring samples, expertise in using apparatus or equipment, sensitivity,
selectivity, and adaptability (this refers to the adaptation of various weighing techniques).

VII. Conclusions:

 base this on the objectives you presented

In using analytical and electronic balances one must adhere to the following procedures:

1. Close the balance door, while weighing an object, in order to prevent air currents from
disturbing the reading. When finished, the operator should close the balance door to prevent
dust and dirt from entering the balance.
2. Only glass, ceramic, metal, or plastic objects, and containers should be placed in direct
contact with the balance pan.
3. Do not handle objects to be weighed with bare hands. Moisture, grease, and dirt on your
fingers will affect the weight of the objects.
4. To be weighed accurately, all objects must be at room temperature. A warm object sets up
convection currents inside the balance enclosure, which will make an object appear lighter
than it really is. Also, warm air inside the enclosure is less dense than the air that it displaces
and this also leads to a negative determinate error.
5. Never weigh chemicals directly in contact with the balance pan. Use containers such as
beakers, flasks, and weighing bottles.
6. All objects and materials that have recently been removed from a desiccator will absorb
moisture and thereby gain weight. It is therefore good practice to record weights after identical
time intervals. For example, if you are taking crucibles to constant weight. Always record the
weight of the crucible exactly 5 seconds after having placed the crucible on the balance pan.
Using this technique it is possible to minimize the effect of moisture absorption.
7. The use of weighing paper must be strictly avoided when using an analytical balance.
8. Do not spill chemicals inside the balance enclosure. If a spill occurs, clean it up immediately.

Moreover, the difference between analytical balance and electronic balance is that analytical
balance is used for determining mass with a maximum capacity that ranges from 1 g to a few kgs
with a precision of at least 1 part in 105. It must be used to measure masses with high accuracy.
While electronic balance, on the other hand, is a balance that generates a current proportional to
the displacement of the pan. An electronic balance is used by placing the object on top of it while
it is powered on and reset. It measures the mass of an object.

Furthermore, the proper weighing technique is an essential aspect that a student must learn
especially in Analytical chemistry since they will be dealing with samples that need to be
accurately and precisely weighed so that it won’t affect the result of the experiment. The proper
weighing technique according to the videos involves keeping the balance calibrated, ensuring an
appropriate environment, handling the weights properly, and taking the right measure to weigh
samples, among others.

Lastly, weighing by difference is the most precise method for quantifying the mass of a solid
sample. This process entails weighing a weighing bottle carrying an amount of solid reagent
repeatedly. The mass of the weighing bottle contents lowers as the solid is withdrawn from
another vessel. A lower mass is discovered after reweighing. The mass of the solid reagent
 supplied to the vessel is represented by the difference between the two masses. As a result, the
expression "weighing by difference" was coined.

VIII. References: (APA Format)

5 journals

3 books/e-books

Electronic. (2012, October 16). Using an Electronic Balance. YouTube.

https://youtu.be/0UymyTJATLc

How to Use an Analytical Balance. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. https://youtu.be/mmgiehwrK54

Jeffery, G., Bassett, J., Mendham, J., & Denney, R. (n.d.). TEXTBOOK OF QUANTITATIVE
CHEMICAL. https://gtu.ge/Agro
Lib/Vogels_TEXTBOOK_OF_QUANTITATIVE_CHEMICAL_ANALYSIS_5th_ed__-
_G_H_Jeffery.MsuCity.pdf

Laboratory Electronic Balance Market - Global Industry Analysis and Forecast to 2020. (n.d.).
Persistence Market Research.
https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/laboratory-electronic-balance-
market.asp

Online Chemistry Lab Manual. (2017, October 31). Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/Wet_Lab_Experiments/
General_Chemistry_Labs/

Titration - Weighing by difference. (n.d.). Chemistry Stack Exchange.

https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/76688/weighing-by-difference

Tomatosphere - Tomatosphère | Precision and Accuracy. (n.d.). Tomatosphere.letstalkscience.ca.

http://tomatosphere.letstalkscience.ca/Resources/library/ArticleId/4671/precision-and-
accuracy.aspx#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20get%20the

Weighing by Difference. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from

https://youtu.be/GPjXohDByU4

Why Analytical Balances are So Beneficial to Any Lab. (2021, July 30). Scale People.
https://www.scalepeople.com/blog/why-analytical-balances-are-so-beneficial-to-any-lab-2/

York, S. S. C., New. (1920). Laboratory Apparatus: Chemistry, Biology, Photography, Microscopes,
Projection Lanterns, Chemicals, Minerals, Etc. In Google Books.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Laboratory_Apparatus.html?id=i8cJAAAAIAAJ