TIME MORTALITY AND EXPOSURE OF MOSQUITO LARVAE TO SILING HABA

(Capsicum annuum cultivar) SOLUTION

GALING, RUSSEL A.

LUSARA, LANCE T.

COLLAMAR, THELEM

LOBOS, PRECIOUS ALTHEAHOPE A.

GORRE, ALTHEA LESLIE

EMAAS, JENNY LYCA

DE SILVA, PAULINE

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS

SAINT MICHAEL ACADEMY

NORTHERN SAMAR

JUNE 2022

i
 DEDICATION

This research is fruit of countless sacrifices. Through the

researchers’ effort this research is greatly dedicated to the

people who serve as an inspiration. From our parents,

guardians, teachers, to classmates and friends who extended

their outmost help in the midst of problems while doing this

work.

We dedicated this paper to Ms. Mary Gale Muncada, Ms. Jocelyn

Lagrimas, Mr. Ariel Carl Angelo N. Balleta, Mr. Ross Ernest

Sacristan, Mr. Ely De Silva, Ms. Rhea Ofiana, and Mr. Brenie

G. Caldo for their exemplary expertise in guiding us, building

us to handle such a difficult yet worth it task to be used as

a stepping stone in pursuing the limits of our abilities.

We dedicate this study to our classmates and fellow

researchers who extended their utmost help in the midst of

problems while doing this work.

And above all things, to our Almighty God who never fail to

shower His blessings, by giving us the strength, courage,

patience, wisdom, and life.

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper titled “TIME MORTALITY AND EXPOSURE OF

MOSQUITO LARVAE TO SILING HABA (Capsicum annuum cultivar)
SOLUTION”, prepared and submitted by Pauline De Silva, Jenny
Lyca Emaas, Althea Leslie Gorre, Precious Altheahope Lobos,
Thelem Colamar, Russel Galing and Lance Lusara in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries, Investigation
and Immersion is hereby accepted and approved.

MARY GALE S. MUNCADA, LPT

Research Adviser
Date:

Recommended for acceptance and approval:

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
ARIEL CARL ANGELO N. BALLETA
Chairman
Date:
MARRY GRACE M. ROXAS, LPT ROSS ERNEST P. SACRISTAN
Member Member
Date: Date:

BRENIE G. CALDO ROSITA A. MORALES, LPT

Chemistry Teacher Member
Date: Date:

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMETICS.

ELY E. DE SILVA, LPT

Assistant Director/ Academic Coordinator
Date:

SR. MARY ANN L. ALLAG O.P.

School Director/Principal
Date:

ii
i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers are very greatful to our almighty God for

without His grace and guidance, this study would not have been
possible.

Immeasurable appreciation to the researchers’ family who gave

inspiration to their lives as well as to the following people
who in one way or another have contributed in making this
study possible.

Ms. Mary Gale Muncada, Research Teacher, for her support,

patience, guidance, words of encouragement, and understanding.

Ms. Jocelyn Lagrimas, Adviser, for her unending support from

the start of this school year, her patience, guidance, words
of encouragement, and understanding.

Mr. Ariel Carl Angelo Balleta, Practical Reaseach 1 and 2

Teacher, for his constructive perceptions, valuable
suggestions, and moral support.

Mr. Ross Ernest Sacristan, 21st century Teacher, for his

valuable comments, guidance, and opinions.

Mr. Ely De Silva, Media and Information Literacy Teacher, for

his words of wisdom and suggestions.

Ms. Rhea Ofiana, English Teacher, for her valuable comments,

suggestions, and guidance.

Mr. Brenie Caldo, Chemistry Teacher, for equipping us with the

essential skills and knowledge to achieve this study.

Our Parents, for their financial support and encouragement

whenever we face challenges during the making of this study.

And the a lmighty God for His wonderful blessings, gifts,

wisdom, and love that give the strength to pursue this study
despite its difficulty.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Limitations of the Study 5

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Studies of Plant Extract against Mosquitoes 6

Studies of Siling Haba(Capsicum annuum cultivar) 7

Studies of Mosquito Larvae 8

Conceptual Framework 9

Definition of Terms 11

III. METHODOLOGY

v
Locale of the Study 12
Research Design 12

Mosquito Larvae Collection 13

Collection of Silimg Haba 13

Siling Haba Extract Preparations 14

Research Instrument 14

Data Gathering Procedure 14

Statistical Treatment 15

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Extent of Extermination Time 18

Data Analysis 19

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 20

Conclusion 21

Recommendations 22

References 23

Appendices 26

Biographical Sketches 37

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE

1. Diagram showing the process of 9

getting the concentration of each

treatment.

2. A map showing the research locale of 12

the study.

vi
i
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES TITLE PAGE

1. Time mortality of mosquito larvae upon 18

exposure to the treatments.

2.1 Data result for ANOVA test. 19

2.2 Data result for Tukey test. 19

vi
ii
 ABSTRACT

Title: : TIME MORTALITY AND EXPOSURE OF MOSQUITO

LARVAE TO SILING HABA (Capsicum

annuum cultivar) SOLUTION

Researchers : GALING, RUSSEL A.

LUSARA, LANCE T.

COLLAMAR, THELEM

LOBOS, PRECIOUS ALTHEAHOPE A.

GORRE, ALTHEA LESLIE

EMAAS, JENNY LYCA

DE SILVA, PAULINE

Adviser : MARY GALE S. MUNCADA

Strand : SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND

MATHEMATICS

School : SAINT MICHAEL ACADEMY – CATARMAN

Year : 2022

Mosquitoes have been a constant problem in the community

as they continuously transmit serious diseases. Therefore,

this study aimed to eliminate larvae of mosquitoes using

Capsicum annuum cultivar extracts. This was done by comparing

the span of time the larvae were exterminated upon exposure to

treatments with three various extract concentrations. The

three
ix
concentrations of extracts were 30%, 60%, and 90%. Three

trials with five larvae each cup was utilized in the study.

The time (in minutes) of mortality was measured for each

treatment application and the significance between the

treatments was analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey

Test. Results showed a statistically significant difference

between the 90% extract when compared to the 60% extract,

between 90% extract when compared to 30% extract also between

60% extract and compared to 30% extract. The extract therefore

has larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae, through

processing is still necessary for assured efficiency.

Keywords: Mosquito larvae, Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum

cultivar), Time mortality.

x
 CHAPTER I.

Introduction

Background of the Study

Mosquitoes are one of the most significant medical

transmitters, as they spread parasites and illnesses that

continue to harm humans. Malaria, filariasis, yellow fever,

and dengue fever are mosquito-borne diseases that cause

widespread morbidity and mortality, as well as a significant

economic burden in disease-endemic nations.1 Malaria, a

significant killer disease that affects 2,400 million people

(about 40% of the world's population), is expected to infect

around 300 million people each year.

Similarly, Wuchereria bancrofti causes lymphatic

filariasis, which affects approximately 106 million people

globally. Every year, over 20 million people are infected with

dengue viruses spread by Aedes mosquitos, resulting in roughly

24,000 deaths. 2Insecticides (larvicide) are an apparent

strategy for controlling mosquito-borne infections, and

several synthetic compounds have been produced and used in the

field with great success. However, the use of chemical

insecticides (larvicide) have a number of drawbacks, including

the fact that

1 Sachs, J., & Malaney, P. (2013). The economic and social burden of
malaria. https://www.nature.com/articles/415680a#:~:text=Malaria%20represents
%20broa d%20social%20and%20economic%20costs&text=They%20include%20such
%20factors%20 as,the%20necessary%20support%20provided%20there.
2 Snow, R.W., Guerra, C., et al. (2009). The global distribution of

clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15759000/.
1
they are nonselective and may affect other creatures in the

environment. It has also caused negative consequences, such as

toxicity to non-target organisms, as well as raised

environmental and human health issues.

The problem of toxicity, combined with the rise in insect

resistance, has highlighted the need for new pesticides and

more extensive research of naturally occurring insecticides.

These issues have highlighted the necessity for the

development of innovative mosquito larvae control techniques.

Plant extracts or essential oils could be an alternate source

of mosquito larval control agents because they include a lot

of bioactive chemicals that are biodegradable into harmless

products and could be used to control mosquito larvae.3 In

reality, many studies have shown that plant extracts or

essential oils are helpful against mosquito larvae.

3Aktar, W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhurry, A. (2014). Impact of pesticides

use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/#:~:text=Impact%20on%2
0environment,%2C%20and%20non%2Dtarget%20plants.

2
Objectives of the study

This study’s goal is to see the time mortality of mosquito

larvae after being exposed to Siling Haba (Capsicum Annuum

Cultivar) solution against mosquito larvae.

1. To determine the average-time it took for mosquito

larvae to die after being subjected to the following

treatments;

1.1 In 30% concentration, it took 16.9 minutes (16 mins and

54 secs) for the larvae to die.

1.2 In 60% concentration, it took 10.8 minutes (10 mins and

48 secs) for the larvae to die.

1.3 In 90% concentration, it took 6.1 minutes (6 mins and 6

sec) for the larvae to die.

2. To compare the length of time for mosquito larvae to be

killed when exposed to the above-mentioned treatments.

2.1 90% concentration was compared to 60% concentration.

2.2 90% concentration was compared to 30% concentration.

2.3 60% concentration was compared to 30% concentration.

3
Significance of the Study

Reputation of Plants. The findings of this study could

boost the Capsicum annuum cultivars popularity and importance,

encouraging people to conserve and utilize the plant species.

Help the insecticide industry. The findings will also

assist the insecticide industry identify a less expensive,

more accessible, environmentally friendly, and effective

alternative for their products.

School. Schools would also benefit from the elimination of

mosquitoes in their early stage, as mosquitoes are controlled,

the number of health problems and diseases they transmit to

students decreases. This would also help the school to have a

safe and healthy environment.

Community. Eliminating mosquitoes at larval stage will

significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquito borne

diseases to the community and will also help the community to

have a eco-friendly environment.

Further Knowledge. The research could also support and

encourage more questions and research into mosquito pest

management and other positive uses of Capsicum annuum

cultivars.

4
Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study is limited on determining the larvicidal efficacy

of Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar) extracts against

mosquito larvae. The said extracts were collected from the

fruits of the said plant species. The study only involved the

mosquitoes at the larval stage, and does not include those of

the egg, pupal and adult stage. The age or instar stage of the

larvae will not be determined in the study. The species of the

mosquito larvae will not be considered.

The treatments will contain siling haba extracts in

concentrations of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The study will not look

into the bioactive substances and components that cause

mosquitos to die. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the

treatments will be determined solely by the time it took

mosquito larvae to die after being exposed to the treatments.

With five larvae in 4 cups per trial, just three trials.

5
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Studies of Plant Extract against Mosquitoes

The control of populations of Anopheles (Mosquitoes) by

plants extract with insecticidal effects is one of the new

tracks of research.4 Some plants are source of substances used

to repulse or to kill mosquitoes and other insect pests. Odalo

et al. (2010)5 showed that Croton pseudopulchellus Pax, Mkilua

fragrans Verdc, (Annonaceae), Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir).

Ashby, Ocimum forskolei Benth., Ocimum fischeri Guerke,

Plectranthus longipes Baker (Labiateae) and Cymbopogon nardus

Melissa have been demonstrated to exhibit good repellent

activities against Anopheles gambiae (mosquitoes).

The plant- insect interactions studies reveal that some

secondary metabolites of plants could have an effect on the

growth, the development and the behavior of larvae.6 Among

these, several phenolic compounds are known for their toxicity

to insects including carvacrol, 4-isopropylbenzenemethanol,

phytol, thymol 1-methylpyrrole which exhibited high

individual repellencies to An. Gambiae.

4 Rey, D., Besnard, J., et al. (2014). Comparative sensitivity of larval

mosquitoes to vegetables polyphenols versus conventional insecticides.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00793.x.
5 Odalo, J., Omolo, M., et al. (2010). Repellency of essential oils of some

plants from the Kenyan coast against Anopheles gambiae.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001706X0500152X.
6 Mula, M.S., & Su, T. (2017). Activity and biological effects of neem

products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10412110.

6
Studies on Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar)

Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar) is cultivated in all

regions of Cameroon. Its fruits that are used as spices are

very rich in phenolic compounds. The most abundant of these

compounds are the capsaicinoids, including capsaicine and

dihydrocapsaicine which represent 77 to 90% of secondary

compounds. These compounds have been used to control stored

pest, bugs and birds.7 In addition, these compounds are

biodegradable without any harmful effect on the environment.

The species of Capsicum (Solanacae) is a typical shrub,

commonly found in almost all parts of the world. The fruits of

Capsicum annum contain hot flavour, which is due to the

presence of a group of seven closely related compounds called

capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are

responsible for 90% of the pungency. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-

vanillyl-6-nonemide) is an active ingredient responsible for

the heat in chilli peppers. It is colorless, pungent

crystalline alkaloid, thermoliable and more soluble in

alcohols and oils.8

7 Pormar, F., Bernal, M.A., et al. (2018). Oxidative metabolism and

phenolic compounds in Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum infected by
Phytophthora capsici Leon.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222363757_Oxidative_metabolism_and
_phenolic_compounds_in_Capsicum_annuum_L_var_annuum_infected_by_Phytophthor
a_capsici_Leon.
8 Govindarajan, V.S., & Sathyanarayana, M.N. (2009). Capsicum production,

technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology,

pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and
desensitization sequences.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/10408399109527536?scroll=to
7
p&needAccess=true.

8
 It is important to note that capsaicin containing products

are primarily used to repel insects rather than to kill them

from ancient times. Literature survey has revealed that

capsaicin has significant lethal and antifeedant effects on

various invertebrates. Capsaicin has been proven as an

oleoresin used against cotton pest. Extracts of capsicum were

also proven as repellent to some species of stored product

beetles such as Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera:

Curculinidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)(Coleoptera:

Tenebriouidae). There are reports of using capsicum as bio

pesticides against Alfalfa weevil larvae. Capsicum has proven

its insecticidal activity against rice grain pest as well as

Sitotroga cerealella.9

Studies of Mosquito Larvae

Mosquito larva is the second life stage of mosquito.

Larvae always lives in water and cannot live long out of it.

It is an active stage that feeds while floating at the water

surface. They get air at the water surface through a snorkel-

like device. When disturbed, larvae actively move in an S-

shape motion which gives them their common name “wriggler”.

They can swim down from the surface but needs to return

shortly in order for them to breathe. Larvae are filter

feeders, eating organic matter in the water, which they

collect by using their bristle-like

9
9Kyls, M., Malejky, N., & Nowak-Chmura, M. (2017). The repellent effect of
plants and their active substances against the beetle storage pests.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X16303289.

1
0
mouthparts. Current control is based on removing the standing

water where the larvae have hatched. If removing the standing

water is not possible, people may be able to treat it with an

insecticide or with oil that covers the water surface to

suffocate them.10

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework in determining the time mortality of

mosquito larvae upon exposure to Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum

cultivar) solution.

TREATMEN MOSQUITO How

TS LARVAE signifi
WATER cant are
(3 mL, 6
mL, and (7 mL, 4 the
9mL) mL, and concent
1 mL) ration

One-Way ANOVA TEST

10Rentokil. (2012). Understanding the life cycle of the mosquito.

Vdci.net. https://www.vdci.net/mosquito-biology-101-life-cycle.

9
 Which among the
treatments
TREATMENTS MOSQUITO LARVAE possessed the
(3 mL,6mL (7 mL,4 mL highest insecticidal
and 1 mL) activity against
and 9 mL) mosquito larvae

TURKEY TEST

The three concentrations of plant extracts were 30%, 60%,

and 90%. Three trials with five larvae each trial. The time

(in minutes) of mortality was measured for each treatment

application and the significance between the treatments was

analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey Test.

10
Definition of Terms

Siling Haba- also known as siling mahaba, siling pangsigang,

siling tagalog, or green chili, finger chili, or long pepper,

is one of the two types of chili used in Filipino cooking. The

other one is siling labuyo.11

Mosquito Larvae – Mosquito larvae are aquatic, they generally

hang right under the water surface, breathing through the tubes

on their abdomen.12

One Way ANOVA – Analysis of Variance; it is a statistical method

for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means

and yields values that can be tested to determine whether a

significant relation exists between variables.13

Extermination – implies complete and immediate extinction by

killing off all individuals.14

Tukey Test – a method that is used to determine which groups

among the sample have significant differences. A post-hoc test

is needed after we complete an ANOVA in order to determine

which groups differ from each other.15

11 Wikipedia. (2022). Siling Haba. Last modified may 7, 2022.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_haba.
12 Unhappy Hipsters. (2022). What You Need to Know about Mosquito Larvae.
https://unhappyhipsters.com/mosquito-larvae.
13 Bevans, R. (2020). One-Way ANOVA | When and How to Use It (With

Examples). Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/one-way-anova/.

14 Merriam Webster. (2010). Exterminate Definition & Meaning. Last modified

Jan 17, 2022. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exterminate.

15 Laerd Statistics. (2012). One-way ANOVA.

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/one-way-anova-statistical-
guide.php#:~:text=The%20one%2Dway%20analysis%20of,more%20independent%20(unr
elated)%20groups.

11
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

Locale of the study

The study was conducted at one of

the researchers’ house located at

Barangay Mirador, Mondragon Northern

Samar. The collection of mosquito

larvae and siling haba was also done

at the said location (Brgy.

Mirador Mondragon Northern Samar).

We chose the location not only for convenience but also,

according to Barangay Health workers’ (BHW) survey report, it

was said to have 8% dengue cases of its population for the

last three years.

Research Design

The research study was experimental and conducted to

determine the time mortality of mosquito larvae after being

exposed to siling haba solution. This quantitative research

design used One-Way ANOVA Test and Tukey Test. One-way ANOVA

Test was used to interpret data to find out if prominent

differences occur in the span of time the mosquito larvae

being exterminated. The Tukey Test was used to compare the

extermination time among the treatments which displayed

mortality in the subject organisms (mosquito larvae) and which

12
among the treatments possessed the highest insecticidal

activity against mosquito larvae.

Three various plant extracts were used, classified

according to their concentrations: 30%, 60%, and 90% of siling

haba extract solutions. These solutions were extracted using

maceration technique and syringe to measure its concentration.

Three trials with five mosquito larvae place in each plastic

cup were exposed to the said treatments.

Mosquito Larvae Collection

Mosquito larvae were acquired from containers with stagnant

water. The larvae acquired were carefully transferred to small

plastic cups and acclimatized for two minutes to prevent

stressing the larvae. The larvae were then exposed to the

treatments and transferred to a clean plastic cups and held

against the light for accurate viewing of larvicidal

activities.

Collection of Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar)

Fresh, siling haba were collected and used for the tests.

The fruits which had withered, dust and dirt particles, and

insect bites were discarded. The accumulated fruits were

rinsed and washed by running water.

Siling Haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar) extract preparation

The fruits being collected were washed to be cleaned.

13
Thereafter, the fruits were sliced and cut into small portions

14
and homogenized in a blender until smooth. After that, we then

strained the mixture using only cheesecloth giving us the

siling haba extract for the assay. We also used syringe to

measure the concentration of each treatments; 30% was obtained

from 3 Ml of plant extract and 7 Ml of water%, 60% was

obtained from 6 Ml of plant extract and 4 ml of water, and 90%

was obtained from 9 Ml of plant extract and 1 Ml of water.

Research Instrument

Materials Needed in Carrying Out the experiment

Materials Amount or Number of Pieces

Obtained Capsicum annuum cultivar Extract 54 Ml

Mosquito Larvae 50

Small Plastic cups 13 cups

Blender 1

Cheesecloth 1

Syringe 1

Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers transferred the 3 Ml of the plant

extract to a plastic cup and add 7 Ml of the larvae water to

obtain the 30% concentration. The 6 Ml of the plant extract

was also transferred to plastic cup and added by 4 Ml of the

larvae water to obtain 60% concentration. Lastly, the 9 Ml

extract were

15
added into 1 Ml of larvae water to obtain the 90% concentration

with the same procedure.

When all glass cups had already the treatments, the

researchers observed the span of time (in minutes) at which

the mosquitoes being exterminated became the basis for the

larvicidal potential of siling haba. Furthermore, all glass

wares used in the experiment were properly washed and rinsed

with distilled water.

Statistical Treatment

One-Way ANOVA

The One-Way ANOVA was used for the interpretation of the

data to determine the span of time the mosquito larvae were

exterminated between the three applied treatments: the 30%,

60% and 90% Capsicum annuum cultivar extract concentrations.

𝑴𝑺𝑩
Formula: 𝑭=
𝑴𝑺𝑬

Legend:

F = variation between sample means

MSB = Mean square between

MSE = Root mean square error

Source Degrees Sum of Squares Mean F p-

of Square statistic value
Freedom
Groups k – 1 MSG = SSG F = MSG / P (x
(between / (k – 1) MSE > F)
groups)

16
Error n – k MSE = SSE
(within / (n – k)
groups)
Total n – 1 SS (total) = SSG Sample
+ SSE Variance
=
SS (total)
/ (n – 1)
Parameters:

k – Number of groups

ni – Sample side of group i

n – Overall sample side, includes all the groups (Σni, i=1

to k)

x̄i – Average of group i.

Si – Standard deviation of group i
Between Groups Degrees of Freedom: DF = k – 1, where k is the
number of groups
Within Groups Degrees of Freedom: DF = N – k, where N is the
total number of subjects
Total Degrees of Freedom: DF = N – 1

Sum of Squares Between Groups: , where ni is

the number of subjects in the i-th group
Sum of Squares Within Groups: , where Si is
the standard deviation of the i-th group
Total Sum of Squares: SST = SSB + SSW
Mean Square Between Groups: MSB = SSB / (k – 1)
Mean Square Within Groups: MSW = SSW / (N – k)
F-Statistic (or F-ratio): F = MSB / MSW

17
Tukey Test

The Tukey Test was also used to compare the extermination

time among the treatments which display mortality in the

subject organisms (mosquito larvae) and which among the

treatments possessed the highest insecticidal activity against

mosquito larvae.

Formula: 𝑯𝑺𝑫 = 𝒒√ 𝑴𝑺𝒘

𝒏𝒌

Legend:

HSD = Significant difference between variables

q = constant

MS = Mean square within

𝑛𝑘 = number in each category (n for one condition)

General Steps

Step 1: Perform the ANOVA test. Assuming your F value is

significant, you can run the post hoc test.

Step 2: Find the critical value in The Q table. For this,

you’ll need k, which is the number of groups or treatments and

degrees of freedom for the error term

Step 4: Calculate the HSD statistic for the Tukey test using

the formula.

18
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Extent of Extermination Time

Following the application of the five treatments, the

length of time in which the mosquito larvae were exterminated

was recorded. The various corresponding time interval for each

trial per treatments after application were averaged and are

presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Average Extermination Time of Mosquitoes Larvae in Minutes

Treatment 90% extract 60 % extract 30% extract
(in minutes) (in minutes) (in minutes)

TRIAL 1 6.2 10.3833 17.53333

TRIAL 2 5.36667 10.9333 16.35

TRIAL 3 6.81667 11.05 16.75

AVERAGE 6.12778 10.788866667 16.877776667

Average extermination time results showed that 90%

concentration yielded the lowest time extent with a total

average of 6.12778 minutes in comparison to the rest two

concentration of Capsicum annuum cultivar extracts. The least

concentrate extract, the 30% Capsicum annuum extract,

reflected the highest time interval with an average of

16.877776667 minutes. The 60% extract procured an average of

10.788866667 minutes. The 90% extract acquired the lowest

average time length among the three extracts, and therefore

the90% extract held the

19
lowest and therefore the fastest time extent of death and

mortality in direct comparison to the 30% and 60% extracts.

Data Analysis

Table 3. ANOVA Summary

Source Degrees of Sum of Mean F-Stat P-Value
Freedom Squares Square
DF SS MS
Between 2 174.362982 87.181491 256.764292 0.00000154
Groups
Within Groups 6 2.037235 0.339539

Total: 8 176.400217
In table 2.1 The p-value corresponding to the F-statistic

of one-way ANOVA is lower than 0.05, suggesting that the one

or more treatments are significantly different.

Table 4 Tukey Result

Pair Difference SE Q Lower Upper Critical p-value
CI CI Mean
A-B 4.6611 0.3364 13.8549 3.2013 6.1209 1.4598 0.0001603
A-C 10.75 0.3364 31.9539 9.2902 12.2098 1.4598 0.000001297
B-C 6.0889 0.3364 18.099 4.6291 7.5487 1.4598 0.00003442
We present above the color- coded results (red for significant, green for insignificant) of
evaluating whether for all relevant pairs of treatments.
This table tell us that if we are comparing our variables A

which is our 90% concentration to variable B which is our 60%

concentration, the P-value for this was 0.0001603 and because

that was less than 0.05 and Any Sig. value below the 0.05

level is considered as a statistically significant difference,

we then can conclude that this pair of variables has a

statistically significant difference between the extermination

time, the same goes to the variables A and C (90% and 30%) and

variable B-C pair (60% and 30%).

20
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

To better describe the entire highlight of this study,

the results showed the effectiveness of siling haba extract

against mosquito larvae. It was found that the 90%

concentration has exterminated 5 out of 5 mosquito larvae with

an average time of

6.1 minutes (6 mins and 6 secs), while the 60% concentration

has exterminated 5 out of 5 mosquito larvae with average

time of

10.8 minutes (10 mins and 48 secs), and the 30% concentration

has also exterminated 5 out of 5 mosquito larvae with an

average time of 16.9 minutes (16 mins and 54 secs). The result

showed that the concentration of the extract increases and the

span of time for extermination decreases.

The average time of extermination of each treatment and

the difference of the span of time the mosquito larvae were

exterminated upon exposure to the treatments was determined.

The time difference of mosquito larvae being exterminated upon

exposure to 90% and 60% was 4.66 minutes, 90% and 30% was

10.75,

while 60% and 30% solution got 6.09 minutes.

It was found that among the three treatments, the 90%

solution was showed to have the fastest time extent of death

21
and mortality in direct comparison to the 30% and 60%

solutions. And after computing the results for Tukey test, the

p-value obtained between the three treatments was 0.00 which

is below the value

22
of 0.05 level. Thus, this indicates that all pairs of

variables (90% - 60%, 90% - 30%, and 60% - 30% solutions) has

statistically significant differences between the

extermination time.

Conclusion

Given the different studies about the siling haba being a

repellant because of its phenolic compound and it is important

to note that capsaicin containing products are primarily used

to repel stored products pest (capsaicin is one of the most

abundant in compound in phenolic compound). Therefore, it was

settled to ascertain the larvicidal ability of siling haba

extract solution against mosquito larvae.

As shown in the Tukey Test results, all the relevant pairs

showed to have a significant difference between each other.

The data gathered in the study helped establish the larvicidal

activity of siling haba (Capsicum annuum cultivar) against

mosquito larvae. Average Extermination Time results indicate

that among the extracts, the 90% extract held the lowest and

therefore fastest time extent of death and mortality in direct

comparison to the 30% and 60% extracts.

In totality, the data collected show that Capsicum annuum

cultivar indeed has larvicidal potential when treated to

larvae in high concentrations, and can be used as a substitute

for commercial insecticides, though proper processing is still

needed to ensure its appropriateness as substitute.

23
Recommendations
After a further analysis of the study’s summary,
conclusions, and implications, the following recommendations
are hereby made:
Society
1. People are encouraged to use organic larvicide, such as
siling haba, to prevent growth and abundance of mosquito
larvae.
SCHOOL
1. St. Michael Academy should utilize the siling haba
extract to help control the growth of mosquito larvae.
2. St. Michael Academy should conduct gardening activities
or start growing plants containing siling haba to be used
by future researchers.
Department of Health
1. Department of Health should strengthen medical programs
that could help stop the growth of mosquito larvae, hence
preventing outrageous diseases such as malaria, dengue,
lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever, and other vector-
borne diseases.
2. Department of Health should promote studies of plants
that can help prevent diseases brought by mosquito
larvae.
Future Researchers
1. The future researchers should use this study as a
reference for their research, which could help in
identifying the efficacy of the plant extract against
mosquito larvae.
2. Future researchers should also add treatments with higher
concentration; with cost and feasibility of study for
market.
3. Future researchers should use Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE) in conducting experiment to avoid
contamination of bacteria and prevent injuries.

24
 REFERENCES

4. Sachs, J., & Malaney, P. (2013). The economic and social

burden of malaria. [Retrieved:

https://www.nature.com/articles/415680a#:~:text=Malaria%2

0represent%20%20broad%20social%20and%20economic%20costs&t

ext=They%20include%20such%20factors%20as,the%20necessary%

20support%20provided%20there.]

5. Snow, R.W., Guerra, C., et al. (2009). The global

distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium

falciparum malaria. [Retrieved:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15759000/.]

6. Aktar, W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhurry, A. (2014). Impact

of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and

hazards. [Retrieved:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/#:~:

text=Impact%20on%20environment,%2C%20and%20non%2Dtarget%2

0plants.]

7. Rey, D., Besnard, J., et al. (2014). Comparative

sensitivity of larval mosquitoes to vegetables

polyphenols versus conventional

insecticides. [Retrieved:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1570-

7458.2001.00793.x.]

8. Odalo, J., Omolo, M., et al. (2010). Repellency of

essential oils of some plants from the Kenyan coast

against Anopheles gambiae. [Retrieved:

25
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00

01706X0500152X.]

9. Mula, M.S., & Su, T. (2017). Activity and biological

effects of neem products against arthropods of medical

and veterinary importance. [Retrieved:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10412110.]

10. Pormar, F., Bernal, M.A., et al. (2018). Oxidative

metabolism and phenolic compounds in Capsicum annuum L.

var. annuum infected by Phytophthora 24apsica Leon.

[Retrieved:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222363757_Oxidat

ive_metabolism_and_phenolic_compounds_in_Capsicum_annuum_

L_var_annuum_infected_by_Phytophthora_capsici_Leon.]

11. Govindarajan, V.S., & Sathyanarayana, M.N. (2009).

Capsicum production, technology, chemistry, and quality.

Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition,

and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and

desensitization sequences. [Retrieved:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/104083991

09527536?scroll=top&needAccess=true.]

12. Kyls, M., Malejky, N., & Nowak-Chmura, M. (2017).

The repellent effect of plants and their

active substances against thebeetle storage

pests. [Retrieved:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00

22474X16303289.]

26
13. Rentokil. (2012). Understanding the life cycle of

the mosquito. Vdci.net.

[Retrieved:https://www.vdci.net/mosquito-biology-101-

life-cycle.]

14. Wikipedia. (2022). Siling Haba. Last modified may 7,

2022.[Retrieved:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siling_haba.]

15. Unhappy Hipsters. (2022). What You Need to Know

about Mosquito Larvae. [Retrieved:

https://unhappyhipsters.com/mosquito-larvae.]

16. Merriam Webster. (2010). Exterminate Definition &

Meaning. Last modified Jan 17, 2022.[Retrieved:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exterminate. ]

17. Laerd Statistics. (2012). One-way ANOVA.

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/one-way-

anova-statistical- guide.php#:~:text=The%20one%2Dway

%20analysis%20of,more%20 independent%20(unrelated)

%20groups.

27
 APPENDIX A

EXPERIMENTAL RAW DATA

Table 1. Average Extermination Time of Mosquitoes Larvae in Minutes

Treatment 90% extract 60 % extract 30% extract
(in minutes) (in minutes) (in minutes)

TRIAL 1 6.2 10.3833 17.53333

TRIAL 2 5.36667 10.9333 16.35

TRIAL 3 6.81667 11.05 16.75

AVERAGE 6.12778 10.788866667 16.877776667

Table 2 Data Summary

Groups N Mean Std. Dev. Std. Error

90% Concentration 3 6.1278 0.7277 0.4201

60% Concentration 3 10.7889 0.356 0.2056

30% Concentration 3 16.8778 0.6019 0.3475

Table 3 ANOVA Summary

Source Degrees of Sum of Mean F-Stat P-
Freedom Squares Square Value
DF SS MS
Between 2 174.3631 87.1815 256.777 0
Groups
Within Groups 6 2.0371 0.3395

Total: 8 176.4002

28
Table 4 Tukey Result
Pair Difference SE Q Lower Upper CI Critical p-value
CI Mean
A-B 4.66107 0.3364 13.8549 3.202989 6.119184 1.4598 0.0001603
A-C 10.749997 0.3364 31.9539 9.291899 12.208094 1.4598 0.000001297
B-C 6.08891 0.3364 18.099 4.630812 7.547008 1.4598 0.00003442

Table 5. Extermination Time by 90% Extract

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Average

6.2 5.36667 6.81667 6.12778

Table 6. Extermination Time by 60% Extract

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Average

10.3833 10.9333 11.05 10.788866667

Table 7. Extermination Time by 30% Extract

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trial 3 Average

17.53333 16.35 16.75 16.877776667

Figure 1. Average Extemination

20 Time
APPENDIX B
15
Time In Minutes

Photo Documentation
10
16.87777667

5 10.78886667
6.12778
0
2 4
Treatme3nt
s

29
ONE WAY ANOVA STEP BY STEP SOLUTIONS

Treatment 90% extract 60 % extract 30% extract

(in minutes) (in minutes) (in minutes)

TRIAL 1 6.2 10.3833 17.53333

TRIAL 2 5.36667 10.9333 16.35

TRIAL 3 6.81667 11.05 16.75

TOTAL 18.38334 32.366600000000005 50.6333

30
31
32
33
TUKEY TEST STEP BY STEP SOLUTIONS

34
35
 APPENDIX B

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Syringe

Siling Haba

The Siling haba were homogenized in a blender

36
The process of extracting using cheesecloth separating the

solid and liquid concentrations

How it looks after: Siling Haba Extract

90%, 80% and 60% extract preparation

37
 Collection of the Mosquito Larvae

Exposure of Mosquito Larvae to the applied Treatment

38
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Lance T. Lusara

ADDRESS: Brgy. Bantian, Tinambacan District,

Calbayog City, Western Samar

BIRHDATE: February 4, 2003

PLACE OF BIRTH: Calbayog City, Western Samar

FATHER: Joel G. Lusara

MOTHER: Herminia T. Lusara

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: La Milagrosa Academy

HIGH SCHOOL: La Milagrosa Academy (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

39
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Russel A. Galing

ADDRESS: Brgy. Eco. Mondragon, Northern Samar

BIRTHDATE: January 27, 2004

PLACE OF BIRTH: Catarman, Northern Samar

FATHER: Rudy A. Galing

MOTHER: Marina Eliza A. Galing

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Mondragon 1 Central School

HIGH SCHOOL: Saint Anthony Academy (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

40
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Precious Altheahope A. Lobos

ADDRESS: Brgy. Chitongco,Mondragon, Northern Samar

BIRTHDATE: March 3, 2004

PLACE OF BIRTH: Mondragon, Northern Samar

FATHER: Roque S. Lobos

MOTHER: Emma A. Lobos

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Mondragon 1 Central School

HIGH SCHOOL: Saint Anthony Academy (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

41
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Jenny Lyca L. Emaas

ADDRESS: Candida Street, Brgy. Mirador Mondragon,

Northern Samar

BIRTHDATE: September 24, 2003

PLACE OF BIRTH: Brgy. Mirador Monndragon, Northern Samar

FATHER: Jessie E. Emaas

MOTHER: Lanie L. Emaas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Mirador Elementray School

HIGH SCHOOL: Saint Anthony Academy (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

42
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Althea Leslie B. Gorre

ADDRESS: Brgy. Ward 3 San Antonio, Northern Samar

PLACE OF BIRTH: Roxas city, Capiz

FATHER: Teolie R. Gorre

MOTHER: Marites B. Gorre

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: San Antonio Central Elementary School

HIGH SCHOOL: Pearl Island Academy Foundation Incorporated

(JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

43
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Pauline S. De Silva

ADDRESS: Brgy. Dalakit, Catarman Northern Samar

BIRTHDATE: February 6, 2004

PLACE OF BIRTH: Catarman Hospital

FATHER: Gil E. De Silva

MOTHER: Lorna S. De Silva

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: Catarman I Central School

HIGH SCHOOL: Saint Michael Academy (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

44
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

NAME: Thelem P. Collamar

ADDRESS: Brgy. San Antonio Mondragon, Northern Samar

BIRTHDATE: June 9, 2004

PLACE OF BIRTH: Brgy. Calachuchi, Catarman, Northern Samar

FATHER: Mario Collamar

MOTHER: Igelyn Politano

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

ELEMENTARY: San Antonio Elementary School

HIGH SCHOOL: Nenita National High School (JHS)

Saint Michael Academy (SHS)

45