Lecture on 9-10-13

CE-313 (2 Credit Hours)

Geotechnical Engineering-II

Time Rate of Consolidation

Instructor:

Dr Irshad Ahmad

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
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 Contents
 Theme of this lecture
 Importance of time rate of settlement
 Degree of Consolidation (Uz), and Average Uz
 Therazahi’s theory of 1D consolidation
 Derivation of differential equation relating u, z, t
 Solution of differential equation
 Determination of cv
 Log time method (Casagrande Method)
 Root-time method (Taylor method)
 Examples

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Time settlement curves

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 Use of the time rate of Consolidation
 In geotechnical design not only the magnitude of settlements, but also the
rate of settlements is of serious importance to the engineers, especially
when a certain degree of consolidation has to be completed before the
construction process can continue.

 WHY

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Degree of Consolidation (Uz)

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Degree of Consolidation (Uz)

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Isochrones

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Variation of Uz

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Average Degree of Consolidation (U)

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 Average Degree of Consolidation (U)

sc(t) = U  sp

sc(t) = consolidation
settlement
at time t

sp= final (primary)

consolidation settlement

U = Average degree of
Consolidation

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Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

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Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

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Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

-ive sign shows decrease in total

head in the direction of vz

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 Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

We know that from previous

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Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

mv = V / (V )
V = mv V 
V/ t = mv (/ t ) dxdydz

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Terzaghi’s Theory of 1D consolidation

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 Solution of 1D Consolidation Equation
 The differential of the Terzaghi consolidation theory is a parabolic
equation and can be solved using several different methods.
 Incidentally, this differential equation is identical in form to the
equation governing the diffusion process, flow of electricity and
dissipation of heat.

 ue=f(z,t)
 ue is differentiated twice w.r.t. z and once w.r.t. t. therefore for a
solution of the differential equation, two conditions wrt to z
(boundary), and one condition wrt t (initial).
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 Solution of 1D Consolidation Equation
 The initial Condition is

 The two boundary conditions are:

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Solution of Consolidation Equation

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Isochrones

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U and T relationship

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U and T relationship

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 Assignment on Isochrones (both for section A, and B)
 For a 12 m saturated clay layer sandwiched between sand layers, cv is
0.45 m2/yr, the initial excess porewater pressure ui in the clay layer is
uniform and equal to 100 kPa. After ten years of loading,
 (a) Draw an isochrone of excess porewater pressure ue using equation
on slide 19
 (b) Draw the graph of degree of consolidation Uz, using equation 7.3
on slide 6
 (c) Find the average degree of consolidation U, using first equation
on slide 21
 (d) compare your answer using simplified equations on slide 21.

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 Determination of cv

 Log time method (due to Casagrande)

 Root time method (due to Taylor)

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Determination of cv

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Determination of cv

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Determination of cv

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Determination of cv

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Example

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Example

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Use of the time rate of Consolidation

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 Use of the time rate of Consolidation

 It is preferred to find permeability directly

from permeability tests
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Representation of the Result (Taylor 1948)

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Representation of results (Joseph E. Bowles)

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Exercise 7.1 (R.F Craig)

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Solution of Exercise 7.1 (R.F Craig)

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Solution of Exercise 7.1 (R.F Craig)

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Solution of Exercise 7.1 (R.F Craig)

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Example

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Example

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Exercise 7.3 R.F Craig

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Assignment (in groups)

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Representation of the Result (Taylor 1948)

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Example (Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering by
Robert D. Holtz)

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Part-I

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Part-I

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Part-I

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Part-I

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Part-I

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 Part-II

 Assume different values of U(col-1) and find

corresponding Tv using equation or curve -1

 find s(t) = U sc

 find Tv = cv t/d2

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Part-II

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 Part-III
 for U=50%, Tv = 0.2
 using below figure find Uz corresponding to Tv=0.2
Construct the table below
The effective stress is found by multiplying Uz (col-3) by
 = 98.1 kPa (the wt. of the added fill)

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Part-III

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Part-III

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