Assumptions:

 Evaporator is operated at steady state.

 No heat loss from the evaporator.
 The emitted vapor amounts are equal in each effect.
 The vacuum pressure in the third effect is equal to 80kPa (specification card).
 Elevation of boiling point is neglected.
 Pressures, temperatures, and internal flow rates are kept constant.
 Thermal properties kept constant.
 The amount of vaporized in each effect is equal (V1= V2= V3)
 The inlet steam temperature is equal to 80 ℃
 Δ𝐾𝐸 ≈0 , Δ𝑃𝐸 ≈0
 No work interactions
 All saturated steam is condensed to maintain vacuum and exits the system at the
same temperature.
 Mass changes of system is negligible
 The effect of the mass flow rate per unit of perimeter length ( Γ ) on the heat transfer
coefficient is neglected, so did not added in calculations (Abid, 2012).

Basis: 1 hour operation

Properties of Product:

3.65 ton
∗1000 kg
Feed rate: h
=3650 kg /h
1 ton

Inlet Brix: x F =14.55 brix

Inlet Temperature: T F =50 ℃

Outlet Brix: x 3=65 brix

Boundary Conditions:
T (0, t)= T F =50 ℃
T (0 ,t)= T S 1=80 ℃
Boiling Point of the third effect:
𝐵𝑃𝑅3=1.78(𝑥3) +6.22(x 3)2 (Geakoplis, C., J., 1993)
BPR 3=1.78(0.65)+6.22 ( 0.65 )2=3.784 ℃
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠=𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚−𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 (Cengel, Y. A. & Cimbala, J., A., 2006).
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠=101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎−80𝑘𝑃𝑎=21.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 (80 kPa obtained from the specification sheet)

For 21.325 kPa the saturation temperature is 61.36 ℃. This temperature was found from
Table A.4.2. (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984).

T( 3rd effect , t ¿=T 3=61.36 ℃+3.784 ℃=65.15 ℃

Overall and Solids Balance to Calculate the Total Amount Vaporized;

3650 kg
F¿ , ° Brix =14.55°
h

14.55
xF = =0.1455
100

65
° Brix of outlet flow is65 ° , x3 = =0.65
100

Overall Mass balance:

F=3650=L3 + ( V 1+V 2+V 3 ) … … (1)

Solid Mass balance:

3650 kg
F∗x f = ∗0.1455=L3(0.65)+ ( V 1+V 2+V 3 )∗( 0)
h

531.075 kg /h=L3∗(0.65)

L3=817.03 kg /h … …(2)

Substitute L3 value into eq .1 by using equal vaporization

3650=817.03 kg/h+ ( V 1+V 2+V 3 )

V 1=V 2 =V 3=944.32 kg (Geakoplis ,C . , J . ,1993 , p.505)

Total Material Balance on Effects 1,2,3;

System 1: First effect (Geankoplis, 1993)

 (1) F=3650 kg=V 1 + L1+ ¿ = 944.32kg/h + L1, L1= 2705.68 kg/h

System 2: Second effect (Geankoplis, 1993)

(2) L1= 2705.68 kg /h= V 2 + L2 +¿ = 944.32kg/h + L2 , L2=1761.36 kg/h

System 3: Third effect (Geankoplis, 1993)

1761.36 kg 944.32 kg
(3) L2= =V 3 + L3= +2102+ L3 , L3=817.03 kg/h
h h

Total Solid Balance on Effects 1,2,3 and Solving for x

3650 kg 2705.68 kg
(1) F∗( x f )= ∗0.1455=L1∗( x 1 )= ∗x1
h h
x 1=0.196

0.196∗2705.68 kg 1761.36 kg
(2) L1∗( x 1 )= =L2∗( x 2 )= ∗( x 2 )
h h
x 2=0.3011

1761.36 kg 817.04 kg
(3) L2∗( x 2 ) = ∗0.3011=L3∗( x 3) = ∗( x 3 )
h h
x 3=0.65

The Boiling Point (BPR) of Each Effect

Σ𝛥𝑇¿ ∆ T 1+ ∆ T 2+ ∆ T 3 =T s1 −T 3 (Geakoplis, C., J., 1993)

T s 1−T 3=80 ℃−65.144 ℃=14.85℃

14.85
∆ T 1=∆T 2 ¿ ∆ T 3 = = 4.95℃
3

T s 1−∆ T 1=T 1 T 1=75.05 ℃

T 1−∆ T 2=T 2 T 2=¿70.1℃
T 2−∆ T 3=T 3 T 3=¿65.15℃

At;
33.91 kj 2643.7 kj
T s 1=80 ℃ H c 0= H v 0=
kg kg

314.14 kj 2635.384 kj
T 1=75.05 ℃ H c 1= H v1=
kg kg

293.4 kj 2626.97 kj
T 2=70.1℃ H c 2= H v0 =
kg kg

272.68 kj 2618.55 kj
T 3=65.15 ℃ H c 0= H v 3=
kg kg

These values were obtained from Table A.4.2. (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984).

Cp=4.19−2.35 (x)(Geankoplis , C . , J . , 1993)

kJ
Cp F =4.19−2.35 ( 0.1455 ) =3.84
kg ℃
kJ
Cp 1=4.19−2.35 ( 0.196 ) =3.73
kg ℃
kJ
Cp 2=4.19−2.35 ( 0.3011 )=3.48
kg ℃
kJ
Cp 3=4.19−2.35 ( 0.65 ) =2.66
kg ℃
H=Cp∗T (Singh , R . , P .∧Heldman , D ., R . ,1984 ).

kJ
H F=Cp F∗T F =3.84 ∗50 ℃=192.41kJ /kg
kg ℃

kJ
H 1=Cp1∗T 1=3.73 ∗70.05 ℃=261.29 kJ /kg
kg ℃
 kJ
H 2=Cp2∗T 2=3.48 ∗70.1℃=244.12 kJ / kg
kg ℃

kJ
H 3=Cp3∗T 3 =2.66 ∗60.15 ℃=176.12 kJ /kg
kg ℃

Material and Heat Balance on 1st effect to find V 0:

( F∗H F ) + ( V 0∗ΔH V ) =( L1∗H 1 ) + ( V 0∗ΔH C ) + ( V 1∗H V )

0 0 1

F∗H F +V 0 ( H V −H c )=L1∗H 1 +V 1∗H V (Geakoplis , C . , J ., 1993)

0 0 1

kg
∗192.41 kJ
h
3650 +V 0 ¿
kg

kg
V 0=1078.7
h

2 2
BPR1 =1.78 X +6.22 X =1.78∗( 0.196 ) +6.22∗( 0.196 ) =0.582 ℃
2 2
BPR 2=1.78 X +6.22 X =1.78∗(0.3011)+6.22∗(0.3011) =1.1℃
BPR3 =1.78 X +6.22 X 2=1.78∗( 0.65)+6.22∗(0.65)2=3.78 ℃

ΣΔT avaliable=Ts 1−T 3 ( saturation )−( BPR 1+ BPR 2+ BPR 3 )

80 ℃−65.15℃−(0.582+1.1+3.789)℃=20.34 ℃

For 1st effect: ρ=971.8 kg/m3 μ=0.352x10−3 Pa . s k=0.673 W/m℃ , at 80℃

For 2nd effect: ρ=974.8 kg/m3 μ=0.377x10−3 Pa. s k=0.666 W/moC, at

75.05 ℃
For 3rd effect: ρ=977.7 kg/m3 μ=0.403x10−3 Pa . s k=0.663 W/moC, at 70.1℃

These density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity values were obtained from doing a linear
interpolation from Table A.4.1 (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984).

In this evaporator design, the outer diameter of the 1st effect estimated as 0.041m, for the 2nd
effect it was estimated as 0.041m, and for the 3rd effect it was estimated as 0.041m (from
specification card).

4ṁ
𝑅𝑒 = (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984)
πDoμ

kg 1h
4 ×1078.7 ×
For First Effect: 𝑅𝑒 = h 3600 s
−3
=¿ 26,448.558
π × 0.041m ×0.352 ×10 Pa . s

kg 1h
4 × 944.32
×
For Second Effect: 𝑅𝑒 = h 3600 s
−3
=¿ 21,618.314
π × 0.041m ×0.377 ×10 Pa . s

kg 1h
4 ×944.32×
For Third Effect: 𝑅𝑒 = h 3600 s
−3
=¿ 20,223.584
π × 0.041m ×0.403 ×10 Pa . s

In all three effects Reynolds number was calculated as bigger than 2100 so, the flow is
turbulent flow in all three effects (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984).

Kirkbride equation for on vertical tubes and turbulent flow for condensing steam

h *¿ 0.0077 ℜ0.4 equation can be used.

( )
1
hv μ2 3
ℎ*= (Rahman, M., S. & Ahmed, J., 2012). By using these equations;
k ρ2 g

For First Effect:

0.4 0.4
0.0077 ℜ × k 0.0077×(26,448.558) × 0.673W /m℃ 2
hv= = =11,528.64 W /m ℃

( ) ( )
2 1
μ 3
−3
(0.352 ×10 Pa. s)
2 1
3
2
ρ g kg
2
m
(971.8 3 ) × 9.81 2
m s
For Second Effect:
0.0077 ℜ0.4 × k 0.0077×(21,618.314)0.4 × 0.666 W /m℃ 2
hv= = =10,083.11W /m ℃

( ) ( )
2 1
μ 3
−3
(0.377 ×10 Pa . s)
2 1
3
ρ2 g kg 2 m
( 974.8 3 ) × 9.81 2
m s

For Third Effect:

0.0077 ℜ0.4 × k 0.0077×(20,223.584)0.4 × 0.663 W /m℃
hv= = =9,493.967 W /m2 ℃

( ) ( )
2 1
μ 3
−3
(0.403 ×10 Pa . s) 2 1
3
ρ2 g kg
2
m
(977.7 3 ) × 9.81 2
m s

For stainless steel vertical tube falling film evaporator heat transfer coefficient on the liquid
side for concentrated sour cherry juice by Abid (2012):

h=36.6+80.2 × ΔT −43.8 x +37.9 ×T

𝛥𝑇=T surface −T interface, and x is the Brix value. For surface temperatures, assumed that these are
average of the steam and liquid temperature:

T s +T 1 80+75.05
1st effect :T surface,1 = = =77.25 ℃
2 2

nd T 1+ T 2 75.05+ 70.1
2 effect :T surface ,2= = =72.57℃
2 2

T 2+T 3 70.01+61.36
3rd effect :T surface ,3= = =65.68 ℃
2 2

∆ T =77.25 ℃−75.05=2.2 ℃

st '
1 effect :h 1=36.6+80.2∗( 2.2℃ )−43.8∗( 14.55 ) +37.9∗( 75.05℃ )=2420.145 W /m℃

nd
2 effect : h' 2=36.6+ 80.2∗( 2.2 ℃ )−43.8∗( 19.6 )+ 37.9∗( 70.1 ℃ ) =2011.35 W /m℃

rd
3 effect :h ' 3=36.6+80.2∗( 2.2℃ )−43.8∗( 30.11 ) +37.9∗( 61.36 ℃ )=1219.766 W /m℃
 1 1 e 1
= + + (Rahman , M . , S .∧Ahmed , J . ,2012)
U hv k h

Inner pipe diameter (D) is equal to 0.041 m, at 49.467 mm outside diameter, wall thickness is
equal to 3.703 mm for schedule 40 pipe. (Appendix Table A.5.1, Geankoplis, C., J., 1993). In
this evaporator design, it was decided to use stainless steel as the pipe type which has 15 W/m
℃ thermal conductivity (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R., 1984).

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculations

1 1 0.003703m 1
For 1 effect : U = + +
st
11,528.64 W /m ℃ 15 W /m℃ 2420.145 W /m ℃
2

U 1=¿ 1339.036 W /m2 ℃

nd 1 1 0.003703 m 1
2 effect : = + +
U 10,083.11W /m ℃ 15 W /m ℃ 2011.35 W /m℃
2

U 2=¿1185.928 W /m2 ℃

1 1 0.003703 m 1
3rd effect : = + +
U 9,493.967 W /m2 ℃ 15W /m℃ 1219.766 W / m℃

U 3=¿852.244 W /m2 ℃

1
U1 0.000746
∆ T 1=ΣΔT × = 20.34℃ × = 5.5℃
1 1 1 0.000746+0.000843+ 0.00117
+ +
U1 U2 U3

1
U2 0.000843
∆ T 2=ΣΔT × =¿20.34℃ × = 6.206℃
1 1 1 0.000746+0.000843+ 0.00117
+ +
U1 U2 U3

1
U3 0.00117
∆ T 3=ΣΔT × =20.34 ℃ × =8.63 ℃
1 1 1 0.000746+0.000843+0.00117
+ +
U1 U2 U3
Since a cold feed enters first effect, this impact requires a greater amount of heat. As an initial
approximation, raising ΔT1 while reducing ΔT2 and ΔT3 correspondingly (Geankoplis, C., J.,
1993, p. 520).

∆ T 1=5.63 ℃ ∆ T 2=5.42 ℃
∆ T 3=7.89℃

The above data ∆ T1, ∆ T2 and ∆ T3 are getting from iteration-s with Gauss-Seidel method.

( 1 ) T 1=T s −∆ T 1=80 ℃−5.63 ℃ =74.37 ℃

st
T s 1=80 ℃(1 effect condensing temperature of steam)

( 2 ) T 2=T 1−BPR 1−∆ T 2=80 ℃−0.582℃−5.42 ℃=74 ℃

T s 2=T 1−BPR1 =74.37℃−0.582 ℃=73.78℃ (2nd effect condensingtemperature of steam)

(3) T 3=T 2−BPR 2−∆ T 3 =74 ℃−1.1℃−7.89 ℃=65.01 ℃

rd
T s 3=T 2−BPR 2=74 ℃−1.1℃=72.9 ℃(3 effect condensingtemperature of steam)

1st effect 2nd effect 3rd effect T s 4 =61.36 ℃

T s 1=80 ℃ T s 2=73.78 ℃ T s 3=72.9 ℃

T 1=7 4.37 ℃ T 2=74 ℃ T 3=65.01 ℃

Latent Heat of Condensation Effect 1 Calculation (Geankoplis, 1993)

The enthalpy values are calculated from Table A.4.2. (Singh, R., P. & Heldman, D., R.,
1984). H donates as saturation enthalpy at that temperature, and h donates liquid enthalpy at
that temperature.

For 1st Effect:

T 1=7 4.37 ℃ , T s 2=73.78 ℃ , BPR1 =¿ 0.582 ℃ T s 1=80 ℃

H 1=H s 2(saturation enthalpy @73.78 ℃)+1.884 (0.582 ℃ ¿

H 1=2633.8 kJ /kg+ 1.884 (0.582 ℃ ¿=¿ 2634.8kJ/kg

λ s 1=H s 1 ( @80 ℃ ) −hs 1 ¿@80 ℃ , liq)=2643.7 kJ /kg−334.91 kJ /kg=2308.8 kJ / kg

Latent Heat of Condensation Effect 2 Calculation (Geankoplis, 1993)

T 2=74 ℃ , T s 3=72.9 ℃ , BPR 2=¿ 1.1 ℃

H 2=H s 3(saturation enthalpy @72.9 ℃)+1.884 (1.1 ℃ ¿

H 2=2628.1 kJ /kg+1.884 (1.1 ℃ ) =2630,17 kJ /kg

λ s 2=H 1 (@ 74 ℃ ) −hs 2 ¿@74.47 ℃ , liq)=2628.1 kJ / kg−311.87 kJ /kg=2322.6 kJ /kg

Latent Heat of Condensation Effect 3 Calculation (Geankoplis, 1993)

T 3=65.01 ℃ , T s 4 =61.36 ℃ , BPR3 =¿ 3.78℃

H 3=H s 4 ( saturationenthalpy @T s 4 )+1.884(3.78℃)

H 3=2618.4 kJ /kg+1.884 ( 3.78 ℃ ) =2625.2kJ /kg

λ s 3=H 2 ( @65.01 ℃ )−h s 2 ¿ @65.01 ℃ ,liq )=2618.1 kJ /kg−288.796 kJ / kg=2329.307 kJ /kg

Heat Balance for Each Effect of Evaporator

Heat balance on each effect and assume that 0℃ as a datum since the values of H of
the vapors are relative to 0℃ .

Flow relations to be used in heat balances are;

3650 kg
V 1=F−L1= −L1 ; V 2=L1−L2 ; V 3=L2 −L3=L2−817.03 kg /h ; F=3650kg/h;
h
L3=817.03 kg /h

Heat Balance on First Effect

( 1 ) ( F∗c P , f ∗(T f −0) ) + ( S∗λ s 1 )=¿ (V 1 ¿ H 1 ¿ (Geankoplis, 1993)

3560 kg
∗3.8481 kJ
h
kg ℃
∗( 50 ℃−0 ) + S∗2308.8(kJ
kg
L ∗3.73 kJ
= 1
kg ℃ )(
∗( 75.05 ℃−0 ) + ( V 1 )∗(
kg )
2635.5 kJ
)

Heat Balance on Second Effect

(2) ( L1∗c P 1∗(T 1 −0) ) + ( V 1∗λ s 2 )=¿(V 2 ¿ H 2 ¿(Geankoplis, 1993)

( L ∗3.73 ∗( 75.05℃−0 )) +( )( )
1 kJ ( V 1)∗2322.6 kJ L2∗3.4824 J
= ∗( 70.1 ℃−0 ) + ( V 2 )∗2619.2 kJ /kg ¿
kg ℃ kg kg ℃
Heat Balance on Third Effect

(3) ( L2∗c P 2∗(T 2−0)) + ( V 2∗λs 3 ) =¿(V 3 ¿ H 3 ¿ (Geankoplis, 1993)

817.03 kg
∗2.66 kJ
L2∗3.48 kJ
kg ℃
∗( 70.1℃−0 ) + (
V 2∗2338.37 kJ
kg
=
h
)
kg ℃
∗( 65.15 ℃−0 ) +¿ ¿

Solving the second and third effect equations together for L1 and L2. Then substituting into the
first equation,

L1=2733 kg /h L2=1779 kg / h L3=817.03 kg /h S=1082kg /h

V 1=917 kg/h V 2=953.3 kg/h V 3=962.62kg /h

V1, V2 and V3 are close enough to the assumed values. Percent errors are ranged between
2.9% and 0.90%. So, calculation is not repeated again.

Solving for the values of q in each effect and area;

1082 kg kJ 1h
q 1=S∗λs 1= ∗2308.8 * =694 kW =694000 W
h kg 3600 s

917 kg
∗2322.6 kJ 1 h
h * =591.617 kW =591617 W
q 2=V 1∗λs 2= 3600 s
kg

953.3 kg
∗2329.307 kJ 1 h
h * =616.817 kW=616813W
q 3=V 2∗λs 3= 3600 s
kg

Area of Each Effect

q1 694000W 2
A 1= = =92.05 m
U 1∗ΔT 1 W
1339.036 2 ∗5.63 ℃
m ℃

q2 591617 W
A2= = =92.04 m 2
U 2∗ΔT 2 1185.928 W /m2 ℃∗5.42 ℃

q3 616813W
A3 = = =91.73 m 2
U 3∗Δ T 3 852.244 W / m ℃∗7.89 ℃
2
The average Am =91.94 m2to use in each effect. The areas differ from the average area by less
than 10%. Therefore, second trial is not necessary (Geankoplis, C., J., 1993).

Steam Economy

V 1+V 2+V 3 917 kg/h+953.3 kg /h+962.62 kg /h

Steam Economy = = =2.64
S 1082 kg /h

References

Ali Adib , T. , Heyd , B. and Vasseur , J. ( 2009 ) Experimental results and modeling of boiling
heat transfer coeffi cient in falling fi lm evaporator usable for evaporator design . Chemical
Engineering and Processing 48 : 961 – 968 .