Optimizing Sodium Nitrate Production

APPENDIKS
NERACA PANAS
Kapasitas Produksi 40000 ton/th

= 121212 kg/har = 5050.51 kg/jam
Waktu Operasi Pabrik = 330 hari
Basis Waktu = 1 jam
Satuan Panas = 1 kkal
1. Heater
fungsMemanaskan larutan HNO3 sebelum masuk reaktor
steam : 121 °C
T in : 30°C Hout : 60°C

Kondensat : 121 °C
Cp HNO3= 109.87 KJ/KmolK = 0.42 kkal/kg K

Cp H2O = 75.29 KJ/KmolK = 1.00 kkal/kg K
Hin + Q in= H out + Q out + Q loss
Neraca Panas Bahan Masuk

T in 30°C = 303 k
T ref 25°C = 298 K
KomponenBM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H in (kkal)
HNO3 63 2728.52 0.42 5.00 5686.48
H2O 18 1975.82 1.00 5.00 9876.37
Total 15562.85
B-1
Neraca Panas Bahan Keluar
T in = 0°C = 333 K
T ref= 5°C = 298 K
KomponenBMmassa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)
HNO3 63 2728.52 0.42 35 39805.39
H2O 18 1975.82 1.00 35 69134.56
Total 108939.95
Kebutuhan Steam
T steam = 394.00 K
Hv = 2707.70 kJ/kg = 647.16 kkal/kg
HL = 507.97 kJ/kg = 121.41 kkal/kg
Qin = 647.16 m kkal/kg
Qout = 121.41 m kkal/kg
Qs = mxλ
= 525.748 m kkal/kg
Q los= 5% x Qs
= 26.29 m kkal/kg
Hin + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

15562.85 + 647.16 m = 108939.95 + 121.41 m +
26.29 m
499.46 m = 93377.10
m= 186.96 kg/jam
Sehingga
Qin = 120989.57 kkal
Qout = 22697.89 kkal
Qloss = 4914.58 kkal
B-2
Neraca Panas Total
Hin Hout
H in(kkal) 15563 Hout(kkal) 108940
Q in 120990 Q loss 4915
Q out 22698
136552 136552
2. Heater
fungsMemanaskan larutan NaOH sebelum masuk reaktor
T steam : 121 °C
T in : 30 °C
T out : 60 °C
T condenser : 121 °C
Cp NaOH = 59.54 kJ/kmol K = 0.36 kkal/kgK

Cp H2O = 75.29 kJ/kmol K = 1.00 kkal/kgK
Hin + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

T in = 30°C = 303 K
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
Komponen BM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H in (kkal)
NaOH 40 1732.39 0.36 5.00 3081.58
H2O 18 1876.76 1.00 5.00 9381.18
Total 12462.76

T in = 60°C = 333 K
B-3
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
Komponen BM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)

NaOH 40 1732.39 0.36 35 21571.07
H2O 18 1876.76 1.00 35 65668.25
Total 87239.32
Kebutuhan Steam
T steam = 394.00 K
Hv = 2708.10 kJ/kg = 647.25 kkal/kg
HL = 509.03 kJ/kg = 121.66 kkal/kg
Q out = 121.66 m kkal/kg
Qs = mxλ
= 525.59 m kkal/kg
Q loss = 5% x Qs
= 26.28 m kJ/kg
H in + Q in = H out + Q loss + Q out

12462.76 + 647.25 m = 87239.32 + 26.28 m+
121.66 m
499.31 m = 74776.56
m= 149.76 kg/jam
Sehingga
Q in = 96932.07 kkal
Q out = 18219.91 kkal
Neraca Panas Total
Hin Hout
H in(kkal) 12463 Hout(kkal) 87239
Qin 96932 Q loss 3936
B-4
Qout 18220
109395 109395
3.Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk

Fungsi: mereaksikan Asam Nitrat dan Sodium Hidroksida menjadi
Sodium Nitrat
CW
NaOH
6
6 0
HNO3 0 °NaNO3
° C
C CW
Reaksi 2NaOH + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O
Komponen ΔHf° (kJ/mol) ΔHf° (kkal/mol)

NaOH -425.61 -101.72
HNO3 -174.10 -41.61
NaNO3 -469.18 -112.14
H2O -285.83 -68.32
Menghitung panas yang dibawa umpan

T ref = 25°C = 298 K
T in = 60°C = 333 K
KomponenCp
HNO3 = 109.87 KJ/KmolK = 0.42 kkal/Kg K
H2O = 75.29 KJ/KmolK = 1.00 kkal/Kg K
NaOH = 59.54 KJ/KmolK = 0.36 kkal/Kg K
NaNO3 = 37.20 kkal/KmolK= 0.44 kkal/Kg K
menghitung Panas yang dibawa umpanT ref 25°C
Aliran 2 m Cp ΔT H (kkal)
HNO3 2728.52 0.42 35 39805.40
B-5
H2O 1975.82 1.00 35 69134.57
Aliran 4
NaOH 1732.39 0.36 35 21571.07
H2O 1876.76 1.00 35 65668.26
Total 196179.31
ΔHm= 196179 kkal
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O

43.31 43.31 43.31 43.31
Menghitung Panas Reaksi. ΔH 25°C

KomponenKoefisien mol ΔHf H=n.mol.ΔHf
HNO3 1 43.31 -41.61 -1802.16
NaOH 1 43.31 -101.72 -4405.60
H2O 1 43.31 -68.32 -2958.71
NaNO3 1 43.31 -112.14 -4856.64
Total -1607.59
ΔH reaksi = -1607.5864889 kkal
Menghitung Panas yang dibawa Hasil

Komponenmassa Cp ΔT Q= m.cp.ΔT
HNO3 54.57 0.42 35 796.11
NaOH 34.65 0.36 35 431.42
H2O 779.58 1.00 35 27277.57
NaNO3 3607.71 0.44 35 55261.61
Total 83766.71
Δhk = 83766.71
neraca energi total

ΔH bahan masuk + ΔH reaksi = ΔH Bahan keluar + Q serap
B-6
196179 + -1607.59 = 83766.71 + Q serap
Q serap = 110805 kkal
Kebutuhan Air Pendingin

Suhu air Pendingin Masuk = 30 °C
Suhu air Pendingin Keluar = 45 °C
Q serap = m.Cp.ΔT
massa air pendingin = Q serap/ Cp.ΔT
= 110805.012 /1(45-30)
= 7389 kg
Masuk Keluar
H masuk 196179 H keluar 83766.7093
Δ Reaksi -1608 Q serap 110805.012
194572 194571.721
4. Evaporator
Fungsi: Memekatkan larutan Sodium Nitrat
Steam masuk
Larutan Larutan NaNO3

NaNO3
Steam Keluar
Massa NaNO3 yang masuk = 2939.83 Kg/jam

NaNO3 + HNO3 + NaOH = 3012.53 Kg/jam
Air yang terkandung = 3761.92 Kg/jam
Xf = NaNO3+HNO3+NaOH/feed
= 0.44
86.25 = 0.6 L3
B-7
L3 = 144 kg/jam
Jumlah air yang diuapkan. berdasarkan neraca panas :
V tot = 1753.57 kg/jam
V1= V2 = V3 = 584.52 kg/jam
Neraca Massa per Efek Evaporator

Evaporator I
F = L1 + V1 F x Xf = (L1 x X1) + (V1 x Yv1)
6774 = L1 + 717.32 3013 = 6189.93 x X1
L1 = 6189.93 kg X1 = 0.49
Evaporator II
L1 = L2 + V2 L1 x X1 = (L2 x X2) + (V2 x Xv2)
6189.93 = L2 + 717.32 3013 = 5605.41 x X2
L2 = 5605.41 kg X2 = 0.54
Evaporator III
L2 = L3 + V3 L2 x X2 = (L3 x X3) + (V3 x Xv3)
5605.41 = L3 + 717.32 3013 = 5020.89 x X3
L3 = 5020.89 kg X3 = 0.6
Sehingga. BPR bisa dihitung menjadi:

BPR1 = 1.78 (0.49) + 6. 2.34 °C = 275.34 K
BPR2 = 1.78 (0.54) + 6. 2.75 °C = 275.75 K
BPR3 = 1.78 (0.6) + 6.2 3.31 °C = 276.31 K
ƩΔT = Ts1 - T3 sat - (BPR1+BPR2+BPR3)

= 121.1 - 60 - (2.34 + 2.75 + 3.31)
= 52.7 °C
B-8
ΔT =
Assumsi
U1 = 3200
U2 = 1950
U3 = 1100
ΔT1 = = 9.50 °C
= 282.50 K
ΔT2 = = 15.58 °C
= 288.58 K
ΔT3 = = 27.62 °C
= 300.62 K
Suhu estimasi
ΔT1 = 11.40 °C
ΔT2 = 16.00 °C
ΔT3 = 25.30 °C
menghitung actual boiling point

T1 = Ts1 = 121.1-11.4
= 109.7 °C
Ts1 = 121.1 °C
T2 = T1 - BPR1 - ΔT2 = 109.7 - 2.34 - 16
= 91.36 °C
Ts2 = T1 = 109.7 - 2.34
B-9
= 107.36 °C
T3 = T2 - BPR2 - ΔT3 = 91.36 - 2.75 - 25.3
= 63.31 °C
Ts3 = T2 - BPR2 = 91.36 - 2.75
= 88.61 °C
Ts4 = T3 - BPR3 = 60 °C
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3 Condenser

Ts1 = 121.1 °C Ts2 = 107.36 °C Ts3 = 88.61°C 60°C
T1 = 109.7 °C T2 = 91.36 °C T3 = 63.31°C
Perhitungan heat capacity

Cp. feed (Effect 1)
Komponen Cp Fraksi berat Cp rata-rata
HNO3 0.417 0.007 0.003
H2O 1 0.555 0.555
NaOH 0.356 0.004 0.001
NaNO3 0.438 0.434 0.190
Total 1 0.749
Cp. L1 (Effect 1)
HNO3 0.417 0.007 0.003
H2O 1 0.513 0.513
NaOH 0.356 0.005 0.002
NaNO3 0.438 0.475 0.208
Total 1 0.726
Cp. L2 (Effect 2)
HNO3 0.417 0.008 0.003
B-10
H2O 1 0.463 0.462
NaOH 0.356 0.005 0.002
NaNO3 0.438 0.524 0.230
Total 1 0.697
Cp. L3 (Effect 3)
HNO3 0.417 0.009 0.004
H2O 1 0.400 0.400
NaOH 0.356 0.006 0.002
NaNO3 0.438 0.586 0.256
Total 1 0.662
Perhitungan pada Efffect 1

H1= Hs2 (saturation entalphy at Ts2) + 1.884 (BPR1)
= 2687.43 + 1.884(2.34)
= 2691.84 kJ/kg 643 kkal/kg
λs1= Hs1 (vapor saturation entalphy) - hs1 (liquid entalphy at Ts
= 2707.88 - 508
= 2199.49 kJ/kg 526 kkal/kg

H2 = Hs3 (saturation entalphy at Ts3) + 1.884 (BPR2)
= 2657.82 + 1.884(2.753)
= 2657.82 kJ/kg 635 kkal/kg
λs2 = Hs2 (vapor saturation entalphy) - hs2 (liquid entalphy at Ts2)
= 2687.43 - 450
B-11
= 2237.30 kJ/kg 535 kkal/kg
Perhitungan pada Effect 3

= 2609.6 + 1.884(3.31)
= 2614.01 kJ/kg 625 kkal/kg
= 2657.82 - 371
= 2286.75 kJ/kg 547 kkal/kg
V1 = 8313 - L1
V2 = L1 - L2
V3 = L2 - 6161.55
L3 = ###
F = ### kg/jam
Cp. F = 3.32 kkal/kg
T. F = 60.00 °C
λs1 = 2199.07 kkal/kg
Cp. L1 = 3.18 kkal/kg
T. L1 = 110.10 °C
H1 = 2697.92 kkal/kg
T. L2 = 90.65 °C
λs2 = 2238.53 kkal/kg
H2 = 2615.25 kkal/kg
T. L3 = 63.76 °C
λs3 = 2238.53 kkal/kg
H3 = 2664.58 kkal/kg
Persamaan
B-12
F.Cp.ΔT) + (S.λs1) = (L1.Cp.ΔT) + (V1
25782996 + S(525.691) = L1(0.726)(109.70-25) + (8313 - L1)(643.366)
S = 260090.17 - 1.104 L1
Persamaan 2 :
L1.Cp1.(T1-Tref) + V1.λs2 = L2.Cp2.(T2-Tref) + V2.H2
L1(0.726)(109.7-25) + (8313 -L1)(534.728)=L2(0.697)(91.36-25) +
(L1-L2)(635.233)
270.63 L1+ 495957862 - 534.728 L1= 192.64
L2 + (L1-L2)(635.233)
2422.61 L2+ 495957862 = 4583.15 L1
L1 = 0.53 L2 + ###
Persamaan 3 :
L2(0.697)(91.36-25) + (L1-L2)(534.73) = (6161.55)(0.662)(63.31-25)
+ (L2-6161.55)(624.763)
192.64 L2+(L1-L2)(534.73)= 11322432 + 624.763 L2-
307658788
534.73 L1= 4710.47 L2 - 296336356
L1 = 2.10 L2- ###
Subtitusikan persamaan 2 dan 3 :
2.10 L2 - ### = 0.53 L2 + 108213
1.58L2 = ###
L2 = 152691.64 kg/jam
L1 = 188924.67 kg/jam
S = 260090.17 - 1.104 L1
= 51558.59 kg/jam
V1 = 32630.89
V2 = 36233.03
V3 = 37229.44
Neraca panas pada effect I :
Neraca Feed
B-13
komponen massa (kg)
Cp (kkal/kg) ΔT (°C) Q (kkal)
HNO3 5436 1.744 35 331807.18
NaCl 2000 0.865 35 60550.00
H2O 158905.98 4 35 23303562.39
NaNO3 55213.68 1.080 35 2087076.92
λs1
Steam 51558.59 2199.070 113380954.21
Total 139163950.71
Neraca out
komponen massa (kg) Cp(kkal/kg)ΔT (°C) Q (kkal)
HNO3 5436 1.74 85.10 806726.23
NaCl 2000 0.87 85.10 147215.84
H2O 127165.46 4.19 85.10 45341056.65
NaNO3 55213.68 1.08 85.10 5074331.72
H
Uap H2O 32541.58 2697.92 87794620.26
Total 139163950.71
Neraca pada effect II :

Neraca Feed
HNO3 5436 1.744 85.10 806726.23
NaOH 2000 0.865 85.10 147215.84
H2O 127165 4 85.10 45341056.65
NaNO3 55214 1.080 85.10 5074331.72
λs2
V1 32630.89 2238.53 73045093.88
B-14
Total 124414424.33
Neraca out
HNO3 5436 1.74 65.65 622382.67
NaOH 2000 0.87 65.65 113575.81
H2O 89989.04 4.19 65.65 24753887.32
NaNO3 55213.68 1.08 65.65 3914805.31
H
Uap H2O 36329.07 2615.25 95009773.22
Total 124414424.33
Neraca panas pada effect III :

Neraca Feed
HNO3 5436 1.74 65.65 622382.67
NaOH 2000 0.87 65.65 113575.81
H2O 89989 4.19 65.65 24753887.32
NaNO3 55214 1.08 65.65 3914805.31
λs3
V2 36233.03 2238.53 81108569.07
Total 110513220.18
Neraca out
HNO3 5436 1.74 38.76 367440.87
NaOH 2000 0.87 38.76 67052.63
H2O 52812.62 4.19 38.76 8576725.09
NaNO3 55213.68 1.08 38.76 2311213.89
H
B-15
Uap H2O 37225.61 2664.58 99190787.70
Total 110513220.18
5. Crystalizer
CW = 30°C
NaNO3 63.307°C NaNO3 40 °C
CW = 450°C
H in + Q crystallizer= H out + Q serap
H in
Komponen massa Cp ΔT ΔH
HNO3 76.75 0.42 38.31 1225.47
NaOH 48.73 0.36 38.31 664.10
H2O 3466.20 1.00 38.31 132742.70
NaNO3 5073.83 0.44 38.31 85062.49
Total 219694.75
B-16
H out
Komponen massa Cp ΔT ΔH
HNO3 76.75 0.42 15.00 479.86
NaOH 48.73 0.36 15.00 260.04
H2O 3466.20 1.00 15.00 51978.50
NaNO3 18.31 0.44 15.00 120.20
Total 52838.61
Panas Crystalisasi. Q crystalization

Q crystalization = ΔHs x mol kristal
ΔHs NaNO3 = 0.94 kkal/mol
mol kristal = 125.90
Q crystalization = 118.34
H in + Q crystallizer = H out + Q serap

219694.75 + 118.34 = 52838.61 + Q serap
Q serap = 166974.49
Q serap = m x Cp x ΔT
m air Pendingin = Q serap/(Cp ΔT)
= 25435.18
Neraca energi total

masuk Keluar
H in 219694.75 H out 52838.61
Q crystalizer 118.34 Q serap 166974.49
219813.10 219813.10
6. Flash Dryer
B-17
Fungsi : Mengeringkan sampai kadar air 0.2% pada suhu 95°C
(Geankoplis. hal 559)
Dasar perhitungan :
1.Cp solid = cp sodium nitrat (diasumsikan konstan)
2.Dalam 95% panas dipindahkan maka panas hilang
3.Udara panas masuk pada suhu 95°C dan relative humidity 2%. dan
keluar suhu 55°C (Mc.Cabe)
Kisaran waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah 3 sampai 4 detik untuk terjadi
perpindahan panas
(Mc.Cabe eds. 5 hal. 822)
Berdasarkan perhitungan dari Geankoplis Example 9.10.2 :
= 95 °C
Maka. dari humidity chart geankoplis eds. 4. hal 568 :
= 0.066 kg water vapor/
Rate solid masuk (Ls) = 5416.51 kg

Suhu masuk solid (Ts1) = 40.00 °C
Suhu solid keluar (Ts2) = 80.00 °C
Kapasitas panas solid Cps = 0.26 kcal/ kg K
Kapasitas udara Cpa = 0.24 kcal/ (geankoplis eds.4 hal. 971)
Suhu referen (T0) = 25.00 °C (suhu kamar)
Panas latent = 2547.20 kJ/kg
= 608.80 kcal/kg
Kandungan air feed masuk (X1) = H2O feed masuk
berat kering
= 346.62
5416.51
= 0.064 kg/kg berat kering
Kandungan air akhir(X2) 0.001 kg air/kg berat kering
Berdasarkan Example 9.10-2 Geankoplis eds.5 hal. 603 secara
B-18
Q
gas TG2
TG1 H2
H1
solid X2
Ls
X1
GH1 + Ls X1 = GH2 + Ls X2
G(0.06) + 5090.6(0.005) =GH2 + 5090.6(0.002)
G + 346.62 = GH2 5.42
GH2 = 341.20 + 0.066 G …..…(1)
Komponen yang masuk :

Enthalpy gas suhu 95 °C . dengan table A.2-9 Geankoplis adalah λ0
(25°C) adalah 608.8 kcal/kg
= Cs (TG - T0) + H1. λ0
= (1.005 + 1.88 H1) (95 - 25) + (0.066 x 608.8)
= (1.005 + 1.88(0.066))(70) + (0.066 x 608.8)
= 122.72 kcal/kg udara kering
Feed solid masuk (pers 9.10-25 Geankoplis eds.4 hal 603)

H's1 = Cps (Ts1 - T0) + X1 CpA (Ts1 - T0)
H's1 = 0.2616 (40 - 25) + (0.672 x 0.2412)(40 - 25)
= 4.16 kcal/kg solid kering
Komponen yang keluar
B-19
Entalpi udara keluar :
= Cs (TG2 - T0) + H2. λ0
= (1.005 + 1.88 H2 ) (TG2 - T0) + (H2 x 608.8)
= (1.005 + 1.88 H2) (55 - 25) + 608.8 H2
= ((1.005 + + 608.8 H2
= 30.15 + 56.4 H2 + 608.80 H2
= 30.15 + 665 H2 …..…(2)
Entalpi produk keluar :
= 0.2616 (80 - 25) + (0.005 x 0.2412)(80 - 25)
= 14.39 + 0.013
Neraca Panas Flash Dryer

G. HG1 + Ls Hs1 = G . HG2 + Ls Hs2 + Q loss
G. HG1 + Ls Hs1 = G . HG2 + Ls Hs2 + (5%(G. HG1 +
Ls Hs1))
122.72 G + (6161.5 x 3.49) = G. HG2 + (6161.5 x 14.42) +
(5%(122.72 G + (6161.5 x 3.94)))
122.72 G + 22511.88 = G. HG2 + 73140.70 +
6.14 G + 1125.59
116.58 G = 51754.41 + (30.15 + 665 H2) G
86.43 G = 51754.41 + 665 G.H2
665 G.H2 = 86.43 G -54181 ……….(3)
Subtitusi persamman 1 dan 3

665 G.H2 = 86.43 G -54181
B-20
665 (15.27+ 0.06 G) = 86.43 G -54182
1772.95 + 43.89 G = 86.43 G -54183
55954 = 42.54 G
G = 1315.20 kg udara panas/jam
Subtitusi nilai G ke persamaan 1

GH2 = 341.20 + 0.06 G
315.20 H2 = 341.20 + 86.80
H2 = 0.33 kkal/kg udara kering

H'G2 = 30.15 + 665.00 H2
= 246.56 kkal/kg udara kering
Entalphi masuk
entalphi bahan = Ls Hs1
= 5416.51 x 4.16
= 22511.88 kkal
entalphi udara= G HG1
= 1315.20 x 122.72
= 161396.84 kkal
Entalphi keluar
entalphi bahan = Ls Hs2
= 5416.51 x 14.40
= 78016.82 kkal
entalphi udara = G HG2

= 1315.20 x 246.56
= 324277.87 kkal
B-21
G. HG1+Ls Hs1 = G . HG2 + Ls Hs2 + Q loss
161396.84 + 22511.88 = 324277.87 + 78016.82
+ Q loss
= -218385.96 kkal
masuk keluar
Q bahan 22511.88 Q bahan 78016.82
Q udara 161396.84 Q udara 324277.87
Q loss -218385.96
total 183908.72 total 183908.72
B-22
Hv Hl
60 2609.6 251.13
63.307 2615.3542 264.9731
65 2618.3 272.06
85 2651.9 355.9
88.607 2657.8155 371.06383
90 2660.1 376.92
91.36 2662.276 382.64288
95 2668.1 397.96
100 2676.1 419.04
107.36 2687.4344 450.1328
105 2683.8 440.15
109.7 2691.038 460.031
110 2691.5 461.3
120 2706.3 503.71
121.1 2707.884 508.3916
125 2713.5 524.99
talphy at Ts2)
B-23
talphy at Ts3)
B-24
62)(63.31-25)
B-25
B-26
Feed effect 1
Komponen masuk Komponen masuk
HNO3 116 HNO3 116
NaOH 74 NaOH 74
H2O 9813.42 H2O 5239.03
NaNO3 7668.89 NaNO3 766.89
uap air 1524.7967
17672.31 7720.7167
APPENDIKS C
NERACA PANAS
Kapasitas Produksi = 40000 ton/th

= 121212.1 kg/hari = 5050.505 kg/jam
Waktu Operasi Pabri= 330 hari
Basis Waktu = 1 jam
Satuan Panas = 1 kkal
1. Heater
fungsi: Memanaskan larutan HNO3 sebelum masuk reaktor
steam : 121 °C
T in : 30°C Hout : 60°C
Kondensat : 121 °C
Cp HNO3 109.87 KJ/KmolK 0.416818 kkal/kg K

Cp H2O = 75.291 KJ/KmolK 0.999721 kkal/kg K

T in = 30°C = 303 k
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
HNO3 63 2728.519 0.416818 5 5686.485
H2O 18 1975.824 0.999721 5 9876.365
Total 15562.85

T in = 60°C = 333 K
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
KomponenBM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)
HNO3 63 2728.519 0.416818 35 39805.39
H2O 18 1975.824 0.999721 35 69134.56
Total 108940
Kebutuhan Steam
T steam = 394 K
Hv = 2707.7 kJ/kg 647.1558 kkal/kg
HL = 507.97 kJ/kg 121.4077 kkal/kg
Qout = 121.4077 m kkal/kg
Qs = mxλ
= 525.7481 m kkal/kg
Q loss = 5% x Qs
= 26.2874 m kkal/kg
Hmasuk + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

15562.85 + 647.1558 m = 108940 + 121.4077 m + 26.2874 m
499.4607 m = 93377.1
m= 186.9559 kg/jam
Sehingga
Qin = 120989.6 kkal
Qout = 22697.89 kkal
Neraca Panas Total

Hin Hout
H in(kkal) 15562.85 Hout(kkal) 108940
Q in 120989.6 Q loss 4914.584
Q out 22697.89
136552.4 136552.4
2. Heater
fungsi: Memanaskan larutan NaOH sebelum masuk reaktor
T steam : 121 °C
T in : 30 °C T out : 60 °C
T condenser : 121 °C
Cp NaOH 59.54 kJ/kmol K 0.35576 kkal/kgK
Cp H2O = 75.291 kJ/kmol K 0.999721 kkal/kgK

T in = 30°C = 303 K
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
NaOH 40 1732.393 0.35576 5 3081.581
H2O 18 1876.759 0.999721 5 9381.178
Total 12462.76

T in = 60°C = 333 K
T ref = 25°C = 298 K
KomponenBM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)

NaOH 40 1732.393 0.35576 35 21571.07
H2O 18 1876.759 0.999721 35 65668.25
Total 87239.32
Kebutuhan Steam
T steam = 394 K
Hv = 2708.1 kJ/kg 647.2514 kkal/kg
HL = 509.03 kJ/kg 121.6611 kkal/kg
Q out = 121.6611 m kkal/kg
Qs = mxλ
= 525.5903 m kkal/kg
Q loss = 5% x Qs
= 26.27952 m kJ/kg
H in + Q in = H out + Q loss + Q out

12462.76 + 647.2514 m = 87239.32 + 26.27952 m + 121.6611 m
499.3108 m = 74776.56
m= 149.7595 kg/jam
Sehingga
Q in = 96932.07 kkal
Q out = 18219.91 kkal
Neraca Panas Total

Hin Hout
H in(kkal) 12462.76 Hout(kkal) 87239.32
Qs 96932.07 Q loss 3935.608
Qc 18219.91
109394.8 109394.8
3.Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk

Fungsi: mereaksikan Asam Nitrat dan Sodium Hidroksida menjadi Sodium Nitrat
CW
NaOH
NaNO3
HNO3
CW
Reaksi 2NaOH + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O
KomponenΔHf° (kJ/mΔHf° (kkal/mol)

NaOH -425.609 -101.723
HNO3 -174.1 -41.6109
NaNO3 -469.182 -112.137
H2O -285.83 -68.315
Menghitung panas yang dibawa umpan

T ref 25°C = 298 K
T in 60°C = 333 K
KomponenCp
HNO3 109.87 KJ/KmolK 0.416818 kkal/Kg K
H2O 75.291 KJ/KmolK 0.999721 kkal/Kg K
NaOH 59.54 KJ/KmolK 0.35576 kkal/Kg K
NaNO3 37.2 kkal/Kmol 0.437647 kkal/Kg K
menghitung Panas yang dibawa umpan T ref = 25°C

Aliran 5 m Cp ΔT H (kkal)
HNO3 2728.52 0.416818 35 39805.41
H2O 1975.82 0.999721 35 69134.42
Aliran 6
NaOH 1732.39 0.35576 35 21571.03
H2O 1876.76 0.999721 35 65668.28
Total 196179.1
ΔHm= 196179.1 kkal

M 92.06349 92.06349
R 90.22222 90.22222 90.22222 90.22222
S 1.841268 1.841268 90.22222 90.22222
Menghitung Panas Reaksi, ΔH 25°C

KomponenKoefisien mol ΔHf H=n.mol.ΔHf
HNO3 1 90.22222 -41.6109 -3754.23
NaOH 1 90.22222 -101.723 -9177.67
H2O 1 90.22222 -68.315 -6163.53
NaNO3 1 90.22222 -112.137 -10117.3
Total -3348.9
ΔH reaksi -3348.9 kkal
Menghitung Panas yang dibawa Hasil

Komponenmassa Cp ΔT Q= m.cp.ΔT
HNO3 55 0.416818 35 802.3755
NaOH 35 0.35576 35 435.806
H2O 1623.996 0.999721 35 56824.01
NaNO3 3607.709 0.437647 35 55261.61
Total 113323.8
Δhk 113323.8
neraca energi total

ΔH bahan + ΔH reaksi = ΔH Bahan keluar + Q serap
196179.1 + -3348.9 = 113323.8 + Q serap
Q serap = 79506.44 kkal
Kebutuhan Air Pendingn

Suhu air Pendingin = 30 °C
Suhu air Pendingin K= 45 °C
Q serap = m.Cp.ΔT
massa air pendingin = Q serap/ Cp.ΔT
= 79506.44 /1(45-30)
= 5301.908 kg
Masuk Keluar
Q Bahan 196179.1 Q Bahan 113323.8
Δ Reaksi -3348.9 Q serap 79506.44
192830.2 192830.2
4. Evaporator
Fungsi: Memekatkan larutan Sodium Nitrat
Steam masuk
Larutan NaNO3 Larutan NaNO3

Steam Keluar
Perhitungan Boiling Point Rise (BPR) dan emperatur tiap effect dengan
BPR °C = 1.78x + 6.22x²
X1 = 0.486682
X2 = 0.537433
X3 = 0.6
Sehingga, BPR bisa dihitung menjadi:

BPR1 = 1.78 (0.486682) + 6.22(0.48668= 2.339559 °C = 275.3396 K
BPR2 = 1.78 (0.537433) + 6.22(0.53743= 2.75318 °C = 275.7532 K
BPR3 = 1.78 (0.6) + 6.22(0.6)² = 3.3072 °C = 276.3072 K
Kondisi vakum ada efect 3

Suhu saturated steam,60°C
Suhu steam masuk, T121°C
ƩΔT = Ts1 - T3 sat - (BPR1+BPR2+BPR3)

= 121.1 - 60 - (2.34 + 2.753 + 3.3= 52.70006 °C
= 325.7001 K
ΔT =
Assumsi
U1 = 3200
U2 = 1950
U3 = 1100
ΔT1 = = 9.495307 °C
= 282.4953 K
ΔT2 = = 15.58204 °C
= 288.582 K
ΔT3 = = 27.62271 °C
= 300.6227 K
Suhu estimasi
ΔT1 = 11.4 °C
ΔT2 = 16 °C
ΔT3 = 25.3 °C
menghitung actual boiling point

T1 = Ts1 - ΔT1 = 121.1-11.4
= 109.7 °C
Ts1 = 121.1 °C
T2 = T1 - BPR1 - ΔT2 = 109.7 - 2.340 - 16
= 91.36044 °C
Ts2 = T1 - BPR1= 109.7 - 2.34
= 107.3604 °C
T3 = T2 - BPR2 - ΔT3 = 91.36 - 2.753 - 25.3
= 63.30726 °C
Ts3 = T2 - BPR2= 91.360 - 2.753
= 88.60726 °C
Ts4 = T3 - BPR3= 60.00006 °C
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3 Condenser

Ts1 = 121.1 °C Ts2 = 107.36 °C Ts3 = 88.607°C 60°C
T1 = 109.7 °C T2 = 91.36 °C T3 = 63.307°C
Perhitungan heat capacity
Cp, feed (Effect 1)
KomponenCp Fraksi beraCp rata-rata
HNO3 0.416818 0.006564 0.002736
H2O 0.999721 0.555309 0.555154
NaOH 0.35576 0.004187 0.00149
NaNO3 0.437647 0.433957 0.18992
Total 1.000018 0.7493
Cp, L1 (Effect 1)
HNO3 0.416818 0.007184 0.002994
H2O 0.999721 0.513318 0.513175
NaOH 0.35576 0.004583 0.00163
NaNO3 0.437647 0.474937 0.207855
Total 1.000022 0.725655
Cp, L2 (Effect 2)
HNO3 0.416818 0.007933 0.003307
H2O 0.999721 0.462567 0.462438
NaOH 0.35576 0.005061 0.0018
NaNO3 0.437647 0.524463 0.22953
Total 1.000024 0.697075
Cp, L3 (Effect 3)
HNO3 0.416818 0.008857 0.003692
H2O 0.999721 0.4 0.399888
NaOH 0.35576 0.00565 0.00201
NaNO3 0.437647 0.58552 0.256251
Total 1.000027 0.661841

= 2687.434 + 1.884(2.34)
= 2691.842 kJ/kg 643.3657 kkal/kg
= 2707.884 - 508.3916
= 2199.492 kJ/kg 525.6913 kkal/kg

= 2657.815 + 1.884(2.753)
= 2663.002 kJ/kg 636.4729 kkal/kg
= 2687.434 - 450.1328
= 2237.302 kJ/kg 534.7279 kkal/kg
Perhitungan pada Effect 3

= 2609.6 + 1.884(3.307)
= 2615.831 kJ/kg 625.1986 kkal/kg
= 2657.815 - 371.0638
= 2286.752 kJ/kg 546.5468 kkal/kg
Perhitungan steam economy

Kebutuhan steam
V1 = F - L1
F+S = L1 + V1
(F.Cp.ΔT) + (S.λs1) = (L1.Cp.ΔT) + (V1.H1)
F= 17672 kg/jam
Cp, F = 0.437647 kkal/kg
T, F = 60 °C
λs1 = 525.6913 kkal/kg
L1 = 16147.16 kg/jam
Cp, L1 = 0.725655 kkal/kg
T, L1 = 109.7 °C
V1 = 1524.84 kg/jam
H1 = 643.3657 kkal/kg
(F.Cp.ΔT) + (S.λs1) = (L1.Cp.ΔT) + (V1.H1)

270693.5 + 525.6913 S = 992452 + 981029.8
S = 3239.141 kg/jam
Perhitungan Neraca Energi tiap Effect

Neraca energi evaporator 1
S= 3239.141 kg/jam
T, F = 60 °C
T1 = 109.7 °C
λs1 = 525.6913 kkal/kg
H1 = 643.3657 kkal/kg
Neraca feed
komponenmassa (kg)Cp (kkal/kΔT (°C) Q (kkal)
HNO3 55 0.416818 35 802.3755
NaOH 35 0.35576 35 435.806
H2O 4616.57 0.999721 35 161534.9
NaNO3 3607.71 0.437647 35 55261.63
λs1
Steam 3239.141 525.6913 1702788
Total 1920823
Neraca out
HNO3 55 0.416818 80.54 1846.381
NaOH 35 0.35576 80.54 1002.852
H2O 3091.73 0.999721 80.54 248938.5
NaNO3 3067.71 0.437647 80.54 108130.9
H
uap H2O 2426.154 643.3657 1560904
Total 1920823
Neraca Energi Evaporator II :

L1 = 16147.16 kg/jam
Cp, L1 = 0.725655 kkal/kg.C
TL1 = 109.7 °C
V1 = 1524.84 kg/jam
L2 = 14622.36 kg/jam
Cp, L2 = 0.697075 kkal/kg.C
TL2 = 91.36044 °C
H2 = 636.4729 kkal/kg
λs2 = 534.7279 kkal/kg

992452 + 815374.5 = 676404 + 636.4729 V2
V2 = 1777.645 kg/jam
Neraca feed
HNO3 55 0.416818 84.7 1941.749
NaOH 35 0.35576 84.7 1054.651
H2O 3091.73 0.999721 84.7 261796.5
NaNO3 3607.71 0.437647 84.7 133733.1
λs2
V1 1524.84 534.7279 815374.5
Total 1213901
Neraca out
HNO3 55 0.416818 66.36044 1521.314
NaOH 35 0.35576 66.36044 826.2938
H2O 2374.41 0.999721 66.36044 157523
NaNO3 3067.71 0.437647 66.36044 89093.82
H2
uap H2O 1516.068 636.4729 964936.2
Total 1213901
Neraca Energi Evaporator III :

L2 = 14622.36 kg/jam
Cp, L2 = 0.697075 kkal/kg.C
T,L2 = 91.36044 °C
V2 = 1777.645 kg/jam
L3 = 13097.57 kg/jam
Cp, L3 = 0.661841 kkal/kg.C
T,L3 = 63.30726 °C
H3 = 625.1986 kkal/kg
λs3 = 546.5468 kkal/kg
676404 + 971565.9 = 332066.9 + 625.1986 V3
V3 = 2104.776 kg/jam
Neraca feed
HNO3 55 0.416818 66.36044 1521.314
NaOH 35 0.35576 66.36044 826.2938
H2O 2374.41 0.999721 66.36044 157523
NaNO3 3607.71 0.437647 66.36044 104776.7
λs3
V2 1777.645 546.5468 971565.9
Total 1236213
Neraca out
HNO3 55 0.416818 38.30726 878.1945
NaOH 35 0.35576 38.30726 476.9867
H2O 1657.1 0.999721 38.30726 63461.26
NaNO3 3067.71 0.437647 38.30726 51430.34
H3
uap H2O 1791.377 625.1986 1119966
Total 1236213
Perhitungan Steam economy

Steam economy =
= 1.66935
6. CrystaliCW = 30°C
NaNO3 63.307°C NaNO3 40 °C
CW = 450°C
H in + Q cr= H out + Q serap
H in
Komponenmassa Cp ΔT ΔH
HNO3 116 0.416818 38.307 1852.179
NaOH 73.65 0.35576 38.307 1003.71
H2O 5239.03 0.999721 38.307 200635.6
NaNO3 766.89 0.437647 38.307 12856.87
216348.3
H out
Komponenmassa Cp ΔT ΔH
HNO3 116 0.416818 15 725.264
NaOH 74 0.35576 15 394.8936
H2O 1081.74 0.999721 15 16221.58
NaNO3 1125 0.437647 15 7385.294
24727.03
Panas Crystalisasi, Q crystalization

Q crystaliz= ΔHs x mol kristal
ΔHs NaNO= 0.94 kkal/mol
mol kristal= 125.8962
Q crystaliz= 118.3425
H in + Q crystallizer = H out + Q serap

216348.3 + 118.3425 = 24727.03 +
Q serap = 191739.6
Q serap = m x Cp x ΔT
m air Pend= Q serap/(Cp ΔT)
= 29207.65
Neraca energi total

masuk Keluar
H in 216348.3 H out 24727.03
Q crystaliz 118.3425 Q serap 191739.6
216466.7 216466.7
7. Flash Dryer
Fungsi : Mengeringkan sampai kadar air 0,5% pada suhu 95°C (Geankoplis, hal 559)
Dasar perhitungan :
2.Dalam 95% panas dipindahkan maka panas hilang (Q loss) 5% dari panas masuk (perry, hal 12-98)
3.Udara panas masuk pada suhu 95°C dan relative humidity 2%, dan keluar suhu 55°C (Mc.Cabe)
Kisaran waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah 3 sampai 4 detik untuk terjadi perpindahan panas
TG1 = 95 °C
Maka, dari humidity chart geankoplis eds. 4, hal 568 :
H1 = 0.066 kg water vapor/kg dry air
Rate solid masuk (Ls) = 5090.6 kg

Suhu masuk solid (Ts1) = 40 °C
Suhu solid keluar (Ts2) = 80 °C
Kapasitas udara Cpa = 0.241218 kcal/ kg K(geankoplis eds.4 hal. 971)
Suhu referen (T0) = 25 °C (suhu kamar)
= 608.7954 kcal/kg
Kandungan air feed masuk (X1)H2O feed masuk
berat kering
= 25.44
5090.6
= 0.004997 kg/kg berat kering
Kandungan air akhir = 0.002 kg air/kg berat kering
Berdasarkan Example 9.10-2 Geankoplis eds.5 hal. 603 secara co current:

Q
gas TG1 H1 TG2 H2
gas TG1 H1 TG2 H2
solid Ls X1 X2
G(0,066) + 5090.6(0,= GH2 + 5090,6(0,002)
0,066 G + 25.453 = GH2 + 10.1812
GH2 = 15.2718 + 0,066 G …..…(1)

Enthalpy gas suhu 95 °C , dengan table A.2-9 Geankoplis adalah λ0 (25°C) adalah 608,8 kcal/kg
H'G = Cs (TG - T0) + H1. λ0
H'G1 = (1,005 + 1,88 H1) (95 - 25) + (0,066 x 608,8)
= (1,005 + 1,88(0,066))(70) + (0,066 x 608,8)

H's1 = 0,2616 (40 - 25) + (0,672 x 0,2412)(40 - 25)

H'G2 = Cs (TG2 - T0) + H2. λ0
= (1,005 + 1,88 H2 ) (TG2 - T0) + (H2 x 608,8)
=(1,005 + 1,88 H2) (55 - 25) + 608,8 H2
= ((1,005 + 1,88 H2)(3 + 608,8 H2
= 30.15 + 56.4 H2 + 608.8 H2
H'G2 = 30.15 + 665.2 H2 …..…(2)
= 0,2616 (80 - 25) + (0,005 x 0,2412)(80 - 25)
= 14.39025 + 0.026534
Neraca Panas Flash Dryer

G. HG1 + Ls Hs1 = G . HG2 + Ls Hs2 + (5%(G. HG1 + Ls Hs1))
122.72 G + (5090.6 x= G. HG2 + (5090.6 x 14.42) + (5%(122.72 G + (5090.6 x 3.94)))
122.72 G 20070.69 = G. HG2 + 73406.45 + 6.136 G + 1003.535
116.584 G = 54339.29 + (30.15 + 665 H2) G
86.434 G = 54339.29 + 665 G.H2
665 G.H2 = 86.434 G -54339.29 ……….(3)
Subtitusi persamman 1 dan 3

665 G.H2 = 86.434 G -54339.29
665 (15.2718+ 0.066 G) = 86.434 G -54339.29
10155.75 + 43.89 G = 86.434 G -54339.29
64495.04 = 42.544 G
G = 1515.961 kg udara panas/jam

GH2 = 15.2718 + 0,066 G
1515.961 = 15.2718 + 100.0534
H2 = 0.076074 kkal/kg udara kering

H'G2 = 30.15 + 665 H2
= 80.73921 kkal/kg udara kering
Entalphi masuk
entalphi b = Ls Hs1
= 5090.6 x 3.942697
= 20070.69 kkal
entalphi ud= G HG1

= 1515.961 x 122.7164
= 186033.3 kkal
Entalphi keluar
entalphi b = Ls Hs2
= 5090.6 x 14.41679
= 73390.1 kkal
entalphi ud= G HG2

= 1515.961 x 80.73921
= 122397.5 kkal

186033.3 + 20070.69 = 122397.5 + 73390.1 + Q loss
= 10316.36 kkal
masuk keluar
Q bahan 20070.69 Q bahan 73390.1
Q udara 186033.3 Q udara 122397.5
Q loss 10316.36
total 206103.9 total 206103.9
APPENDIX
NERACA MASSA
Kapasitas Produksi = 40000 ton/th

= 121212.12 kg/hari = 5050.51 kg/jam
Waktu Operasi Pabrik = 330 hari
Basis Waktu = 1 jam
Satuan Massa = 1 kg
Basis bahan baku HNO3 = 4704.3439 kg
Data BM :
HNO3 63
NaOH 40
H2O 18
NaNO3 85
Perhitungan Neraca Massa

1. Tangki Penyimpanan HNO3 58%
Aliran 1
HNO3 cair 58%
Tangki Penyimpanan HNO3
Aliran 2
HNO3 cair 58%
Dengan basis bahan baku HNO3 sebesar 10000 kg

Berat (kg) HNO3 = 0,58 x 4704,34
= 2728.5195 kg
Berat (kg) H2O = 0,42 x 4704,34
= 1975.8244 kg
Mol (n) H = Berat (kg)/BM

= 43.3098 mol
2. Tangki Penyimpanan NaOH 48%

Aliran 3
NaOH cair 48%
Tangki Penyimpanan NaOH
Aliran 4
NaOH cair 48%
Aliran 4
NaOH cair 48%
Perbandingan HNO3 dan NaOH adalah 1:1 menurut stociometri dengan konversi reaksi 98%
Reaksi
Awal 43.3098 43.309833 43.309833 43.3098
Berat (kg) = Mol (n) x BM

= 1732.3933 kg
KeteranganA adalah Berat (kg) NaOH

X adalah Berat (kg) NaOH dan H2O
0,48 x X = A
X = A/0,48
= 3609.1527 kg
Berat (kg) H2O = 0,52 x X
= 1876.7594 kg
3. Reaktor Tangki Alir Berpengaduk (RTAB)
Aliran 5 Aliran 6
HNO3 cair 58% NaOH cair 48%
Reaktor Tangki Alir Berpengaduk
Aliran 7
Larutan NaNO3, H2O, HNO3
dan NaOH
REAKSI
Mol HNO3 = 43.309833 mol HNO3 yang masuk (kg) = 2728.5195

HNO3 yang bereaksi (kg) = 2673.9491
yang bereak = 43.309833 x 98% HNO3 sisa (kg) = 55
= 42.443636 mol
Mol NaOH = 43.309833 mol NaOH yang masuk (kg) = 1732.3933

NaOH yang bereaksi (kg) = 1697.7454
Yang bereak = 43.309833 x 98% NaOH sisa (kg) = 35
= 42.443636 mol
Mol NaNO3 = 42.443636 mol NaNO3 yang bereaksi (kg) = 3607.7091
Mol H2O = 42.443636 mol H2O yang bereaksi (kg) = 763.98545
Aliran Masuk Aliran Keluar

Aliran 5 Aliran 7
HNO3 2728.5195 HNO3 55
H2O 1975.8244 NaOH 35
Total 4704.3439 H2O 4616.5693
Aliran 6 NaNO3 3607.7091
NaOH 1732.3933
H2O 1876.7594
Total 3609.1527
Total keseluruhan 8313 Total keseluruhan 8313
4. Evaporator
Aliran 8
Uap air
Aliran 7 Evaporator
Larutan NaNO3,
H2O, HNO3 dan
NaOH Aliran 9
Larutan NaNO3 pekat,
H2O, HNO3 dan NaOH
Massa NaNO3 yang masuk = 3607.7091 Kg/jam

NaNO3 + HNO3 + Na = 3696.93 Kg/jam
Air yang terkandung = 4616.5693 Kg/jam
Xf = NaNO3+HNO3+NaOH/feed
= 0.4446898
Bilamana menggunakan multiple effect evaporator

Neraca massa overall di evaporator diasumsikan jumlah uap di setiap effect sama, V1=V2=V3
F = L3 + (V1+V2+V3)
Neraca per komponen
F x Xf = (L3 x X3) + (V3 x Yv)
3696.9 = (L3 x 0.6) + (0)
L3 = 6161.5455 kg/jam
Jumlah air yang diuapkan
V tot = F - L3
V tot = 2151.95 kg/jam
V1 = V2 = V3 = 717.31703 kg/jam
Neraca Massa per Efek Evaporator

Evaporator I
F = L1 + V1 F x Xf = (L1 x X1) + (V1 x Yv1)
8313 = L1 + 2148,49 3696.9273 = 7596.18 x X1
L1 = 7596.18 kg/jam X1 = 0.4866825
Evaporator II
L1 = L2 + V2 L1 x X1 = (L2 x X2) + (V2 x Xv2)
7596.18 = L2 + 2148,49 3696.9273 = 6878.86 x X2
L2 = 6878.86 kg X2 = 0.5374329
Evaporator III
L2 = L3 + V3 L2 x X2 = (L3 x X3) + (V3 x Xv3)
6878.86 = L3 + 2148,49 3696.9273 = 6161.55 x X3
L3 = 6161.55 kg X3 = 0.6
Aliran masuk Aliran keluar

Aliran 7 Aliran 8
HNO3 55 HNO3 55
NaOH 35 NaOH 35
H2O 4616.5693 NaNO3 3607.71
NaNO3 3607.7091 H2O 2464.62
Total 6161.55
Aliran 9
H2O 2151.95
Total keseluruhan 8313 Total keseluruhan 8313
5. Tangki Kristalisasi
Fungsi : Pembentukan Kristal Sodium Nitrat
Crystallizer Centrifudge
Aliran 10
kristal NaNO3,
Aliran 8
mother liquor
NaNO3, H2O, HNO3, NaOH
Aliran 10
kristal NaNO3,
Aliran 8
mother liquor
Aliran 11 Aliran 12
kristal Mother Liquor
NaNO3 .3H2O
Diketahui data solubility dengan suhu 40° C :

Menurut Perry, halaman 2-128
HNO3 : - g/100 g H2O
NaOH : 129 g/100 g H2O
NaNO3 : 104 g/100 g H2O
Asumsi bahwa tidak ada sodium nitrat dan air yang hilang sehingga W = 0
Dengan F : Feed (kg/jam), S= Mother liquor (kg/jam), C= Kristal yang terbentuk (kg/jam)
Digunakan operasi pada kristalisasi 40° C NaNO3 . 3H2O
Feed masuk = 6161.5 BM NaNO3 = 85
NaNO3 masuk = 3607.71 BM H2O = 54
H2O masuk = 2464.62 BM total = 139
HNO3 masuk = 55
NaOH masuk = 35
Fraksi NaNO3 (xf) = NaNO3 masuk

Feed masuk
= 0.5855201
Fraksi H2O (Xa) = H2O masuk
Feed masuk
= 0.4
F = S+C+W
Neraca Komponen
Neraca komponen air
F x Xa = 100 S + 54
C+0
(100+104) 139
2464.62 = 0.4901961 S + 0.3884892 C+0 …….. (1)
Neraca komponen NaNO3

F x Xf = 104 S + 85
C+0
(100+104) 139
3607.71 = 0.5098039 S + 0.6115108 C+0 …….. (2)
Subtitusi persamaan 1 dan 2

2464.62 = 0.4901961 S + 0.3884892 C+0 x 0.6115108
3607.71 = 0.5098039 S + 0.6115108 C+0 x 0.3884892
1507.14 = 0.2997602 S + 0.2375653 C
1401.56 = 0.1980533 S + 0.2375653 C
105.58 = 0.1017069 S
S = 1038.1265
C = 5034.2008
Sodium nitrat yang terbentuk krista = C x Xf

= 5034.2008 x 0.6115108
= 3078.4681
Sodium nitrat yang tidak berbentuk kristal S x Xf
= 1038.1265 x 0.5098
= 529.24095
air yang terbentuk kristal = C x Xa
= 5034.2008 x 0.38849
= 1955.7327
air yang tidak terbentuk kristal = S x Xa
= 1038.1265 x 0.49020
= 508.88553
Aliran Masuk (kg) Aliran Keluar (kg)

Aliran 8 Aliran 10
NaNO3 3607.71 Kristal :
H2O 2464.62 NaNO3.3H2O 5034.2008
HNO3 55
NaOH 34.65 Mother liquor :
NaNO3 529
H 2O 508.89
HNO3 55
NaOH 35
Total keseluruhan 6161.5 Total keseluruhan 6161.5
6. Centrifuge
Fungsi : Memisahkan kristal sodium nitrat dari mother liquornya
Crystallizer Centrifudge
Aliran 10
kristal NaNO3,
Aliran 8 mother liquor
Aliran 11 Aliran 12
NaNO3 .3H2O
Aliran 11 Aliran 12
NaNO3 .3H2O
Dari Perry's edisi 8 halaman 18-13

Sebesar 5% mother liquor terikut dalam kristal
95 % mother liquor dapat dipisahkan, terdiri da
masuk Keluar mother liquor Keluar kristal

Bahan
(kg/jam) (kg/jam) (kg/jam)
NaNO3.3H2O 5034.20 - 5034.20
NaNO3 529 502.78 26.46
H2O 508.89 483.44 25.44
HNO3 55 51.84 2.73
NaOH 34.65 32.92 1.73
Jumlah 6161.55 1070.98 5090.57

Aliran 10 Aliran 11
Kristal : Kristal :
NaNO3.3H2O 5034.2 NaNO3.3H2O 5034.2
NaNO3 26.46
H2O 25.44
HNO3 2.73
Total 5034.2 NaOH 1.73
Mother liquor : Total 5090.57
NaNO3 529 Aliran 12
H2O 508.89 Mother liquor :
HNO3 54.57 NaNO3 503
NaOH 34.65 H2O 483.44
HNO3 51.84
NaOH 32.92
Total 1127.34 Total 1070.98
Total keseluruhan 6161.5 Total Keseluruhan 6161.5
7. Flash Dryer
Aliran 17
Aliran 15 NaNO3 serbuk,
Udara Panas keluar, udara panas keluar
serbuk NaNO3
Aliran 13 Cyclone
NaNO3.3H2O
70 mesh
Stage Flash
Duct
Aliran 13
NaNO3.3H2O
70 mesh
Hammer Stage Flash

Mill Duct
Aliran 16
Aliran 11
NaNO3 serbuk
NaNO3.3H2O
Aliran 14 keluar
Udara
Panas
masuk
a. Hammer Mill
Fungsi : mengecilkan ukuran kristal sodium nitrat 70 mesh
Asumsi tidak ada berat yang hilang

Aliran 11 Aliran 13
Kristal : Kristal :
NaNO3.3H2O 5034.2 NaNO3.3H2O 5034.20
NaNO3 26.46 NaNO3 26.46
H2O 25.4 H2O 25.44
HNO3 2.73 HNO3 2.73
NaOH 1.7 NaOH 1.7
Total keseluruhan 5090.6 Total 5090.6
b. Stage Flash Duct

Fungsi : Mengeringkan sampai kadar air 0,2% pada suhu 95°C (Geankoplis, hal 559)
Dasar perhitungan :
2.Dalam 95% panas dipindahkan maka panas hilang (Q loss) 5% dari panas masuk (perry, hal 12-98)
3.Udara panas masuk pada suhu 95°C dan relative humidity 2%, dan keluar suhu 55°C (Mc.Cabe)
Kisaran waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah 3 sampai 4 detik untuk terjadi perpindahan panas
TG1 = 95 °C
Maka, dari humidity chart geankoplis eds. 4, hal 568 :
H1 = 0.066 kg water vapor/kg dry air
Rate solid masuk (Ls) = 5091 kg

Suhu masuk solid (Ts1) = 40 °C
Suhu solid keluar (Ts2) = 80 °C
Kapasitas udara Cpa = 0.2412182 kcal/ kg K (geankoplis eds.4 hal. 971)
Suhu referen (T0) = 25 °C (suhu kamar)
= 608.79541 kcal/kg
Kandungan air feed masuk (X1) = H2O masuk
feed masuk
= 25.44
5090.6
= 0.005 kg air/kg feed masuk
Kandungan air akhir (X2) = 0.002 kg air/kg feed masuk
Berdasarkan Example 9.10-2 Geankoplis eds.5 hal. 603 secara co current:
Q
gas TG1 TG2 H2
H1
solid Ls X2
X1
G(0,066) +( 5091)(0,005) = GH2 + (5091)(0,002)
0,066 G + 25.444276 = GH2 + 10.181136
GH2 = 15.26314 + 0,066 G …..…(1)

Enthalpy gas suhu 95 °C , dengan table A.2-9 Geankoplis adalah λ0 (25°C) adalah 608,8 kcal/kg
H'G = Cs (TG - T0) + H1. λ0
H'G1 = (1,005 + 1,88 H1) (95 - 25) + (0,066 x 608,8)
= (1,005 + 1,88(0,066))(70) + (0,066 x 608,8)

H's1 = 0,2616 (40 - 25) + (0,005 x 0,2412)(40 - 25)

H'G2 = Cs (TG2 - T0) + H2. λ0
= (1,005 + 1,88 H2 ) (TG2 - T0) + (H2 x 608,8)
= (1,005 + 1,88 H2) (55 - 25) + 608,8 H2
= ((1,005 + 1,88 H2)(30) + 608,8 H2
= 30.15 + 56.4 H2 + 608.8 H2
H'G2 = 30.15 + 665 H2 …..…(2)
= 0,2616 (80 - 25) + (0,002 x 0,2412)(80 - 25)
= 14.390254 + 0.026534
Dari persamaan 9.10-26 Geankoplis halaman 603 dengan Q loss = 5%

G. H'G1 + Ls. H's1 = G. H'G2 + Ls. H's2 + Q loss
G. H'G1 + Ls. H's1 = G. H'G2 + Ls. H's2 + 5% x (G.H'G1 + Ls. H's1)
122.72 G + 20070.583 = GH'G2 + 73389.641 + 6.14 G +
1003.5291
117 G - GH'G2 = 54322.587
117 G - GH'G2 = 54322.587
117 G - ( 30.15 + 665 H2) G = 54323
86.43 G - 665 GH2 = 54323 ........... (3)
Subtitusikan persamaan 1 dan 3

86.43 G - 665 GH2 = 54323
86.43 G - 665 (15,6271 + 0,066 G) = 54323
86.43 G - 10153.041 - 43.9032 G = 54323
42.53 G = 64476
G = 1516.1071 kg udara kering/jam
Subtitusikan ke persamaan 1
GH2 = 15.26314 + 0,066 G
1,516.11 H2 = 15.26314 + 100.06307
H2 = 0.076 kg uap H2O/ kg udara kering
Perhitungan neraca massa komponen air

H2 O = Ls x X2
H2 O = 5091 x 0.002
= 10.18 kg
Perhitungan neraca massa udara basah pada aliran 14

Uap H2O = (Feed H2O masuk + (G x H1)) - H2O produk
= ( 25.44 + 100.06307 ) - 10.18
= 115.33 kg
Udara basah = G + Uap H2O

= 1516.1071 + 115
= 1631 kg

Aliran 13 Aliran 16
NaNO3.3H2O 5034.20 NaNO3.3H2O 5034.20
NaNO3 26.46 NaNO3 26.46
H2O 25.44 H2O 10.18
HNO3 2.73 HNO3 2.73
NaOH 1.73 NaOH 1.73
Total 5090.57 Udara kering 1516.11
Aliran 14 Uap air 115.33
Udara Kering 1516.1071
Uap air 100.06
Total 1616.17
Total Keseluruhan 6707 Total Keseluruhan 6707
c. Cyclone
Effesiensi cyclone 99,51%, sehingga 0,49 % partikel solid terikut hilang ke udara

Aliran 15 Aliran 16
Udara kering 1516.11 NaNO3.3H2O 5009.60
Uap air 115.33 NaNO3 26.33
NaNO3.3H2O 5034.20 H2O 10.13
NaNO3 26.46 HNO3 2.72
H2O 10.18 NaOH 1.72
HNO3 2.73
NaOH 1.73 Total 5050.51
Aliran 17
NaNO3.3H2O 24.5971
NaNO3 0.1293
H2O 0.0497
HNO3 0.0133
NaOH 0.0085
Udara kering 1516.11
Uap air 115.33
Total 1656.23
8. Tangki storage

NaNO3.3H2O 5009.6 NaNO3.3H2O 5009.60
NaNO3 26.33 NaNO3 26.33
H2O 10.13 H2O 10.13
HNO3 2.72 HNO3 2.72
NaOH 1.72 NaOH 1.72
Tinjauan Kapasitas Produksi :

Produk sodium nitrat 5050.5 kg/jam dengan basis bahan baku HNO3 4704 kg/jam
Fraksi
NaNO3.3H2O 5009.60 #REF!
NaNO3 26.33 #REF!
H2O 10.13 #REF!
HNO3 2.72 #REF!
NaOH 1.72 #REF!
Uap air #REF! #REF!
Total keseluruhan #REF! #REF!

Optimizing Sodium Nitrate Production

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APPENDIKS

Kapasitas Produksi 40000 ton/th

T in : 30°C Hout : 60°C

Cp HNO3= 109.87 KJ/KmolK = 0.42 kkal/kg K

Hin + Q in= H out + Q out + Q loss

Neraca Panas Bahan Masuk

Hin + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

Cp NaOH = 59.54 kJ/kmol K = 0.36 kkal/kgK

Hin + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

Neraca Panas Bahan Keluar

Komponen BM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)

H in + Q in = H out + Q loss + Q out

3.Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk

Komponen ΔHf° (kJ/mol) ΔHf° (kkal/mol)

Menghitung panas yang dibawa umpan

HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O

Menghitung Panas Reaksi. ΔH 25°C

ΔH reaksi = -1607.5864889 kkal

Menghitung Panas yang dibawa Hasil

neraca energi total

Kebutuhan Air Pendingin

Larutan Larutan NaNO3

Massa NaNO3 yang masuk = 2939.83 Kg/jam

Neraca Massa per Efek Evaporator

Sehingga. BPR bisa dihitung menjadi:

ƩΔT = Ts1 - T3 sat - (BPR1+BPR2+BPR3)

menghitung actual boiling point

Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3 Condenser

Perhitungan heat capacity

Perhitungan pada Efffect 1

Perhitungan pada Efffect 2

Perhitungan pada Effect 3

Neraca pada effect II :

Neraca panas pada effect III :

NaNO3 63.307°C NaNO3 40 °C

Panas Crystalisasi. Q crystalization

H in + Q crystallizer = H out + Q serap

Neraca energi total

Rate solid masuk (Ls) = 5416.51 kg

Kandungan air akhir(X2) 0.001 kg air/kg berat kering

Berdasarkan Example 9.10-2 Geankoplis eds.5 hal. 603 secara

Komponen yang masuk :

Feed solid masuk (pers 9.10-25 Geankoplis eds.4 hal 603)

Komponen yang keluar

Neraca Panas Flash Dryer

Subtitusi persamman 1 dan 3

Subtitusi nilai G ke persamaan 1

Subtitusi nilai G ke persamaan 2

entalphi udara = G HG2

Kapasitas Produksi = 40000 ton/th

T in : 30°C Hout : 60°C

Cp HNO3 109.87 KJ/KmolK 0.416818 kkal/kg K

Hin + Q in= H out + Q out + Q loss

Neraca Panas Bahan Masuk

Neraca Panas Bahan Keluar

Hmasuk + Q in = H out + Q out + Q loss

Neraca Panas Total

Hin + Q in= H out + Q out + Q loss

Neraca Panas Bahan Keluar

KomponenBM massa(kg) Cp ΔT H out (kkal)

H in + Q in = H out + Q loss + Q out

Neraca Panas Total