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生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇
與精簡原則
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華樂絲學術英文編修 Wallace Academic Editing
Email：editing@editing.tw

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學術英文寫作部落格：http://www.editing.tw/blog?ebook201610

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生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
1. 前言

精簡與準確是學術寫作的重要基礎。對於生物科學與醫學寫作而言，更是如此。許多科學或醫學
機構（例如 CSE 與 AMA）自行提出一套格式規範，以引導世界各地的作者與編輯進行學術寫作
與編修，特別有助於非英語系國家的研究員或學者改善研究論文的品質。某些格式規範僅限於特
定主題或領域，有一些則適用於一般學術寫作。不過，這些格式規範多半要求使用簡潔明瞭的文
字，進而確保該領域內的其他研究員或學者能夠理解論文主題。甚至，科學或醫學寫作通常會藉
由避開專業術語來提升文字的可讀性，這種做法可以減少冗詞贅字，增加語意精確度。在本期電
子期書，我們從美國科學編輯委員會出版的科學寫作風格與格式指南（Scientific Style and
Format）與美國醫學會格式手冊（AMA Manual of Style）中，列出關於詞彙選擇與減少贅字的建
議與祕訣，同時列舉出相關例句。

暖身題

進入主題前，先來複習一下之前學到的東西。下方列出幾個使用專業術語的句子，您是否能找出
哪些用詞是專業術語？
1) The lab data confirmed the diagnoses.
2) No pathology was found in the lung.
3) The patient expired.
4) The patient’s physical exam findings were unremarkable and her labs were in the normal
range, so she was released from the emergency room and prepped for surgery.
5) The rats were sacrificed.
6) We stocked trout in the stream.
作答完畢請參閱本期電子書末的解答。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
2. 正確與適合的詞彙選擇

1) Abort and Terminate. 這兩同義字可以相互替換，abort 與 terminate 意思皆為「提早結束、停

止、終止某個過程」。因此，pregnancy（懷孕）可以被 aborted/terminated（結束／終止），
但胎兒或女性則無法被 aborted/terminated（結束／終止）。
Examples

Incorrect: A 30-year-old pregnant woman was aborted/terminated.

Incorrect: A 30-year-old pregnant woman aborted her fetus.
Correct: A 30-year-old pregnant woman underwent abortion.
Correct: A 30-year-old woman underwent termination of pregnancy.

2) Absorbance, Absorptivity, and Absorptance. Absorbance 是指「光入射某個溶液的強度與其

出射強度的對數比」。Absorptance 與 absorptivity 皆代表「被人體吸收能量與其能量的比值」
。
Examples

Absorbance: We determined the protein concentration on the basis of difference in

absorbance at 235 and 280 nm.
Absorptance: Leaf angle and leaf absorptance are two leaf parameters that link a leaf and
its physical environment.
Absorptivity: The thickness of the film has been calculated by two methods, first from the
known absorptivity at 4940 cm−1 and second by equating the appropriate
Kramers–Kronig integral to the known infrared contribution to the
microwave refractive index.

3) Acute and Chronic. 這兩個單字通常是用來形容疾病或病況的長度，而不是嚴重程度。避免

使用 acute 與 chronic 來形容患者，或其身體部位、治療方式、施用藥物。不過，特定的醫學
情況為例外，例如 acute abdomen（急性腹症）。
Examples

Acute: Fibrinolytic therapy can reduce mortality in patients with suspected acute
myocardial infarction.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Chronic: Imatinib, a selective inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, produces high
response rates in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia who have
had no response to interferon alfa.

4) Adapt and Adopt. 動詞 adapt 意為「修改（以符合某個特定的情況或要求）」，adopt 則是「

採取或使用」的意思。
Examples

Adapt: We compared dark-adapted ERG responses with the response dynamic ranges of
individual retinal cells recorded with patch electrodes from dark-adapted
mouse retinas published from other studies.
When confronted with a toxic substance, microorganisms frequently adapt to
detoxify it.
Adopt: Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion.
We evaluate disruption-minimized spectrum defragmentation in dynamic elastic
optical path networks that adopt distance adaptive modulation.

5) Adduce, Deduce, and Induce. 動詞 adduce 是指「舉出某個例子或證據做為論點」，deduce 代

表「推論出結論或從某個原理推斷而出」，而 induce 則是「透過歸納法產生結論」。
Examples

Adduce: The post-2000 administration has adduced a number of arguments for pressing
relentlessly for the immediate replacement by grants (up to 50%) of
concessional loans of the WB’s most concessional lending window.
Deduce: Synthetic probes deduced from amino acid sequence data are widely used to
detect cognate coding sequences in libraries of cloned DNA segments.
Induce: His responsibility may induce him to spend the entire night on deck.
Two-dimensional electron gases in Al x Ga 1− x N/GaN-based heterostructures,
suitable for high electron mobility transistors, are induced by strong
polarization effects.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
6) Adherence and Compliance. 這兩個同義字有時意思並不相同。Adherence 可以指「病人在行

為上符合醫學或臨床建議的程度」，而 noncompliance 則對於所實施的規定、規範、管制帶有

負面含意，具有支配與服從的意味。

Examples

Adherence: Numerous empirical studies from various populations and settings link
patient treatment adherence to physician–patient communication.
Compliance: Only compliance with those laws will be ultimately successful.

7) Adsorption and Absorption. Absorption 的意思為「被毛細、滲透、化學、溶解作用吸收的一

個持續性或已完成過程」，而 adsorption 則是「在物理或化學作用力下，透過固體或液體的表
面吸附住某種物質的過程」。
Examples

Absorption: The early stages of absorption of intravenously injected horseradish

peroxidase in proximal tubules of mouse kidney were studied
with a new ultrastructural cytochemical technique.
This volume in the chemical analysis series takes one into the realm of
local structure and bonding determined from the fine structure
imposed on the atomic X-ray absorption edge by the presence of
neighboring atoms.
Adsorption: The adsorption of phosphorus onto calcined alunite has been studied.
Several negatively charged dyes were investigated for their possible
adsorption on the surface of silver and gold colloidal particles.

8) Affect, Effect, and Impact. Affect 當動詞意指「影響」，當名詞代表「病人透過舉止、行為、

言語表現出來的情感或情緒」。Effect 當動詞意為「產生改變」，當名詞表示「行為造成的結
果」。Impact 當動詞時並沒有 affect 的意思，而是代表「某個物體衝擊另一個物體的動作」。
Examples

Affect Noun: In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect
have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 dimensions.
Verb: An enhancer deletion affects both H19 and Igf2 expression.
Effect Noun: Antimycin A exerts a very pronounced effect in enhancing H2O2
production in pigeon heart mitochondria; 0.26 nmol of antimycin A/mg
of protein and the addition of an uncoupler are required for maximal H2O2
formation.
Verb: Damage control, rather than unresponsiveness, is effected by protective
DX5+ T cells in autoimmune diabetes.
Impact Noun: Studies of nursing-home patients, the hospitalized, and healthy youths
suggest that increased daytime light exposure, measured by duration and
intensity, has an impact on nighttime sleep quality and consolidation.
Verb: Strength tests on soda lime glass laths impacted with SIC grit
confirm basic predictions of the theory.

9) Aggravate and Irritate. 動詞 aggravate 意指「使既有的情況惡化」，而動詞 irritate 則代表

「引起某種反應（例如發炎）」，因此修飾的是原先未發生的情況。
Examples

Aggravate: Neutrophils aggravate acute liver injury during obstructive cholestasis in

bile duct-ligated mice.
α-Synuclein expression and Nrf2 deficiency cooperate to aggravate protein
aggregation, neuronal death, and inflammation in early-stage
Parkinson disease.
Irritate: Exposure to HCl can irritate eyes, mucous membranes, and the skin.
Coiled springs are difficult to keep clean; retraction springs and closing
loop archwires can impinge the patient’s gingiva and irritate
mucosa.

10) Aliquot, Aliquant, and Sample. 名詞 aliquot 指的是「可以整除全部氣體、液體、固體的

部分單位（例如 100 mL 可以被 10 mL 整除，因此 10 mL 為 100 mL 的 aliquot），aliquant
代表「不可整除全體的部分單位（例如 20 mL 無法被 8 mL 整除，因此 8 mL 為 20 mL 的
aliquant），而 sample 意指「為了分析或研究而取出用來代表全體的部分單位」。
Examples

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Aliquot: A 0.2- to 0.4-mL aliquot was taken for assay of total C1' or H~ content.
The collection of small aliquots of bone marrow (BM), followed by ex vivo
expansion for autologous transplantation may be less morbid, and more
cost-effective, than typical BM or blood stem cell harvesting.
Aliquant: The volume of the aliquant is dependent on the length of the shorter tube, which
is constant, and the diameter of the vial.
An aliquant of supernatant was removed for the antiviral assay. A second aliquant
(0.5 mL) was removed and placed in a boiling water bath for 20 min before
the antiviral assay. A third aliquant (5.0 ml) was removed and dialyzed.
Sample: This report describes a new method for simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and
proteins from cell and tissue samples.
We added 100 μL of 0.1 M Na2CO3 (containing sildenafil citrate, 3 μg/mL as free
sildenafil) and 1 ml of ether to a 100-μL aliquot of biological samples
(urine samples were diluted 20 times with distilled water).

11) Although and While. While 是用來指稱某個特定時期，although 則用於有條件的情況下。

Examples

While: This paper explores several hypothesized relationships between real time affect
while working and standard measures of job satisfaction.
Although: Although the normal roles of tumour suppressor genes are still largely unknown,
they may be involved in promoting cell differentiation as well as in mediating
growth arrest by growth-inhibitory cytokines.

12) Among and Between. Among 牽涉到兩個同等單位以上的相互關係，強調全體成員間的分布

狀況，而 between 牽涉到兩個（或兩個以上）同等單位的相互關係，強調一對一的關係。
Examples

Among: The photon yield values on the basis of absorbed light were remarkably constant
among plants possessing the same pathway of photosynthetic CO2 fixation,
provided the plants had not been subjected to environmental stress.
Between: Relationships between attitudes and turnover were found in the last two time
periods only, suggesting that such relationships are strongest at points in time
closest to when an individual leaves the organization.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
13) Analog/Analogous, Homolog/Homologous, and Homeolog/Homeologous.
Analog/analogous 意指「結構類似，但功能不同的器官或構造」。在生物學中，
homolog/homologous 代表「在結構、位置、起源，或其他特性上相互對應，但功能未必相應的
器官或構造」。Homeolog/homeologous 指的則是「部分同源染色體」。
Examples

Analog: Somatostatin receptors in the rat brain, pituitary, and pancreas were labeled
with two radioiodinated analogs of somatostatins 14 and 28.
Analogous: Telomers of chromosomes in humans, plants, or unicellular eukaryotes are
analogous to each other as far as their function and DNA composition is
concerned.
Homolog: Double strand-specific 5′-to-3′ exonucleases, which appear to be functional
homologs of each other, have been isolated from human cells, mice, and
calves.
Homologous: ICAM, an adhesion ligand of LFA-1, is homologous to the neural cell
adhesion molecule NCAM.
Homeolog: A bias toward reciprocal expression of the homeologs of BnPOX1 in
different organs in the natural allotetraploid of B. napus was also observed.
Homeologous: It is possible that these 2 chromosomes come from different diploid species
and are homeologous to each other.

14) Anatomy, Morphology, and Structure. Anatomy 不只是「研究構造（特別是生物）的學

科」，也漸漸用來指稱「生物本身的構造」。Morphology 意指「研究生物構造、形狀、組成
的學科，特別是生物的外觀形狀與形態」，也開始用來指稱「生物本身的結構特性」。
Structure 代表的是「在一個整體系統下，彼此相互關連的生物器官或部位」。
Examples

Anatomy: This exhaustive review of the comparative anatomy of the vertebrate

nervous system is more than an accumulation of anatomical facts.
Morphology: In patients with acceptable sperm count and motility, two patterns of
abnormal morphology, judged with strict criteria, were identified
and described.
We determined the effects of season-long exposure to treatments of [CO2]

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 at 360 μmol mol−1 (control) and 720 μmol mol−1 (+CO2),
temperature at 30°C/22 °C (control) and 38°C/30°C (+T), and UV-
B radiation 0 kJ m−2d−1 (control) and 10 kJ m−2d−1 (+UV-B) on flower
and pollen morphology.
Structure: For a successful analysis of the relation between amino acid sequence and
protein structure, an unambiguous and physically meaningful
definition of secondary structure is essential.

15) Ante and Anti. 字首 ante 代表「在順序或空間上位於之前的」，而字首 anti 意指「反對、對

抗、與…相反的」。
Examples

Ante: The first antenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome was made in 1968.
In the ulnocarpal region, the antebrachial fascia consists of two definitely separated
layers, a superficial and a deep layer.
Anti: We evaluated the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and safety of
multiple infusions of a chimeric monoclonal antitumor necrosis factor α
antibody.
These compounds have potent antiviral and antitumor properties.

16) Association and Relationship. Association 代表兩個變數之間的關連，當中兩變數未必具有因

果關係，而 relationship 則隱含因果關係。
Examples

Association: (title) Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism.
Among Japanese schoolchildren, there was a strong inverse association
between delayed hypersensitivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and atopy.
Relationship: Quantum yields of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 assimilation are used to
examine the relationship between fluorescence quenching
parameters and the quantum yield of noncyclic electron transport.
This study explores the relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to
all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
17) Assure, Ensure, and Insure. Assure 通常有給予對方保證的意味，insure 主要用在與生命財產
有關的財物擔保或抵押，而 ensure 則用來表示確保或消除疑慮。
Examples

Assure: The patients were assured that their responses would be confidential.
Insure: Patients insured by Medicaid were more likely diagnosed at a late stage of breast
cancer (OR = 1.87, P < .001) and melanoma (OR = 4.69, P < .001).
Ensure: Careful follow-up of patients ensured the identification of the more common
surgical complications of the procedures.

18) Because of, Caused by, Due to, and Owing to. Due to 意指「可歸因於…」，而 because of 代
表「由於、因為…」。兩者意思不同，不能相互替換，因此分別將 due to 替換成 attributable to
（可歸因於…），將 because of 替換成 as a result of（因為…），便可以區別兩者的正確意思。
Examples

Because of: Because of the combinatorial nature of the chemistry and the ability to
synthesize small arrays containing numerous specifically selected
oligonucleotides, the method is readily scalable to the
simultaneous monitoring of numerous genes.
Recommendations are likely to differ between patients at lower and higher
risk of stroke because of differences in the absolute reduction in
risk.
(title) Survival analysis of hips treated with core decompression or
vascularized fibular grafting because of avascular necrosis
Caused by: (title) The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157: H7,
other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic
syndrome
Sixty nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Acinetobacter baumannii resistant to aminoglycosides,
cephalosporins, quinolones, penicillins, monobactams, and
imipenem were treated with colistin.
Virtually every attempt to rank bacterial causes of community-acquired
pneumonia in adults has placed Streptococcus pneumoniae at the
top of the list, although the actual proportion of cases of

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 pneumonia proven to be caused by this organism has varied from
15% to 76%.
Due to: Mortality risk increased irrespective of whether hypopituitarism was due
to pituitary adenoma or secondary to other diseases.
Whether this glial loss is due to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglia
remains unknown.
This activity was due to a lysophospholipid, most likely lysophosphatidic
acid, bound to serum albumin.
Owing to: (title) Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced
acidification

19) Benchmark, Criterion, and Standard. 在不同情境下，benchmark 被用來當做 criterion（非以

數值呈現的基準）或 standard（以數值呈現的基準）的同義字。雖然 criterion 有時與 standard
同義，但多半意思是指 measure（用來下判斷的標準），而 standard 則通常代表「某種被賦予
特定數值的判斷標準」。
Examples

Benchmark: This study calls for a benchmark of 85% of patients undergoing routine
NHS cataract surgery to achieve a spherical-equivalent
postoperative refraction within 1 D of the predicted value to be
established by the RCOphth.
From 1998 to 2004, the development of benchmark tools for simulation-
based evaluation of control strategies for activated sludge plants
has been undertaken in Europe by Working Groups of COST Action
682 and 624.
Criterion: Parameter sensitivity is a theoretical criterion that can be used in the
quantitative evaluation and comparison of different biochemical
systems that regulate, for example, the supply of end product.
Criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome were developed
by comparing 20 patients who had this diagnosis with 787 control
patients with other forms of vasculitis.
Standard: We describe a standard, based on the set of ocean water samples used by
Epstein and Mayeda, to obtain a reference standard for 18O data.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Short tandem repeat profiling provides an international reference
standard for human cell lines.

20) Bi, Quasi, and Semi. 字首 bi 具有「雙」或「間隔兩個單位」的意思，semi 代表「半」或「部

分」，而 quasi 則用來修飾詞幹，以表示「達到某個程度或水準」的意思。
Examples

Bi: bicorn, bimonthly

Semi: semicircle, semiretirement
Quasi: quasi-scientific, quasi-experiments

21) Classic and Classical. 在多數科學寫作中，classic 通常意指「真實的、權威性的、典型的」，

不過 classical 大多用來形容人文、藝術、歷史等學科。
Examples

Classic: To further investigate the mechanism of C3 deposition, HUVECs were reoxygenated

in the presence of C2-depleted HS and factor B–depleted HS to inhibit the classic
and alternative complement pathway activity, respectively.
Classical: The present study investigated the functional neuroanatomy of transient mood
changes in response to Western classical music.

22) Comparable and Similar. 形容詞 comparable 的意思是「以某個東西來比較另一個相似的東

西」，而 similar 則更適合用來表達相似度。
Examples

Comparable: At what age is the developing cerebral cortex of the rat comparable to
that of the full-term newborn human baby?
Because the methods of ascertainment differed, the mortality statistics of
Sweden and Chile are not comparable.
We analyzed whether basic skills acquired on a virtual endoscopic
surgery simulator are transferable from virtual reality to physical
reality in a comparable training setting.
Similar: Human DNA polymerase alpha gene expression is cell proliferation
dependent and its primary structure is similar to both prokaryotic

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 and eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases.
The mortality rates in Sweden and Chile are similar.
TNF infusion in doses ≥545 µg/m2/24 h produced peak plasma TNF
concentrations and metabolic responses that were similar to those
after endotoxin injection.

23) Congenital and Genetic. Congenital 意指「天生的、先天的」，genetic 代表「與基因或染色

體相關的，或關於其對於產生表現型（phenotype）或決定遺傳特性的影響」。
Examples

Congenital: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), occurring approximately once in

every 2400 live births, remains a significant cause of perinatal death
and morbidity.
Genetic: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease that only affects males,
with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3500 newborn baby boys.
Traits that are influenced by a configuration, rather than by a simple sum, of
polymorphic genes may not be seen to be genetic unless one studies
monozygotic twins.

24) Continual and Continuous. 形容詞 continuous 是用來修飾一個絲毫未受阻的動作、過程、

現象，而 continual 代表某件事會於固定或頻繁的間隔下不斷發生。

Examples
Continuous: Plasmodium falciparum can now be maintained in continuous culture in
human erythrocytes incubated at 38°C in RPMI 1640 medium with human
serum under an atmosphere with 7% CO2 and low O2 (1% or 5%).
Continual: Peripheral T cell survival requires continual ligation of the T-cell receptor
to major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules.

25) Criterion standard and Gold standard. Criterion standard 是指衡量某種疾病或醫療情況的診

斷標準，其執行方式為實施檢測，檢測結果可做為其他檢測的比較基準。以一個疾病而言，
其診斷基準的靈敏度與專一性最理想的情況為 100%。Gold standard 是 criterion standard 的同
義詞，多半被學者視為專業術語。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Examples

Criterion standard: The present study was designed to assess the sensitivity and
specificity of the optimal symptom threshold by using a professional
mental health diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder as the
criterion standard.
Gold standard: It is common in population screening surveys to have results from
one or more tests investigating the same condition or disease, none
of which can be considered a gold standard.

26) Customary, Conventional, Traditional, Normal, and Norm. Customary 意指「使用已久的、

長久廣泛使用的、慣用的」，conventional 是用來形容某種「確立且廣為接受的」做法或特
色，而 traditional 則代表「使用或施行已久的」，通常隱含「長久以來被社會群體或專業團體
所普遍接受」之意。形容詞 normal 所修飾的事物帶有「多數人接受或滿意，或不具任何異常
性」的特色，而 norm 則不只是代表「某種特色十分正常普遍」，也隱含「多數人接受這種特
色」的思維。
Examples

Customary: This is in contrast to the customary role of traditional medicine, that is, the
first and last resort for health care for the poorer members of society.
Conventional: We evaluated the safety of etanercept (Enbrel) in patients receiving
conventional treatment for Wegener’s granulomatosis.
Traditional: Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine, and traditional Chinese
medicine remain the most ancient yet living traditions.
Normal: (title) A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse
bone marrow cells
Norm: Streptokinase was the predominant lytic agent—a factor limiting
applicability in North America, where second- and third-generation
fibrinolytics are the norm.

27) Data, Database, and Data set. Data 的複數型態代表「個別的數據」，database 是指「收集數

據的正規結構，當中的數據經過整理，以供存取或分析，目的為呈現出一個概念一致的主
題」。Data set 則為「資料庫中某一組具一致性的數據集」。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Examples

Data: The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative
PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification.
Database: In addition to maintaining the GenBank® nucleic acid sequence database, the
National Center for Biotechnology Information provides analysis and retrieval
resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through
the NCBI web site.
Data set: A 9-year (1982–1990) global normalized difference vegetation index data set with a
spatial resolution of 1° by 1° and a temporal resolution of 1 month was compiled for
use in climate studies.

28) Diagnose, Evaluate, Examine, and Identify. 除了動詞 diagnose 以外，evaluate 與 identify 也
可用於修飾醫療情況、症候群、疾病。不過要注意的是，患者無法被 diagnosed（診斷），但
病況可以被 diagnosed（診斷）。此外，患者不僅可以被 examined（檢測），也可以被
evaluated（評估）是否出現某些症狀。
Examples

Diagnose: The patient’s schizophrenia was diagnosed 4 years ago.

Evaluate: (title) A reporting system on patients evaluated for coronary artery disease.
Identify: If common bileduct stones were identified, patients underwent ES immediately to
extract the stones.
Examine: Patients were examined each week in the first month, then at 2, 3, 6, and 12
months, and at any time the patient complained of palpitations or any other
symptoms.

29) Die from and Die of. 人會 die of（死於）某種疾病，而不會 die from 某種疾病。
Examples

Incorrect: The patient died from a heart attack.

Correct: The patient died of a heart attack.

30) Dilate, Dilation, and Dilatation. 動詞 dilate 意指「膨脹或擴大」，dilation 指的是「膨脹或擴

大的過程」，而 dilatation 則代表「與擴張或膨脹相關的醫療情況或症狀」。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Examples

Dilate: We examined whether EETs dilate human coronary arterioles via large-
conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.
Dilation: Survey questionnaires were mailed in the spring of 1974 to 624 NS/G/E
members regarding their endoscopic and esophageal dilation experience
for the years 1972-1973.
Dilatation: Gastric dilatation is an acute condition and when associated with volvulus
is an acute fatal condition.

31) Disc and Disk. Disc 是眼科學的專有名詞，disk 則是其他解剖學領域的專有名詞。此外，disk

也是電腦專有名詞。
Examples

Disk: Medicine: lumbar disk, intervertebral disk

Life sciences: disk diffusion method
Computer: floppy disk, disk volume, computer disk image, hard disk
Disc: Ophthalmological: optical disc

32) Disinterested and Uninterested. Disinterested 意指「與結果無利害關係的」，uninterested 代

表「不關心或不感興趣的」。
Examples

Disinterested: Cognitively, while they remained fully oriented, all patients appeared duller,
inattentive, and disinterested within the first week of interferon therapy.
Uninterested: Compared with uninterested patients, subjects interested in alternative
therapy were younger.

33) Dose and Dosage. 在醫學領域中，dosage 是指「施藥量與頻率」，其與 dose 並不是同義字；

dose 代表「一次施藥單位下的藥劑量」。Dose 也用來表示「放射治療中的輻射劑量」或「農
藥化學劑量」。
Examples

Dosage: The dosage of analgesic was changed to 50 mg every 4 h.

Dose: A 50-mg dose of analgesic was to be administered every 4 h.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
34) Effective, Effectiveness, Efficacious, and Efficacy. Efficacy 與 efficacious 代表「在理想情況

下，某種醫療過程或藥物產生預期結果的能力」，然而 effective 與 effectiveness 則意指「在一

般或慣例情況下，某種醫療過程或藥物產生預期結果的程度」。

Examples

Effective: Penicillin G acylase was immobilized simply and effectively through

physical aggregation of the enzyme.
Efficacy: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of monotherapy with adalimumab in
patients with RA for whom previous DMARD treatment has failed.
Effectiveness: The safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band were compared.
Efficacious: The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765 blocks B-cell activation and
is efficacious in models of autoimmune disease and B-cell malignancy.

35) Endemic, Epidemic, Hyperendemic, Pandemic, Epiphytic, and Epizootic. Endemic 代表

「某種醫療情況或疾病在某個地區或族群中十分盛行」，而 epidemic 代表「某種醫療情況在
某個特定地區突然發生，且通常為暫時性的情況」。Hyperendemic 是用來形容「某個盛行率
極高的醫療情況」，pandemic 則是用於形容「在一廣泛區域，甚至是全球，十分流行的醫療
情況」。Epiphytic 與 epizootic 分別意指在植物與動物族群中「暫時流行或散播的疾病」。
Examples

Endemic: As prophylaxis against endemic goitre, potassium iodate was added to

bread throughout Tasmania in 1966.
The total population of this endemic area, which is defined by the
presence of both patients and contaminated wells, is approximately
100 000.
Epidemic: The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that
promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical activity.
Surveillance data for formulating models of the epidemic are limited, but
such models can aid understanding of epidemic processes and
help define control strategies.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Hyperendemic: An epidemiologic study of susceptibility to frequent and high-grade
parasitemia by Plasmodium falciparum revealed that age-dependent
acquired protection developed within a 2-year period of exposure
to hyperendemic infection pressure.
Long-term exposure to ingested inorganic arsenic is associated with
peripheral vascular disease in the blackfoot disease-
hyperendemic area in Taiwan.
Pandemic: The influenza pandemic of 1918–1920 is recognized as having generally
taken place in three waves, starting in the northern spring and
summer of 1918.
In November 2002, acute respiratory syndrome first appeared in
Southern China and caused a global pandemic with 8273 cases
and 775 deaths in 37 countries.
Epiphytic: A study was conducted to determine the joint effect of gaseous
atmospheric pollutants and trace elements on epiphytic lichens.
Crosse first established that bacterial populations may possess an
epiphytic stage of growth without producing symptoms of
disease.
Epizootic: The Ibaraki virus was compared antigenically with the four serotypes of
bluetongue virus and with the two serotypes of epizootic
hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV).
Bovine pleuropneumonia is a severe epizootic disease of cattle still
prevalent in many parts of the world.

36) Ethnicity and Race. Race 的定義為「具有特定外型特徵的人種」，ethnicity 則是「根據共同

的種族、國籍、族群、宗教、語言、文化背景條件所區分的群體」。
Examples

Ethnicity: For the purpose of analysis within the database, self-described ethnicity was
categorized as white, African American, Hispanic, Asian, and other.
Race: Black and mixed-race (black–white) children adopted into white middle-class
families typically perform at a lower level than similarly adopted white children.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
37) Etiology and Cause. Etiology 的意思為「探討 cause（起因）的研究或論述」，不應被當做
cause（起因）的同義字。
Examples

Etiology: We determined trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infections in the

1980s.
Cause: In northern Taiwan, gallstone is the major cause of acute pancreatitis, whereas
alcohol is the predominant etiology in middle, southern, and eastern Taiwan.

38) Farther and Further. Farther 當副詞時，意指「在有形或無形的層面上（例如概念上），更加

深入或進一步地」，當形容詞則為「更加深入或進一步的」。Further 當及物動詞時，意思是
「更進一步或更深一層發展」。
Examples

Farther: The use of insulin declines as patients live farther from their source of care.
Further: Nonsurgical reduction of the septum in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
warrants further clinical evaluation.

39) Fever and Temperature. Fever 意指「體溫超過正常標準的發燒狀況」，因此如果想表達出

「某人得到 fever（發燒）」的意思，便不能說他有 temperature（體溫），而是他有 fever（發
燒）。
Examples

Incorrect: The patient has a fever of 39.5°C.

Correct: The patient has a fever (temperature, 39.5°C).
Correct: The patient has an elevated temperature (39.5°C).

40) Fewer and Less. 形容詞 few 與 fewer 分別代表「數量上很少與更少」的意思，且兩者皆用來

修飾可數名詞。Less 則是 little 的同源字，用來修飾不可數的名詞，意思為「小於總數」。
Examples

Fewer: We excluded hospitals with fewer than 100 beds as well as for-profit, federal, and
osteopathic hospitals.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Less: Azotemic patients with diabetes are at high risk of developing contrast nephropathy
even when less than 100 mL of radiocontrast agent is used.

41) Flammable, Inflammable, and Nonflammable. 形容詞 flammable 與 inflammable 的意思皆為

「可燃的」，nonflammable 則代表「不可燃的」。
Examples

Flammable: Such a classification is important for the safe handling of flammable liquids
such as organic solvents and solvent mixtures.
Inflammable: This paper proposes a method to estimate the concentration of
inflammable gases from transient response patterns, which a
semiconductor gas sensor shows under periodic heating conditions.
Nonflammable: The use of nonflammable methyl nonafluorobuyl ether has been studied to
develop an inherently safe electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries.

42) Gender and Sex. Gender 意指「社會定義下的男女性或男女生差別」，而 sex 則為「男女性的

生理差別」。
Examples

Gender: It is proposed that masculine gender role socialization affects whether men
appraise specific situations as stressful.
Sex: Smaller effects of sex (male vs. female) were also seen.

43) Health care. 記得把這個用詞寫成兩個字：health care。中間不須加上連字號。

Examples

Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other
issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions.
We derive a discrete choice model of the demand for health care from a theoretical model
which implies that if health is a normal good, then the price elasticity of the demand for
health care must decline as income rises.

44) Imply and Infer. Imply 意為「指出或暗示某個主題可以被解讀成另一個未必正確的結論」，

而 infer 則意指「從證據推斷出結論」。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Examples

Imply: The existence of a carrier-mediated transport process was implied by the

suggestion that the absorption of L-dopa is subject to competitive inhibition by
other amino acids.
Infer: During this time, we observed the Ngogo chimpanzees kill or fatally wound 18
individuals from other groups; we inferred three additional cases of lethal
intergroup aggression based on circumstantial evidence.

45) Incidence, Prevalence, Point prevalence, and Period prevalence. 在流行病學中，incidence

的意思為「在某時期內某個大小的族群中新發生的個案數」，而 prevalence 代表「一特定時間
下某個大小的族群中既有的個案數」。Point prevalence 意指「在一特定日期所發生的個案
數」，而 period prevalence 則代表「在一特定時期內所登記的個案數」。
Examples

Incidence: The incidence of knee injury was 0.48 in untrained female athletes,
0.42 in trained female athletes, and 0.08 in male basketball players.
Prevalence: The influence of age, parity, duration of previous oral contraceptive
use, hysterectomy, and menopause on the prevalence of urinary
incontinence was evaluated through a postal questionnaire in
Swedish women aged 46–86 years.
Point prevalence: The point prevalence of neck pain was measured by asking the
participants “Do you have neck pain right now?”
Period prevalence: The period prevalence of each health problem was determined for
each 8-week period.

46) Law, Theory, Hypothesis, and Conjecture. 這四個代表概念的單字具有不同的確定程度。在

科學領域中，law 的確定程度極高，高到足以用來推斷科學現象。Theory 是根據多方面觀察、
實驗、推理所產生的廣泛概念，適用範圍可包含該領域下的多種現象。相形之下，hypothesis
的概念較為狹窄，通常是用來做為某些現象的可能解釋，須經過實驗或觀察加以驗證。
Conjecture 則為臆測，這種概念與 hypothesis 類似，但須再進一步考證。
Examples

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Law: The modified Beer–Lambert law is the basis of continuous-wave near-
infrared tissue spectroscopy.
Theory: There are currently 2 opposing theories concerning the nature of pain: (1)
the specificity theory and (2) the pattern theory.
Hypothesis: According to the amyloid hypothesis, accumulation of Aβ in the brain is the
primary influence driving AD pathogenesis.
Conjecture: Kazhdan and Lusztig gave a conjecture on the multiplicity of simple
modules, which appear in a Jordan-Hölder series of the Verma modules.

47) Management and Treatment. 為了避免去人性化的用法，我們在探討個案或患者時，通常會

說「cases are managed」、「patients are cared for or treated」。不過，在一般醫療計畫的情境
下，使用「the management of patients with AIDS」一類的詞句也可以接受。
Examples

Management: This guideline has been developed to advise the treatment and
management of bipolar disorder.
After July 1991, all cases were managed using MVAC in either the
emergency room or the labor ward.
Treatment: The results of the treatment of 250 patients with established acute
myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit in a university
hospital are described.
This vaccine should be considered an adjunct to the practice of personal
protective measures against tick exposure and the early diagnosis
and treatment of Lyme disease.

48) Mean and Median. Mean 是一連串量測值的算數平均，而 median 則是位於一個數列中間的數

字。
Examples

Mean: The mean, standard deviation, test statistic value, and P value for normality based
on 5000 runs are reported.
In this study, we included 13,000 participants, comprising 6,038 men (49.7%) and
7,759 women, with a mean (SD) age of 39.5 (0.32) years.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Median: Data are reported as median (interquartile range) unless specified otherwise.
More than 30% of patients with recurrent HNSCC (median age, 54 y) were at an
advanced clinical stage at first diagnosis (stages III and IV).

49) Method, Methodology, and Technique. Method 與 technique 皆常用於形容「某種用來進行分

析、量化、觀察，或其他步驟的過程」。若要區別兩者，最好的方式是以 method 來代表過

程，而用 technique 來形容各個過程中採用的技術（不論技術好壞皆屬之）。Methodology 則代

表這些 methods（方法）或 techniques（技術）組成的系統。

Examples

Method: To prepare standard MnSOD, we used chicken-liver MnSOD, purified using

the method of Weisiger and Fridovich
Methodology: The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) adheres to the
principle of incrementalism.
Technique: (title) F. Scott Fitzgerald: His art and his technique

50) Militate and Mitigate.這兩個動詞並非同義字。Militate 意指「起作用、產生影響」，且

經常與 against 一起使用。Mitigate 則是指「調節、緩和、減輕」。
Examples

Militate: The large plants may have certain competitive advantages when a specific density is
reached, which will militate against algae.
Mitigate: Development of strategies for mitigating the severity of a new influenza pandemic
is now a top global public health priority.

51) Mucus, Mucoid, and Mucous. Mucus 是身體黏膜或腺體產生的一種黏稠分泌物，mucous 則

是形容詞用法，表示某種東西帶有 mucus 或具備分泌 mucus 的特性。Mucoid 的意思為「具
mucus（黏液）型態的」。
Examples

Mucus: We examined the association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline
and subsequent hospitalization from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Mucoid: The mucoid colony morphology of these strains is a result of the abundant
production of capsular polysaccharide, which is composed of hyaluronic acid.
Mucous: We investigate the effect of conventional periodontal treatment on the prevalence of
Prevotella intermedia on oral mucous membranes in periodontitis patients.

52) Operation, Surgical procedure, and Surgery. Surgery 可以指「手術照護、手術治療、手術療

程」，operation 是「患者接受麻醉與麻醉退去之間的過程，即動刀、解剖、切除、縫合等一

連串 surgical procedure（手術過程）」。注意：在英國，surgery 也有「醫師或牙醫辦公室」

的意思。

Examples

Surgical procedure: A new surgical procedure for localized ridge augmentation prior to
the placement of dental implants has been developed.
Surgery: Postoperative hemorrhage is one of the most severe complications
after pancreatic surgery.
Operation: (title) Reproductive outcome after anesthesia and operation during
pregnancy: A registry study of 5405 cases

53) Participant, Patient, Case, and Subject. Case 意為「某種疾病的個案」，patient 是「接受醫

療照護的人」，而 participant 則是「研究或實驗下具備某種特性或行為的人」。有些人認為
subject 是一種去人格化，甚至貶低的說法，彷彿將受試者置於低下的卑微處境。此外，case 也
同樣被視為一種去人性化的說法，因此最好避免這類用法。
Examples

Participant: We included all participants in the Framingham Heart Study who were free
of AF at index ages of 40 years and older.
Patient: For this finer specification, we included only patients with definite histories
of myocardial infarction, abnormal coronary angiographic
results/angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafting.
Case: Case patients were 48 ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia
identified on the basis of results of protected specimen brush quantitative
culture.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
54) Perform, Carry out, and Execute. 這類動詞可以替換成意思更明確的動詞，例如 analyze 或
operate。
Examples

Perform Original: The authors performed an analysis of their published

chromosome 18 linkage data on 28 families.
Concise: The authors analyzed their published chromosome 18
linkage data on 28 families.
Original: Dry combustion is carried out by heating (approximately
1000°C) a soil-catalyst mixture in a resistance furnace or
induction furnace in a stream of O2- or CO2-free air.
Concise: Dry combustion is performed by heating (approximately
1000°C) a soil-catalyst mixture ….
Conduct Original: We carried out this study using a retrospective design.
Concise: We conducted this study using a retrospective design.

55) Positive, Negative, Abnormal, and Normal. Negative/positive 與 normal/abnormal 不能用

來形容科學檢測或實驗室測試的過程本身，但當中進行的觀察、測後結果、發現則可以使
用這些形容詞來加以描述。另外，切記不得使用這些形容詞來描述患者的健康狀況。下方
例句列出這組單字的正確與不正確用法。（不適用上述原則的例外包括：seropositive
women、HIV-negative men、negative node。）
Examples

Positive/Negative Incorrect: The skin prick test was positive/negative in

response to an aeroallergen and food commercial
battery, including latex.
Correct: The skin prick test results were positive/negative
in response to an aeroallergen and food commercial
battery, including latex.
Incorrect: Trese et al. described Burkitt lymphoma in an
immunocompetent 22-year-old man with
positive/negative initial brain imaging.
Correct: Trese et al. described Burkitt lymphoma in an

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 immunocompetent 22-year-old man whose initial
finding on brain imaging was positive/negative.
Abnormal/Normal Incorrect: Our purpose was to determine the frequency of
abnormal/normal contrast-enhanced high
resolution MR imaging studies in patients with
sudden hearing loss.
Correct: Our purpose was to determine the frequency of
abnormal/normal findings on contrast-enhanced
high-resolution MR imaging studies in patients
with sudden hearing loss.
Incorrect: The radial arteries of 16 patients with
abnormal/normal Allen’s test were cannulated.
Correct: The radial arteries of 16 patients whose results of
Allen’s test were abnormal/normal were
cannulated.

56) Preventive and Preventative. 形容詞 preventive 與衍生字 preventative 為同義字，兩者可以交

換使用。
Examples

Preventive: This new approach speaks specifically to the clinical preventive action
rather than anchoring the recommendations to a particular organizing
framework for preventive care.
Preventative: Resveratrol is a cancer preventative agent that is found in red wine.

57) Regime and Regimen. Regime 意指「政府形式、社會體系、統治時期」，而 regimen 則是

「幫助患者改善或維持健康的系統化作息安排（例如飲食、運動、服藥）」。
Examples

Regime: The viability and desirability of a finance-led growth regime is first assessed against
the historical evidence about the many alternative regimes that have been proposed
as successors to Fordism.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
 Regimen: This study evaluates an optical coherence tomography-guided, variable-dosing
regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of patients with
neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

58) Unique, Unusual, and Rare. 形容詞 unique 代表「獨一無二」，這個單字並非 unusual（不尋

常）或 rare（罕見）的同義字。
Examples

Unique: We have determined the DNA sequence of the long unique region in the genome of
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain 17.
Unusual: Five cases of scrapie with unusual features have been diagnosed in Norway since
1998.
Rare: Long‐term monitoring over 5 years of therapy showed that hepatitis B virus
resistance to entecavir is rare in nucleoside‐naïve patients.

59) Use, Employ, Consume, and Utilize. 這四個動詞常被視為同義字，但在多數情況下，use 意

指「使用或利用…來達成某個目的」。如果要表達「用盡」的意思，使用 use up 或 consume
更加準確達意。動詞 employ 有「雇用」的意思，也可以表示「使用（某種工具）」。
Examples

Use: The use of the avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques provides a

simple and sensitive method to localize antigens in formalin-fixed tissues.
We used SIFT with Swiss-Prot database for homology search.
Utilize: Methane-utilizing bacteria were examined by electron microscopy and found to
possess complex membranous structures within the cytoplasm.
Consume: However, other insects consume or damage more than 25% of all agricultural,
forestry, and livestock production in the United States, costing our economy
more than $30 billion annually.
Employ: Neither marriage protection nor marriage selection effects were observed for
women who were employed full-time.
We observed that a marked increase in ATPase activity occurred when
approximately one-half the sulfhydryl groups had been titrated when Ca2+
was employed as ATPase activator.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
60) Vaccinate and Immunize. 這兩個動詞常被當做同義字使用，但 vaccinate 意指「特意為人或
動物施打抗原，以產生保護抗體」，而 immunize 的引申含意為「透過感染或施打疫苗所獲得
的抗原已成功製造出保護抗體」。
Examples

Vaccinate: Groups of calves (20 per group) were vaccinated subcutaneously with a
single dose of BCG Pasteur (6 × 104 or 6 × 106 colony forming units) and 2
months later, 15 calves from each group were challenged intratracheally
with virulent Mycobacterium bovis.
Immunize: Concerned by a greater than one-third increase in measles and an estimated
30 000 cases of hepatitis B among teenagers in the United States, infectious
disease authorities are urging renewed efforts to immunize those entering
adolescence against these diseases.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
3. 減少冗詞贅字

下表列出冗詞贅字的精簡替代說法，這些用法可使句子更為簡潔易懂。

冗詞贅字 精簡說法

a majority of most
a number of several, numerous, some, many
absolutely essential essential
accounted for the fact that explained
along the lines of like
an innumerable number of innumerable, countless, many
an order of magnitude 10 times
are of the same opinion Agree
as a consequence of because of
ascertain the location of locate, find
at a rapid rate rapidly
at no time never
at the conclusion of after
at the present moment, at this point of time now, currently
based on the fact that because
bright green in color bright green
by means of using, with, by using
caused injuries to injured
completely filled filled
conducted inoculation experiments on inoculated
definitely proved proved
despite the fact that although
due to the fact that because
during the course of during, while
during the time that while, when
end result result
fewer in number fewer
for the purpose of examining to examine
for the reason that because

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
foreseeable future future
future plans plans
give rise to cause
has a capability of can, is able to
if conditions are such that if, when
in a satisfactory manner satisfactorily
in all cases always, invariably
in an adequate manner adequately
in case if
in connection with about, concerning
in order to to
in the course of during, while
in the near future soon
in the vicinity of near
in the view of the fact that because
is in a position to can, may
it has been reported by Jones Jones reported
it is believed that I/we believe that (or omit altogether)
it is often the case that often
it is possible that the cause may be the cause may be
it is this that this
it is worth noting/pointing out that note that
it would thus appear that apparently
lacked ability to could not
large amounts of much
large in size large
large numbers of many
lenticular in character lenticular
located in/near in/near
necessitates the inclusion of necessitates, requires, needs
of such hardness that so hard that
on account of because
on behalf of for
on the basis of from, by, because

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
on the grounds that because
original source source
oval in shape/oval-shaped oval
owing to the fact that because
past history (nonmedical reference) history
period of time/time period period
prior to (in time) before
referred to as called
results so far achieved results so far/results to date
serves the function of being is
smaller in size smaller
subsequent to after
take into consideration consider
the fish is question this/these fish
the question as to whether whether
the treatment having been performed after treatment
there can be little doubt that this is this is probably
through the use of by using, with
throughout the entire area throughout the area
throughout the whole of the experiment throughout the experiment
two equal halves two halves
was of the opinion that thought
with a view of getting to get
with reference to about (or omit the complete phrase)
with regard to regarding, about, concerning (or omit the
complete phrase)
with the result that so that
within the realm of possibility possible

注意：在某些情況下，冗詞贅字比精簡說法更加適切，因此請務必在大幅更改稿件內容以前，確
認該用法的適用性。

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則
暖身題解答

1) The laboratory data confirmed the diagnoses.

2) No abnormalities were found in the lung.
3) The patient died.
4) The patient’s physical examination findings were unremarkable and her laboratory test
results were in the reference range, so she was released from the
emergency department and prepared for surgery.
5) The rats were exsanguinated.
6) We stocked the stream with trout.

生物科學寫作的詞彙選擇與精簡原則