Articulo BSEE 3A Final Design

DESIGN OF A 30 MVA SUBSTATION
AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
An Engineering Design Report Submitted to the

Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology,
Palawan State University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
Presented by:
CELEMEL JANE A ARTICULO
Presented to:
ENGR. ALFRED REY VASQUEZ
May 2022
i
Letter of Transmittal
May 23, 2022
Engr. Alfred Rey Vasquez

Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Palawan State University
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City
Subject : Engineering Design Report
Dear Sir,
As part of the requirements for the course EE 36/L: Distribution Systems and
Substation Design, we are pleased to submit and present to you our Engineering
Design Report entitled ―Design of a 30 MVA Substation and Distribution Systems‖.
This report contains the design of primary and secondary distribution systems, and
distribution substations. This report also contains technical parameters and
specifications of distribution systems and substations as well as the equipment and
components selected for appropriate design.
We hope you find this engineering design report in order and satisfactory to your
requirement.
Respectfully yours,
Celemel Jane A. Articulo
ii
PSU VISION
An internationally recognized university that provides relevant and innovative

education and research for lifelong learning and sustainable development.
PSU MISSION
Palawan State University is committed to upgrade people’s quality of life by

providing education opportunities through excellent instruction, research and
innovation, extension, production services and transnational collaborations.
iii
CEAT GOALS
To product competent, well-disciplined, productive and morally upright

graduates equipped with the latest state of the art technical know-how;
To engage in technical research, extension, innovation and development that

will contribute to the advancement of architecture and engineering professions.
BSEE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
Graduates of the program are expected to apply technical development

mainstreams in power, electronic and computer engineering including
equipment/instrument design.
Specifically, to:
 Possess a solid foundation in electrical engineering, sufficient to enable

careers and professional growth in related fields.
 Identify and solve engineering problems drawing on a strong foundation in
the basic sciences and mathematics.
 Communicate effectively and contribute as members of multidisciplinary
teams.
 Appreciate a diversity of opinion, consideration of ethical issues, and of the
context of one’s profession.
 Conceive, design, implement and operate products, processes, and
systems in enterprise and societal contexts.
iv
Acknowledgement
The completion of this paper is all thanks to the support and understanding
of my loved ones and respected people in my life who continue to inspire me to
keep going.
I extend my gratitude to my parents, especially to my mother, Mrs. Nenita
A. Articulo, who always considered giving me the support and time I needed for this
project.
I am also indebted to my instructor, Engr. Alfred Rey Vasquez, for giving
me a push in my struggles as a student and providing a considerable amount of
allotted time to complete this project. I am guided and advised by him during the
entire process of preparing this output report.
Most importantly, I am thankful to God for giving us knowledge and wisdom
and guiding me along the way.
C.J.A.A
v
Tables of Contents
Title Page i
Letter of Transmittal ii
PSU Vision and Mission iii
CEAT Goals and BSEE Program Objectives iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures and Tables viii
Summary xiii
Chapter 1 – Introduction
1.1 Project Description 1
1.2 Project Objectives 2
1.3 Project Summary 2
Chapter 2 – Load Survey and Graphs
2.1 Residential Loads 3
2.2 Commercial Loads 6
2.3 Industrial Loads 16
Chapter 3 – Design of Secondary Distribution Systems
3.1 Size of Distribution Transformers 20
3.2 Location of Common Transformers 49
3.3 Size of Conductors 52
3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation 54
Chapter 4 – Design of Primary Distribution System
4.1 Total Connected Load of Feeders 55
4.2 Feeder Load Graphs 56
4.3 Load Balancing 56
4.4 Voltage Drop Calculations 57
Chapter 5 – Substation Design
5.1 Substation Load Graphs 59
5.2 Substation Load Factors 59
5.3 Size of Power Transformer 59
5.4 Power Transformer Specification 59
5.5 Substation Single Line Diagram 59
5.6 Substation Layout and Components 61
5.7 Fault Calculations 64
vi
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Conclusions 78
6.2 Recommendations 79
Appendices
Appendix A – Residential Load Profiles 80
Appendix B – Tables and Technical Data 82
Appendix C – Designer’s Profile 87
Appendix D – Distribution System Map (A3) 88
vii
List of Figures and Tables
Figure Description Page

2.1.1 Residential Load Curves 5
2.2.1 Commercial Load Curves – Part 1 7
2.3.1 Industrial Load Curves 16
3.4.1 Single Line Diagram of Transformer No. 1 55
4.2.1 Residential Load Curves on Feeder 1 56

4.2.2 Commercial Load A Curves on Feeder 1 56
4.2.3 Commercial Load B Curves on Feeder 1 56
4.2.4 Industrial Load Curves on Feeder 1 56
4.2.5 Total Load Curves on Feeder 1 56
4.2.6 Residential Load Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.2.7 Commercial Load A Curves on Feeder 2 56
viii
4.2.8 Commercial Load B Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.2.9 Commercial Load C Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.2.10 Commercial Load D Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.2.11 Industrial Load Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.2.12 Total Load Curves on Feeder 2 56
4.3.1 Feeder 1 MAP 56
4.3.2 Feeder 2 MAP 56
5.1.1 Residential Load Curves on Substation 59
5.1.2 Commercial Load Curves on Substation 59
5.1.3 Industrial Load Curves on Substation 59
5.1.4 Total Connected Curves on Substation 59
5.5.1 Substation Singe Line Diagram 60
5.7.1 Case 1 – 150 MVAsc 65
5.7.2 ETAP Validation for Case 1 – 150 MVAsc 68
5.7.3 Case 2 – 825 MVAsc 69
5.7.5 Case 3 – 1500 MVAsc 73
ix
Table Description Page
2.1.1 Schedule of Residential Loads 5
2.2.1 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 1 7
2.3.1 Schedule of Industrial Loads 16
3.1.1 Summary of Distribution Transformer Sizes – 48
3.3.1 Summary for Size of Conductors for Secondary Distribution System 53
3.4.1 Voltage Drop Calculation for Transformer No. 1 55
x
4.1.1 Total Connected Load on Feeder 1 55
4.1.2 Total Connected Load on Feeder 2 56
4.2.1 Residential Load on Feeder 1 56
4.2.2 Commercial Load A on Feeder 1 56
4.2.3 Commercial Load B on Feeder 1 56
4.2.4 Industrial Load on Feeder 1 56
4.2.5 Total Load on Feeder 1 56
4.2.6 Residential Load on Feeder 2 56
4.2.7 Commercial Load A on Feeder 2 56
4.2.8 Commercial Load B on Feeder 2 56
4.2.9 Commercial Load C on Feeder 2 56
4.2.10 Commercial Load D on Feeder 2 56
4.2.11 Total Commercial Load on Feeder 2 56
4.2.12 Industrial Load on Feeder 2 56
4.2.13 Total Load on Feeder 2 56
4.3.1 Load Balancing on Feeder 1 56
4.3.2 Load Balancing on Feeder 2 56
4.4.1 Voltage Drop Calculation on Feeder 1 58
4.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculation on Feeder 2 58
5.1.1 Residential Loads on Substation 59
5.1.2 Commercial Loads on Substation 59
5.1.3 Industrial Loads on Substation 59
5.1.4 Total Loads on Substation 59
5.7.1 Summary of Impedances and X/R Ratios 77
5.7.2 Summary of Fault Currents and MVA 77
xi
xii
Summary
Based on the historical power consumption of Pinili, Sinaktan City, the study
anticipated future power demands for that site. The power needs of residential,
commercial, and industrial in the city will benefit from its 30 MVA substation design.
One of my tasks in this project design is to schedule residential, commercial,

and industrial loads and plan the entire city development and distribution system. I
also put the proper location for our sole use and common transformers. It also
includes determining the number of end-users linked to each type, such as solo and
common transformers. I also look at voltage drop calculations, feeder load graphs,
load balancing, and fault calculations for the entire system.
Loads from various establishments, including residential, commercial, and

industrial, are examined to determine proper distribution transformer ratings and
location. I utilized the data to compute the secondary conductor diameters and
voltage loss in single-phase lines of each transformer.
This project will include the construction of a 30-MVA, 2-feeder, and

69kV/13.2kV substation. This project will use a 69kV/13.2kV three-phase power
transformer with 30/40/50 MVA. Based on the city layout and the substation
placement, two primary feeders I have chosen for this design. The overall connected
load of Feeder 1 is 11,488.715 kVA, whereas Feeder 2 total connected load is
11,420.715 kVA. Feeder-linked loads are established to balance the restrictions in
each phase of the three-phase primary lines. Load graphs of residential, commercial,
and industrial establishments are shown to estimate the peak demands of each
facility in each feeder. These numbers I used to compute the primary conductor sizes
for each feeder and voltage dips in three-phase lines.
The functional components of the substation are represented in this Single

Line Diagram (SLD). These components include transformers and protective
features, each with its own set of capabilities. Fault current and X/R ratio calculations
were performed in each busbar of a single line diagram, with the findings being used
to build the protective system of the substation.
Lastly, conclusions and recommendations were presented in Chapter 5 based

on what Sinaktan City may need in power distribution.
xiii
Page |1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Description
Distribution systems are very important to the power system since they are
the primary means of delivering usable power to consumers. Because power is such
an essential commodity in the economy, even a brief outage causes inconvenience
in everyone's life. It gets worse if the unplanned power outage is caused by
equipment failure.
All substation equipment must be protected against overloads and short
circuits, and overcurrent relays must be carefully coordinated in power system
protection. Due to increased fast circuit currents and various system reconfigurations,
nuisance tripping and incoordination occurred at several light substations.
One of the keys to excellent and efficient electricity distribution to end-users is
a substation built in rural regions or municipalities. Rural areas require a created or
upgraded substation to meet their expanding power demand.
This paper presents a municipal electric power system. The hourly load of
each residential, commercial, and industrial establishment is considered. It also
entails establishing the transformer rating and location that are appropriate for each
firm—the design of a 30 MVA substation in Pinili, Sinaktan City, as detailed in this
paper. The substation was developed to suit the power needs of Sinaktan
Municipality, which contains 290 residential, 42 commercial, and five industrial firms.
A 30 MVA substation can address the load curves of mixed residential, commercial,
and industrial operations.
1.2 Project Objectives
The project aims to design an electric power distribution system for a

municipality. Specifically, it aims to design a substation that can sufficiently cater the
power demands of Pinili Municipality in Sinaktan City. Furthermore, it aims:
 To design a substation and distribution system with a capacity of 30 MVA.
 To calculate total loads and total load curves for residential, commercial, and
industrial establishments.
 To determine the ratings and specifications of the power and distribution
transformers to be used
 To locate the distribution transformers at the proper location
 To determine the size of conductor to be used.
 To calculate the faults currents and X/R ratio in the busbars.

Page |2
 To determine the necessary components of this substation design.
 To provide conclusions and recommendations.
1.3 Project Summary
The hourly load and schedule of each residential, commercial, and industrial
establishment are incorporated into designing a substation and distribution system for
a 30 MVA Power Transformer in Pinili, Sinaktan City. This substation design also
includes the analysis of residential, commercial, and industrial load curves and the
determination of transformer ratings and specifications, transformer location, conductor
sizes, voltage drop, fault calculations, and necessary substation components.
Page |3
CHAPTER 2
LOAD SURVEY AND GRAPHS
2.1 Residential Loads
Class A
8 – Lighting @ 100 VA = 800 VA
1 – Refrigerator @ 500 VA = 500 VA
3 – Electric Fan @ 80 VA = 240 VA
2 – Television @ 80 VA = 160 VA
1 – Radio @ 40 VA = 40 VA
1 – Flat Iron @ 1200 VA = 1200 VA
1 – Rice Cooker @ 250 VA = 250 VA
1 – Washing Machine @ 1500 VA = 1500 VA
1 – Water Pump @ 1840 VA = 1840 VA
1 – Range @ 6000 VA = 6000 VA
2 – 1HP ACU @ 1840 VA = 3680 VA
1 – 1.5 HP ACU @ 2300 VA = 2300 VA
Total = 18510 VA
Class B
1 – Radio @ 20 VA = 20 VA
1 – Flat Iron @ 1200 VA = 1200 VA
1 – Washing Machine @ 1500 VA = 1500 VA
1 – 1.5 HP ACU @ 2300 VA = 2300 VA
Total = 6575 VA
Page |4
Class C
1 – Radio @ 20 VA = 20 VA
1 – Flat Iron @ 1200 VA = 1200 VA
Total = 2575 VA
Page |5
Table 2.1.1 Schedule of Residential Loads
Time Class A Class B Class C
0000h 4980 3230 450

0100h 4980 3230 450
0200h 4900 3230 450
0300h 4900 3250 450
0400h 4940 3170 450
0500h 4940 4620 450
0600h 8230 3020 720
0700h 6780 2750 320
0800h 2440 1875 380
0900h 2520 1875 380
1000h 2340 2035 380
1100h 2340 2115 380
1200h 8590 2365 630
1300h 840 3230 300
1400h 840 3230 300
1500h 840 3230 300
1600h 1000 3250 300
1700h 10290 3170 300
1800h 3140 4620 1050
1900h 3140 3020 880
2000h 1300 2750 880
2100h 1140 1875 1030
2200h 5280 1875 1030
2300h 5280 2035 1030
2400h 5280 2115 1030
Figure 2.1.1 Residential Load Curves
Residential Load Curves

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Class A Class B Class C

Page |6
2.2 Commercial Loads
Bank 30 kVA
Welness Center 30 kVA
Laundry Shop 20 kVA
Coffee Shop 15 kVA
Convinience Store 40 kVA
SM mall of Asia 2500 kVA
Adventist Hospital 1600 kVA
Fronda Hotel 1000 kVA
Puerto Country Club 1200 kVA
Robinson's Place 1800 kVA
BPI Bank 30 kVA
ABC Convenience Store 10 kVA
South Star Drug 10 kVA
AGB Bookkeeping Service 25 kVA
Tummy Tea 7 kVA
CLN Convenience Store 10 kVA
Thai Restaurant 8 kVA
Lily Mini Shop 10 kVA
Power Engineering Services 20 kVA
Kitkats 13 kVA
RCBC Bank 25 kVA
Octagon 15 kVA
Chowking 100 kVA
Getan Square 60 kVA
Josol Appliances 30 kVA
Mercury Drug 9 kVA
Sisigan Nating Lahat 5 kVA
Miss Tea 15 kVA
Boknay Convenience Store 20 Kva
Souvenir Shop 16 kVA
Bark Shop 30 kVA
AirAsia Zest 20 kVA
Buy Case Phone Shop 5 kVA
Cebgo 25 kVA
Chooks-to-Go 15 kVA
Nikers Shoe Shop 25 kVA
TPS Convenience Store 40 kVA
NBJ Laundry Shop 50 kVA
Gold Cup 50 kVA
Vinyl Café 20 kVA
Page |7
Table 2.2.1 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 1
Wellness
TIME Bank Laundry Shop Coffee Shop Convinence
center
Store
0000h 2.5 2 2 5 25
0100h 2.5 2 2 5 26
0200h 2.5 2 2 5 25
0300h 2.5 2 2 5 26
0400h 2.5 2 2 5 26
0500h 2.5 2 2 5 26
0600h 2.5 3 6 5 26
0700h 2.5 3 6 8 26
0800h 2.5 3 6 8 35
0900h 28 3 16 8 35
1000h 28 3 16 8 35
1100h 28 3 16 8 35
1200h 28 3 16 8 30
1300h 28 3 14 16 35
1400h 28 3 14 16 35
1500h 28 3 14 14 35
1600h 28 3 14 17 35
1700h 28 20 12 15 35
1800h 20 20 12 15 35
1900h 16 20 12 15 35
2000h 16 25 12 15 35
2100h 2 25 12 11 35
2200h 2 3 1 9 30
2300h 2 2 1 9 25
2400h 2 2 1 9 25
Figure 2.2.1 Commercial Load Curves – Part 1
Schedule of Commercial Loads Part 1

40
35 Bank
30
25 Wellness
center
20
Laundry Shop
15
10 Coffee Shop
5
0 Convinence Store
Page |8
Puerto
SM mall of Adventist Fronda Robinson'
TIME Country
Asia Hospital Hotel s Place
Club
0000h 600 1200 700 1100 1000
0100h 600 1200 750 1100 1000
0200h 600 1200 750 1100 1000
0300h 600 1200 800 1100 1000
0400h 600 1200 850 1100 1000
0500h 600 1200 850 1100 1000
0600h 600 1550 850 1100 1000
0700h 600 1550 900 1100 1000
0800h 600 1550 900 1100 1000
0900h 600 1550 900 1100 1200
1000h 2000 1550 900 1100 1700
1100h 2000 1550 900 1100 1700
1200h 2000 1550 900 1150 1700
1300h 2000 1550 900 1150 1700
1400h 2000 1550 900 1150 1700
1500h 2000 1550 950 1150 1700
1600h 2000 1550 950 1150 1700
1700h 2000 1550 950 1150 1700
1800h 2000 1550 950 1150 1700
1900h 2000 1550 950 1150 1700
2000h 2000 1100 950 900 1700
2100h 500 1100 950 850 1700
2200h 500 1100 950 750 1350
2300h 500 1100 700 800 1300
2400h 400 1100 700 850 1300
Commercial Load Part 2 Curves

2500
2000
SM mall of Asia
1500
Adventist Hospital
1000 Fronda Hotel
Puerto Country Club
500 Robinson's Place
0
Page |9
ABC AGB
South
BPI Conveni Bookkee Tummy
TIME Star
Bank ence ping Tea
Drug
Store Service
0000h 10 3 2.5 2.5 1
0100h 10 3 2.5 2.5 1
0200h 10 3 2.5 2.5 1
0300h 11 3 2.5 2.5 1
0400h 11.5 9 2.5 2.5 1
0500h 12 9.5 8 2.5 1
0600h 12 11 8 2.5 1
0700h 10 11 8 2.5 1
0800h 10 10 10 2.5 1
0900h 10 12 11.5 2.5 14
1000h 13 10 13 20 14
1100h 13 9.5 13 20 14
1200h 10 8 13 23 14
1300h 9 10.5 10.5 23 14
1400h 9 11 8.7 23 14
1500h 8 13 9 23 14
1600h 8 8 9.3 23 14
1700h 9.5 9 8 23 14
1800h 9.5 8 8 23 14
1900h 8 7 7.3 23 15
2000h 8 3 5 1 3
2100h 8 3 5 2 1
2200h 8 3 2.5 1 1
2300h 10 3 2.5 2 1
2400h 10 3 2.5 1 1
35
30
25
BPI Bank
20
ABC Convenience Store
15
South Star Drug
10 AGB Bookkeeping Service
5 Tummy Tea
0
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Power
CLN Thai
Time Lily Mini Engineeri
Convenie Restaura Kitkats
Shop ng
nce Store nt
Services
0000h 4 0.2 1 8 2
0100h 3 0.2 1 9 2
0200h 2 0.2 1 8 2
0300h 2 0.2 1 8 2
0400h 2 0.2 1 8 2
0500h 2 0.2 1 8 2
0600h 2 0.2 2 7 2
0700h 2 0.2 1 10 2
0800h 5 6 3 15 2
0900h 6 6 5 16 2
1000h 5 6 5 17 2
1100h 5 6 5 14 2
1200h 5 6 5 17 1
1300h 5 6 5 17 5
1400h 5 6 6 17 7
1500h 5 6 6 18 6
1600h 5 6 6 18 5
1700h 5 6 1 18 5
1800h 5 6 2 11 7
1900h 5 1 3 11 8
2000h 1 2 1 10 1
2100h 1 2 1 10 1
2200h 1 1 2 10 1
2300h 1 1 2 9 1
2400h 2 2 2 5 1
20
18
16
14 CLN Convenience Store
12
10 Thai Restaurant
8 Lily Mini Shop
6
4 Power Engineering Services
2 Kitkats
0
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Getan Josol
TIME RCBC Bank Octagon Chowking
Square Appliances
0000h 2 0.5 15 10 5
0100h 3 0.5 15 10 5
0200h 3 0.5 15 10 5
0300h 3 0.5 12 10 3
0400h 3 0.5 12 10 3
0500h 3 1 12 10 10
0600h 3 1 15 10 10
0700h 10 1 15 10 25
0800h 11 13 20 10 25
0900h 20 13 50 50 25
1000h 20 13 50 50 25
1100h 20 13 60 50 25
1200h 20 13 70 50 25
1300h 20 13 80 50 25
1400h 20 13 80 50 25
1500h 20 13 80 50 15
1600h 20 13 80 50 15
1700h 20 2 80 50 15
1800h 2 3 80 50 10
1900h 2 3 80 30 10
2000h 2 3 80 20 5
2100h 1 3 50 10 4
2200h 1 3 50 5 3
2300h 1 1 50 5 2
2400h 1 1 40 5 5

90
80
70
60 RCBC Bank
50 Octagon
40
Chowking
30
Getan Square
20
10 Josol Appliances
0
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Sisigan Boknay
Souvenir
TIME Mercury Drug Nating Miss Tea Convenience
Shop
Lahat Store
0000h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.5
0100h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.25
0200h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.25
0300h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.25
0400h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.25
0500h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 0.25
0600h 0.1 0.5 0.2 1 10
0700h 0.1 3 2 1 12
0800h 4 3 2 1 12
0900h 5 3 2 10 13
1000h 5 3 2 15 13
1100h 5 3 5 15 13
1200h 5 3 5 15 15
1300h 5 3 5 15 15
1400h 5 3 5 15 15
1500h 5 3 5 15 15
1600h 5 3 5 15 15
1700h 5 3 6 15 15
1800h 5 3 6 15 15
1900h 0.5 3 6 15 1
2000h 0.5 2 2 10 1
2100h 0.5 2 1 2 1
2200h 0.5 2 1 1 0.5
2300h 0.5 2 1 1 0.5
2400h 0.5 2 1 1 0.5

16
14
12
10 Mercury Drug
8 Sisigan Nating Lahat
6 Miss Tea
4 Boknay Convenience Store
2 Souvenir Shop
0
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Buy Case
Air Asia Chooks-to-
Time Bark Shop Phone Cebgo
Zest Go
Shop
0000h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0100h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0200h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0300h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0400h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0500h 3 1 0.1 1 5
0600h 10 1 0.1 1 5
0700h 10 16 4 1 5
0800h 15 16 4 10 5
0900h 20 16 3 20 5
1000h 25 16 3 20 13
1100h 25 16 3 20 13
1200h 25 16 3 20 13
1300h 25 16 3 20 13
1400h 25 16 3 20 13
1500h 25 16 3 20 13
1600h 25 16 3 20 13
1700h 25 16 3 20 13
1800h 25 16 3 20 4
1900h 5 2 1 20 3
2000h 4 2 1 2 3
2100h 3 2 1 2 3
2200h 3 2 0.2 2 3
2300h 3 2 0.2 2 3
2400h 3 2 1 2 5

30
25
20 Bark Shop
15 Air Asia Zest

Buy Case Phone Shop
10
Cebgo
5 Chooks-to-Go
0
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TPS NBJ
Nikers Shoe
TIME Convenie Laundry Gold Cup Vinyl Café
Shop
nce Store Shop
0000h 2 1 2 1 0.5
0100h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0200h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0300h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0400h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0500h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0600h 2.5 1 2 1 0.5
0700h 2.5 1 40 1 0.5
0800h 2.5 35 40 20 5
0900h 20 35 40 30 18
1000h 23 37 40 35 18
1100h 23 37 40 35 18
1200h 23 37 40 35 18
1300h 23 37 40 35 18
1400h 23 37 40 35 18
1500h 23 37 40 35 18
1600h 23 37 40 35 18
1700h 2.5 37 40 35 18
1800h 2.5 38 40 35 18
1900h 2.5 38 35 35 1
2000h 2.5 2 10 0.5 1
2100h 2.5 1 1 0.5 1
2200h 2.5 1 1 0.5 1
2300h 2.5 1 1 0.5 1
2400h 2.5 1 1 0.5 1

45
40
35
30 Nikers Shoe Shop
25 TPS Convenience Store
20
NBJ Laundry Shop
15
Gold Cup
10
5 Vinyl Café
0
0000H
0200H
0400H
0600H
0800H
1000H
1200H
1400H
1600H
1800H
2000H
2200H
2400H
P a g e | 16
2.3 Industrial Loads
Slazenger Corp. 1200 kVA

Nestle Corp. 2000 kVA
Coca Cola Corp. 3500 kVA
PMFTC INC. 4000 kVA
UNILAB, INC. 2500 kVA
Table 2.3.1 Schedule of Industrial Loads
Time Slazenger Coca Cola UNILAB,

Nestle Corp. PMFTC INC.
Corp. Corp INC.
0000h 350 550 800 700 250
0100h 350 550 800 700 250
0200h 350 550 800 700 250
0300h 350 550 800 700 250
0400h 350 550 800 700 300
0500h 350 550 800 700 300
0600h 350 550 800 700 300
0700h 400 650 1200 2500 300
0800h 400 750 1500 2500 900
0900h 400 900 1500 2500 2200
1000h 600 900 2200 2500 2300
1100h 600 900 2200 3500 2300
1200h 600 900 2200 3500 2300
1300h 600 1500 2500 3500 2300
1400h 900 1500 2500 3500 2300
1500h 900 1500 2500 3500 2300
1600h 1000 1600 2500 3500 2300
1700h 1000 1600 3000 3500 2300
1800h 1000 1600 3000 2600 1700
1900h 1000 1700 3000 600 1700
2000h 1000 1700 3000 600 1700
2100h 1200 1800 2500 500 1800
2200h 1000 1800 2500 500 1800
2300h 800 1000 2000 400 1500
2400h 400 550 1000 400 800
P a g e | 17
Figure 2.3.1 Industrial Load Curves
Industrial Load Curves

4000
3500
3000
Slazenger Corp.
2500
2000 Nestle Corp.
1500 Coca Cola Corp
1000 PMFTC INC.
500
UNILAB, INC.
0
P a g e | 20
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
3.1 Size of Transformers
1. Load Carried by Transformer No. 1
Residential Loads
6 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 111.06 kVA

Total = 111.06 kVA
Assume for additional future load at 30% of demand load,
Demand Loads = 111.06 kVA

Future Loads = 33.318 kVA
Total Demands = 144.378 kVA
Applying the diversity factor of 2.30, with a reasoning that total demand could not occur
simultaneously on consumers supplied by a common transformer.
The maximum diversity demand of the group is
144.378 kVA
Max. DD = = 62.78 kVA
2.3
Use: 75 kVA, 1Ø, 7620/240 V Transformer

P a g e | 21
Residential Loads
19 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 124.925 kVA

5 Class C @ 6.575 kVA = 12.875 kVA
Total = 137.8 kVA

179.14 kVA
Max. DD = = 60.5 kVA
2..96

P a g e | 22
Residential Loads
13 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 30.9 kVA

Total = 30.9 kVA

Total Demands = 40.17kVA
40.17 kVA
Max. DD = = 14.88 kVA
2.7

P a g e | 23
Residential Loads
19 Class B @ 6.575 Kva = 124.925 kVA

4 Class C @ 2.575 = 10.3 kVA
Total = 135.225 kVA

175.7925 kVA
Max. DD = = 59.79 kVA
2.94
Use:75 kVA, 1Ø, 7620/240 V Transformer

P a g e | 24
Residential Loads
12 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 78.9 kVA

Total = 78.9 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Souvenir Shop @ 16 = 6.575 kVA

1 NBJ Laundry Shop @50 = 16 kVA
1 Gold Cup @ 50 = 50 kVA
1 Vinyl Café @ 20 = 20 kVA
1 Bank @ 30 = 30 kVA
Total = 166 kVA

318.37 kVA
Max. DD = = 112.10 kVA
2.84

P a g e | 25
Industrial Loads
1 Coca Cola Corporation @ 3500 kVA = 3500 kVA

Total = 3500 kVA
Demand Loads = 3500 kVA

Future Loads = 1050 kVA
Total Demands = 4550 kVA
4550 kVA
Max. DD = = 3640 kVA
1.25

P a g e | 26
Industrial Loads
1 Nestle Corporation @ 2000 kVA = 2000 kVA

Total = 2000 kVA

4550 kVA
1.25

P a g e | 27
Industrial Loads
1 Slazenger Corporation @ 1200 kVA = 1200 kVA

Total = 1200 kVA

1560 kVA
1.25

P a g e | 28
Residential Loads
16 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 105.2 kVA

9 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 23.175 kVA
Total = 128.375 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 ABC Convenience Store @ 10 = 10 kVA

1 South Star Drug @ 10 = 10 kVA
Total = 20 kVA

192.8875 kVA
Max. DD = = 64.08 kVA
3.01

P a g e | 29
10.Load Carried by Transformer No. 10
Industrial Loads
1 PMFTC Corp @ 4000 kVA = 4000 kVA

Total = 4000 kVA

5200 kVA
1.25

P a g e | 30
Residential Loads
16 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 92.05 kVA

9 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 18.025 kVA
Total = 110.075 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Octago @ 15 = 15 kVA
1 Power Engineering Services @10 = 10
= kVA
Total = 25 kVA

151.073 kVA
Max. DD = = 64.15
2.94
kVA

P a g e | 31
Residential Loads
4 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 74.04 kVA

Total = 74.04 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Boknay Convenience Store @ 20 = 15 kVA

1 Miss Tea @ 15 = 10 kVA
1 Tummy Tea @ 7 = 7 kVA
1 Convenience Store @40 = 40 kVA
Total = 72 kVA

202.852 kVA
Max. DD = = 78.02 kVA
2.6

P a g e | 32
Residential Loads
2 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 37.02 kVA

Total = 37.02 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Wellness Center @ 30 kVA = 30 kVA

1 Coffee Shop @ 15 kVA = 15 kVA
1 Ssigan Nating Lahat @ 5 = 5 kVA
Total = 50 kVA

113.126 kVA
Max. DD = = 51.42 kVA
2.20

P a g e | 33
Residential Loads
8 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 148.08 kVA

8 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 52.6 kVA
Total = 200.68 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Unilab Incorporation @ 2500 kVA = 2500 kVA

Total = 2500 kVA

3510.884 kVA
Max. DD = = 1,236.23 kVA
2.84

P a g e | 34
Residential Loads
4 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 74.04 kVA

4 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 26.3 kVA
Total = 100.34 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 AirAsia Zest @ 20 kVA = 15 kVA

1 Buy Case Phone Shop @ 5 kVA = 15 kVA
1 Cebgo @ 25 kVA = 20 kVA
1 Nikers Shoe Shop @ 25 = 25 kVA
1 TPS Convenience Store @ 40 = 40 kVA
Total = 115 kVA

279.942 kVA
Max. DD = = 102.17
2.74
kVA

P a g e | 35
Commercial Loads
1 Fronda Hotel @ 1000 kVA = 1000 kVA

Total = 1000 kVA

1300 kVA
Max. DD = = 866.67 kVA
1.5

P a g e | 36
Residential Loads
24 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 61.8 kVA

Total = 61.8 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 AGB Bookeeping Service @ 25 kVA = 25 kVA

1 Laundry Shop @ 20 = 20 kVA
Total = 45 kVA

Applying the diversity factor of 3, with a reasoning that total demand could not occur
138.84 kVA
Max. DD = = 46.28 kVA
3

P a g e | 37
Residential Loads
12 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 78.9 kVA

13 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 33.475 kVA
Total = 125.375 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Kitkats @ 13 kVA = 13 kVA

Total = 13 kVA

Applying the diversity factor of 3 with a reasoning that total demand could not occur
162.9875 kVA
Max. DD = = 54.33 kVA
3

P a g e | 38
Residential Loads
6 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 55.53 kVA

20 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 111.06 kVA
Total = 162.56 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Octagon @ 15 kVA = 15 kVA

Total = 15 kVA

Applying the diversity factor of 3.01,with a reasoning that total demand could not occur
230.828 kVA
Max. DD = = 76.69 kVA
3.01

P a g e | 39
Residential Loads
3 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 55.53 kVA

12 Class C Residential @2.575 = 2.575 kVA
Total = 55.53 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 RCBC Bank @ 25 kVA = 25 kVA
1 BPI Bank @ 30 kVA = 30 kVA
1 Chowking @ 100 kVA = 100 kVA
Total = 155 kVA

241.67 kVA
Max. DD = = 86.31 kVA
2.80

P a g e | 40
Residential Loads
1 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 6.575 kVA
22 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 56.65 kVA
Total = 63.225 kVA
CommercialLoads
1 CLN Convenience Store @ 10 kVA = 10 kVA

1 Mercury Drug @ 9 kVA = 9 kVA
Total = 19 kVA

106.8925 kVA
Max. DD = = 35.87 kVA
2.98
Use: 37.5 kVA, 1Ø, 7620/240 V Transformer

P a g e | 41
Residential Loads
22 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 61.8 kVA

Total = 61.8 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Lily Mini Shop @ 10 kVA = 10 kVA

1 Josol Appliances @ 30 kVA = 30 kVA
1 Thai Restaurant @ 8 kVA = 8 kVA
Total = 48 kVA

142 74 kVA
Max. DD = = 47.43 kVA
3.01

P a g e | 42
Commercial Loads
1 SM Mall of Aisa @ 2500 kVA = 2500 kVA

Total = 2500 kVA

3250 kVA
Max. DD = = 2,166.67 kVA
1.5

P a g e | 43
Commercial Loads
1 Puerto Country Club @ 1200 kVA = 1200 kVA

Total = 2500 kVA

Applying the diversity factor of 1.5 with a reasoning that total demand could not occur
1560 kVA
1.5

P a g e | 44
Residential Loads
14 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 36.05 kVA

Total = 36.05 kVA
Commercial Loads
1 Gold Cup @ 50 kVA = 50 kVA

1 Getan Square @ 60 kVA = 60 kVA
Total = 110 kVA

189.865 kVA
Max. DD = = 67.33 kVA
2.82

P a g e | 45
Commercial Loads
1 Adventist Hospital @ 1600 kVA = 1600 kVA

Total = 1600 kVA

2080 kVA
Max. DD = = 1,386.667 kVA
1.5

P a g e | 46
Commercial Loads
1 Robinson’s Place @ 1600 kVA = 1600 kVA

Total = 1600 kVA

2340 kVA
1.5

P a g e | 47
Residential Loads
7 Class A @ 18.51 kVA = 129.57 kVA

2 Class B @ 6.575 kVA = 13.15 kVA
4 Class C @ 2.575 kVA = 10.3 kVA
Total = 153.02 kVA

198.926 kVA
Max. DD = = 72.6 kVA
2.74

P a g e | 48
Table 3.1.1 Summary of Distribution Transformer Sizes
Total
No. Type Phase Diversit Maximum Transformer
Deman
y Demand kVA kVA Rating
d kVA
Factor
1 Common 1Φ 144.378 2.3 62.77304348 75
2 Common 1Φ 179.14 2..96 60.52027027 75
3 Common 1Φ 40.17 2.7 14.87777778 40
4 Common 1Φ 175.7925 2.94 59.79336735 75
5 Sole-use 1Φ 318.37 2.84 112.1021127 100
6 Sole-use 3Φ 4550 1.25 3640 3750
7 Sole-use 3Φ 2600 1.25 2080 3000
8 Sole-use 3Φ 1560 1.25 1248 1500
9 Common 1Φ 192.8875 3.01 64.08222591 75
10 Sole-use 3Φ 5200 1.25 4160 5000
11 Common 1Φ 188.5975 2.94 64.14880952 75
12 Common 1Φ 202.852 2.6 78.02 100
13 Common 1Φ 113.126 2.2 51.42090909 75
14 Sole-use 3Φ 3510.884 2.84 1236.226761 1500
15 Common 1Φ 279.942 2.74 102.1686131 100
16 Sole-use 3Φ 1300 1.5 866.6666667 1000
17 Common 1Φ 138.84 3 46.28 75
18 Common 1Φ 162.9875 3 54.32916667 75
19 Common 1Φ 230.828 3.01 76.68704319 100
20 Common 1Φ 241.67 2.8 86.31071429 100
21 Common 1Φ 106.8925 2.98 35.86996644 37.5
22 Common 1Φ 142.74 3.01 47.42192691 50
23 Sole-use 3Φ 3250 1.5 2166.666667 3000
24 Sole-use 3Φ 1560 1.5 1040 1500
25 Common 1Φ 189.865 2.82 67.32801418 75
26 Sole-use 3Φ 2080 1.5 1386.666667 1500
27 Sole-use 3Φ 2340 1.5 1560 5000
28 Common 1Φ 144.378 2.3 62.77304348 75
P a g e | 49
3.2 Location of Transformers
Accurate transformer location is necessary on transformer load management to

minimize and reduce the primary and secondary voltage drop within the standard of
ANSI C84.
1. Transformer No. 1
Pole Connected Load Total kVA From Center kVA Span Total kVA
of Gravity Span
1 2-A 37.02 1 37.02 37.02

2 3-A 55.53 0 0
3 1-A 18.51 1 18.51 18.51
Difference in kVA Span = | 37.02 – 18.51 | = 18.51 kVA Span
of Gravity Span
1 8-B 52.6 1 52.6 52.6

2 7-B 46.025 0 0
3 4-B, 4-C 36.6 1 36.6 36.6
Difference in kVA Span = | 52.6 – 36.6| = 16 kVA Span

P a g e | 50
of Gravity Span
1 4-C 10.3 1 10.3 10.3

2 5-C 12.875 0 0
3 3-C 7.725 1 7.725 7.725
Difference in kVA Span = | 10.3 – 7.725| = 2.575 kVA Span
of Gravity Span
1 7-B,4-C 56.325 1 56.325 56.325

2 6-B 39.45 0 0
3 4-B 26.3 1 26.3 52.6
4 2-B 13.15 2 26.3

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 3-B, NBJ Laundry Shop 69.725 1 69.725 69.725

2 Vinyl Café, Bank, Gold
Cup, 2-B 113.15 0 0
3 4-B,Souvenir Shop 42.3 1 42.3 42.3
of Gravity Span
1 6-B, ABC Convenience

Store 49.45 2 98.9 123.775
2 3-B, 2-C 24.875 1 24.875
3 6-C 15.45 0 0
4 4-B,1-C 28.875 1 28.875 88.325
5 3-B, South Star Drug 29.725 2 59.45

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 3-C, Power Engineering

Services 27.725 2 55.45 80.75
2 4-C, Octagon 25.3 1 25.3
3 5-B 32.875 0 0
4 8-B 52.6 1 52.6 52.6
of Gravity Span
1 2-A, Boknay Convenience

Store, Tummy Tea 64.02 1 64.02 64.02
2 Convenience Store, Miss
Tea 55 0 0
3 2-A 37.02 1 37.02 37.02
Difference in kVA Span = | 64.02 – 37.02| = 27 kVA Span

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 1-A, Wellness Center 63.51 1 63.51 63.51

2 Sisigan Nating Lahat 5 0 0
3 1-A, Coffee Shop 33.51 1 33.51 33.51
Difference in kVA Span = | 63.51 – 33.51 | = 30 kVA Span
of Gravity Span
1 3-A, 2-B, Air Asia Zest,

Buy Case Phone Shop 93.68 1 93.68 93.68
2 2-B. Cebgo 38.15 0 0
3 Nikers Shoe Shop,TPS
Conveniecne Store 65 1 65 65
Difference in kVA Span = | 93.68 – 65 | = 28.68 kVA Span

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 6-C 15.45 2 30.9 46.35

2 6-C 15.45 1 15.45
3 7-C 18.025 0 0
4 2-C, AGB Bookkeeping
Service 30.15 1 30.15 85.6
5 3-C, Laundry Shop 27.725 2 55.45

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 4-B, 3-C 34.025 1 34.025 34.025

2 6-B, Kitkats 52.45 0 0
3 3-B, 3-C 27.45 1 27.45 27.45
of Gravity Span
1 3-A, Octagon 70.53 1 70.53 70.53

2 3-A, 7-C 73.555 0 0
3 9-C 23.175 1 23.175 54.075
4 6-C 15.45 2 30.9

P a g e | 51
of Gravity Span
1 RCBC, BPI Bank 55 1 55 55

2 8-C 20.6 0 0
3 Chowking 100 1 100 100
Difference in kVA Span = | 55 – 100 | = 45 kVA Span
of Gravity Span
1 6-C 15.45 2 3.8625 23.3125

2 1-B,5-C 19.45 1 19.45
3 8C 20.6 0 0
4 3-C, CLN Convenience
Store 17.725 1 17.725 35.725
5 1Mercury Drug 9 2 18

P a g e | 51
17.
of Gravity Span
1 Josol Appliances, 5-C 42.875 2 85.75 85.75

2 2-C 5.15 1 5.15
3 Thai Restaurant, 2-C 13.15 0 0
4 7-C, Lily Mini Shop 30.6 1 30.6 71.8
5 8-C 20.6 2 41.2

P a g e | 52
of Gravity Span
1 6-C 15.45 2 30.9 98.625

2 3-C, Getan Square 67.725 1 67.725
3 3-C 7.725 0 0
4 1-C, Gold Cup 52.575 1 52.575 52.575
of Gravity Span
1 2-A 37.02 1 37.02 37.02

2 3-A 55.53 0 0
3 1-A 18.51 1 18.51 18.51

P a g e | 52
3.3 Size of Conductors
Sizes of conductors both primary and secondary depend to what consideration we

want to emphasize with if we want the most economical sizes, we could regulation at
the farthest end of the radial system, we could slightly sacrifice economics. Other
consideration we want to satisfy is the mechanical and electrical limitations of
conductors. Most of the entire minimum requirement set by the distribution utility
where our project is situated. An example of this requirement is on MERALCO that
overhead conductor should not carry higher than 75% of its rated capacity.
The maximum current that can flow on secondary conductor is the maximum current
that the transformer can produce.
Computing for the maximum current the transformer can produce
The ampacity of size 266.8 MCM is 460 A and 75% of its 345 A. So, we use 266.8
MCM bare ACSR.
Looking on to the left and right-side conductors where this transformer supplies current
to further analyze maximum current scenario that can occur.
Taking the upper portion apparent power on kVA span,
The maximum load is 37.02

P a g e | 52
Taking the lower portion apparent power on kVA span,
A 266.8 MCM bare ACSR as secondary conductors on poles supplied by transformer
No. 1 is substantial even if the maximum load occurs simultaneously either to the
left or right of transformer No. 1.
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
The ampacity of size 1/0 MCM is 230 A and 75% of its 172.5 A. So, we use 1/0 MCM
bare ACSR.
A 1/0 MCM bare ACSR as secondary conductors on poles supplied by transformer

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
The ampacity of size 397.5 MCM is 590 A and 75% of its 442.5 A. So, we use 397.5
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

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MCM bare ACSR.

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MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.
The maximum load is 55

P a g e | 52
The ampacity of size 1/0 MCM is 230 A and 75% of its 172.5 A. So, we use 1/0 MCM
bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
The ampacity of size 3/0 MCM is 300 A and 75% of its 225 A. So, we use 3/0 MCM
bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 52
MCM bare ACSR.

P a g e | 53
Table 3.3.1 Summary for Size of Conductor for Secondary Distribution System
SIZE OF CONDUCTORS FOR

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Left Side Right Side

Xfmr Rating Max. Wire
No. (kVA) Current Load Load Size
Current Current
(kVA) (kVA)
1
75 312.5 37.02 154.25 18.51 77.125 266.8
2
75 312.5 52.6 219.1667 36.6 152.5 266.8
3
40 166.6667 10.3 42.91667 7.725 32.1875 1/0
4 219.1666
75 312.5 56.325 234.6875 52.6 7 266.8
5 69.725 42.3
100 416.6667 290.5208 176.25 397.5
6
75 312.5 123.775 515.72917 88.325 368.0208 266.8
7
75 312.5 80.75 336.4583 52.6 219.1667 266.8
8
100 416.6667 64.02 266.75 37.02 154.25 397.5
9
75 312.5 63.51 264.625 33.51 139.625 266.8
10 270.8333
100 416.6667 93.68 390.3333 65 3 397.5
11 356.6666
75 312.5 46.35 193.125 85.6 7 266.8
12
75 312.5 34.025 141.7708 27.45 114.375 266.8
13
100 416.6667 70.53 293.875 54.075 225.3125 397.5
14 55 100
100 416.6667 229.16667 416.6667 397.5
15
37.5 156.25 23.3125 97.13542 35.725 148.8542 1/0
16 299.1666
75 208.3333 85.75 357.2917 71.8 7 3/0
17
75 312.5 98.625 410.9375 52.575 219.0625 266.8
P a g e |54
3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation
ANSI Standard C84 as stipulated states that ―For low voltage (<1000V), the actual
service voltage must lie within ±5% of nominal for continuous operation. Any voltage
deviation beyond these tolerances must be corrected‖.
To lessen computations, we us the drop factor method since it has the same
orientation, sizes of wire, and operating voltage.
The following are formulas for solving the drop factor per kVA, per one kilometer at 60
Hz and 85% pf.
GMD
Z1 = R + j0.1736log ( )
GMR
Vdrop = |ZI|
Vdro
%Vdrop = × 100%
p
VA
%Vdrop
Drop Factor =
kVA −km
where: GMD = 0.6 meters
The segment voltage drop is calculated using the formula below
Segment (Drop Factor)(kVALoad)(Distancemeters)

=
%Vdrop 1000
P a g e | 55
The conductor for transformer no.1 is 266.8 MCM ACSR as secondary conductor.
The resistance value is 0.2393 Ω/km and the GMR value is 0.6614 cm.
The secondary conductor impedance is

Z1 = 0.2393n + j0.1736 log ( = 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Computing for the current on 1 kVA base and 85% power factor,
I= < - cos -1 (0.85) = 4.1667 <- 31.79o A
Computing for the drop factor,

Vdrop = | (0.2393 + j0.3399) (4.1667 <- 31.79o) | = 1.7320 V/km
%Vdrop = x 100% = 0.7217 %/km
Drop Factor = = 0.7217 % / kVA – km
The analysis of voltage drops on the secondary overhead conductor supplied by

transformer no. 1 would be done using the help of diagram below.
Figure 3.4.1 Single Line Diagram of Transformer No.1 Secondary

P a g e | 55
The table below summarizes the voltage drop computation on the secondary line.
Table 3.4.1 Volage Drop Calculation for Transformer No. 1

Segment VD
Segments Load (kVA) Distance (m) Total VD (%)
(%)
Left Side
P2 - P1 37.02 31 0.8282 0.8282
Right Side
P2 – P3 18.51 33 0.4408 0.4408

P a g e | 55
The conductor for transformer no.2 is 266.8 MCM ACSR as secondary conductor. The
resistance value is 0.2393 Ω/km and the GMR value is 0.6614 cm.

Z1 = 0.2393n + j0.1736 log ( = 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
I= < - cos -1 (0.85) = 4.1667 <- 31.79o A

Vdrop = | (0.2393 + j0.3399) (4.1667 <- 31.79o) | = 1.7320 V/km
%Vdrop = x 100% = 0.7217 %/km
Figure 3.4.2 Single Line Diagram of Transformer No. 2
The table below summarizes the voltage drop computation on the secondary line
Table 3.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculation for Transformer No. 2
Segments Load (kVA) Distance (m) Segment VD (%) Total VD (%)
Left Side
P2 - P1 52.6 56 2.126 2.126
Right Side
P2 – P3 18.51 56 0.748 0.748
P a g e | 55
The conductor for transformer no.3 1/0 MCM ACSR as secondary conductor. The resistance
value is 0.6961 Ω/km and the GMR value is 0.1359 cm.
Z1 = 0.6961n+ j0.1736 log ( = 0.6961 + j0.4592 Ω/km
I= < - cos -1 (0.85) = 4.1667 <- 31.79o A

Vdrop = | (0.6961 + j0.4592) (4.1667 <- 31.79o) | 3.475 V/km
%Vdrop = x 100% = 1.4479 %/km

P a g e | 55
The table below summarizes the voltage drop computation on the secondary
line
Segment VD Total VD
Segments Load (kVA) Distance (m)
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 - P1 10.3 30 0.447 0.447
Right Side
P2 – P3 7.725 30 0.336 0.336
P a g e | 55
The conductor for transformer no.2 is 266.8 MCM ACSR as secondary conductor. The

Z1 = 0.2393n + j0.1736 log ( = 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
I= < - cos -1 (0.85) = 4.1667 <- 31.79o A

Vdrop = | (0.2393 + j0.3399) (4.1667 <- 31.79o) | = 1.7320 V/km
%Vdrop = x 100% = 0.7217 %/km

P a g e | 55
The table below summarizes the voltage drop computation on the secondary
line.
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 - P1 56.325 42 0.447 0.447
Right Side
P2 – P3 65.75 34 0.336 0.336
P3 – P4 13.15 39 0.370 0.706
P a g e | 55
DROP FACTOR CALCULATION
Phase Conductor 397.5
RΦ 0.161 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.8077 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.325 Ω/km
Drop Factor 0.7 % / kVA – km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 34.025 60 1.429 1.429

Right Side
P3 – P4 27.45 60 1.15 1.15

P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 74.325 34 1.824 1.824
P2 – P1 49.45 31 1.106 2.93
Right Side
P3 – P4 58.6 30 1.6915 1.6915
P4 – P5 29.725 34 0.729 2.4205
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 51.025 60 2.21 2.21
P2 – P1 25.725 50 0.928 3.138
Right Side
P3 – P4 52.6 50 0.1990 0.1990
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.161 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.8077 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.325 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 34.025 60 1.429 1.429

Right Side
P3 – P4 27.45 60 1.15 1.15

P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 63.51 30 1.375 1.375
Right Side
P3 – P4 38.521 50 1.39 1.39
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.161 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.8077 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.325 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 34.025 60 1.429 1.429
Right Side
P3 – P4 27.45 60 1.15 1.15
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 15.45 38 0.424 0.424
P2 – P1 15.45 38 0.424 0.848
Right Side
P3 – P4 30.15 32 0.696 0.696

P4 – P5 27.725 30 0.600 1.296
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 34.025 37 0.909 0.909
Right Side
P3 – P4 27.45 39 0.773 0.773
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.161 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.8077 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.325 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 144.09 38 3.83 3.83
P2 – P1 70.53 39 1.93 5.76
Right Side
P3 – P4 15.45 59 0.638 0.638
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.161 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.8077 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.325 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 – P1 34.025 60 1.429 1.429
Right Side
P3 – P4 27.45 60 1.15 1.15
P a g e | 55
Phase Conductor 1/0
RΦ 0.6961 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.1359 cm
Z1 0.6961+j0.4592 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 34.9 43 2.173 2.173
P2 – P1 15.45 40 0.895 3.068
Right Side
P3 – P4 26.725 40 1.55 1.55
P4 – P5 9 41 0.534 2.084
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 15.45 38 0.424 0.424
P2 – P1 15.45 38 0.424 0.848
Right Side
P3 – P4 30.15 32 0.696 0.696

P4 – P5 27.725 30 0.600 1.296
P a g e | 55
RΦ 0.2393 Ω/km
GMRΦ 0.6614 cm
Z1 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P3 – P2 51.025 60 2.21 2.21
P2 – P1 25.725 50 0.928 3.138
Right Side
P3 – P4 52.6 50 0.1990 0.1990
P a g e | 55
18. Transformer No.28
The conductor for transformer no.1 is 266.8 MCM ACSR as secondary conductor.
The resistance value is 0.2393 Ω/km and the GMR value is 0.6614 cm.

Z1 = 0.2393n + j0.1736 log ( = 0.2393 + j0.3399 Ω/km
I= < - cos -1 (0.85) = 4.1667 <- 31.79o A

Vdrop = | (0.2393 + j0.3399) (4.1667 <- 31.79o) | = 1.7320 V/km
%Vdrop = x 100% = 0.7217 %/km


P a g e | 55
Segment VD Total VD
(%) (%)
Left Side
P2 - P1 56.325 42 0.447 0.447
Right Side
P2 – P3 65.75 34 0.336 0.336
P3 – P4 13.15 39 0.370 0.706
P a g e | 55
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
4.1 Total Connected Load of Feeders
Table 4.1.1 Total Connected Load on Feeder 1
FEEDER 1 TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD

Name of Establishment kVA Load Total kVA
RESIDENTIAL
Class A (14) 259.14
Class B (94) 618.05 1049.715
Class C (67) 172.525
COMMERCIAL
Wellness Center 30
Coffee Shop 15
Sisigan Nating Lahat 5
Vinyl Café 20
Gold Cup 50
Souvenir Shop 16
239
South Star Drug 10
AGB Bookkeeping Services 25
Laundry Shop 20
Kitkats 13
Octagon 15
Power Engineering Services 20
INDUSTRIAL
Coca Cola Corp. 3000
Slazenger Corp. 1200
10,200
Nestle Corp. 2000
PMFTC Inc. 4000
TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD (kVA) 11,488.715
P a g e | 56
Table 4.1.2 Total Connected Load on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Total Connected Load

Name of Establishment kVA Load Total kVA
RESIDENTIAL
Class A (25) 462.75
Class B (13) 85.475 785.125
Class C (92) 236.9
COMMERCIAL
Tummy Tea 7
Boknay Convenience
20
Store
Convenience Store 40
Miss Tea 15
RCBC Bank 25
BPI Bank 30
Chowking 100
CLN Convenience
10
Store
Josol Appliances 30
Thai Restaurant 8
Lily Mini Shop 10
Buy Case Phone Shop 5 8635
Air Asia Zest 20
Cebgo 25
Nikers Shoe Shop 25
TPS Convenience
40
Store
Gold Cup 50
Getan Square 60
Octagon 15
SM Mall of Asia 2500
Puerto Country Club 1200
Fronda Hotel 1000
Adventist Hospital 1600
Robinson’s Place 1800
INDUSTRIAL
UNILAB Inc. 2000 2000
TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD (kVA) 11,420.715
P a g e | 56
4.2 Feeder Load Graphs
Table 4.2.1 Residential Load on Feeder 1
Feeder 1 Residential Load

Time Class A (14) Class B (94) Class C (67) Total
0000h 69.72 303.62 30.15 403.49
0100h 69.72 303.62 30.15 403.49
0200h 68.6 303.62 30.15 402.37
0300h 68.6 305.5 30.15 404.25
0400h 69.16 297.98 30.15 397.29
0500h 69.16 434.28 30.15 533.59
0600h 115.22 283.88 48.24 447.34
0700h 94.92 258.5 21.44 374.86
0800h 34.16 176.25 25.46 235.87
0900h 35.28 176.25 25.46 236.99
1000h 32.76 191.29 25.46 249.51
1100h 32.76 198.81 25.46 257.03
1200h 120.26 222.31 42.21 384.78
1300h 11.76 303.62 20.1 335.48
1400h 11.76 303.62 20.1 335.48
1500h 11.76 303.62 20.1 335.48
1600h 14 305.5 20.1 339.6
1700h 144.06 297.98 20.1 462.14
1800h 43.96 434.28 70.35 548.59
1900h 43.96 283.88 58.96 386.8
2000h 18.2 258.5 58.96 335.66
2100h 15.96 176.25 69.01 261.22
2200h 73.92 176.25 69.01 319.18
2300h 73.92 191.29 69.01 334.22
2400h 73.92 198.81 69.01 341.74
AVE 56.7 267.5804 38.3776 362.658
MIN 11.76 176.25 20.1 235.87
MAX 144.06 434.28 70.35 548.59
Figure 4.2.1 Residential Load Curves on Feeder 1

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Class A (14) Class B (94) Class C (67) Total

P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.2 Commercial Load A on Feeder 1
Feeder 1 Commercial Load A

Sisigan
Wellness Coffee Vinyl Gold Souvenir
Time Nating Total
Center Shop Café Cup Shop
Lahat
0000h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 9.5
0100h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.25 9.25
0200h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.25 9.25
0300h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.25 9.25
0400h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.25 9.25
0500h 2 5 0.5 0.5 1 0.25 9.25
0600h 3 5 0.5 0.5 1 10 20
0700h 3 8 3 0.5 1 12 27.5
0800h 3 8 3 5 20 12 51
0900h 3 8 3 18 30 13 75
1000h 3 8 3 18 35 13 80
1100h 3 8 3 18 35 13 80
1200h 3 8 3 18 35 15 82
1300h 3 16 3 18 35 15 90
1400h 3 16 3 18 35 15 90
1500h 3 14 3 18 35 15 88
1600h 3 17 3 18 35 15 91
1700h 20 15 3 18 35 15 106
1800h 20 15 3 18 35 15 106
1900h 20 15 3 1 35 1 75
2000h 25 15 2 1 0.5 1 44.5
2100h 25 11 2 1 0.5 1 40.5
2200h 3 9 2 1 0.5 0.5 16
2300h 2 9 2 1 0.5 0.5 15
2400h 2 9 2 1 0.5 0.5 15
AVE 6.48 9.76 2.1 7.8 16.42 7.37 49.93
MIN 25 5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 9.25
MAX 25 17 3 18 35 15 106
Figure 4.2.2 Commercial Load A Curves on Feeder 1

150
100
50
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Wellness Coffee Shop Sisigan Nating Lahat

center
Vinyl Café Gold Cup Souvenir Shop
Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.3 Commercial Load B on Feeder 1

Feeder 1 Commercial Load B
South AGB Power
Laundry
Time Star Bookkeeping Kitkats Octagon Engineering Total
Shop
Drug Services Services
0000h 0.5 2.5 2 2 0.5 8 15.5
0100h 0.5 2.5 2 2 0.5 9 16.5
0200h 0.5 2.5 2 2 0.5 8 15.5
0300h 0.5 2.5 2 2 0.5 8 15.5
0400h 1 2.5 2 2 0.5 8 16
0500h 1 2.5 2 2 1 8 16.5
0600h 1 2.5 6 2 1 7 19.5
0700h 1 2.5 6 2 1 10 22.5
0800h 1 2.5 6 2 13 15 39.5
0900h 6 2.5 16 2 13 16 55.5
1000h 6 20 16 2 13 17 74
1100h 6 20 16 2 13 14 71
1200h 6 23 16 1 13 17 76
1300h 6 23 14 5 13 17 78
1400h 6 23 14 7 13 17 80
1500h 6 23 14 6 13 18 80
1600h 6 23 14 5 13 18 79
1700h 6 23 12 5 2 18 66
1800h 6 23 12 7 3 11 62
1900h 6 23 12 8 3 11 63
2000h 6 1 12 1 3 10 33
2100h 6 2 12 1 3 10 34
2200h 6 1 1 1 3 10 22
2300h 2 2 1 1 1 9 16
2400h 2 9 2 1 0.5 0.5 15
AVE 3.8 10.24 8.52 2.92 5.66 11.96 43.1
MIN 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 5 11
MAX 6 23 16 8 13 18 80
Figure 4.2.3 Commercial Load B Curves on Feeder 1

100
80
60
40
20
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
South Star Drug AGB Bookkeeping Services

Laundry Shop Kitkats
Octagon Power Engineering Services
Power Engineering Services Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.4 Industrial Load on Feeder 1
Feeder 1 Industrial Load

Coca Cola Nestle PMFTC
Time Slazenger Corp. Total
Corp Corp. Inc.
0000h 800 350 550 700 2400
0100h 800 350 550 700 2400
0200h 800 350 550 700 2400
0300h 800 350 550 700 2400
0400h 800 350 550 700 2400
0500h 800 350 550 700 2400
0600h 800 350 550 700 2400
0700h 1200 400 650 2500 4750
0800h 1500 400 750 2500 5150
0900h 1500 400 900 2500 5300
1000h 2200 600 900 2500 6200
1100h 2200 600 900 3500 7200
1200h 2200 600 900 3500 7200
1300h 2500 600 1500 3500 8100
1400h 2500 900 1500 3500 8400
1500h 2500 900 1500 3500 8400
1600h 2500 1000 1600 3500 8600
1700h 3000 1000 1600 3500 9100
1800h 3000 1000 1600 2600 8200
1900h 3000 1000 1700 600 6300
2000h 3000 1000 1700 600 6300
2100h 2500 1200 1800 500 6000
2200h 2500 1000 1800 500 5800
2300h 2000 800 1000 400 4200
2400h 1000 400 550 400 2350
AVE 1856 650 1068 1800 5374
MIN 800 350 550 400 2350
MAX 3000 1200 1800 3500 9100
Figure 4.2.4 Industrial Load Curves on Feeder 1

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Coca Cola Corp Slazenger Corp. Nestle Corp.

PMFTC Inc. Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.5 Total Load on Feeder 1
Feeder 1 Load
Time Residential Commercial Industrial Total
0000h 403.49 25 2400 2828.49
0100h 403.49 25.75 2400 2829.24
0200h 402.37 24.75 2400 2827.12
0300h 404.25 24.75 2400 2829
0400h 397.29 25.25 2400 2822.54
0500h 533.59 25.75 2400 2959.34
0600h 447.34 39.5 2400 2886.84
0700h 374.86 50 4750 5174.86
0800h 235.87 90.5 5150 5476.37
0900h 236.99 130.5 5300 5667.49
1000h 249.51 154 6200 6603.51
1100h 257.03 151 7200 7608.03
1200h 384.78 158 7200 7742.78
1300h 335.48 168 8100 8603.48
1400h 335.48 170 8400 8905.48
1500h 335.48 168 8400 8903.48
1600h 339.6 170 8600 9109.6
1700h 462.14 172 9100 9734.14
1800h 548.59 168 8200 8916.59
1900h 386.8 138 6300 6824.8
2000h 335.66 77.5 6300 6713.16
2100h 261.22 74.5 6000 6335.72
2200h 319.18 38 5800 6157.18
2300h 334.22 31 4200 4565.22
2400h 341.74 30 2350 2721.74
AVE 362.658 93.19 5374 5829.848
MIN 235.87 24.75 2350 235.87
MAX 548.59 172 9100 548.59
Figure 4.2.5 Total Load Curves on Feeder 1
Feeder 1 Load
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Residential Commercial Industrial Total

P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.6 Residential Load on Feeder 2

Time Class A (25) Class B (13) Class C (92) Total
0000h 124.5 41.99 41.4 207.89
0100h 124.5 41.99 41.4 207.89
0200h 124.5 41.99 41.4 207.89
0300h 122.5 42.25 41.4 206.15
0400h 123.5 41.21 41.4 206.11
0500h 123.5 60.06 41.4 224.96
0600h 205.75 39.26 66.24 311.25
0700h 169.5 35.75 29.44 234.69
0800h 61 24.375 34.96 120.335
0900h 0.609375 24.375 34.96 59.944375
1000h 58.5 26.455 34.96 119.915
1100h 58.5 27.495 34.96 120.955
1200h 214.75 30.745 57.96 303.455
1300h 21 41.99 27.6 90.59
1400h 21 41.99 27.6 90.59
1500h 21 41.99 27.6 90.59
1600h 25 42.25 27.6 94.85
1700h 257.25 41.21 27.6 326.06
1800h 78.5 60.06 96.6 235.16
1900h 78.5 39.26 80.96 198.72
2000h 32.5 35.75 80.96 149.21
2100h 28.5 24.375 94.76 147.635
2200h 132 24.375 94.76 251.135
2300h 132 26.455 94.76 253.215
2400h 132 27.495 94.76 254.255
AVE 98.834375 37.0058 52.6976 188.537775
MIN 0.609375 24.375 27.6 59.944375
MAX 257.25 60.06 96.6 326.06
Figure 4.2.6 Residential Load Curves on Feeder 2

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Class A (25) Class B (13) Class C (92) Total

P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.7 Commercial Load A on Feeder 2

Boknay
Tummy Convenience Miss RCBC BPI
Time Convenience Total
Tea Store Tea Bank Bank
Store
0000h 1 1 25 0.2 2 2 9.5
0100h 1 1 26 0.2 3 2 9.25
0200h 1 1 25 0.2 3 2 9.25
0300h 1 1 26 0.2 3 2 9.25
0400h 1 1 26 0.2 3 2 9.25
0500h 1 1 26 0.2 3 2 9.25
0600h 1 1 26 0.2 3 2 20
0700h 1 1 26 2 10 2 27.5
0800h 1 1 35 2 11 2 51
0900h 14 10 35 2 20 26 75
1000h 14 15 35 2 20 27 80
1100h 14 15 35 5 20 28 80
1200h 14 15 30 5 20 28 82
1300h 14 15 35 5 20 28 90
1400h 14 15 35 5 20 28 90
1500h 14 15 35 5 20 29 88
1600h 14 15 35 5 20 28 91
1700h 14 15 35 6 20 5 106
1800h 14 15 35 6 2 5 106
1900h 15 15 35 6 2 3 75
2000h 3 10 35 2 2 3 44.5
2100h 1 2 35 1 1 2 40.5
2200h 1 1 30 1 1 2 16
2300h 1 1 25 1 1 2 15
2400h 1 1 25 1 1 2 15
AVE 6.84 7.36 30.84 2.536 9.24 10.56 49.93
MIN 1 1 25 0.2 1 2 9.25
MAX 15 15 35 6 20 29 106
Figure 4.2.7 Commercial Load Curves on Feeder 2

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Tummy Tea Boknay Convenience Store

Convenience Store Miss Tea
RCBC Bank BPI Bank
BPI Bank Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.8 Commercial Load B on Feeder 2

Buy
CLN Lily
Josol Thai Case Total
Time Chowking Convenience Mini
Appliances Restaurant Phone
Store Shop
Shop
0000h 1 4 5 0.2 1 0.1 11.3
0100h 1 3 5 0.2 1 0.1 10.3
0200h 1 2 5 0.2 1 0.1 9.3
0300h 1 2 3 0.2 1 0.1 7.3
0400h 1 2 3 0.2 1 0.1 7.3
0500h 1 2 10 0.2 1 0.1 14.3
0600h 1 2 10 0.2 2 0.1 15.3
0700h 1 2 25 0.2 1 4 33.2
0800h 1 5 25 6 3 4 44
0900h 14 6 25 6 5 3 59
1000h 14 5 25 6 5 3 58
1100h 14 5 25 6 5 3 58
1200h 14 5 25 6 5 3 58
1300h 14 5 25 6 5 3 58
1400h 14 5 25 6 6 3 59
1500h 14 5 15 6 6 3 49
1600h 14 5 15 6 6 3 49
1700h 14 5 15 6 1 3 44
1800h 14 5 10 6 2 3 40
1900h 15 5 10 1 3 1 35
2000h 3 1 5 2 1 1 13
2100h 1 1 4 2 1 1 10
2200h 1 1 3 1 2 0.2 8.2
2300h 1 1 2 1 2 0.2 7.2
2400h 1 2 5 2 2 1 13
AVE 6.84 3.44 13 3.064 2.76 1.724 30.828
MIN 1 1 2 0.2 1 0.1 7.2
MAX 15 6 25 6 6 4 59
Figure 4.2.8 Commercial Load B Curves on Feeder 2

80
60
40
20
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Chowking CLN Convenience Store

Josol Appliances Thai Restaurant
Lily Mini Shop Buy Case Phone Shop
Buy Case Phone Shop Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.9 Commercial Load C on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Commercial Load C

Air Nikers TPS
Gold Getan
Time Asia Cebgo Shoe Convenience Octagon Total
Cup Square
Zest Shop Store
0000h 1 1 2 1 1 10 0.5 16.5
0100h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 0.5 17
0200h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 0.5 17
0300h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 0.5 17
0400h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 0.5 17
0500h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 1 17.5
0600h 1 1 2.5 1 1 10 1 17.5
0700h 16 1 2.5 1 1 10 1 32.5
0800h 16 10 2.5 35 20 10 13 106.5
0900h 16 20 20 35 30 50 13 184
1000h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1100h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1200h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1300h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1400h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1500h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1600h 16 20 23 37 35 50 13 194
1700h 16 20 2.5 37 35 50 2 162.5
1800h 16 20 2.5 38 35 50 3 164.5
1900h 2 20 2.5 38 35 30 3 130.5
2000h 2 2 2.5 2 0.5 20 3 32
2100h 2 2 2.5 1 0.5 10 3 21
2200h 2 2 2.5 1 0.5 5 3 16
2300h 2 2 2.5 1 0.5 5 1 14
2400h 2 2 2.5 1 0.5 5 1 14
AVE 8.44 9.92 8.92 18.24 16.42 26.6 5.66 94.2
MIN 1 1 2 1 0.5 5 0.5 14
MAX 16 20 23 38 35 50 13 194
Figure 4.2.9 Commercial Load C Curves on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Commercial C
250
200
150
100
50
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Time Air Asia Zest Cebgo

Nikers Shoe Shop TPS Convenience Store Gold Cup
Getan Square Getan Square Octagon Getan Square Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.10 Commercial Load D on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Commercial Load D

Puerto
SM Mall Adventist Robinson’s
Country Fronda Hotel
Time of Asia Hospital Place Total
Club
0000h 600 1100 700 1200 1000 4600

0100h 600 1100 750 1200 1000 4650
0200h 600 1100 750 1200 1000 4650
0300h 600 1100 800 1200 1000 4700
0400h 600 1100 850 1200 1000 4750
0500h 600 1100 850 1200 1000 4750
0600h 600 1100 850 1550 1000 5100
0700h 600 1100 900 1550 1000 5150
0800h 600 1100 900 1550 1000 5150
0900h 600 1100 900 1550 1200 5350
1000h 2000 1100 900 1550 1700 7250
1100h 2000 1100 900 1550 1700 7250
1200h 2000 1150 900 1550 1700 7300
1300h 2000 1150 900 1550 1700 7300
1400h 2000 1150 900 1550 1700 7300
1500h 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
1600h 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
1700h 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
1800h 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
1900h 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
2000h 2000 900 950 1100 1700 6650
2100h 500 850 950 1100 1700 5100
2200h 500 750 950 1100 1350 4650
2300h 500 800 700 1100 1300 4400
2400h 400 850 700 1100 1300 4350
AVE 1196 1062 870 1376 1382 5886
MIN 400 750 700 1100 1000 4350
MAX 2000 1150 950 1550 1700 7350
Figure 4.2.10 Commercial Load D Curves on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Commercial Load D

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
SM Mall of Asia Puerto Country Club

Fronda Hotel Adventist Hospital Robinson’s Place
Total
P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.11 Industrial Load on Feeder 2

Time UNILAB Inc.
Total
0000h 250 250
0100h 250 250
0200h 250 250
0300h 250 250
0400h 300 300
0500h 300 300
0600h 300 300
0700h 300 300
0800h 900 900
0900h 2200 2200
1000h 2300 2300
1100h 2300 2300
1200h 2300 2300
1300h 2300 2300
1400h 2300 2300
1500h 2300 2300
1600h 2300 2300
1700h 2300 2300
1800h 1700 1700
1900h 1700 1700
2000h 1700 1700
2100h 1800 1800
2200h 1800 1800
2300h 1500 1500
2400h 800 800
AVE 1388 1388
MIN 250 250
MAX 2300 2300
Figure 4.2.11 Industrial Load Curves on Feeder 2

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
UNILAB Inc. UNILAB Inc. Total

P a g e | 56
Table 4.2.12 Total Load on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Load
0000h 207.89 4637.3 250 5095.19
0100h 207.89 4686.55 250 5144.44
0200h 207.89 4685.55 250 5143.44
0300h 206.15 4733.55 250 5189.7
0400h 206.11 4783.55 300 5289.66
0500h 224.96 4791.05 300 5316.01
0600h 311.25 5152.8 300 5764.05
0700h 234.69 5243.2 300 5777.89
0800h 120.335 5351.5 900 6371.835
0900h 59.944375 5668 2200 7927.944375
1000h 119.915 7582 2300 10001.915
1100h 120.955 7582 2300 10002.955
1200h 303.455 7634 2300 10237.455
1300h 90.59 7642 2300 10032.59
1400h 90.59 7643 2300 10033.59
1500h 90.59 7681 2300 10071.59
1600h 94.85 7684 2300 10078.85
1700h 326.06 7662.5 2300 10288.56
1800h 235.16 7660.5 1700 9595.66
1900h 198.72 7590.5 1700 9489.22
2000h 149.21 6739.5 1700 8588.71
2100h 147.635 5171.5 1800 7119.135
2200h 251.135 4690.2 1800 6741.335
2300h 253.215 4436.2 1500 6189.415
2400h 254.255 4392 800 5446.255
AVE 188.537775 6060.958 1388 7637.495775
MIN 59.944375 4392 250 5095.19
MAX 326.06 7684 2300 10288.56
Figure 4.2.12 Total Load Curves on Feeder 2
Feeder 2 Load
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h

P a g e | 56
4.3 Load Balancing
4.3.1 Feeder 1
Figure 4.3.1 Feeder 1 Map
Table 4.3.1 Load Balancing for Feeder 1
Point No. PhA(kVA) PhB(kVA) PhC(kVA) Total kVA

1 1250 1250 1250 3825
75
2 100 100
3 75 75
4 1000 1000 1000 3075
75
5 500 500 500 1500
6 40 40
7 333.33 333.33 333.33 1074.99
75
8 75 75
9 75 75
10 75 75
11 75 150
75
TOTAL: 3448.33 3308.33 3308.33 10,064.99
P a g e | 56
4.1.1 Feeder 2
Figure 4.3.2 Feeder 2 Map
Table 4.3.2 Load Balancing for Feed
Point No. PhA(kVA) PhB(kVA) PhC(kVA) Total kVA
1 100 100
2 150 37.5 187.5
3 50 3050
1000 1000 1000
4 500 500 500 1500
5 100 1100.002
333.334 333.334 333.334
6 75 1575
500 500 500
7 500 500 500 1500
8 500 500 500 1600
100
Total: 3533.334 3533.334 3545.834 10,612.502

P a g e | 57
4.2 Voltage Drop Calculation
4.2.1 Feeder 1
Solving for ampacity of the feeder,
√ √
The ampacity of size 397.5 AWG is 590A and 75% of it is 442.5A. So, we use 397.5
AWG bare ASCR.
The conductor for Feeder No. 1 is 397.5 AWG ACSR as primary conductor. The
The primary conductor impedance is,
( )
Computing for the current on 1kVA base and 90% lag’g pf,
√ √
√ √
Computing for the voltage drop,
The nominal line-to-neutral voltage is
√
The drop factor is
( )
Drop Factor= 0.244157 % / MVA-km

P a g e | 58
Table 4.4.1 Voltage Drop Calculation on Feeder 1
4.2.2 Feeder 2
Solving for ampacity of the feeder,
√ √
The ampacity of size 477 AWG is 670 A and 75% of it is 482.4 A. So, we use 477AWG
bare ASCR.
The conductor for Feeder No. 2 is 477 AWG ACSR as primary conductor. The resistance
value is 0.1342 Ω/km and the GMR value is 0.8839 cm.
The primary conductor impedance is,
( )
√ √
Computing for the voltage drop,
The nominal line-to-neutral voltage is
√
P a g e | 58
The drop factor is
( )
Table 4.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculation on Feeder 2

P a g e | 59
CHAPTER 5
SUBSTATION DESIGN
5.1 Substation Load Graph
Table 5.1.1 Residential Loads on Substation
Substation Residential Load

Time Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Total
0000h 403.49 207.89 611.38
0100h 403.49 207.89 611.38
0200h 402.37 207.89 610.26
0300h 404.25 206.15 610.4
0400h 397.29 206.11 603.4
0500h 533.59 224.96 758.55
0600h 447.34 311.25 758.59
0700h 374.86 234.69 609.55
0800h 235.87 120.335 356.205
0900h 236.99 59.944375 296.934375
1000h 249.51 119.915 369.425
1100h 257.03 120.955 377.985
1200h 384.78 303.455 688.235
1300h 335.48 90.59 426.07
1400h 335.48 90.59 426.07
1500h 335.48 90.59 426.07
1600h 339.6 94.85 434.45
1700h 462.14 326.06 788.2
1800h 548.59 235.16 783.75
1900h 386.8 198.72 585.52
2000h 335.66 149.21 484.87
2100h 261.22 147.635 408.855
2200h 319.18 251.135 570.315
2300h 334.22 253.215 587.435
2400h 341.74 254.255 595.995
AVE 362.658 188.537775 551.195775
MIN 235.87 59.944375 296.934375
MAX 548.59 326.06 788.2
Figure 5.1.1 Residential Load Curves on Substation
Substation Residential Load

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h
Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Total

P a g e | 59
Table 5.1.2 Commercial Loads on Substation
Substation Commercial Load

0000h 25 4637.3 4662.3
0100h 25.75 4686.55 4712.3
0200h 24.75 4685.55 4710.3
0300h 24.75 4733.55 4758.3
0400h 25.25 4783.55 4808.8
0500h 25.75 4791.05 4816.8
0600h 39.5 5152.8 5192.3
0700h 50 5243.2 5293.2
0800h 90.5 5351.5 5442
0900h 130.5 5668 5798.5
1000h 154 7582 7736
1100h 151 7582 7733
1200h 158 7634 7792
1300h 168 7642 7810
1400h 170 7643 7813
1500h 168 7681 7849
1600h 170 7684 7854
1700h 172 7662.5 7834.5
1800h 168 7660.5 7828.5
1900h 138 7590.5 7728.5
2000h 77.5 6739.5 6817
2100h 74.5 5171.5 5246
2200h 38 4690.2 4728.2
2300h 31 4436.2 4467.2
2400h 30 4392 4422
AVE 93.19 6060.958 6154.148
MIN 24.75 4392 4422
MAX 172 7684 7854
Figure 5.1.2 Commercial Load Curves on Substation
Substation Commercial Load

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h

P a g e | 59
Table 5.1.3 Industrial Loads on Substation
Substation Industrial Load

0000h 2400 250 2650
0100h 2400 250 2650
0200h 2400 250 2650
0300h 2400 250 2650
0400h 2400 300 2700
0500h 2400 300 2700
0600h 2400 300 2700
0700h 4750 300 5050
0800h 5150 900 6050
0900h 5300 2200 7500
1000h 6200 2300 8500
1100h 7200 2300 9500
1200h 7200 2300 9500
1300h 8100 2300 10400
1400h 8400 2300 10700
1500h 8400 2300 10700
1600h 8600 2300 10900
1700h 9100 2300 11400
1800h 8200 1700 9900
1900h 6300 1700 8000
2000h 6300 1700 8000
2100h 6000 1800 7800
2200h 5800 1800 7600
2300h 4200 1500 5700
2400h 2350 800 3150
AVE 5374 1388 6762
MIN 2350 250 2650
MAX 9100 2300 11400
Figure 5.1.3 Industrial Load Curves on Substation
Substation Induatrial Load

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0000h
0100h
0200h
0300h
0400h
0500h
0600h
0700h
0800h
0900h
1000h
1100h
1200h
1300h
1400h
1500h
1600h
1700h
1800h
1900h
2000h
2100h
2200h
2300h
2400h

P a g e | 59
Table 5.1.4 Total Loads on Substation
Substation Total Load

0000h 611.38 4662.3 2650 7923.68
0100h 611.38 4712.3 2650 7973.68
0200h 610.26 4710.3 2650 7970.56
0300h 610.4 4758.3 2650 8018.7
0400h 603.4 4808.8 2700 8112.2
0500h 758.55 4816.8 2700 8275.35
0600h 758.59 5192.3 2700 8650.89
0700h 609.55 5293.2 5050 10952.75
0800h 356.205 5442 6050 11848.205
0900h 296.934375 5798.5 7500 13595.43438
1000h 369.425 7736 8500 16605.425
1100h 377.985 7733 9500 17610.985
1200h 688.235 7792 9500 17980.235
1300h 426.07 7810 10400 18636.07
1400h 426.07 7813 10700 18939.07
1500h 426.07 7849 10700 18975.07
1600h 434.45 7854 10900 19188.45
1700h 788.2 7834.5 11400 20022.7
1800h 783.75 7828.5 9900 18512.25
1900h 585.52 7728.5 8000 16314.02
2000h 484.87 6817 8000 15301.87
2100h 408.855 5246 7800 13454.855
2200h 570.315 4728.2 7600 12898.515
2300h 587.435 4467.2 5700 10754.635
2400h 595.995 4422 3150 8167.995
AVE 551.195775 6154.148 6762 13467.34378
MIN 296.934375 4422 2650 7923.68
MAX 788.2 7854 11400 20022.7
Figure 5.1.4 Total Load Curves on Substation
Substation Total Load

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

P a g e | 59
5.2 Substation Load Factors

Solving for total connected load on each feeder,
Total Connected Load on Feeder 1 = Residential + Commercial + Industrial

Total Connected Load on Feeder 1 = 1,049.715 + 239 + 10,200
Total Connected Load on Feeder 1 = 11,488.715 kVA
Total Connected Load on Feeder 2 = Residential + Commercial + Industrial

Total Connected Load on Feeder 2 = 785.125 + 8,635 + 2,000
Total Connected Load on Feeder 2 = 11,420.715 kVA
Solving for the total connected load,

Total Connected Load = Feeder 1 + Feeder 2
Total Connected Load = 22,909.43
Maximum Demand of the Whole System = 20,022.7 kVA (5PM)

Sum of Individual Maximum Demand = 548.59 + 10,288.56
Sum of Individual Maximum Demand = 10,837.15 kVA
P a g e | 59
5.3 Size of Power Transformer

A substation is considerably fully loaded if the loading of transformers exceeds 70%
of the maximum rated capacity. It is suggested that we must also provide reserve
capacity margin for outage contingency.
Use: 30 MVA Power Transformer, 69/13.8kV, 60 Hz

P a g e | 59
5.4 Power Transformer Specification
The selection of power transformer is a vital part in the design of a substation. This
part will summarize the specification of the power transformer.
A. Rating
Three Phase 30/40/50 MVA with OA/FA1/FA2 type suitable for outdoor
installation.
B. Frequency
60 Hz is used as this is the standard frequency in the
Philippines.
C. Impedance
10 %
D. Primary Voltage / Secondary Voltage
69 kV/13.2 kV
E. Basic Insulation Level (BIL) Primary/Secondary
350 kV/110 kV
F. Primary Connection
Delta
G. Secondary Connection
WYE with Neutral brought to a bushing and connected to a copper
conductor equivalent to 4/0 AWG Cu for grounding
H. Polarity /Vector Group
Dyn1 (30 Deg. Angular displacement)
I. Insulating Fluid
Mineral Oil. The oil will have the properties specified in CNS 3070 and CNS
1326 or IEC 296 or JIS C2320 No. 2.
J. Sound Level
70 dB @ 33MVA full load capacity.

P a g e | 59
K. Winding Temperature Rise
65°C
L. Oil Temperature Rise
65°C
M. Tap-changer
On-Load Tap Changer - Maschinefabrik Reinhausen (MR).
The transformer technical requirements are also specified to assure that the
power transformer will meet the international standard for its quality and
performance.
A. Core
The core of the transformer will be constructed of the highest quality, non-aging
high permeability, cold-rolled gain-oriented silicon steel sheet especially suitable
for the purpose. Every care will be taken during slitting and cutting process to
avoid burrs. Both sides of each sheet will be special glass film insulated on to
minimize eddy current losses. The cores will be carefully assembled and rigidly
clamped to ensure adequate mechanical strength to support the windings and
also reduced vibration to minimum under operating conditions.
B. Winding Characteristics
The winding for the transformer shall be made of high tensile strength electrolytic
copper of high conductivity (Class A, in accordance with ANSI) and insulation,
material of high quality shall be free from burrs.
The insulation material of windings and connections shall not shrink, soften or
collapse during service. Thermally upgraded paper shall be used for conductor
insulation. The design, construction and treatment of windings shall give proper
consideration to all service factors, such as high dielectric and mechanical
strength of insulation, coil characteristics, uniform electrostatic flux distribution,
prevention of corona formation, and minimum restriction to oil flow.
Adequate barriers shall be provided between windings and core as well as
between high voltage and low voltage windings. All leads or bars from the
windings to the terminal boxes and bushings shall be rigidly supported.

P a g e | 59
C. Short Circuit Withstand Capability
The transformer shall withstand the combined effects of thermal, mechanical and
electromagnetic stresses arising under short-circuit conditions based on the
maximum durations of fault:
High Voltage Winding: 2 seconds
Low Voltage Winding: 2 seconds
D. System Fault Current Consideration
69 kV: IF= 40 kA
13.8 kV: IF = 25 kA
The transformer shall be capable of withstanding the resulting successive short
circuits, without cooling to normal operating temperature between successive
occurrence of the short circuit. Provided the accumulated duration of short-circuit
does not exceed the maximum duration permitted for single short-circuit defined
above.
E. Overload Capability
The short-time overload rating and operation of the transformer shall be in
accordance with ANSI C57.92 or IEC 354. All other auxiliary equipment (bushings,
CT's, etc) affected shall be rated to match the transformer overload rating. F.
Transformer Tanks
The tank should have sufficient strength to withstand full vacuum and internal
pressure of 1.0 kg/cm2, with cooling equipment & conservator connected. The
tank cover will be clamped with bolts and nuts and will be provided with
handhole or manholes of suitable size. All seams and joints will be oil tight.
Guides within the tank will be furnished to facilitate tanking and untanking, and
to prevent movement of the core and coil assembly during transit. The casing
will be provided with suitable lugs for lifting the completely assembled
transformer filled with oil. All gaskets will be synthetic rubber bonded cork.
P a g e | 59
G. Bushing Assembly
High Voltage Side – ABB model: GOB 325/800LF123027-K72.5 kV, 800 Amps,
350 kV BIL, Creepage Distance: 1980mm, Condenser type with 1 unit bushing for
spare. Test tap should be provided for each unit.
Low Voltage Side - 2000 Amps, 15.5 kV, 110 kV BIL with 1 unit bushing for spare,
Creepage Distance: 400mm. Test tap should be provided for each unit. H. Cooling
Systems
The transformer will be provided with sets of radiators for self-cooled (OA)
operation with equal sets on both side of the tank. The radiator will be installed on
the tank via radiator valves, so that each radiator can be detached from the tank
independently of the oil in the main tank. The radiator valves will have the open
and close positions clearly marked. Radiators will be equipped with provisions for
draining. Radiators shall be made of galvanized steel. For future forced-air-cooled
operation, transformer must have cooling-fans mounting provision on the radiators
and its
control box.
I. Forced-air-cooling system
For forced-air-cooled (FA) operation, the transformer will be provided with
automatically controlled three phase motor-fans actuated from winding
temperature. The cooling-fans will be mounted on the radiators and the control box
will be mounted on the wall of the tank. Motor voltage should be 230 VAC, 3 phase,
60 Hz. Every cooling fan should have a separate circuit breaker.
J. Gaskets
The gaskets shall be compatible for the insulating fluid in the transformer tank.
Metal surfaces to which gaskets are applied shall be smooth and shall have
sufficient rigidity to assure proper compression of the gaskets.
K. Grounding Provisions
All non-energized metallic components of the transformer shall be grounded. Tank

P a g e | 59
grounding provisions shall consist of two ground pads, welded to the base or to the
tank wall near the base on diagonal corners. The ground pads shall be copper-
faced or stainless steel with two holes spaced horizontally at 1.75-inch centers and
tapped for 0.5 inch 13-UNC tread.
L. Wiring
All devices mounted on the transformer, including current transformer secondary
circuits, shall be wired to the control cabinet.
All control wiring shall be a minimum of #14 AWG SIS and #12 AWG for current
transformers. Wiring between gauges and the control box can be #14 AWG SO
cable.
Wiring shall be terminated with a ring-type insulated compression lug. Current
transformer terminal blocks shall be the shorting type. Each wire shall be identified
with a wire marker.
M. Painting
The standard finish will consist of one rust resisting primary coat and two finish
coats of paint. The paint will be applied after the steel surface had been thoroughly
cleaned by shot blasting and treated with rust inhibitor. The color of the final coat
for transformer will be ANSI 70 light gray.
N. Bushing Current transformers
1. High Voltage Side
400/300/250/200/100:5 A, Class 0.3B-2.0 (1unit)
400/300/250/200/100:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (1unit)
2. Low Voltage Side
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (1unit)
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Class 0.3B-2.0 (1unit)
3. Neutral
2000/1500/1000/500:5 A, Relaying Class C-400 (2 units)

P a g e | 59
O. Nameplates
Transformer shall be furnished with a non-corrosive diagrammatic nameplate,
permanently attached with noncorrosive hardware. The diagrammatic nameplate
shall include the name of the manufacturer of the equipment as well as the location
where the transformer was manufactured and tested.
The nameplate shall contain all connection and rating information in accordance
with ANSI C57.12.00 nameplate type C, plus the approximate weight of parts to be
lifted for un-tanking, type and quantity of oil, and the date of manufacture. P.
Accessories
1. Dial type oil level indicator with contacts for alarm
2. Oil temperature indicator and relay type AKM OTI series 34, with alarm & trip
contacts; AKM OTI remote mount thermometers remote output: current loops: 4
to 20mA; Resistive Pt 100
3. Two (2) winding temperature indicators and relays for HV and LV windings, with
three (3) contacts each for alarm, tripping & fan control, AKM type WTI series
35; AKM WTI remote mount thermometers
4. Pressure Relief Device with Trip contact (Qualitrol, self-resealing type)
5. Buchholz relay with alarm and trip contacts
6. Drain valve with sampling cock and dehydrating breather
7. Upper filter press valve
8. Diaphragm type conservator and conservator connection valve 9. Hand-hole,
lifting eye for the tank cover and lifting lug for the completely assembled unit filled
with oil.
10. Steel ladder, jacking pad, anchor bolts and skid base with pulling eye
The last part of the specifications contains the necessary tests that will be
conducted to the power transformer at the factory before it will be shipped. A Factory
Acceptance Test (FAT) will be conducted by a representative of DLPC to witness that
the unit passed the entire test required. This should be strictly complied in order to
avoid opportunity loss if the power transformer delivered will be found defective at
site. If
P a g e | 59
this scenario happens, it will affect the reliability of the system thus causing discomfort
to the customers. Lastly, it will entail profit loss for the company because of the
unscheduled downtime. The following routine tests based on ANSI C57.12.00 and
ANSI C57.12.90 must be performed to the power transformer:
A. Resistance measurements of the winding
B. Ratio test
C. Polarity and phase relation test on rated voltage
D. Measurement of no-load loss and excitation current at 90%, 100% & 110% of
rated voltage and frequency.
E. Load loss, efficiency, regulation and impedance test at rated voltage
F. Insulation oil dielectric test
G. Applied potential test
H. Induced potential test
I. Temperature rise test
J. Insulation power factor test on winding
K. Partial discharge test (Noise should be less than 300 pC)
L. Leak test
M. Vacuum tests on transformer tank, conservator and radiators; pressure tests
on tank and oil filled compartments
N. Tests on auxiliary equipment and accessories (functional tests only)
O. Voltage regulation
P. Sound level test
Q. SFRA – Sweep Frequency Response Analysis
R. Short circuit withstand capability type test certification from third party
5.5 Substation Single Line Diagram

Figure 5.5.1 Single Line Diagram of Substation
P a g e | 60
INCOMING
69kV LINE
LEGEND/NOTE:
LA1-LA2 60 kV Lightning Arrester, Line Discharge Class 3, MCOV 48 kV
PT1 69 kV Potential Transformer, 350/350:1, 60Hz LA1
CT1 69 kV Current Transformer, 300/200/100:5A 0.3 B2@300/5 & 0.3 B1 @200/5

DS1 69 kV Disconnecting Switch, 32 kA/3sec., 1600A
CT2 69 kV Current Transformer, 300/200/100:5A 2xC100@300A, 0.3 B2 @300A & 0.3 B1 @ 100A
Q01 69 kV Power Circuit Breaker 25kA/3 sec., 2000A
T01 Power Transformer 69/13.2 kV, 30/40 MVA 3 Phase, 60Hz
LA3 12 kV Lightning Arrester, Line Discharge Class 3, MCOV 9.6 kV
Q02-Q04 15 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker Cubicle, CGMCOSMOS-V 630A, 20kA/3sec.
PT2 Indoor Potential Transformer, 15kV, 8400V/120 (70:1), 60Hz
CT3 15kV Current Transformer, 600/300:5 A, 2xC100@600A, 0.3 B2@600A 3 x PT1
Q05 15 kV Fuse Cubicle, CGMCOSMOS-P 630A

CT4-CT5 15 kV Ring Type Current Sensor, 400/300/200:5 A, Class 0.5 for Metering
CT6-CT7 15 kV Ring Type Current Sensor, 400/300/200:5 A, 5 P10 for Protection CT1
X:(100:5) KWH/VARH/KHDM
SUPPLIED BY NPC
LA4-LA5 Surge Arrester for coupling with connector type CB

50/51 Overcurrent Ground Fault Relay/Inversed Time Delayed
50N/51N Overcurrent Ground Fault Instant, Rela/Inverse Time Delayed
50BF Breaker Failure Re;ay M DS1 1600A
87T Transformer Differential Relay

79 AC Reclosing Relay CT2
81 Frequency Relay X:(100:5)
Y:(100:5)
51 51N 50 50N 50BF

Z:(100:5)
TCP-C W/ PL300-DD
Q01
M PCB
LA2
30/40 MVA
T01
69/13.2 kV
DYN 11
87T
PD300-2
LA3
Q02
CGMCOSMOS - V
630 A
3 x PT1
(70:1) 79 81
PL70-TT
3 x CT3
X: (600:5) KWH/VARH/KHDM
50P 50N
LANDIS & GYR
51P 51N
Y: (600:5)
PL70-IT
Z: (600:5)
13.2 kV / 1250 A / 20kA
KWH/VARH/KHDM KWH/VARH/KHDM
LANDIS & GYR LANDIS & GYR
Q06
Q03 Q04 CGMCOSMOS-P
CGMCOSMOS-V CGMCOSMOS-V 630 A
630 A 630 A
3 x CT4 3 x CT5
X: (200:5) X: (200:5)
50P 50N 50P 50N
Y: (200:5) 51P 51N Y: (200:5) 51P 51N
3 x CT6 PL70-IT 3 x CT7 PL70-IT
STATION SERVICE
TRANSFORMER 1Ø
LA4 LA5
FEEDER 1 FEEDER 2
TITLE: CHECKED BY: RELEASED BY: ISSUED DATE: PROJECT
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

ARV CJAA 05.30.22 30/40 MVA, 69/13.2 kV S/S
USER SHEET NO.
REV. REV. DATA DATE
PREPARED BY: ISSUED BY DEPT.: PPI REFERENCE: E/1
DRAWING NO. REVISION
CJAA ENG/DESIGN
0
P a g e | 61
5.6 Substation Layout and Components
The electricity substation is a structured network of electrical equipment that

supplies electricity to end-users. For the systems smooth operation, there are
numerous electrical substation components such as outgoing and incoming circuitry,
each with its circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, busbar system, etc. The power
system contains many features, including distribution, transmission, and generation
systems, and substations are essential for the power system's operation. Substations
are entities from which consumers get their electrical supply to run their loads while
required power quality can be delivered to customers by changing frequency and
voltage levels, among other things.
The designs of electricity substations are entirely dependent on the need, for
example, a single bus or a complex bus system, and so on. Furthermore, the plan is
determined by the application, such as indoor substations, generation substations,
transmission substations, pole substations, outdoor substations, converter
substations, switching substations, etc. Collector substations are required in large
power generation systems, such as multiple thermal and hydropower plants that
transfer power from numerous co-located turbines to a single transmission unit.
A. Power Transformer (T01)
A power transformer is a stationary device that transforms electricity
from one circuit to another while keeping the frequency constant. Because it
has no rotating or moving parts, a transformer is a static device. An
alternating current generator powers the transformer.
The mutual induction principle governs transformer functioning. In
distribution networks, these transformers connect step-up and step-down
voltages.
B. Auxiliary Transformer
In the electricity system, an auxiliary transformer is used. Auxiliary

transformers are necessary for a thermal power plant with the main transformer
depending on power needs or requirements. It is also used for lighting, heating
train wagons, and supplying single-phase auxiliary power for safety systems
and substation power.
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C. Current Transformer (CT1, CT2, CT3)
A current transformer is a device that converts increased current to

proportionate current at a lower voltage. It transforms high-voltage current into
the low-voltage current, allowing the ammeter to monitor the heavy current
passing through transmission lines safely.
D. Potential Transformer (PT1)
The potential transformer is also an instrument transformer that checks

a high voltage and directly creates a low secondary voltage. It functions
similarly to current transformers. Relay system protection and lower-rated
voltage metering convert high voltage to smaller voltages.
E. Isolators
Isolators are mechanical switches used in substations to isolate circuits

with a current interruption. These are also known as unconnected switches
since they do not have arc-quenching devices and operate under no-load
conditions. These switches do not have a definite current breaking value, nor
do they have a current making value. These switches are mechanically
controlled.
F. Burbars
A bus bar is an electrical component that takes electricity from the
input terminals of an electrical system and distributes it to many output
circuits. Electrical distribution systems make use of it. It connects the power
input and output. It distributes electricity more efficiently to various output
circuits.
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G. Lightning Arrester (LA1 – LA2, LA3)

The lightning arrester is the very first component of a substation.
These protect substation equipment from high voltages and regulate current
flow amplitude and duration. It is the first piece of substation equipment and is
positioned at the beginning of the substation, as seen from the incoming
transmission lines. By discharging overvoltage surges to the ground, it
protects the device insulation from switching and lightning surges.
H. Disconnect Switch (DS1)
Disconnect switches are commonly used in power distribution and

industrial applications. In an emergency, disconnect switches in power
distribution can be used to turn off energy to a specific location or switch from
one power source to another. Disconnect switches (isolator switches, safety
switches, and load break switches) stop current flow in electrical circuits.
Disconnect switches block power flow, allowing for emergency shutdowns,
switching to alternate power sources, and maintenance.
I. Circuit Breakers
When a failure arises in the system, circuit breakers are switches those
close or open circuits. The circuit breakers' two moveable contacts are
switched off in normal circumstances. Its purpose is to stop current from
flowing across circuits. It protects an electrical circuit against overload or short
circuit damage. A relay transmits a tripped instruction to the circuit breakers
when a problem occurs in the system, causing the contracts to separate and
averting damage to the circuit.
J. Relays
Relays are electrical substation components that protect the system
from abnormal conditions such as failures. Relays are sensing devices that
detect faults and locate them and convey interruption notifications of tripped
commands to a specified point on the circuit. After receiving electricity from
relays, a circuit breaker's contacts break down. These include safeguarding
equipment against various types of harm, such as fire, the threat to human life,
and removing a problem from a specific region of the substation. A relay is
shown in the substation component diagram below.
K. Capacitors
A capacitor is an electronic device that stores energy in an electric
field. Dielectric materials separate two oppositely charged electrical wires to
achieve this.
P a g e | 62
L. Reactors
A substation reactor is nothing more than a coil with many turns and a lot of
resistance. Electrical reactors are frequently used on transmission lines to limit
the flow of high winds to manage currents that could injure a power transformer
or other power system. This type of current-limiting reactor typically employs
inductive reactance.
M. Vacuum Circuit Breaker (Q02, Q04)
A vacuum circuit breaker is a circuit breaker that uses a vacuum

medium to quench the arc. In a vacuum chamber within the breaker known as
a vacuum interrupter, the function of turning on and off current-carrying
contacts and interconnected arc interruption takes place. A vacuum circuit
breaker uses a vacuum as the arc quenching medium because a vacuum has
excellent insulating properties due to its superior arc quenching properties.
Because higher voltage applications require higher voltage, this is adequate
for most standard voltage applications.
N. Indoor Potential Transformer (PT2)
Indoor magnetically molded potential transformers are available in

single and three-phase configurations. The mounting mechanism can be
dragged out or fastened. In this form of PT, all primary winding sections are
insulated from the soil to the specified insulation capacity. These are designed
for the high-precision relay, measuring instrument, and other control equipment
operation in indoor environments
O. Fuse
When extremely high current loads are applied to an electrical circuit, a
fuse safeguards the circuit by safely opening the channel. When there is a short
circuit or an excessive overload current magnitude, it is one of the simplest and
least expensive devices for interrupting an electrical circuit. Fuses come in
various shapes and sizes, but they all have the same goal: to protect a circuit
with a specific set of electrical characteristics. The main parameters are the
operating voltage, operational current, and the melting time or speed of the fuse
element.
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P. Fuse Cubicle (Q05)
An electrical shell is a cabinet for electrical or electronic equipment that

houses switches, knobs, and displays and protects the contents from the
elements.
Q. Ring Type Current Transformers

Ring-type current transformers are placed over a bus bar or an insulated
cable, and the secondary coil has just a thin layer of insulation. More than one
round of the primary cable may be run through the ring to produce non-standard
ratios or other specific uses.
R. Ring Type Current Sensor (CT4 – CT5, CT6 – CT7)

A vortex magnetic field detection mode electric current sensor is made
up of a ring-shaped magneto electric laminate consisting of an axially
polarized Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic ring bonded between two
circumferentially magnetized epoxy-bonded Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.92 (Terfenol-D)
short-fiber/NdFeB magnet magnetostrictive composite rings. The electric
current sensitivity of the sensor was examined both theoretically and
experimentally. The sensor demonstrated a high nonresonance sensitivity of
12.6 mV/A over a flat frequency range of 1 Hz–30 kHz and a significant
resonance sensitivity of 92.2 mV/A at the fundamental shape resonance of 67
kHz, in addition to an excellent linear relationship between the input electric
current and the output magneto electrically induced voltage. The sensor's
power-free, bias-free, high-sensitivity, and wide-bandwidth characteristics
make it ideal for real-time condition monitoring of engineering systems using
electric current-carrying cables or conductors.
S. Surge Arrester (LA4 – LA5)
A surge arrester is a device that limits the voltage on equipment by

discharging or bypassing excess current. It can conduct these activities in
compliance with ANSI standard C62.11 and inhibits continuous flow to follow
current to the ground. Lightning is not absorbed or stopped by a lightning
arrester. It deflects lightning, regulates voltage, and safeguards the electronics
inside.
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T. Overcurrent Ground Fault Relay (50/51)
Overcurrent/earth fault relays are the most basic protective relays.

Overcurrent and ground fault protection is provided for transformers and
feeders. The circuit breaker protecting that circuit must be triggered when an
excessive current flows through it.
U. Frequency Relay (81)
Frequency relays are used to automatically shed a portion of the load

when the system routinely drops to such a low level that it threatens the
power system's stability. This relay can also be used to detect over frequency
V. Overcurrent Ground Fault Instant (50N/51N)
In most cases, overcurrent relays are employed in pairs, one for each
phase. In firmly grounded medium voltage systems, the most common option
for ground fault prevention is to install a fourth relay in the CT's residual link to
monitor the total of all three-phase currents. The 51N (or 50/51N) relay is also
known as a residual ground overcurrent relay.
Because they have no inherent time delay, instantaneous overcurrent
relays are used for immediate short-circuit prevention
W. Breaker Failure Relay (50BF)
Breaker failure relays must provide a quick trip when the primary circuit
breaker fails to break at a network short circuit correctly. This would allow the
problematic network portion to be tripped independently.
X. Transformer Differential Relay (87T)
When the difference between two or more similar electrical quantities

exceeds a predefined value, a transformer differential relay activates. Two
currents come from two portions of an electrical power circuit in the differential
relay system circuit. A relay coil is connected at the intersection of these two
currents.
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Y. AC Reclosing Relay (79)

Relays are used to reclose electrically driven circuit breakers
automatically. In many cases where defects clear themselves quickly, they
limit the duration of power outages. Most reclosing relays try to close a
breaker three times before locking it out.
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5.7 Fault Calculations
Data Needed:
Utility :150 MVAsc (min), 825 MVAsc (ave), and 1500 MVAsc (max)
: X/R = 10 (assume)
Power Transformer : 30 MVA, 69/13.2 kV, 10%Z, X/R = 23.8
Feeder Primary Line: Line1: ohms/km, 0.862 km
: Line2: ohms/km, 0.579 km
Formulas:
 Utility
Zpu , Rpu = Zpu cos (tan-1 X/R) , Xpu = Zpusin (tan-1 X/R)
 Power Transformer
Zpu x , Rpu = Zpu cos (tan-1 X/R) , Xpu = Zpusin (tan-1 X/R)
 Feeder Primary Lines
Rpu = x , Xpu = x
P a g e | 65
Case 1
Given:
Utility: 150 MVAsc, X/R = 10
T1: 30 MVA, 69/13.2 kV, 10%Z, X/R = 23.8
Line1: ohms/km, 0.862 km
Assume: 100 MVA base
Figure 5.7.1 Case 1 – 150 MVAsc
Per Unit Impedances

 Utility
Zpu = = 0.666667 Ω
Rpu = Zpucos(tan-1X/R) = 0.666667cos(tan-110) = 0.066336 Ω

Xpu = Zpusin(tan-1X/R) = 0.666667sin(tan-110) = 0.663358 Ω
ZU1 = 0.066336+j0.663358 pu
P a g e | 66
Zpu = x = x = 0.333333 Ω
Rpu = Zpu(tan-1X/R) = 0.333333cos(tan-123.8) = 0.01399 Ω
Xpu = Zpusin(tan-1X/R) = 0.333333sin(tan-123.8) = 0.333039 Ω

ZT1 = 0.01399+j0.333039 pu

Line 1
Rpu = x = x = 0.07965 Ω
Xpu = x = x = 0.1948 Ω
ZL1 = 0.07965 + j0.1948 pu
Line 2
Rpu = x = 0.04459 Ω
Xpu = x = 0.1286 Ω
ZL2 = 0.04459+j0.1286 pu
Per Unit Impedances and X/R Ratios @ Case 1

@ Bus 1
ZU1 = 0.066336+j0.663358
Bus 1 = 0.066336+j0.663358 pu
X/R = 0.663358/0.066336 = 10
@ Bus 2
ZU1 + ZT1 = (0.066336+j0.663358) + (0.01399+j0.333039)
Bus 2 = 0.080326+j0.996397 pu
X/R = 0.996397 /0.080326 = 12.40

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@ Bus 3
ZU1 + ZT1 + ZL1 = (0.080326+j0.996397) + (0.07965 + j0.1948)
Bus 3 = 0.159976 + j1.191197pu
X/R = 1.191197/0.159976 = 7.44
@ Bus 4
ZU1 + ZT1 + ZL2 = (0.080326+j0.996397) + (0.04459+j0.1286)
Bus 4 = 0.124916+j1.124997 pu
X/R = 1.124997/0.124916= 9.01
Fault Currents and MVA @ Case 1
@ Bus 1
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 836.739521 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(69kV)
Z1 = Bus 1 = 0.066336+j0.663358 pu
Z1 = 0.666667 84.29 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1.5 pu
Z1 0.666667
If,3ø = 1.5 ×836.739521 = 1.255 kA
Sf,3ø = 1.255 kA × √3×69kV = 149.987 MVA
@ Bus 2
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 2 = 0.080326+j0.996397 pu
Z1 = 0.999630 85.39 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1. 000370 pu
Z1 0.999630
If,3ø = 1.000370 ×4373.865676 = 4.375 kA
Sf,3ø = 4.375 kA × √3×13.2kV = 100.026 MVA

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@ Bus 3
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 3 = 0.159976+j1.191197
Z1 = 1.2018913 82.351 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j0.8320 pu
Z1 1.2018913
If,3ø = 0.8320 × 4373.865676 = 3.639 kA
Sf,3ø = 3.639 kA × √3×13.2kV = 83.19871413 MVA
@ Bus 4
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 4 = 0.124916+j1.124997 pu
Z1 = 1.131911 83.6640 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j0.88346 pu
Z1 1.131911
If,3ø = 0.88346 × 4373.865676 = 3.864 kA
Sf,3ø = 3.864 kA × √3×13.2kV = 88.343 MVA
Figure 5.7.2 ETAP Validation for Case 1 – 150 MVAs

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Case 2
Given:
T1: 30 MVA, 69/13.2 kV, 10%Z, X/R = 23.8
Per Unit Impedances

 Utility
Zpu = = 0.121212
Rpu = 0.121212cos(tan-110) = 0.012061 Ω

Xpu = 0.121212sin(tan-110) = 0.120611Ω
ZU2 = 0.012061+j0.120611 pu
Complete solution and process made on Case 1 in solving for ZT1, ZL1 and ZL2 are
all similar for Case 2 and Case 3.
P a g e | 70
ZT1 = 0.01399+j0.333039 pu
Line 1
ZL1 = 0.07965 + j0.1948 pu
Line 2
ZL2 = 0.04459+j0.1286 pu
@ Bus 1
ZU2 = 0.012061+j0.120611
Bus 1 = 0.012061+j0.120611 pu
X/R = 0.120611/0.012061 = 10
@ Bus 2
ZU2 + ZT1 = (0.012061+j0.120611) + (0.01399+j0.333039)
Bus 2 = 0.026051+j0.45365 pu
X/R = 0.45365/0.026051 = 17.41
@ Bus 3
ZU2 + ZT1 + ZL1 = (0.026051+j0.45365) + (0.07965 + j0.1948)
Bus 3 = 0.105701+j 0.64845 pu
X/R = 0.64845/0.105701= 6.13
@ Bus 4
ZU2 + ZT1 + ZL2 = (0.026051+j0.45365) + (0.04459+j0.1286)
Bus 4 = 0.07064+j0.58225 pu
X/R = 0.58225/0.07064 = 8.24

P a g e | 71

@ Bus 1
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 836.739521 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(69kV)
Z1 = Bus 1 = 0.012061+j0.120611 pu
Z1 = 0.121213 84.29 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j8.25 pu
Z1 0.121213
If,3ø = 8.25 × 836.739521 = 6.903 kA
Sf,3ø = 6.903 kA × √3×69kV = 824.988 MVA
@ Bus 2
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 2 = 0.026051+j0.45365 pu
Z1=0.454397 86.71 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j2.200709 pu
Z1 0.454399
If,3ø = 2.200709 × 4373.865676 = 9.626 kA
Sf,3ø=9.626 kA × √3×13.2kV = 220.08 MVA
@ Bus 3
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 3 = 0.105701+j0.64845 pu
Z1 = 0.657008 80.741 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1.522 pu
Z1 0.657008
If,3ø = 1.522× 4373.865676 = 6.657 kA
Sf,3ø = 6.657 kA × √3×13.2kV = 152.199 MVA

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@ Bus 4
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 4 = 0.07064+j0.58225 pu
Z1 = 0.586519 83.083 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1.7050 pu
Z1 0.586519
If,3ø = 1.7050 × 4373.865676 = 7.457 kA
Sf,3ø = 7.457 kA × √3×13.2kV = 170.49 MVA
Figure 5.7.4 ETAP Validation for Case 2 – 825 MVAsc

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Case 3
Given:
T1: 30 MVA, 69/13.2 kV, 10%Z, X/R = 23.8
Per Unit Impedances
 Utility
100 MVA
Zpu = = 0.066667 Ω
1500 MVAsc
Rpu = 0.066667cos(tan-110) = 0.006634 Ω
Xpu = 0.066667sin(tan-110) = 0.066336 Ω
ZU3 =0.006634+j0.066336 pu
Complete solution and process made on Case 1 in solving for ZT1, ZL1 and ZL2 are all
similar for Case 2 and Case 3.

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ZT1 = 0.01399+j0.333039 pu
Line 1
ZL1 = 0.07965 + j0.1948 pu
Line 2
ZL2 = 0.04459+j0.1286 pu
@ Bus 1
ZU3 = 0.006634+j0.066336
Bus 1 = 0.006634+j0.066336 pu
X/R = 0.066336/0.006634 = 10
@ Bus 2
ZU3 + ZT1 = (0.006634+j0.066336) + (0.01399+j0.333039)
Bus 2 = 0.02062+j0.39938 pu
X/R = 0.39938/0.02062 = 19.36
@ Bus 3
ZU3 + ZT1 + ZL1 = (0.02062+j0.39938) + (0.07965 + j0.1948)
Bus 3 = 0.10027+j0.59418 pu
X/R = 0.59418 /0.10027= 5.92
@ Bus 4
ZU3 + ZT1 + ZL2 = (0.02062+j0.39938) + (0.04459+j0.1286)
Bus 4 = 0.06521+j0.52798 pu
X/R = 0.52798/0.06521= 8.10

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@ Bus 1
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 836.739521 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(69kV)
Z1 = Bus 1 = 0.006634+j0.066336 pu
Z1 = 0.066691 84.29 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j15 pu
Z1 0.066691
If,3ø =15 × 836.739521 = 12.551 kA
Sf,3ø =12.551 kA × √3×69kV =1499.989 MVA
@ Bus 2
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 2 = 0.02062+j0.39938 pu
Z1 = 0.39991 87.04 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j2.50056 pu
Z1 0.39991
If,3ø = 2.50056 × 4373.865676 = 10.937 kA
Sf,3ø = 10.937 kA × √3×13.2kV = 250.053 MVA
@ Bus 3
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1= Bus 3 = 0.10027+j0.59418 pu
Z1 = 0.60258 80.42 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1.6595 pu
Z1 0.60258
If,3ø =1.6595 × 4373.865676 = 7.258 kA
Sf,3ø =7.258 kA × √3×13.2kV = 165.94 MVA

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@ Bus 4
SB,3ø 100 MVA
IB = = = 4373.865676 A
√3(VB,LL) √3(13.2kV)
Z1 = Bus 4 = 0.06521+j0.52798 pu
Z1 = 0.53199 82.96 pu
Ea 1
Ipu = = = j1.8797 pu
Z1 0.53199
If,3ø = 1.8797× 4373.865676 = 8.222 kA Sf,3ø
= 8.222 kA × √3×13.2kV = 187.98 MVA
Figure 5.7.6 ETAP Validation for Case 3 – 1500 MVAsc

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Table 5.7.1 Summary of Per Unit Impedances and X/R Ratios
Per Unit Impedances and X/R Ratios

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Bus
Z X/R Z X/R Z X/R
1 0.066336+j0.663358 10 0.012061+j0.120611 10 0.006634+j0.066336 10
2 0.080326+j0.996397 12.40 0.026051+j0.45365 17.41 0.02062+j0.39938 19.36
3 0.159976 + j1.191197 7.44 0.105701+j 0.64845 6.13 0.10027+j0.59418 5.92
4 0.124916+j1.124997 9.01 0.07064+j0.58225 8.24 0.06521+j0.52798 8.10
Table 5.7.2 Summary of Fault Currents and MVA
Fault Currents and MVA

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Bus
kA MVA kA MVA kA MVA
1 1.255 149.987 6.903 824.988 12.551 1499.99
2 4.375 100.026 9.626 220.08 10.937 250.053
3 3.639 83.1987 6.657 152.199 7.258 165.94
4 3.864 88.343 7.457 170.49 8.222 187.98
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions are formulated:

1. The loads were properly analyzed, and the sizes of distribution transformers
(single-phase and three-phase transformers) were calculated. To meet the
current and future loads of Pinili, Sinaktan City, a 30 MVA capacity substation
is required without overloading the substation's distribution transformers.
2. The location of common transformers was properly planned, the voltage loss
was calculated, and conductor sizes were determined. As a result, a 30 MVA
substation for Pinili, Sinaktan City, will transmit electrical power without
overloading the primary and secondary conductors and with lower voltage
drop (losses) in the primary and secondary lines, allowing the substation to
operate continuously and efficiently.
3. Each establishment's receiving voltage is sufficient and will not result in an
undervoltage condition at the substation's farthest end.
4. The Pinili Municipality's total loads were calculated to be 22,909.43 kVA. As a
result, two (2) primary feeders were chosen for this design. The load was
balanced in each phase of the three-phase feeder and determined to be
sufficient for delivering electrical power to the entire municipality.
5. The fault estimates in each bus are crucial for ensuring worker safety by
identifying the appropriate suits and protective equipment to be worn by
personnel.
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6.2 Recommendations
After a careful analysis and calculations done in this paper, the following
recommendations were drawn:
1. To meet their peak demands, a 30 MVA power transformer with the
specifications in Chapter 5 should be procured for the substation project in
Pinili, Sinaktan City.
2. As their city grows, the Sinaktan City administration should promote the
improvement of their power distribution system to meet future power
demands. The city's power distribution system needs to keep up with
technology advances like substation automation.
3. The calculated short circuit current must be used to rate protective equipment
and gadgets (fault currents).
4. Palawan Electric Cooperative (PALECO) should invest in substation design
innovation and improve its protection system. They must also stay current
with advances in substation automation and protective relays.
5. I propose utilizing AutoCAD to develop your map because you are designing
a distribution system for an entire city with industrials, commercial, and
residential. Because you are designing a distribution system for a large city
with companies, commercials, and people, you may need to consider a site
for your design map suggestion.
6. If you have so many computations in your different loads for better and fast
results, I recommend using MS Excel.
P a g e | 80
APPENDIX A
RESIDENTIAL LOAD PROFILES
Loads of Class A
Time of Use
Description Items VA Total
0000h 0100h 0200h 0300h 0400h 0500h 0600h 0700h 0800h 0900h 1000h 1100h 1200h
Lightning 8 100 800 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Refrigerator 1 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Electric Fan 3 80 240 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160
Television 2 80 160 80 80 80 80 80 80
Radio 1 40 40 40 40 40 40
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250 250
Washing Machine 1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Water Pump 1 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
Range 1 6000 6000 6000
1 HP ACU 2 1840 3680 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
1.5 HP ACU 1 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Total 23 18510 4980 4980 4900 4900 4940 4940 8230 6780 2440 2520 2340 2340 8590
P a g e | 81
Time of Use
1300h 1400h 1500h 1600h 1700h 1800h 1900h 2000h 2100h 2200h 2300h 2400h
Lightning 8 100 800 100 100 100 100 100 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
Refrigerator 1 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Electric Fan 3 80 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
Television 2 80 160 160 160 160 160 160
Radio 1 40 40
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250
Washing Machine 1 1500 1500
Water Pump 1 1840 1840 1840 1840 1840
Range 1 6000 6000 6000
1 HP ACU 2 1840 3680 1840 1840 1840
1.5 HP ACU 1 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Total 23 18510 840 840 840 1000 10290 3140 3140 1300 1140 5280 5280 5280
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Loads of Class B
Time of Use
0000h 0100h 0200h 0300h 0400h 0500h 0600h 0700h 0800h 0900h 1000h 1100h 1200h
Lightning 7 100 700 400 400 400 400 400 400
Refrigerator 1 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375
Electric Fan 2 75 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 160 160 160
Television 1 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Radio 1 20 20 20 20 20 20
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250 250 250
Washing Machine 1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
1.5 HP ACU 1 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Total 16 6575 3230 3230 3230 3250 3170 4620 3020 2750 1875 1875 2035 2115 2365
Time of Use
1300h 1400h 1500h 1600h 1700h 1800h 1900h 2000h 2100h 2200h 2300h 2400h
Lightning 7 100 700 400 400 400 400 400 400
Refrigerator 1 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375
Electric Fan 2 75 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 160 160
Television 1 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Radio 1 20 20 20 20 20 20
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250 250
Washing Machine 1 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
1.5 HP ACU 1 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300
Total 16 6575 3230 3230 3230 3250 3170 4620 3020 2750 1875 1875 2035 2115
P a g e | 83
Loads of Class C
Time of Use
0000h 0100h 0200h 0300h 0400h 0500h 0600h 0700h 0800h 0900h 1000h 1100h 1200h
Lightning 5 100 500
Refrigerator 1 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Electric Fan 3 75 225 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
Television 1 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Radio 1 20 20 20 20
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250 250
Total 13 2575 450 450 450 450 450 450 720 320 380 380 380 380 630
Time of Use
1300h 1400h 1500h 1600h 1700h 1800h 1900h 2000h 2100h 2200h 2300h 2400h
Lightning 5 100 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Refrigerator 1 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Electric Fan 3 75 225 150 150 150 150
Television 1 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Radio 1 20 20
Flat Iron 1 1200 1200
Rice Cooker 1 250 250 250
Total 13 2575 300 300 300 300 300 1050 880 880 1030 1030 1030 1030
P a g e | 84
APPENDIX B
TABLES AND TECHNICAL DATA
Table 1 Electrical Characteristics of Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS, STEEL REINFORCED (ACSR)
Wire Size Outside GMR @ ra @ 60 Hz

Code Strands
(MCM or Ampacity Diameter 60 Hz (ohm/km)
Word AI/St
AWG) (mm) (cm)
25°C 50°C
795 Drake 26/7 900 28.14 1.143 0.0727 0.08
636 Grosbeak 26/7 780 25.15 1.0211 0.0914 0.1006
556.5 Dove 26/7 730 23.55 0.954 0.1044 0.1155
477 Hawk 26/7 670 21.79 0.8839 0.1218 0.1342
397.5 Ibis 26/7 590 19.89 0.8077 0.1461 0.161
336.4 Linnet 26/7 530 18.31 0.7437 0.1728 0.1902
266.8 Partridge 26/7 460 16.31 0.6614 0.2175 0.2393
4/0 Penguin 6/1 340 14.3 0.2481 0.2766 0.3679
3/0 Pigeon 6/1 300 12.75 0.1829 0.348 0.4493
2/0 Quail 6/1 270 11.35 0.1554 0.4388 0.5562
1/0 Raven 6/1 230 10.11 0.1359 0.5519 0.6961
#1 Robin 6/1 200 9.02 0.1274 0.6961 0.8577
#2 Sparrow 6/1 180 8.03 0.1274 0.7085 1.0503
#4 Swan 6/1 140 6.35 0.1332 1.3922 1.5973
#6 Turkey 6/1 100 5.03 0.1201 2.2126 2.4736
Table 2 Standard Distribution Transformer kVA Ratings

STANDARD DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER kVA RATINGS
Single Phase Three Phase
5 30
10 45
15 75
25 112.5
37.5 150
50 225
75 300
100 500
167 750
250 1000
333 1500
500 2000
2500
3000
3750
5000
P a g e | 85
Table 3 Diversity Factors
DIVERSITY FACTORS
N DF N DF N DF N DF N DF N DF N DF
1 1.00 11 2.67 21 2.90 31 3.05 41 3.13 51 3.15 61 3.18
2 1.60 12 2.70 22 2.92 32 3.06 42 3.13 52 3.15 62 3.18
3 1.80 13 2.74 23 2.94 33 3.08 43 3.14 53 3.16 63 3.18
4 2.10 14 2.78 24 2.96 34 3.09 44 3.14 54 3.16 64 3.19
5 2.20 15 2.80 25 2.98 35 3.10 45 3.14 55 3.16 65 3.19
6 2.30 16 2.82 26 3.00 36 3.10 46 3.14 56 3.17 66 3.19
7 2.40 17 2.84 27 3.01 37 3.11 47 3.15 57 3.17 67 3.19
8 2.55 18 2.86 28 3.02 38 3.12 48 3.15 58 3.17 68 3.19
9 2.60 19 2.88 29 3.04 39 3.12 49 3.15 59 3.18 69 3.20
10 2.65 20 2.90 30 3.05 40 3.13 50 3.15 60 3.18 70 3.20
Table 4 Power Transformer Impedance Percentage
Short-Circuit Impedance at Rated Current
Rated Power Minimum short-circuit impedance

kVA %
Up to 630 4,0
631 to 1250 5,0
1251 to 2500 6,0
2501 to 6300 7,0
6301 to 25000 8,0
25001 to 40000 10,0
40001 to 63000 11,0
630001 to 100000 12,5
Above 100000 > 12,5
NOTE 1 Value for rated power greater than 100 000 kVA are generally subjected to
agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
NOTE 2 Inn case of single-phase units connected to form a three-phase bank, the
value of rated power applied to three-phase bank rating.
P a g e | 86
Table 5 Typical X/R Ratios for Transformer
Typical X/R Ratios for Transformer More Than 500 kVA
Rating X/R Rating X/R

MVA < 1 5.79 8 < MVA < 10 15.50
1 < MVA < 2 7.098 10 < MVA < 20 18.60
2 < MVA < 3 10.67 20 < MVA < 30 23.70
3 < MVA < 4 11.41 30 < MVA < 40 27.30
4 < MVA < 5 12.14 40 < MVA < 50 29.50
5 < MVA < 6 12.85 50 < MVA < 100 34.10
6 < MVA < 7 13.55 100 < MVA < 200 42.00
7 < MVA < 8 14.23 200 < MVA < 1000 50.00
P a g e | 87
CELEMEL JANE A. ARTICULO

Address: 138 e. Valencia Street, PPC, Palawan
Contact #: 09457900666
Email: articulocelemel18@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21
Date of Birth: September 18, 2000
Place of Birth: Puerto Princesa City
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Height: 151 cm
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary: Palawan State University 2019 – Present

BS in Electrical Engineering
Tiniguiban Heights, PPC
Secondary: Palawan National School 2017 – 2019
STEM Strand
Manalo Street, PPC
Palawan National School 2013 – 2017
Junior High School
Manalo Street, PPC
Elementary: Puerto Princesa Pilot Elem. School 2007 – 2013
Roxas Street, PPC
ACHIEVEMENTS
 With High Honors
April 2019
Palawan National School
Puerto Princesa City
 College Student Government – Vice Governor

A.Y. 2019-2020
Palawan State University – CEAT
P a g e | 87
 College Student Government – Vice Governor

A.Y. 2020 – 2021
Palawan State University – CEAT
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED
 ULTIM8 Webinar Series
May 18, 2022
Webinar via Zoom
 Palawan Chapter AGMM &Webinar
September 21,2021
Webinar via Zoom
 IIEE – Palawan Webinar
September 4, 2021
Webinar via Zoom
 11th IIEE-Metro East Chapter Webinar – Understanding Solar PV System
April 17, 2021
Via Zoom Video Conferencing
 Recharge: Webinars, Activities, Talks, and Talent Showcase (WATTS) –
SurvivEEng: Online Class Adaption and Mental Health Seminar
April 17, 2021
Online Platform
I hereby certify that the information above is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
CELEMEL JANE A. ARTICULO

Designer

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DESIGN OF A 30 MVA SUBSTATION

AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

An Engineering Design Report Submitted to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

CELEMEL JANE A ARTICULO

May 23, 2022

Engr. Alfred Rey Vasquez

Subject : Engineering Design Report

Celemel Jane A. Articulo

An internationally recognized university that provides relevant and innovative

Palawan State University is committed to upgrade people’s quality of life by

To product competent, well-disciplined, productive and morally upright

To engage in technical research, extension, innovation and development that

BSEE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

Graduates of the program are expected to apply technical development

 Possess a solid foundation in electrical engineering, sufficient to enable

Figure Description Page

4.2.1 Residential Load Curves on Feeder 1 56

One of my tasks in this project design is to schedule residential, commercial,

Loads from various establishments, including residential, commercial, and

This project will include the construction of a 30-MVA, 2-feeder, and

The functional components of the substation are represented in this Single

Lastly, conclusions and recommendations were presented in Chapter 5 based

1.1 Project Description

1.2 Project Objectives

The project aims to design an electric power distribution system for a

 To locate the distribution transformers at the proper location

 To determine the size of conductor to be used.

 To calculate the faults currents and X/R ratio in the busbars.

 To determine the necessary components of this substation design.

 To provide conclusions and recommendations.

1.3 Project Summary

2.1 Residential Loads

Table 2.1.1 Schedule of Residential Loads

Time Class A Class B Class C

0000h 4980 3230 450

Figure 2.1.1 Residential Load Curves

Residential Load Curves

Class A Class B Class C

2.2 Commercial Loads

Table 2.2.1 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 1

Figure 2.2.1 Commercial Load Curves – Part 1

Schedule of Commercial Loads Part 1

Table 2.2.2 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 2

Figure 2.2.2 Commercial Load Curves – Part 2

Commercial Load Part 2 Curves

Table 2.2.3 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 3

Figure 2.2.3 Commercial Load Curves – Part 3

Commercial Load Part 3 Curves

Table 2.2.4 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 4

Figure 2.2.4 Commercial Load Curves – Part 4

Commercial Load Part 4 Curves

Table 2.2.5 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 5

Figure 2.2.5 Commercial Load Curves – Part 5

Commercial Load Part 5 Curves

Table 2.2.6 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 6

Figure 2.2.6 Commercial Load Curves – Part 6

Commercial Load Part 6 Curves

8 Sisigan Nating Lahat

4 Boknay Convenience Store

Table 2.2.7 Schedule of Commercial Loads – Part 7

Figure 2.2.7 Commercial Load Curves – Part 7

Commercial Load Part 7 Curves

15 Air Asia Zest