VOLCANOES

The Learner demonstrates

understanding of volcanoes found in the
Philippines.

The Learner participates in activities that

reduce risks and lessen effects of natural
phenomenon such as volcanic eruption.

By: DARYL F. CADANILLA

Monkayo National High School
Science Teacher
MODULE 1

General objectives:

In this module, the Learners should be able to:

1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;

2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
3. explain what happens when volcanoes erupt;
and,
4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be
tapped for human use.
What is a volcano?

 Volcano: an opening in
Earth’s crust through
which molten rock,
rock fragments, and
hot gases erupt.
 Magma vs. lava:
remember the
difference?
Give at least 5 descriptions
of volcano using the
concept map.

Concept maps are visual representations

of information. They can take the form of
charts, graphic organizers, tables,
flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, or
T-charts
Which of the volcanoes has the most number of
eruptions?

Which of the volcanoes has no record of

eruptions?

Which of the volcanoes has the least number of

eruptions?

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, accessed Sept. 30, 2013)
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES ACC.
TO PHIVOLCS
 A. BASED ON THEIR RECORD OF ERUPTION

How do you differentiate active and inactive volcanoes?

 Active volcanoes- are those that have a record of eruption

within the last 600 years or those
that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on analyses of their
materials.
 Inactive volcanoes –are those that have not erupted for the last
10, 000 years and their physical form is being changed by
agents of weathering and erosion through formation of deep
and long gullies.
Located in the province of Batangas, the Taal volcano is second
of the most active volcanoes in the country, with 38 recorded
historical eruptions, with its last recorded eruption on March
26, 2022.

According to PHIVOLCS, there are 24 active volcanoes in the

Philippines.
On January 6, 2023, Kīlauea began to erupt within
Halemaʻumaʻu crater and produced one of the most awe-
inspiring lava lakes in decades.

Hawaii's Kilauea volcano

Views of the lava lake during the first night of the eruption on January 5, 2023. Lava is
visible from most overlooks along Crater Rim Drive.NPS Photo/M.Newman
 According to
PHIVOLCS,
there are 355
inactive volcanoes
in the Philippines.

The inactive volcano Mount Kitanglad, Bukidnon

is one of the tallest peaks in the Philippines
and forms part of the Kitanglad Mountain
Range. Many of the inactive volcanoes are
currently lakes, with water filling their craters
WHAT CAUSES VOLCANOES TO ERUPT?
https://youtu.be/xZ_CMuBJVI8

Magma inside the volcano has high temperature.

As the magma is continuously heated, it goes up.

As it rises, gas bubbles are developed.

The gas bubbles are trapped and expand causing the molten
material to swell also, resulting in a gradual increase in pressure
within the volcano.

When the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock,

fracturing occurs.

The resulting breaks lead to a further drop in confining pressure,

which in turn causes even more gas bubbles to form.
 Give three things that a person should do
during volcanic eruption in order to
avoid getting hurt.
Assessment

1.Which of the following is an active volcano

in the Philippines?

A.Mt. Patoc
B. Mt. Santo Tomas
C. Mt. Binuluan
D. Mt. Urot
Assessment

2. How will you classify volcanoes that have

records of eruptions within the last 600 or
10,000 years ago?

 A. active
 B. inactive
 C. dormant
 D. extinct
Assessment

3. What is the latest volcano to erupt in

Philippines?
 A. Mayon
 B. Taal
 C. Bulusan
 D. Kanlaon
Assessment

 4-5.

Define volcano
Agreement

 Bring the following materials next meeting.

 Group 1 - honey
 Group 2 – syrup
 Group 3 – 4 cones made out of cardboards
 Group 4 –cooking oil
 Group 5 – straw, water, tray, clear drinking
glass
Objectives:

 Determine the factors affecting the eruptive

style of volcano
Do you still remember?

Identify the parts of

volcano using
volcano model.
LABEL THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF
VOLCANO
 https://wordwall.net/resource/3872970/
label-the-external-parts-of-a-volcano
EXTERNAL PARTS OF VOLCANO
A volcano can have one crater, like Mayon Volcano, or more than one,
like Taal Volcano that has 47


Why are some volcanoes
explosive than others?
 What determines the nature of
eruption?
Let’s explore! (demo by students )

VISCOSITY RACE
 Objectives:
Determine the viscosity of some liquids
Describe the flow of gas in different liquids

Materials:
 four pieces of cone out of a cardboard
 clear drinking glass
 Beaker
 drinking straw
 Tray
 Timer
 Water
 Syrup
 Honey
 Cooking oil
Procedure

Which liquid (water, syrup, honey, and cooking oil) takes

the least amount of time to reach the tray.

Which liquid will take the most amount of time?

 Place the cone marked A, B, C, and D on the tray.

 Pour water on the top of cone A. Record the time it takes
for the water to reach the tray.
 Do it three times for each material.

NOTE: Use the same amount of material each time.

Which liquid is most viscous?
Which liquid is least viscous?

Define viscosity in your own words.

Why do some types of lava travel faster

than others?
 VISCOSITY – resistance to flow,
liquid’s thickness and stickiness.
 More viscous magma are linked with
powerful explosions because they can
block gas from escaping through vents,
allowing pressure to build up inside the
volcano’s plumbing system, gas
explosions blast rock and lava
fragments into the air.

 Sticky lava do not flow downhill as easily.

VISCOSITY – resistance to flow,
liquids thickness and stickiness.
What do you think are
the factors affecting the
viscosity of magma;
affecting the volcano’s
eruptive style?
a. Magma’s Temperature
Interpret the graph.
 Lower temperature magmas
have higher viscosity than
higher temperature magmas
 Increasing temperature results
in a decrease in viscosity
because a larger temperature
means particles have greater
thermal energy and are more
easily able to overcome the
attractive forces binding them
together.
 b. Chemical composition
 The magma that contains less silica (SiO2)is relatively fluid and
travels far before solidifying
c. Amount of dissolved gases

Put 100mL of syrup in clear glass. Blow some air from the
bottom of the liquid using straw. Observe on the movement of
liquid as the bubbles move up.

 The more gas there is in the magma, the more bubbles form. If the
gas content is low or the magma is runny enough for gases to rise
up through it and escape to surface, the pressure will not become
excessive.

 Magma with a large amount of gas is less viscous than that of

magma with less amount of gas
To sum up..
Assessment

1. If volcano’s magma is high in silica, the

volcano will probably
 A. erupt quietly
 B. Remain inactive
 C. Erupt explosively
 D. Produce dark color lava
Assessment

2. Which is not a factor affecting volcanoes

eruptive style?
 A. Age of magma
 B. temperature of magma
 C. amount of dissolved gases
 D. chemical composition of magma
Assessment

3. Which statement is correct?

A. The higher the temperature of magma is,
the lower is its viscosity
B. Magma with high silica content are less
viscous than with low silica content
C. Magma with more silica content is
relatively fluid and travels far before
solidifying.
D. All of the above
Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE
4 .A crater is a depression created after a
volcano partially collapses after releasing
the majority of its magma chamber in an
explosive eruption.
5. The picture shows
a crater.
Agreement

Bring the following materials next meeting.

 Group 1 – baking soda
 Group 2 – vinegar
 Group 3 – coke solo
 Group 4- mentos
 Group5 – basin
Objective:

 Classify volcanoes based on eruptive

pattern and landform
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES ACC.
TO PHIVOLCS
 A. BASED ON THEIR RECORD OF ERUPTION
 Active and Inactive
 B. Eruptive patterns
 What happens when a volcano erupts?

 DEMO – baking soda and vinegar

Would the people living in this village be

harmed?
 - mentos and coke
Would the people living in this village be
harmed?

Which set-up is more harmful?

 Volcanoes erupt differently. They are
generally classified as wet or dry depending
on the magma’s water content. Volcanoes
are described according to the style of
eruption.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

1 . PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL is a
stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks
come in contact with water. It is
shortlived,characterized by ash columns but
may be an onset of a larger eruption.

 Spreading ash column from Bulusan

volcano last June 12, 2022
Ashfall ocurred in nearby street
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

2 . PHREATOMAGMATIC – is a violent
eruption due to the contact between water
and magma. As a result, a large column of
very fine ash and high-speed and sideway
emission of pyroclastics called base surges
are observed .
Between January 29 and 30, 2022, Taal volcano had nine phreatomagmatic
bursts on its main crater. On March 26, PHIVOLCS raised the volcano's alert
level status to Alert Level 3 due to a short lived-phreatomagmatic
eruption with the evacuation of around 1,100 residents around the area and
surrounding towns
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

3.STROMBOLIAN - moderately explosive eruptions of

basaltic magma with moderate gas content.
Strombolian eruptions consist of intermittent, discrete
explosive bursts which eject pyroclasts as high as
hundreds of feet into the air

-The lava fountains reached 500 meters to 700

meters high and generated ash plumes that
reached 2.5 kilometers to 3 kilometers
above the crater of Mayon Volcano last
January 2018.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

4. VULCANIAN – characterized by tall

eruption columns that reach up to 20 km
high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall
tephra

 Redoubt Volcano in Lake Clark National

Park and Preserve experienced Vulcanian
eruptions in March 2009.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

5. PLINIAN – excessively
explosive type of eruption of
gas and pyroclastics, just like
our PinatuboVolcano in
Zambales

 The Plinian eruption of

Mount Pinatubo in the
Philippines on June 15,
1991, was the second largest
eruption of the 20th century
 After anexplosive eruption, a scenic cone-
shaped structure may be produced or
changes in its slope may be observed.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES ACC.
TO PHIVOLCS
 A. BASED ON THEIR RECORD OF
ERUPTION
 Active and Inactive
 B. ERUPTIVE PATTERNS
Phreatic or hydrothermal, phreatomagmatic,
strombolian, vulcanian, plinian
 C. LANDFORMS/SHAPES
What do you notice in these 3
volcanoes?
 Why do
volcanoes have
different
shapes?
3 Basic Volcano shapes

The shape and size are determined

by the type of magma feeding it.
1. Shield Volcano
 Formed by quiet eruptions
 Basaltic lava builds up in flat layers
 Largest with gently sloping sides
 Since non-viscous lava can flow freely, a broad, slightly
domed structure that resembles a warrior’s shield is formed
 Ex: Mauna Kea-Hawaiian Islands

A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling
a warrior's shield lying on the ground.
Example of Shield Volcano

 Mt. Kanlaon (also

spelled Canlaon) or
Kanlaon Volcano rises to
8,087 feet (2,465
meters) above sea level
and is the highest
mountain on Negros
Island and within the
Visayas region.
2. Cinder Cone Volcano
 Caused by explosive
eruptions
 Granitic lava thrown high
into the air
 Lava cools into different
sizes of volcanic material
called tephra

 have a steep slope, wide

crater
Cinder cones, also known as pyroclastic cones, are the smallest and the simplest type of
volcano. They are the world's most common volcanic landform. As the name "cinder
cone" suggests, they are cone-shaped hills made up of ejected igneous rocks known as
"cinders".
Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on
Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands on
Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines. The
mountain is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which last
erupted in 1924.
 3. Composite Volcano
 A mix of the other two types
 Quiet or violent
 Basaltic or granitic
 Steep or gentle slopes
 Layered of tephra
 formed from alternate
solidification of both lava
and pyroclastic deposits.
These volcanoes form tall, conical shaped mountains. Composite volcanoes are steep
sided volcanoes that reach great heights on the continents.
Example of
Composite Volcano
 Mayon Volcano is an
active stratovolcano in
the province of Albay in B
icol, Philippines. A
popular tourist spot, it is
renowned for its "perfect
cone" because of its
symmetric conical shape.
Both shield and composite volcanoes can form features called calderas, a huge
crater formed by the collapse of the volcano when magma rapidly erupts from
underneath it.
Assessment
Assessment

4. Why do shield volcanoes tend to maintain a low

profile and spread out over wide areas?

a. Their eruptions are more forceful than other

volcanoes, which spreads the lava and ash further
away.
b. Their lava is very fluid so it spreads across the land
instead of piling up high.
c. They are located in the middle of large land areas,
which causes them to be less defined.
d. Their eruptions mostly contain ash so wind and water
erosion spreads the content out over a broad area.
Assessment

5. What is the most explosive type of

eruption?
Investigate

 Find out more information about the

eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Share your
findings in our next meeting.
Review

SHARE YOUR INFORMATION GATHERED

ABOUT THE ERUPTION OF ST. HELEN
OBJECTIVES

Cite signs of impending

volcanic eruption
Discuss how volcanic
eruptions affect society
 Below are signs of impending volcanic eruption.
Copy and identify what sign is being shown in
the next pictures.
 Noticeable increase in the extent of drying  Localized landslides, rockfalls and
up of vegetation around the volcano's upper landslides from the summit area which not
slopes attributable to heavy rains

 Noticeable variation in the chemical  .Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt
content of springs, crater lakes within the and ground fissuring due to magma
vicinity of the volcano intrusion

 Increase in the frequency of volcanic

 Increase in the temperature of hot springs, quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence
wells crater lake near the volcano of volcanic tremors
 Increased steaming activity; change in color
 Development of new thermal areas of steam emission from white to gray due
and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance to entrained ash
of solfatara
 Crater glow due to presence of magma at or
 Drying up of springs/wells around the near the crater.
volcano
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling

sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission

from white to gray due to entrained ash;
 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the

crater.
 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground

fissuring due to magma intrusion
 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the

summit area which not attributable to heavy rains
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of

vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells crater

lake near the volcano
 SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs,

crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano

SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

10. Development of new thermal areas and/or

reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfatara
Why do we have to know the
signs of impending volcanic
eruption?

Does volcanic eruption bring

only danger and disaster to us?
Group Activity (Brainstorming)
 Using the fact storming web, list down the
positive(Group 1,3,5) and negative (Group 2,4) effects
of volcanic eruption (10 mins)

 Discuss your answers in front of the class

Sum up your thoughts/ideas.
Area of Concern Positive effects Negative effects

Agriculture

Tourism

Livelihood
and basic
needs
COVID 19 Pandemic can affect
disaster preparedness and
recovery, how do you prepare
for a volcanic eruption?

Before, during, and after

Assessment

1. Why are precautionary measures

observed on volcanic eruptions?
 A. To protect properties
 B. To prevent the loss of lives
 C. To pinpoint volcanic danger zone
 D. both A and B
Assessment

2. A bulletin was issued to warn people

that a volcano may erupt within a week.
What should the people living in the
danger areas do?
a. Follow orders to evacuate
b. Wait for next bulletin
c. Cover the roof with wet sacks
d. Reinforce the roof of their houses
Assessment

3. Which of the following factors associated

with huge volcanic eruptions may cause the
decrease in the Earth’s average temperature
for a few years?
A. Heat
B. light
C. acid rain
D. volcanic ash
Assessment

Explain.

By what process can a volcanic

eruption affect temperatures
around the world?
Objective

Illustrate how energy from

volcanoes may be tapped
for human use.
What’s up for today?

 Complete a picture puzzle to unlock a topic.

 Take a picture of formed puzzle and send it to
our GC.

The first group to form gets a reward.

WHAT DOES THE PICTURE

SHOW?
Processes involved in geothermal
power plant
Arrange the strips included in your envelope and display
it on the board.

 Cooled water is pumped back into the Earth

 Drop in pressure causes the water to turn into steam

 Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to
the surface

 Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water

 Steam turns the turbine which is connected to a generator that

produces electricity.
ENERGY FLOWING FROM INSIDE THE
EARTH
 Video link

 https://you.tu.be/DFQrE91kZwk
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 A type of renewable energy in which heat

energy from within Earth is captured and
harnessed.

 The heat of the Earth warms up the water

which is trapped in rock formations
beneath its surface
Ways of generating electricity

1. Geothermal power plants

2. Geothermal heat pumps

 Generator converts mechanical
Steam turns the turbine which is
energy to electrical energy.
connected to a generator

Cooling tower cools the steam

which it condenses back to water

Drop in pressure causes the water

Cooled water is pumped back into
to turn into steam
the Earth

Wells are drilled deep into the

Earth to pump steam or hot water
to the surface
 Howdoes thermal energy converted into
mechanical energy?

 How does mechanical energy converted to

electrical energy?

 How is electrical energy generated?

7 Geothermal power plant in Philippines

 Tiwi, Albay
 Kidapawan, North Cotabato
 Calaca, Laguna
 Tongonan, Leyte
 Bago City, Negros Occidental
 Valencia, Negros Oriental
 Bacon, Sorsogon

 Video link : https://youtu.be/SDZmarMDuK4

Where Are these power plants built?

Power plants are built in an area

where it is particularly hot just
below the surface such as near a
group of geysers, hot springs, or
volcanic activity.
Why should we carefully
utilize geothermal
resources when it is a
renewable source of
energy?
Assessment
 Use a flowchart to describe how energy is
transformed to generate electricity in
 a geothermal power plant.
Assessment

1. Which of the following is one of the

disadvantages of geothermal energy?
A. Geothermal energy only works n windy
days
B. Geothermal energy doesn’t work
everywhere since you need a volcano
nearby
C. geothermal does not work if there are no
rivers or moving water nearby
Assessment

3. How do geothermal power stations work?

a. Cold water is heated up and water power turbines

under the water and turns it into electricity

b. Cold water is pumped down and cold water meets

the hot water from inside the earth to produce steam
to power turbines then creating electricity
c. The hot water from inside the earth meets cold air
and produces condensation which powers the
turbines and turns it into electricity
GROUP PERFORMANCE TASK
You are a volcanologist from Bicol. On your way back to your
hometown, you saw the destruction brought about by the
eruption of Mayon Volcano. You decided to invite your
colleagues to come with you on your next visit with a mission,
that is, to create awareness among your townmates about
volcanic hazards – before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.

 Decide on how you will accomplish your mission.

 Your presentation will be rated based on the following criteria:

 Details and information
 Method of presentation
 Techniques/creativity
 Accuracy
PYROCLASTICS
 Pyroclastic material is hardened magma that is blasted
into the air.
 Explosive eruptions produce mostly pyroclastic material
 They can be as hot as 700ºC and can move at 200 km/h.
A pyroclastic flow can bury or destroy everything in its
path.

 Convert
How fast can pyroclastic flows move? Give your answer in
miles per hour. 1 km = 0.62 mi