andanit fa eecise

61.Sendor has data 1011LBender neds to

1sing humming eade coneeht
st
Kien_data =1011
Now
7hit H-eade P111 odd aaby
P 2 1 01 e

1 o1lo1o P 101 esen

7 DD P D,
Sender will bend 1010101

Byistaa nuecie hs tcecised 11lo101

P111 > odd haly >1
1
P 1 0 1 >esd
D7 De Dy Py D P P >1
P111-Odd
Nous ueeiuer uilsend
ecd hack t ho bendor
ha thea is bome esto_and nanbmibhso
keceisuris Ao11o11
2. Ihe 7-ht H-tode_Ls0Hd iueeiaed by a
AbLming _een haily Blate
uwhathet he e ecise eodeuntd
loeal dhe hit hauing kro
Sol
Ma dala k= 1011611
oud
7 bit -code o l l o 1a

P 1011 =odd=1
1o O1= euen=0
P 1101 =odd -1
PaPP,- (101), =S
D1,THoeon e DE0
he wtomg loeata is
Flow onbial

S p u d malehing meehanibm.

dala Tha tan

be
RFlos anilral caotdina les T amoun
o GQ 1deciviny an aeknowledgmenl
 3.Floue ealalia kd opraedkutsa zWs e ua
hous much dala it_Can ians.nzbel itmuas wat
aeknoueedgcmen 10mhe heeoiseH

4.Reecisea has
ldala d
a miled sheudat cokieh
niled amounl motyinhiehT
ean o.eabs into
oro

5
Keeciuet masl inkatmhe Sender beleteehe milk ate sutaek

Tampotasuly.
a pes lau eaiilial O NoialeAs chanaul
Heehani sm S ad wadt

Noiy ehamna
Heehanibm 0 Shand kail ARA
64oaaek NAR
Sleelie ARG
ONeis leA chammel
stoh and atAmd
1 Sth and aiperaloeol ib bLL rataed
o an imitsion o ameh ae1oisless ehanl.
R sides aunditaelkional daia TnaskaiAsion t i laus cob
acilhes bat ho cro_conlrol acilitas
3. h idea and uoikperalonod is laigkousatd
|4. Afle Thanbmi llEng oneame Sendeoaila o a
ndknoualedgmenl brlotteaatAming he ne Kame

Pimilics 3h amd wall orols

Sender Sde
Rule 1 Send onp dala hagkaata
Rule 2 - Send he
nerhaekat ony alter e
 ACKn herneuious

2 ReecisL Sid
Rale 1Reeie and eonkume dala hackel
e
RNa2-_Án eCon Aumiasg hkel AcK ntd
ToheScntt laa eono

allems e and aillaea

1. ralilenn_duef Iat dala

Sendesai et ACK Lott_a ininilo atcatnt oame.

Keeciuse LOaVs dala e a n inkini amoun d

12. Pek_dae t aaekaoasledanuin CACK)

Send cr eais an inimle amatun ameoAeK.

3 Prallem due delale AeK

R
da ta
Aek

Aten ne_od n bender Aidea delayed AeKmi ght e

wrongly con bidoad a ACK o Bommeolken dela ha.ckil
 haaan
9TOP-ANN-WALT ARG>1al=td-
prioloeolis naighorsatd

baloi hanbanilin wtames

h e Aek doehnaeiie a l a codan Kesiod o
nder Eneb o andlansmiVE The oitiginalae
Sihnd-tlaa AR-GhR-drd-LtTantol Tment Scautnse
Naumlee

ceiaRAbelct anch erhirs

FaAm2
ACK

DIhe_biigLanal
Fnauad
Frame

heACK
rdae
AC

Friamc
AC
K
 h antoilikzs taa aon

Frae
ACK

Frramg
ACK

Dt 17 Dee'21
o hac MARG>1. lo baek NARG belaongs Tyouh slidiang
windoeSW Holatol, ha N i hbemde aindau Ainyo

R yo haek NARG 12t Conec ol eraloealhelining ihe

SLMdp Lan bend malzkle erameh helato M

he 1s1 Hame

.ht_aunile n0 tames nd he eramts abe MALm nesed

in_a sLquon lial manL

haCan be_hend dalends on he iolndous

4, enn. o
sndeh

4E)henhe
SindinLsindou sirgeis
fan Lxamp 0,1, 2,3,0,1.and bo om. Ee
beqpLemee no. EU be 0,1, 2, 3,
2 hils hedaube_windo irye 4.
nD_hz_whole

is 2 qenesalohe
he n0 b i ine SCuenee no

biMayseqpnenee i e 00, 01L 10,11.

and wS s 4 ambmil all atames

C1we hase 1o aames
hAt_oill habhemd mo. 3 tane is laa

1bing go baek NARg.

S
 hack ie hiang LtandmiUed is
Scnd 10 hacklsThen houemany
Yrnansmision_ae taquised

R3457 |1o

b 29 bee 21 1P_addze

es 1P addres1. Clasul 1P adAtiess

2. lassleA 1P addres
Jaso yctblonb> 1Py4 (32 bils )a &1fy6 (128 bats

4.Clasul 1Padkres Ihe 32 bi P addiak is daidal 2ilo

ie b elaabth Ihese atteClass A, elahs B, elas elasb
and elaus Each ohess elasses has a Vad range o 1P
addesb elasbeb Dand E _ate tea.cheued mucltie ndt ind
2xperimsnlal ubho Atb nest
1y4addsess ib_disideh inta tao faits Ntot LD
DHast1D(H1D
 4
-Bate 2 B 3-
A Net rD H-1D H-TD H-ID (o-127

Net TD (14 bat) TD 16 bit) (138-12

Net TD 24 bisB) H-TD ( bts)| (12-223

D- Mu UEeas Add eb 5 (224-232

E Ras eused (z40-355

Kanya0-25s (Vualohnsenlch in_dat dotima

0-255 0-255 0-255 o-255

Exam loIPddsos 29 48
121
Ranqe
alao ea Wed
R. Claslh adds=laslzAs addsessingis raakinghe helhsta
alassless ialerdgmaia zroialieng hase add
alloeala 1P addiussanatte zeienlly When
LP addtoabz nelhod abigns_a blaeks
alaliculatt10_ bloek is
tulsdnd I
a TP addiress coietningecrkain Padd zuhb
CIBR blosk and hnee he tenitud no o
fa Wed a

baussan ela 1P addeohs and elaasless IP addass

* DE e
elassful 1P_addsuss
milhodslnP
dn 1P addsoss_aWoealion
1P oddrusbes AlC
That alloealas
n e majot elasbeb.
Clasless JP dda
addsuss_alacalian 2neho
Lie desigmed Ta teplare elaaslal
mininite he staid
addressing Ta
exhauion d IP addresscs

dsmaelieal and use DDMotce taelieal and useal.

I h e t r e i b n o boundasy 0N

eNet 1D_and H-1D ehangcs Net ID and H1D

dshinding0n he clasbts.
 Dke 21 laycth
TeP/1P adel o
b 29

oeol and nYle

olacal_and
hanbonission_Conltal in
TCPLIPicanó
beuet_aehi leeheh_yslem
eash layt
hraloeolI i Ls a ayetedAle
s delimkd laeilienclion
lneilienelion Theattm
anbma
ma
eolabotaliely t Tani
TCPP layerb Woitk
hzae foc
Laom one layee T anolher layet
Ldala
ti Te P/1Pmodel is did
Iepunelionalily o eralocols
sheeie
anleout ayc_and caeh includih

Ttlantk uCboutiees
iealion lay I alousaces
TELNET, FTP, SMTP DNS de
Some sd
N

deliue and eritot deliiesty

39n layur=o moae ha ekels tom_boute denalion

%peoside Vauyt

4 Natwso aec-Responsilde e rtansmisicn in betcan

us deuices om he bame neluuo

DNcne belscenTCPLIP mekel and C0SI mede

TCP|IP model OST modek

ALealio ay
ARLiealhon loyet Polsenla om lay
Sebbion laye

nan shoi layen hanshort Jayer

Snennet laytr Natuck lay
N inleaaelay Dala Lnklayer
Physicallay
 (4
bt 4Sn 22

Roalag lgoathans
noaling alga ib a kraesdute tha layá doun The raill
Cht ath to ansler dala_hachels tom docLea ta he dealinalis
hy hel n_dueliag Satiroiat tinllie ellzeicntly Eusile
Lak lata Rotitinq lnila

Lenk slate tabe wery tou ler

R R2
Scqu enee No. Sequenee No
Sequenea No TTL
T. T. L T.TL
R

R 9
7

Re
R S&puine No
Seuenee No.

SeqmeneL No T. T. L
TTL
TTL 8
R
R3
K
R 1 Rs 4
Re

R, 1aing bijkasbra algotilk

PReuatingtalec
R, RR
Rs R
puat)-
B,talMe Ghola.t value R Rs
12
R R,RR 12 20
RR, R,R
 Via
RoungTaMe o R 0 Rg
R
5 Rg
3 R
13R,R

R 12 RR2
16RR

9itraly aocy 1cd (tot) l l Aen Halla sge gat

wsy mcod i l l o Tne falle ta zuy Holen

>Bandasi dt dikaalkon is veyhigkh

Relihilty ad ton&alon ate kigh.
>Euey 9nouler Wae losakncusladge about thy toutz
houlo i s helAD femd oshtlest distanct.
PEuey tolan will plood becauseat leal one_Holewill
bealle t fass haquaitad paekat tte dolonalron
>hey_will dijkasla algo. t calealala shorlest dlanee
>TTL=Time To Liue
 bt6 Jun 22
DIAlanee Velon Rouiangdlgorilla
hay bhahe only h nighbout
hiy sharu_cnlydeblanee velo~
Dilanee Velo_otling_noloeal Prequined_a Houler iakotmn
nighboturh odoy hauiodkealky Aistariealls_knesan as lhe
Kaouln_as lhe

ARPA NÉT Koun_algo is_albo knoten Rellnasn Fotd

alqotiUhan

Each houler maimlainsa dManee Verlor aWe eonlaininq

Lse_and al fo: We HosNnallon nodeb
meVcie a
DisName08 bubed 0m_a_ehooben eomhulad usinq
inotmalion tom he muiqh hotuerb disNamee Veelot

N 3 N N
.1
6

NG
FEd heshotrlesk_diAanee sing dilanee ec la touling algo.
S.
Houling laleot
1st Sta ou haue la make diskanee veaVot
2aeh aul
Nenct
DeblEnalion Diadanee Veelot
N N
N 1 N
N
N
N
N
Ns
N

Dealmal om Dialaneg veelor Nex

N N,
N
O N.
N
N
N
N
N
N
 Naet
bealimalinDislane e Veel
N N

N
N
N N
N
o
N
N

Nont
beFnalionbuJanee veelo
NG N
N N
N o

N
N
N
N

N>bealvalionbalanee eelonNedd
N
N N
N
N
N N

Rnd Sta NG uiltaeci N dislaneg veelot

N
New RT N DV- (anu Valo
bslimali o Dislanee velor Nen
N
N 0

N 7 N

N N

N N N N
N Nand N,-N, Ni N ad N,>N,

1+ 6 7 1 =

T.0
 Naus R.T oN
beskmabonbsanee Vee lon Nent Dv. V.
N
N N
N N
N
N 3 N

N, N N N
N Ns nd N N
3+ =7
827 So, Ws ehoose 7

N N
Ness RT o D.v.
Deslrnalkon D.v.

N
N 6 N
O N
N
2
N 3
Ns 6 N

N D.
Neus RT oN
D.V Nent
DeAna Ko N 3
N
N
N Ng
N
od
N

N2
Nu RT oN D.V
DV.
Nen

.V.
eAlnako
N o

N N
N N
N
N
N
 t 5 fl 33
S1.Lhat WANand LAN2
h all Lotm_VAN i Wda a Nelasutk.
Nelustk.WAA
ib a eompailohnluok Tha2lends Oue a laxq gaogmall
ahta, althotugh it might be_Lonlined ailkin thbed
La Slatao eounty
Jhe ull yozm o LAN 6 Local uaNELaork. JE
Connuelk ilaiedk dlauie in sueh _a way ha t Aonaltompalt
amd wotksNalions ean bhate dala,Iadls_and rog tamá

R, Watehe denunee belLn Suileh and Hulk

Ky Suileh Hub
1 0lecae Susleh emables_eonnecion Hh main oljeelse
beling and minallnq s ransmi th
basid on med
trshond ushee
Aignal aad ueleues
Rayet Suelel sorks in dala link Hah otks in
layet hyieaayat
3. ansnibsion pe | Sleh sukes unieastmullkc HaA6 btoadeat
abwe ab btoadeasl he h ansmi Ssion
tansmibbLo
4, Pot Suileh ean hase 2 4T Hle ean haue
28horls manimum horl
Feb 22
loeLoncre

NoLAy ehanmLX

Seleelie ARG = Seleelu Rehat_ARA is ianilar Tha

o-Baek -N hroloeol meckhanism btt