INTROOVCTIONN

Numeiicallu iatea kade (Sale } difkexendial eqnS

VEY RDEY0nd flexible Same meho d (an be
US 9alue heo ondunclian xoblemdeflecdio n
problem {uid dynami GlES aDlyeis xahlem
Hahlg_Ssemalic and chuduld piOgkss
Sepssk saluina a
e l a p aONEIDInq equation
Equuhbium eQuatioo
ShesG sioih Reudtan ch Solid Mechonic
Stain-dieplak ment stlatiung)

RSalve thest qaveininq equatitns.

Exat Solution Sslulion has io colisfy

aoNAIDIDq equaxion a al paind in_aNeOO indteSt.
A L he bound1g condiions ant exactly2
Salisfied
Jhese uD cunditions shadd Sahs ky fox
RXath.SolLudion

UAppLaximode Soluisns Enor ¢0 ur most Pojnt.c

6Soldion
NunRKiCa eoludiob weqek
DumeLa VaduRS
EirolTo b u (Eu(WTFunchan 0
Ntightage inlEqral ok extar =0.
 Numerico Soludion
FEAEEM
BEM8EA

MeHod
FEAEEM
1eEA/8EM

MEthad 2 FDMFinite diffexene melhod

ExpESS deivalives as diffextncecs

Example Let G take Sa)e

Aea f)AI
XnX
Cdh C(-x,)
(Exach Saludion
HeIe domain iS -0

Naw let uS alkR qno fher fun f)&G choun in gloph

Notu ind olêa belueen K

Hexe h& funto is Dot

eosy inteqnate we don
knou ekach {uncion r i

iSVE (o6plicoled o iueqaad e 0 we umeLG

BNEG h uhole otea indo mal slices.

 Date

Ild amta A x ) AAr(Sa)

AppISch 1 HEig hdof AS) s anshand and i t iGAD

AAGCN)=S AX
ERfectivtly ur N CalLdahing A ABED)

Approsch 2 nfar
Ac(ARCD) t A
Eror AY (AD (urV
Approach 3:quodatic
Loominq elemen_ Ar(ABCD) =Ar (undex quadiokic cueve
tLox iS esSiom piev iotlG caSes
We ale malkigq moLE Ocutate asution ossu
in.ceasing he deget of slynomial
Exor (on be keduced by
AS Agse do zeIO eNOX gats o zao

the size of Ax in intinitely shnauthen ekro is

n d ina o ZeO:

As OAr o0pYoach bEOMES moIe A phistaCatederta

i e w Qte
consideinghigher deg1ee psly.nomial
(or uahex deareR Shape tunctios)
Tke unction uhich bel ps understandinq Hhe ikonsikton
ke in Siist it S Gnsland in end appGach itls knear
m2 Oppidach ifis quadlatic tud hese tuncionS
 cte

explaln hou Vokiables Ore chonaing -6ttAL ONEY

an elemenk aud aaoss elemen) theu oe kaaun ag
ohapeunchons
Tbese funxhons (ould be i-D_ 2-D sr 9-0

Elements Saoall slics uhuch ue bove diuided is

Colled tlement G
Nodes @ ends only for inear slemend.c
ElementS<
-Nides @ Bhds ond n behueen to
highergrdex
Exampl
Dlinear un s,afed ond pains D and
Forqluadi.ad icue hted peindAs Dondan.dio.
beh ueen ane poin.

Fox RXomple

GN+b°+CK+d=o

To elimina Ke a ond b_om quaBion uf nEed

alleag wo poindts ozmake 2 fquations Ga h a t
WR con Salve 2uotiahle 2 ean,

a b ond Ioelimna these 3 unknGiun_we need-

puids to moke£auations.
uLe Aeed 4points.
Heat (onduction
BCundor (ondiion
Peifech inulation inside Q\:Ri

R
Hollo u piPe
A Ra temp 1s peciied.
T(R T,

)CroSS Gecion 1S oxiG ymmelri.cie i t remainS

(Giand uben ME MNe in e ditectih)

) Buundaly CondJionS oE OSSymmetii
Maleial ploperies o axis summehic.
) Loadinq conditions 0xe 0xiG Summe Hxic.

AxiS Symmetic A a gven X \S vGdues| popeNdit

dues nat chonae fur ony volue of (iteto 9

J t a h eobovNe 4 (odionNS onent hen we.

ULRgONENInY tquhih neglec he Yole of_o

Fox0xi SummelYic_ heat conduchon probleN

goveininq e q i s

dr

Rodius K ' hema onductivty

herrmal Joad heot genEiahion Iale
 at2
a2 .

Our am is o conduct T(Y)=?2

Siep eak domain indo ubdooins
To kul elexmed4 4,3 N

N:No of elemends_
R ha
b AengN ok elemen
Step e olke one elfmend and shape uncione init
element no

elemend Do
Amplitudet Inievpoiadion fur/Shope fu
elemend no.

functfor D0

Hevt e ae ugina n hape iunctions

Heif utae oking elemena \ ond eruessinats lep
vorishon in ieimS Sape luncions
*Tempeahuae is chonging oVey the elemenk Ot ave
h& cylnder Righi nouu we oe hakinq anly one elemenk
W toD dSo UIe

T =2 T r)

SImilonly tolkinqior ohe elemend

J

FoxOny 9enesl elementx, T,U) : Z 1 A)

 Dat
Pag2

Vadid foY Rto R;+h, Valid foY Ri+h do Ri+h+hn)

ngBhoffist ond geond eleIMeab

NN

Vodid fov Ro-h oRo

Fox e elemend

e t us
olceeh elemend

he

helength of eh eleMen
Tola of poluhomia uncfion helq hatoclarize hou
NONieS oNe eleme

JAiS he value of T Q S poind iD en_elemenF ond

Fax a linear elernenkVodue of changing ineaxly ovey

lenqth) we need s kns To Pond F a Ra
Eo quadialicelemenA we nRed ko noAT Q
P n d Pg
For Cubi we sekd RaPaPa ond

indiales ovder o element (oxder s h-

nindical e he no Dndsper elemfnt.
 T 2 n ehelemerl
=inoun
unknolD

DunlknouuS perelemen

Pluy i s in dikíexenia) equaion af ois.

e haue
S mmEhi hEG (onductHon guNexninq q whidh
taren alueady in Sluiing..
Bud Ihis uil nol atis fy he ediffexential equatlon
exacly be cause ue have iulken ihis f Tel a on.

QsSum phion So ue will geome E RROR_

e

Error toTd =o integrahng over Ihe. length

of elemend e
e'-\

We qtt algober tqualLon tiom h s indeqi.ofi.on

No again mudliply el1oYuh onethtr fun

Cnd inieqkude thtn e ue qek ano her alqabeii eq

D his nn HmesS ond get ndguber ic equadions

Now Aoeit ale n quahsNS ondDunlknowng

9o wean olve Adem: ud right.ouLue uuill na
Sole i becauGe
TIlnot wA have done his tor sR REMEnt (Elemend
euel).Ss w t hoNe to onne ch neibeur elemends
adga o art ntex reladionshipS

A Noa we Ull_ASEEMBLE all hese equation

element ievel qe0SSembly euel equadions
 Let
)Popc

At elemen t leve ecfox/olum n modrin

S e (onads/vecox

Dequalon- A ths sloge-

get (0 00 hiia
Solution becaus t we
have' ngk o5emkbledzik4e haue-
G D E s t E d his mdi with onather matix fo

oHen elemend c S0 ue i l make moti for N'elknents

N
Mahiy

Nou ue will osS.em ble alt Mese N matti to mako

i g ooHiy

Oxder

Tolol nD of n0 dRS.
. 3
Tool n0 of hod es
N+L or lneox elements
NA)N. oxquodahc elemeds
One exlto oin i eveyy Plemyend betasFen Erxd pons
 N+T+2N tor ubic elemen

in beueen end poinds

2nodes evey ele mend

Ss order of he malti uuilll depend sn ho uManY-

Remen uue havf and oideY of each element(linfak/qidiaik
uhic

Applying boundo ty (ondilim-

T(R)=
T o lash hade Value Ia I
and T

Nalue=I

SOURCES OF ERROR
Number of elements (If his nmber is \arqex hen eOr
qes daun)
Due to disci tizolion ok aeamElry i tdscuizalion is
iS ExixemAe
otQ eLOr iG larae it_discuAization \s ine ROY
Small

Choic o nBexpolodioh Funcion Hiqher order inlf al.adion

fonchisn hen etKC iS less

Numerial FitorDue tolaiqe SI7f at (ompLudatisn

 nt

Element evel Eq AGSEmbly aundaiy(ondiHo

sNE odgaheic equaion o
qe Solution

Some omplex condion con Roh be Solyed divecl bu EKack

Soludianmethad For eXOmple

+tee Ptastit
Nale\uais changing then i} 1S vExu dltticult io
ind exacd Soltion bu ueang FEM ut (on fasily
ve hese pe ofpxablem all ur hove to do \G takinq
Dodesok the inleIsc.Hon af dif{erent moteiia and
Aaking ditierent maierial oxapextise in difiextnt elemt nt
ond ck eate eemend motiiy TNEn oC£Pmble matii.

ACUraCu Lact 9olution=FE Goludion ylo

EMac So
Convel.gghce

Ayeo -Exact)
So

FES
N
No oelements

AS he Do stelements CEOES FE'GoVipp1oacheS fo

Exoct sal
 Thlosophu n oSSembly pxaCesis ha pximay voio bles.
OiR (ontinusus acoSGAner fo ce

T:Temp (Pimoy vosable

Tzeqns
In OSSmbly pisESG uhen uat jun hese lemens

wR tuke Tand T Caneemp because

est ovR actuallyasqme paint (Ie Ig

equaHonS Wk impoe Condidion_of 0nkinuy

Bu in some caLes hese points Can nod k CoTSideIed

as same Fox exomple i f HheIE Sony crads in plode

P(Force)
Ciacl hese poa are
P
Phusically od So me
Caion because CKack
t we oN appluinq ioite(P
is n e (no uidthb)
in opposite dixtction_ hen
ondPa u mtDA n oppesHe directioh Sa
Le Con ake hem us Some psind Su ue do nat
Imp ose (ondition tor (ontiautu

TIME DEPE NOENS PROGLEM Ne.dis citise ime

ondcombine pact_Omd them combine bo th .