TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….2

2. Objective……………………………………………………………………….2

3. Problem Statement……………………………………………………………..2

4. Apparatus………………………………………………………………………3 - 4

Figure 4.1: Indeterminate Beam Apparatus………………………………..3

Figure 4.2: Bunch of different loads……………………………………….3
Figure 4.3: Dial Gauge……………………………………………………..3
Figure 4.4: Load Hanger…………………………………………………...4
Figure 4.5: Ruler…………………………………………………………...4

5. Procedure………………………………………………………………………5

6. Result and analysis…………………………………………………………….6 – 8

Graph 6.1: FEM (Nmm) Vs Load, P (N)…………………………………..8

7. Discussion……………………………………………………………………..9

8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..10

9. References……………………………………………………………………...11
1.0 INTRODUCTION

A structure is statically indeterminate when the static equilibrium equations are insufficient for
determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure. To analyze the indeterminate structures,
considerations in the material properties and compatibility in deformations are taken to solve statically
indeterminate. A statically indeterminate truss can be determined using the formula below:

DOI = (m +r) – (2j + c)

Where,
m = members, j = joint, r = reaction, c = internal hinge

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To compare the member forces of indeterminate truss determined in theoretical structural analysis with
respect to experimental result.

3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

A truss is a structure that is made of straight, slender bars that are joined together to form a pattern of
triangles. Trusses are usually designed to transmit forces over relatively long spans. Common
examples of trusses are bridge trusses and roof trusses as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 3.1: Common Truss Design

4.0 APPARATUS

Figure 4.1: Indeterminate Beam Apparatus

Figure 4.2: Bunch of different loads

Figure 4.3: Dial Gauge

Figure 4.4: Load Hanger

Figure 4.5: Rule

5.0 PROCEDURES

I. Two fixed support are attached to the base with the distance a and b are both 0.5m. (Distance a
and b are distances from support to point load)

II. Load was carefully secured to the pivot plate.

III. Beam was placed at the end between clamping plates of fixed supports and screws were
tightened to ensure the beam is properly fixed.

IV. Load hanger was clipped at the exact position where the beam will be loaded.

V. Load was connected from the support pier to the display unit where each load occupies one
terminal on the display.

VI. Display was switched on and the initial reading for channels was recorded.

VII. Load was placed on load hanger and the reading of obtained on the display was
recorded.

VIII. Step 7 was repeated with 5 different loads, namely 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N and 10N
 6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Length of beam span, L = 1000mm

Distance of load from support A, a = 500mm
Distance of load from support B, b = 500mm

Load cell reading Load cell reading Total reaction at the

Load, P
at support A, VA at support B, VB supports
(N)
(N) (N) (N)

2 0.98 1.29 2.27

4 2.09 2.31 4.40

6 5.60 3.16 8.76

8 4.17 5.00 9.17

10 6.51 6.57 13.08

Fixed-End Moment Fixed-End Moment

at Support A at Support B
Load, P Percentage of Percentage of
(Nmm) (Nmm)
(N) errors AB (%) errors BA (%)
FEMAB FEMAB FEMBA FEMBA
(exp) (theo) (exp) (theo)

2 53.90 250 70.95 250 78.4 71.6

4 114.95 500 127.05 500 77.0 74.6

6 308.00 750 173.80 750 58.9 76.8

8 229.35 1000 275.00 1000 77.1 72.5

10 358.05 1250 361.35 1250 71.4 71.1

Sample calculation

The formula of the fixed end moment of a fixed end beam by superposition method are given by ;

FEMAB = Wab2/L2

FEMBA = Wa2b/L2

Load, P = 2N

FEMAB (exp) = VA x 55 FEMAB (theo) = Wab2/L2

= 0.98(55) = 2(500)(500)2 / 1000

= 53.9Nmm = 250Nmm

FEMBA (exp) = VA x 55 FEMBA (theo) = Wab2/L2

= 1.29(55) = 2(500)2(500) / 1000

= 70.59Nmm = 250Nmm

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
Percentage of errors = x 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Percentage of errors AB = (250-53.9) / 205 X 100

= 78.4%

Percentage of errors AB = (250-70.95) / 205 X 100

= 71.6%
 FEM (Nmm) Vs Load, P (N)
1400

1200

1000
FEM (Nmm)

800 FEM AB (exp)

600 FEM AB (theo)

FEM AB (exp)
400
FEM AB (theo)

200

0
1 2 3 4 5
Load, P (N)

Graph 6.1: FEM (Nmm) Vs Load, P (N)

 7.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the experimental value, it shows that the value of reaction for both support A and B
increasing due to the load applied. In this case, the reaction will increase when higher load
applied. We used the constant increment of load which is 2 N every increment. For this
experiment, we placed the point load in the middle of the beam which is 0.5m from support A and
support B. Graph FEM(Nmm) vs Load(N) was plotted to compare the value of experimental and
theoretical. From the experiment we know that value for is 53.90 Nmm and is
70.95 Nmm for 2N of point load. As we know, if point load in the middle, the value at both
supports must same as the theoretical value which is 250 Nmm for both supports. The percentage
of error for AB is 78.40% and BA is 71.60%.

After the analysis of the data, we found that the values of both experimental and
theoretical were far from each other’s with the range 50% to 80%. From the percentage of this
error, we know that will be an error either human error or instrument error. Moreover, before we
start the experiment, we make sure all the procedure were followed step by step. We must be more
careful since the equipment was sensitive
 8.0 CONCLUSION

Based on analysis, the reaction at each support can be find and the highest fixed end
moment happen at 10kn at different support. Besides that, the distance to be applied load will also
affect the value of fixed end moment as the closer the support and applied load, the higher the
value of fixed end moment.

There are several factors that affecting the experimental reading at dial gauge. Firstly,
types and dimensions of the specimen beam. The higher the flexibility of the specimen beam, the
percentage error that will get. Besides, the condition of the beam also gives effect to the value of
the reaction. The bend will make the ability of percentage error nearest to zero percent is lower.
From the experiment, it shows there is a percentage error, and it is very high. It shows that there is
an error while doing this experiment. An obvious mistaken that can be identify from this
experiment is reading error. This is because of the load must be loading placed on the hinge
simultaneously to get the exact value. So, it can be concluded that to get the best result, the right
apparatus and procedures must be aware when conducting the experiment.
9.0 REFERENCES

1. Donald P.Codute (2012). Structure Engineering (2𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑑). Us

2. Braja M.Das (2011). Principles of structure engineering (9th ed). British

3. Robert D.Holtz (2010). An Introduction to structure Engineering (2𝑛𝑑 ed). British

4. Robert W.Day (2009). Structure Engineers Handbook (2𝑛𝑑 ed). Us