MAT 070

Calculus II

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City

January 19, 2021

 Chapter 5 The Techniques of Integration

5.2 Integration of Trigonometric Expressions

In this section another techniques of integration will be discussed. The

students are encouraged to solve the exercises given at the last page.
 The Three Types of Trigonometric Expressions:
Z
Type A : sinm u cosn udu
Z
Type B : tanm u secn udu
Z
Type C : cotm u cscn udu
 Z
Type A: sinm u cosn udu

Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,

Factor out sin udu and express the remaining sines in terms of cosines
using

sin2 u = 1 − cos2 u.
Case 2: When n is an odd positive integer,
Factor out cos udu and express the remaining cosines in terms of sines
using

cos2 u = 1 − sin2 u.
Case 3: When m and n are both even positive integers,
Reduce the degree of the expression by using the following formulas:
half angle:
1 − cos 2u
sin2 u = ,
2
1 + cos 2u
cos2 u =
2
and / or double angle formulas:

sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u.

Example
Z
Example 1 Evaluate sin3 x cos2 xdx.
Solution:
Z Z
sin3 x cos2 xdx = sin2 x cos2 x (sin xdx)
Z
1 − cos2 x cos2 x (sin xdx)


=
Z
cos2 x − cos4 x sin xdx


=
Let u = cos x then du = − sin xdx. So, Z
u2 − u4 (−du)


=
Z
u2 − u4 du


= −
 3
u5

u
= − − +C
3 5
cos3 x cos5 x
Z
3 2
sin x cos xdx = − + +C
3 5
 cos5 3x
Z
Example 2 Evaluate √ dx.
sin 3x
cos5 3x
Z Z
1
Solution: First, we write √ dx = cos5 3x sin− 2 3xdx.
sin 3x
Then
Z Z
1 1
cos5 3x sin− 2 3xdx = cos4 3x sin− 2 3x (cos 3xdx)
Z

2 1
= cos2 3x sin− 2 3x (cos 3xdx)
Z

2 1
= 1 − sin2 3x sin− 2 3x (cos 3xdx)
 Z
1
1 − 2 sin2 3x + sin4 3x sin− 2 3x (cos 3xdx)


=
Z  
1 3 7
= sin− 2 3x − 2 sin 2 3x + sin 2 3x (cos 3xdx)
Let u = sin 3x.
So du = 3 cos 3xdx. Then Z    du 
− 12 3 7
= u − 2u + u
2 2
3
 Z
1  −1 3 7

= u 2 − 2u 2 + u 2 du
3
1 1 5 9

= u − 2u + u + C
2 2 2
Z 3h
1 1 1 5 9
i
cos5 3x sin− 2 3xdx = sin 2 3x − 2 sin 2 3x + sin 2 3x + C .
3
 Z
Type B: tanm u secn u du

Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,

Factor out sec u tan u du and express the remaining tangents in terms
of secants
using the identity
tan2 u = sec2 u − 1
Case 2: When n is an even positive integer,
Factor out sec2 u du and express the remaining secants in terms of
tangents
using the identity
sec2 u = tan2 u + 1
Example
Z
Example 3 Evaluate tan3 (5x) sec4 (5x)dx.
Z Z
First we write tan (5x) sec (5x)dx = tan3 (5x) sec2 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx.
3 4

Then
Z Z
tan3 (5x) sec2 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx tan3 (5x) 1 + tan2 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx



=
Z
tan3 (5x) + tan5 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx .



=
 Let u = tan 5x.
So du = 5 sec2 5xdx. Then Z  
du
u3 + u5


=
 5
1 u4 u6

= +
5 4 6
tan4 5x tan6 5x
Z
tan3 (5x) sec2 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx = + + C.
20 30
We can also solve it in this way. Writing
Z Z
tan 5x sec 5xdx = tan2 5x sec3 5x (sec 5x tan 5x)dx.
3 4

Then
Z Z
tan2 5x sec3 5x (sec 5x tan 5x)dx sec2 5x − 1 sec3 5x (sec 5x tan 5x)dx


=
Z
sec5 5x − sec3 5x (sec 5x tan 5x)dx.


=
Let u = sec 5x. So du = 5 sec 5x tan 5xdx.
 Then Z  
5 3

du
= u −u
 6  5
1 u u4
= −
5 6 4
sec 5x sec4 5x
6
Z
tan3 (5x) sec2 (5x) sec2 (5x)dx = − + C.
30 20
 Z
Type C: cotm u cscn u du

Case 1: When m is an odd positive integer,

Factor out csc u cot u du and express the remaining cotangents in
terms of cosecants
using the identity
cot2 u = csc2 u − 1
Case 2: When n is an even positive integer,
Factor out csc2 u du and express the remaining cosecants in terms of
cotangents
using the identity
csc2 u = cot2 u + 1
 cot3 x
Z
Example 4 Evaluate √
3
dx.
csc2 x Z
cot3 x
Z
2
Solution: Writing √
3
dx = cot3 x csc− 3 xdx. Then
2
cscZ x
Z
2 5
cot3 x csc− 3 xdx = cot2 x csc− 3 x (csc x cot xdx)
Z
5
csc2 x − 1 csc− 3 x (csc x cot xdx)


=
Z  
1
− 53
= csc x − csc x csc x cot xdx
3
 Let u = csc x.
du = csc x cot xdx.
Then Z Z  
− 32 1 5
3
cot x csc xdx = u 3 − u− 3 du
4 2
= u 3 − u− 3 + C .
: Determine the following integrals:
Z
1. sin5 (4 − 3x) cos4 (4 − 3x) dx
Z
2. sin4 (2y + 5) cos3 (2y + 5) dy
Z
3. sec−2 (3t) csc−2 (3t) dt
Z    
1 2 1 −2 1
4. 2
sin cos dx
x x x
csc−4 (ln x)
Z
5. dx
x
 Z √
6. x tan x2 sec4 x2 dx
√ √
tan3 3x sec6 3x
Z
7. √ dx
x
Z
8. tan2 (−2t) sec2 (−2t)dt
Z
9. sec6 (2 − 3y)dy
Z
10. sec3 (2 − 3y)dy
 √
csc4 x
Z
11. √ √ dx
x cot2 x
ex tan3 (ex )
Z
12. p dx
3
sec(ex )
√ √
cot5 ( 1 − 2x) csc3 ( 1 − 2x)
Z
13. √ dx
5 1 − 2x
√ √
cot2 ( 1 − 2x) csc( 1 − 2x)
Z
14. √ dx
Z 5 1 − 2x
15. cot3 (2x − 5) csc4 (2x − 5) dx