USN MSPEL31

Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur – 572 103

(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Third Semester M.Tech. Signal Processing Examinations January 2010

Digital Signal Compression
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: 1. Answer any 5 full questions.

1 a) The source alphabet is [A,B,C], and their known probability distribution is P A=0.5, PB=0.4,
PC=0.1. Assume that the length of the messages is always three.
i) Encode the message BBB by Huffman coding?
ii) Encode the message BBB by Arithmetic coding?
iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Arithmetic coding as compared to
Huffman coding. 8
b) Suppose the alphabet is the set of symbols {0,1}, show the dictionary and output for LZW
compression of the input : 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 , with LZW compression algorithm. 8
c) Distinguish between lossy and lossless compression techniques. 4

2 a) Explain Nonuniform Scalar Quantization. 6

b) For the coefficients of a 3-stage wavelet transform given below, determine the dominant list
and subordinate pass outputs for two passes using EZW algorithm. 8

63 – 34 49 10 7 13 – 12 7
– 31 23 14 – 13 3 4 6 –1
15 14 3 – 12 5 –7 3 9
–9 –7 – 14 8 4 –2 3 2
–5 9 –1 47 4 6 –2 2
3 0 –3 2 3 –2 0 4
2 –3 6 –4 3 6 3 6
5 11 5 6 0 3 –4 4

c) Give the definition for the 2D-DCT and 2D-IDCT for a block size of 8.
i) If an 8  8 grayscale image is in the range 0…255, what is the largest value a DCT
coefficient could be, and for what input image. State all the DCT coefficient values for
that image.
ii) If we subtract the value 128 from the whole image and then carry out the DCT, What
is the exact effect on the DCT value F[1,2]?
iii) Would it be possible to invert the subtraction of 128 using IDCT, if yes how? 6
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MSPEL31
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3 a) Write a note on 2D-Haar Wavelet transform. 4
b) Explain the working of JPEG encoder with neat block diagram and explain each block in
detail. 8
c) What are the different modes of operation of JPEG? Explain briefly. 8

4 a) Explain the working of H.261 Encoder and Decoder with block diagram, and observe
different data points in encoder and decoder for Current frame input. 10
b) Write the syntax for H.261 video bitstream. 4

c) A video sequence is given to be encoded using H.263 in PB-mode, having a frame size of
4CIF, frame rate of 30 fps, and video length of 60 minutes. On average, two I-frames are
encoded per second. The video at the required quality has an I–frame average compression
ratio of 10:1, an average P-frame compression ratio twice as good as I–frame, an average
B–frame compression ratio as good as P-frame, Assuming the compression parameters
include all necessary headers, calculate the encoded video size. 6

5 a) Explain five different modes of prediction for frame-pictures and field-pictures in MPEG-2. 5
b) Explain how, SNR scalability works in the MPEG-2 encoder and decoder. 6
c) The motion vector search range has been increased from [-15, 15] in H.261standard to
[-512,511.5] in MPEG-1 standard, why? Calculate the number of B-frames between
consecutive P-frames. 4
d) Explain the shape coding techniques used in MPEG-4 standard. 5

6 a) Explain how, does the G.726 ADPCM works? 6

b) Explain how does the linear predictive coding vocoder works? How LPC coefficients are
calculated? 8
c) Explain the different layers of MPEG-1 audio codec. 6
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