Earth Science 11

Quarter 2

Volcanic Eruption/ Magma Expulsion

 The lesson is about how magma is expelled out to the surface of the Earth.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. Explain how magma is expelled out to the Earth’s
surface.
b. Differentiate the types of volcanic eruption.
c. Cite and apply some safety precautions during volcanic
eruption.

a.

RECAP
Let’s Review! Answer the cross-word puzzle: The Formation of Magma

Across:
1. Hot liquid and semi-liquid
rock.
3. Significant in forming
magma
4. Thickness of magma
5. High in iron, potassium
and calcium
6. High in potassium, and
sodium Down:

2. Moderate amounts of
minerals

LESSON

I. Warm-up: Guess the title: Listed here are some of the famous Philippine
movies and MTV video. Write their title with the given clues.

Taal Volcano and other

In what 2014 Philippines film
places like El Nido, Palawan
did the majestic Mayon
was seen in what single of
Volcano become a witness to
Katy Perry’s music video?
Kenji and Athena’s
tearjerking declaration of
love?
 Not only was Mt. Pinatubo and its lake a
beautiful setting to Jackie and Kiko’s
budding relationship in this 2015

Philippines film it also proved to be the

most accurate representation of the
former’s personality - “a beautiful
disaster.”

II. CONCEPTS:
Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface.
When magma flows onto Earth’s surface, it is called lava. But, have you wondered
how magma was expelled from the Earth’s surface?
Volcanic Eruptions

• In general, magmas that are generated deep within the Earth begin to rise
because they are less dense than the surrounding solid rocks.
• As they rise they may encounter a depth or pressure where the dissolved gas
no longer can be held in solution in the magma, and the gas begins to form a
separate phase (i.e. it makes bubbles just like in a bottle of carbonated
beverage when the pressure is reduced).
• When a gas bubble forms, it will also continue to grow in size as pressure is
reduced and more of the gas comes out of solution. In other words, the gas
bubbles begin to expand.
• If the liquid part of the magma has a low viscosity, then the gas can expand
relatively easily. When the magma reaches the Earth's surface, the gas
bubble will simply burst, the gas will easily expand to atmospheric pressure,
and a non-explosive eruption will occur, usually as a lava flow (Lava is the
name we give to a magma when it is on the surface of the Earth).
• If the liquid part of the magma has a high viscosity, then the gas will not be
able to expand very easily, and thus, pressure will build up inside of the gas
bubble(s). When this magma reaches the surface, the gas bubbles will have a
high pressure inside, which will cause them to burst explosively on reaching
atmospheric pressure. This will cause an explosive volcanic eruption.

Types of Eruption:
A. Effusive (Non-explosive) Eruptions
Non explosive eruptions are favored by low gas content and low
viscosity magmas (basaltic to andesitic magmas). If the viscosity is
low, non-explosive eruptions usually begin with fire fountains due to
release of dissolved gases.
B. Explosive Eruptions
Explosive eruptions are favored by high gas content and high viscosity
(andesitic to rhyolitic magmas). Explosive bursting of bubbles will
fragment the magma into clots of liquid that will cool as they fall
through the air. These solid particles become pyroclasts (meaning -
 hot fragments) and tephra or volcanic ash, which refer to sand-
sized or smaller fragments.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions, especially explosive ones, are very dynamic phenomena. That
is the behavior of the eruption is continually changing throughout the course of
the eruption. This makes it very difficult to classify volcanic eruptions.
Nevertheless they can be classified according to the principal types of behavior that
they exhibit. An important point to remember, however, is that during a given
eruption the type of eruption may change between several different types.
• Hawaiian - These are eruptions of low viscosity basaltic magma. Gas
discharge produces a fire fountain that shoots incandescent lava up to 1 km
above the vent. The lava, still molten when it returns to the surface flows
away down slope as a lava flow. Hawaiian Eruptions are considered
nonexplosive eruptions. Very little pyroclastic material is produced.
• Strombolian - These eruptions are characterized by distinct blasts of basaltic
to andesitic magma from the vent. These blasts produce incandescent bombs
that fall near the vent, eventually building a small cone of tephra (cinder
cone). Sometimes lava flows erupt from vents low on the flanks of the small
cones. Strombolian eruptions are considered mildly explosive, and produce
low elevation eruption columns and pyroclastic fall deposits.
• Vulcanian - These eruptions are characterized by sustained explosions of
solidified or highly viscous andesite or rhyolite magma from the vent.
Eruption columns can reach several km above the vent, and often collapse to
produce pyroclastic flows. Widespread pyroclastic falls are common that
contain mostly angular blocks. Vulcanian eruptions are considered very
explosive.
• Pelean - These eruptions result from the collapse of an andesitic or rhyolitic
lava dome, with or without a directed blast, to produce glowing avalanches or
nuée ardentes, as a type of pyroclastic flow known as a blockand-ash flow.
They may also produce surges with resulting surge deposits. Pelean
eruptions are considered violently explosive.
• Plinian - These eruptions result from a sustained ejection of andesitic to
rhyolitic magma into eruption columns that may extend up to 45 km above
the vent. Eruption columns produce wide-spread fall deposits with thickness
decreasing away from the vent, and may exhibit eruption column collapse to
produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Plinian ash clouds can circle the Earth
in a matter of days. Plinian eruptions are considered violently explosive.
• Phreatomagmatic - These eruptions are produced when magma comes in
contact with shallow groundwater causing the groundwater to flash to steam
and be ejected along with pre-existing fragments of the rock and tephra from
the magma. Because the water expands so rapidly, these eruptions are
violently explosive although the distribution of pyroclasts around the vent is
much less than in a Plinian eruption. Surge deposits are usually produced.
• Phreatic (also called steam blast eruptions) - result when magma
encounters shallow groundwater, flashing the groundwater to steam, which is
explosively ejected along with pre-exiting fragments of rock. No new magma
reaches the surface. Surge deposits may result from these eruptions.
 ACTIVITIES
Philippines Volcanic Map and Data
Activity 1.1
I. Objectives
a. Make a list of active volcanoes in the Philippines.
b. Create a map showing their location in the Philippines, and
c. Draw a table of their elevations and eruption (description and
current status). II. Materials
Internet Cellphone or laptop The Philippines Map III.
Procedure
1. Make a research about the active volcanoes in the Philippines.
2. Using what you have researched, create a map showing their location.
3. Draw table of their elevation and eruption data.
4. Answer the succeeding questions and make your conclusion.

A. Philippines Active Volcanoes Location Map:

B. Philippines Volcanic Data:

Volcano Elevation Location Eruption ( Description and
current state)

IV. Guide Questions:

1. Based on your research, what province/s in the Philippines has the
most active volcanoes?
______________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________
2. What are some of the thermal listed features that are evident on those
places?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. From your table (eruption), what are some of the active volcanoes that
have the latest explosion or eruption?
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

V. Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The Eruption: The Case of Taal Volcano
Activity 1.2
I. Objectives
a. Cite some effects that are listed from the recent Taal Volcano eruption.
b. Make a mind map/concept map showing how those hazards affects human
and the environment.

II. Materials
Internet
Cellphone or laptop
Other available resources e.g. books, magazines, newspapers, etc.
III. Procedure
1. Using internet, books, and other available references make a research
about the effects of the recent Taal Volcano eruption.
2. To give a clear presentation make a mind map/concept map showing the
effects of the eruption to human and the environment.
3. You can use online resources to help with your research (Do not forget to
cite your references/sources.) and then complete the following questions
below.

Concept Map: The Case of Taal Volcano

IV. Guide Questions:

1. What are some of the effects of Taal Volcano eruption that were included in
your mind/ concept map?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Which among those effects do you think will take a longer consequence?
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. From these, what lesson can you get that will be beneficial for you as part of
the society?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Volcanic Eruption Precautions
Activity 1.3

I. Objectives
a. Make a slide show of some safety precautions before, during and after
the volcanic eruption.
B. Share the importance of learning those safety precautions. II.
Materials
Internet
Cellphone or laptop
III. Procedure
1. Make a checklist of what to do before, during and after volcanic
eruption.
2. Look for a picture, take your own picture or you can make your own
illustration on how will you do it.
5. Put all your data on a power point presentation.
4. Report it online during the class and with the presence of your teacher.
IV. Guide Questions
1. While doing your activity, what do you think is the importance of being
informed about the precautions before, during and after volcanic eruption?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think are some of the challenges that may be encountered
while following the safety precautions?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think your work will become useful for others?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. Conclusion
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Let us summarize all, by doing the wrap-up activity below.
 WRAP –UP
Answer the following questions:
1. What happens to magma during volcanic eruption?
2. What causes volcanoes to erupt?
3. Compare and contrast the different types of volcanic eruptions.

VALUING
Let me know your thought!

News Analysis about “New Eruption from Taal, One of the Most Dangerous
Volcanoes in the Philippines”.

Click on this link for the complete news.

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/new-eruption-from-one-of-
themost-dangerous-volcanoes-in-the-philippines Guide Questions:
1. Why is Taal Volcano considered as one of the dangerous volcano in our
country?
2. What are some of the potentials that made this volcano hazardous to
the people living nearby?
3. What misconception was given to Taal Volcano, according to the
article?
4. If you were to decide, are you going to allow the residents living nearby
the crater of Taal? How about the famous crater adventure for tourists?