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FOLLOW–UP PROBLEMS
6.1A Plan: The system is the liquid. Since the system absorbs heat from the surroundings, the system gains heat and q is
positive. Because the system does work, w is negative. Use the equation E = q + w to calculate E. Convert E
to kJ.
Solution:
E (kJ) = q + w = +13.5 kJ + –1.8 kJ = 11.7 kJ
1000 J
E (J) = 11.7 kJ � �= 1.17 x 104 J
1 kJ
6.1B Plan: The system is the reactant and products of the reaction. Since heat is absorbed by the surroundings, the
system releases heat and q is negative. Because work is done on the system, w is positive. Use the equation
E = q + w to calculate E. Both kcal and Btu must be converted to kJ.
Solution:
4.184 kJ
q = 26.0 kcal = –108.784 kJ
1 kcal
1.055 kJ
w = +15.0 Btu = 15.825 kJ
1 Btu
E = q + w = –108.784 kJ + 15.825 kJ = –92.959 = – 93 kJ
6.2A Plan: Convert the pressure from torr to atm units. Subtract the initial V from the final V to find ΔV. Use w = -PΔV
to calculate w in atm•L. Convert the answer from atm•L to J.
Solution:
V initial = 5.68 L
V final = 2.35 L
P = 732 torr
1 atm
Converting P from torr to atm: (732 torr)� �= 0.9632 = 0.963 atm
760 torr
w (atm•L) = –PΔV = –(0.963 atm)(2.35 L – 5.68 L) = 3.2068 = 3.21 atm•L
101.3 J
w (J) = (3.21 atm•L)� �= 325 J
1 atm•L
6-1
6.2B Plan: Subtract the initial V from the final V to find ΔV. Use w = –PΔV to calculate w in atm•L. Convert the answer
from atm•L to J.
Solution:
V initial = 10.5 L
V final = 16.3 L
P = 5.5 atm
w (atm•L) = –PΔV = – (5.5 atm)(16.3 L – 10.5 L) = –31.90 = –32 atm•L
101.3 J
w (J) = (–32 atm•L)� �= –3.2 x 103 J
1 atm•L
6.3A Plan: Since heat is released in this reaction, the reaction is exothermic (H < 0) and the reactants are above the
products in an enthalpy diagram.
6-2
Solution:
C3H5(NO3)3(l)
Enthalpy, H
= 5.72 x 103 kJ
6.3B Plan: Since heat is absorbed in this reaction, the reaction is endothermic (H > 0) and the reactants are below the
products in an enthalpy diagram.
Solution:
NH4+(aq) + NO3 (aq)
= kJ
Enthalpy, H
NH4NO3(s)
6.4A Plan: Heat is added to the aluminum foil, so q will be positive. The heat is calculated using the equation
q = c x mass x T. Table 6.2 lists the specific heat of aluminum as 0.900 J/g•K.
Solution:
change in 1 K
T = 375°C – 18°C = (357°C) � �= 357 K
change in 1 degree C
q = c x mass x T = (0.900 J/gK) (7.65 g) (357 K) = 2.46 x 103 J
6.4B Plan: Heat is transferred away from the ethylene glycol as it cools so q will be negative. The heat released is
calculated using the equation q = c x mass x T. Table 6.2 lists the specific heat of ethylene glycol as 2.42 J/gK.
The volume of ethylene glycol is converted to mass in grams by using the density.
Solution:
change in 1 K
T = 25.0°C – 37.0°C = (–12.0°C) � �= –12.0 K
change in 1 degree C
1 mL 1.11 g
Mass (g) of ethylene glycol = 5.50 L = 6105 = 6.10 x 10 3g
103 L mL
1 kJ
q = c x mass x T = (2.42 J/gK) (6.10 x 10 g) (–12.0 K) � �= –177.1440 = –177 kJ
3
1000 J
6.5A Plan: The heat absorbed by the water can be calculated with the equation c x mass x T; the heat absorbed by the
water equals the heat lost by the hot metal. Since the mass and temperature change of the metal is known, the
specific heat capacity can be calculated and used to identify the metal.
Solution:
change in 1 K
TH2O = T final – T initial = 27.25°C – 25.55°C = (1.70°C) � �= 1.70 K
change in 1 degree C
change in 1 K
Tmetal = T final – T initial = 27.25°C – 65.00°C = (–37.75°C) �
change in 1 degree C
�= –37.75 K
qH 2O = qmetal
cH2O x mass H2O x TH2O = cmetal x mass metal x Tmetal
–c metal =
cH2O x mass H2 O x TH 2O 4.184 J/g K 25.00 g 1.70 K = 0.386738 = 0.387 J/gK
=
mass metal x Tmetal 12.18 g 37.75 K
From Table 6.2, the metal with this value of specific heat is copper.
6-3
6.5B Plan: The heat absorbed by the titanium metal can be calculated with the equation c x mass x T; the heat
absorbed by the metal equals the heat lost by the water. Since the mass and temperature change of the water is
known, along with the specific heat and final temperature of the titanium, initial temperature of the metal can be
calculated.
Solution:
change in 1 K
TH2O = T final – T initial = 49.30°C – 50.00°C = (–0.70°C) � �= –0.70 K
change in 1 degree C
Converting T final from oC to K = 49.30oC + 273.15 = 322.45 K
Tmetal = T final – T initial = 322.45 K – T initial
– ����2𝑂 = ��𝑚����𝑎��
cH2O x mass H2O x TH2O = cmetal x mass metal x Tmetal
–cH2 O x massH2 O x∆TH2 O –(4.184 J/gK) (75.0 g) (–0.70 K)
ΔT metal =
cmetal x massmetal
= = 29.0187 = 29.0 K
(0.228 J/gK) (33.2 g)
ΔT metal =29.0187 K = 322.45 K – T initial (using unrounded numbers to avoid rounding errors)
T initial = 293.4313 K – 273.15 = 20.2813 = 20.3oC
6.6A Plan: First write the balanced molecular, total ionic and net ionic equations for the acid-base reaction. To find
q soln , we use the equation q = c x mass x T, so we need the mass of solution, the change in temperature, and the
specific heat capacity. We know the solutions’ volumes (25.0 mL and 50.0 mL), so we find their masses with the
given density (1.00 g/mL). Then, to find q soln , we multiply the total mass by the given c (4.184 J/g•K) and the
change in T, which we find from T final – T initial . The heat of reaction (q rxn ) is the negative of the heat of solution
(q soln ).
Solution:
a) The balanced molecular equation is: HNO 3 (aq) + KOH(aq) KNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
– – –
The total ionic equation is: H (aq) + NO 3 (aq) + K (aq) + OH (aq) K (aq) + NO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
+ + +
–
The net ionic equation is: H (aq) + OH (aq) H 2 O(l)
+
b) Total mass (g) of solution = (25.0 mL + 50.0 mL) x 1.00 g/mL = 75.0 g
change in 1 K
T = 27.05 C – 21.50 C = (5.15 C) � �= 5.15 K
o o o
change in 1 degree C
q soln (J) = c soln x mass soln x T soln = (4.184 J/gK)(75.0 g)(5.15 K) = 1620 J
�= 1.62 kJ
1 kJ
q soln (kJ) = 1620 J �
1000 J
q rxn = –q soln so q rxn = –1.62 kJ
6.6B Plan: Write a balanced equation. Multiply the volume by the molarity of each reactant solution to find moles of each
reactant. Use the molar ratios in the balanced reaction to find the moles of water produced from each reactant; the
smaller amount gives the limiting reactant and the actual moles of water produced. Divide the heat evolved by the
moles of water produced to obtain the enthalpy in kJ/mol. Since q soln is positive, the solution absorbed heat that was
released by the reaction; q rxn and ΔH are negative.
Solution:
Ba(OH) 2 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2H 2 O(l) + BaCl 2 (aq)
10 3 L 0.500 mol Ba(OH)
Moles of Ba(OH) 2 = 50.0 mL 2
1L
= 0.0250 mol Ba(OH) 2
1 mL
10 3 L 0.500 mol HCl
Moles of HCl = 50.0 mL = 0.0250 mol HCl
1 mL 1L
2 mol 2H O
Moles of H 2 O from Ba(OH) 2 = 0.0250 mol Ba(OH) 2 = 0.0500 mol H 2 O
1 mol Ba(OH) 2
2 mol H 2O
Moles of H 2 O from HCl = 0.0250 mol HCl = 0.0250 mol H 2 O
2 mol HCl
6-4
HCl is the limiting reactant; 0.0250 mol of H 2 O is produced.
q 1.386 kJ
ΔH (kJ/mol) = = = –55.44 = – 55.4 kJ/mol
6.7A Plan: The bomb calorimeter gains heat from the combustion of graphite, so –q graphite = q calorimeter . Convert the mass
of graphite from grams to moles and use the given kJ/mol to find q graphite . The heat lost by graphite equals the heat
gained by the calorimeter, or T multiplied by C calorimeter .
Solution:
1 mol C
Moles of graphite = 0.8650 g C = 0.0720233 mol C
12.01 g C
393.5 kJ
q graphite = 0.0720233 mol C = –28.3412 kJ/mol
1 mol C
– q graphite = C calorimeter T calorimeter
6.7B Plan: The bomb calorimeter gains heat from the combustion of acetylene, so –q rxn = q calorimeter . Use the given heat
capacity from Follow-up Problem 6.7A to find q rxn : the amount of heat lost by the reaction of acetylene equals the
amount of heat gained by the calorimeter, or T multiplied by C calorimeter . Divide the heat produced by the
combustion of acetylene (in kJ) by the moles of acetylene to obtain the enthalpy in kJ/mol.
Solution:
change in 1 K
ΔT = (11.50 C)� �= 11.50 K
o
change in 1 degree C
–q rxn = q calorimeter = (c calorimeter )(ΔT)
–q rxn = (10.85 kJ/K) (11.5 K) = 124.8 kJ
q rxn = –124.8 kJ
1 mol C2 H2
Moles of acetylene = (2.50 g C 2 H 2 ) � �= 0.0960 mol C 2 H 2
26.04 g C2 H2
q –124.8 kJ
ΔH (kJ/mol) = = = –1300 = – 1.30 x 103 kJ/mol
moles of acetylene 0.0960 moles
6.8A Plan: To find the heat required, write a balanced thermochemical equation and use appropriate molar ratios to
solve for the required heat.
Solution:
C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 (g) C 2 H 6 (g) H = –137 kJ
103 g 1 mol C H 137 kJ
Heat (kJ) = 15.0 kg C2 H6 2 6
30.07 g C H 1 mol C H
1 kg 2 6 2 6
= –6.83405 x 104 = –6.83 x 104 kJ
6.8B Plan: Write a balanced thermochemical equation and use appropriate molar ratios to solve for the required heat.
Solution:
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g) H = +180.58 kJ
103 kg 1000 g 1 mol NO +180.58 kJ
Heat (kJ) = (3.50 t NO) � �� �� �� �= 1.05 x 107 kJ
1t 1 kg 30.01 g NO 2 mol NO
6.9A Plan: Manipulate the two equations so that their sum will result in the overall equation. Reverse the first equation
(and change the sign of H); reverse the second equation and multiply the coefficients (and H) by two.
Solution:
2NO(g) + 3/2O 2 (g) N 2 O 5 (s) H = –(223.7 kJ)= –223.7 kJ
6-5
2NO 2 (g) 2NO(g) + O 2 (g) H = –2(–57.1 kJ) = 114.2 kJ
6-6
Total: 2NO 2 (g) + 1/2O 2 (g) N 2 O 5 (s) H = –109.5 kJ
6.9B Plan: Manipulate the three equations so that their sum will result in the overall equation. Reverse the first equation
(and change the sign of H) and multiply the coefficients (and H) by 1/2. Multiply the coefficients of the second
equation (and H) by 1/2. Reverse the third equation (and change the sign of H).
Solution:
NH 3 (g) 1/2N 2 (g) + 3/2H 2 (g) H = –1/2(–91.8 kJ)= 45.9 kJ
1/2N 2 (g) + 21/2H 2 (g) + 1/2Cl 2 (g) NH 4 Cl(s) H = 1/2(–628.8 kJ)= –314.4 kJ
NH 4 Cl(s) NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) H = –(–176.2 kJ) = 176.2 kJ
Total: 1/2H 2 (g) + 1/2Cl 2 (g) HCl(g) H = –92.3 kJ
6.10A Plan: Write the elements as reactants (each in its standard state), and place one mole of the substance formed on
the product side. Balance the equation with the following differences from “normal” balancing — only one mole
of the desired product can be on the right hand side of the arrow (and nothing else), and fractional coefficients are
allowed on the reactant side. The values for the standard heats of formation ( H f ) may be found in the appendix.
Solution:
a) C(graphite) + 2H 2 (g) + 1/2O 2 (g) CH 3 OH(l) H f = –238.6 kJ/mol
b) Ca(s) + 1/2O 2 (g) CaO(s) H f = –635.1 kJ/mol
c) C(graphite) + 1/4S 8 (rhombic) CS 2 (l) H f = 87.9 kJ/mol
6.10B Plan: Write the elements as reactants (each in its standard state), and place one mole of the substance formed on the
product side. Balance the equation with the following differences from “normal” balancing — only one mole of
the desired product can be on the right hand side of the arrow (and nothing else), and fractional coefficients are
allowed on the reactant side. The values for the standard heats of formation ( H f ) may be found in the appendix.
Solution:
a) C(graphite) + 1/2H 2 (g) + 3/2Cl 2 (g) CHCl 3 (l) H f = –132 kJ/mol
b) 1/2N 2 (g) + 2H 2 (g) + 1/2Cl 2 (g) NH 4 Cl(s) H f = –314.4 kJ/mol
c) Pb(s) + 1/8S 8 (rhombic) + 2O 2 (g) PbSO 4 (s) H f = –918.39 kJ/mol
6.11A Plan: Look up H f values from the appendix and use the equation H rxn = m H f(products) – n H f(reactants)
to solve for H rxn .
Solution:
6.11B Plan: Apply the H rxn to this reaction, substitute given values, and solve for the H f (CH 3 OH).
Solution:
6-7
H f [CH 3 OH(l)] = –238.552 = –238.6 kJ
6-8
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS BOXED READING PROBLEMS
B6.1 Plan: Convert the given mass in kg to g, divide by the molar mass to obtain moles, and convert moles to kJ of
energy. Sodium sulfate decahydrate will transfer 354 kJ/mol.
Solution:
103 g 1 mol 354 kJ
Na SO •10H O
Heat (kJ) = 500.0 kg Na2 SO4 •10H2 O
2 4 2
1 kg 322.20 g Na 2SO 4 •10H 2 O 1 mol Na 2SO 4 •10H 2 O
= –5.4935x105 = – 5.49x105 kJ
B6.2 Plan: Three reactions are given. Equation 1) must be multiplied by 2, and then the reactions
can be added, canceling substances that appear on both sides of the arrow. Add the H rxn
values for the three reactions to get the H rxn for the overall gasification reaction of 2 moles of
coal. Use the relationship H rxn = m H f (products) – n H f (reactants) to find the heat of combustion of 1 mole
of methane. Then find the H rxn for the gasification of 1.00 kg of coal and H rxn for the combustion of the
methane produced from 1.00 kg of coal and sum these values.
Solution:
a) 1) 2C(coal) + 2H 2 O(g) 2CO(g) + 2H 2 (g) H rxn = 2(129.7 kJ)
2) CO(g) + H 2 O(g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g) H rxn = – 41 kJ
3) CO(g) + 3H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) H rxn = –206 kJ
END–OF–CHAPTER PROBLEMS
6.1 The sign of the energy transfer is defined from the perspective of the system. Entering the system is positive, and
leaving the system is negative.
6.2 No, an increase in temperature means that heat has been transferred to the surroundings, which makes q negative.
6-9
6.3 E = q + w = w, since q = 0.
Thus, the change in work equals the change in internal energy.
6.4 Plan: Remember that an increase in internal energy is a result of the system (body) gaining heat or having work
done on it and a decrease in internal energy is a result of the system (body) losing heat or doing work.
Solution:
The internal energy of the body is the sum of the cellular and molecular activities occurring from skin level
inward. The body’s internal energy can be increased by adding food, which adds energy to the body through the
breaking of bonds in the food. The body’s internal energy can also be increased through addition of work and
heat, like the rubbing of another person’s warm hands on the body’s cold hands. The body can lose energy if it
performs work, like pushing a lawnmower, and can lose energy by losing heat to a cold room.
6.8 Plan: The change in a system’s energy is E = q + w. If the system receives heat, then its q final is greater than
q initial so q is positive. Since the system performs work, its w final < w initial so w is negative.
Solution:
E = q + w
E = (+425 J) + (–425 J) = 0 J
6.10 Plan: The change in a system’s energy is E = q + w. A system that releases thermal energy has a negative
value for q and a system that has work done on it has a positive value for work. Convert work in calories to
work in joules.
Solution:
4.184 J
Work (J) = 530 cal = 2217.52 J
1 cal
E = q + w = –675 J + 2217.52 J = 1542.52 = 1.54x103 J
103 J 103 cal 4.184 J
E = q + w = 0.615 kJ + 0.247 kcal = 1648.4 = 1.65x10 J
3
6.11
1 kJ 1 kcal 1 cal
6.12 Plan: Convert 6.6x1010 J to the other units using conversion factors.
6-10
Solution:
C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 6.6x1010 J
(2.0 tons)
1 kJ
a) E (kJ) = (6.6 x 1010 J) 3 = 6.6x107 kJ
10 J
1 cal 1 kcal
b) E (kcal) = (6.6 x 1010 J) = 1.577x107 = 1.6x107 kcal
4.184 J 103 cal
1 Btu
c) E (Btu) = (6.6 x 1010 J) 7
= 6.256x10 = 6.3x10 Btu
7
1055 J
6.15 Plan: 1.0 lb of body fat is equivalent to about 4.1x103 Calories. Convert Calories to kJ with the appropriate
conversion factors.
Solution:
4.1x103 Cal 103 cal 4.184 J 1 kJ h
Time = 1.0lb
1.0 lb 1 Cal 1 cal 103 J 1950 kJ
= 8.79713 = 8.8 h
6.16 The system does work and thus its internal energy is decreased. This means the sign will be negative.
6.17 Since many reactions are performed in an open flask, the reaction proceeds at constant pressure. The
determination of H (constant pressure conditions) requires a measurement of heat only, whereas E requires
measurement of heat and PV work.
6.18 The hot pack is releasing (producing) heat, thus H is negative, and the process is exothermic.
6.19 Plan: An exothermic process releases heat and an endothermic process absorbs heat.
Solution:
a) Exothermic, the system (water) is releasing heat in changing from liquid to solid.
b) Endothermic, the system (water) is absorbing heat in changing from liquid to gas.
c) Exothermic, the process of digestion breaks down food and releases energy.
d) Exothermic, heat is released as a person runs and muscles perform work.
e) Endothermic, heat is absorbed as food calories are converted to body tissue.
f) Endothermic, the wood being chopped absorbs heat (and work).
6-11
g) Exothermic, the furnace releases heat from fuel combustion. Alternatively, if the system is defined as the air
in the house, the change is endothermic since the air’s temperature is increasing by the input of heat energy from
the furnace.
6.20 The internal energy of a substance is the sum of kinetic (E K ) and potential (E P ) terms.
E K (total) = E K (translational) + E K (rotational) + E K (vibrational)
E P = E P (atom) + E P (bonds)
E P (atom) has nuclear, electronic, positional, magnetic, electrical, etc., components.
6.22 Plan: Convert the initial volume from mL to L. Subtract the initial V from the final V to find ΔV. Calculate w in
atm•L. Convert the answer from atm•L to J.
Solution:
V initial = 922 mL
V final = 1.14 L
P = 2.33 atm
1L
Converting V initial from mL to L: (922 mL)� �= 0.922 L
103 mL
6.23 Plan: Convert the pressure from mmHg to atm. Subtract the initial V from the final V to find ΔV. Calculate w in
atm•L. Convert the answer from atm•L to kJ.
Solution:
V initial = 0.88 L
V final = 0.63 L
P = 2660 mmHg
1 atm
Converting P from mmHg to atm: (2660 mmHg)� �= 3.50 atm
760 mmHg
w (atm•L) = -PΔV = -(3.50 atm)(0.63 L – 0.88 L) = 0.88 atm•L
101.3 J 1 kJ
w (J) = (0.88 atm•L)� �� �= 0.089 kJ
1atm•L 103 J
6.24 Plan: An exothermic reaction releases heat, so the reactants have greater H (H initial ) than the products (H final ).
H = H final – H initial < 0.
Solution:
Reactants
H = (), (exothermic)
Products
6-12
6.25
Products
H = (+), (endothermic)
Reactants
6.26 Plan: Combustion of hydrocarbons and related compounds require oxygen (and a heat catalyst) to yield
carbon dioxide gas, water vapor, and heat. Combustion reactions are exothermic. The freezing of liquid water is
an exothermic process as heat is removed from the water in the conversion from liquid to solid. An exothermic
reaction or process releases heat, so the reactants have greater H (H initial ) than the products (H final ).
Solution:
a) Combustion of ethane: 2C 2 H 6 (g) + 7O 2 (g) 4CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(g) + heat
2C2H6 + 7O2 (initial)
H = (), (exothermic)
H = (), (exothermic)
Increasing, H
H2O(s) (final)
exothermic
NaCl(s)
H = (+), (endothermic)
Increasing, H
C6H6(l)
6-13
6.28 Plan: Combustion of hydrocarbons and related compounds require oxygen (and a heat catalyst) to yield carbon
dioxide gas, water vapor, and heat. Combustion reactions are exothermic. An exothermic reaction releases heat, so
the reactants have greater H (H initial ) than the products (H final ). If heat is absorbed, the reaction is endothermic and
the products have greater H (H final ) than the reactants (H initial ).
Solution:
a) 2CH 3 OH(l) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g) + heat
2CH3OH + 3O2 (initial)
H = (),
(exothermic)
H = (+), (endothermic)
1/2N2 + O2 (initial)
H = (+), (endothermic)
Increasing, H
CO2(s)
H = (), (exothermic)
SO3(g)
6.30 Plan: Recall that q sys is positive if heat is absorbed by the system (endothermic) and negative if heat is released
by the system (exothermic). Since E = q + w, the work must be considered in addition to q sys to find ΔE sys .
Solution:
a) This is a phase change from the solid phase to the gas phase. Heat is absorbed by the system so q sys is positive
(+).
b) The system is expanding in volume as more moles of gas exist after the phase change than were present before
the phase change. So the system has done work of expansion and w is negative. ΔE sys = q + w. Since q is
positive and w is negative, the sign of ΔE sys cannot be predicted. It will be positive if q > w and negative if
q < w.
6-14
c) ΔE univ = 0. If the system loses energy, the surroundings gain an equal amount of energy. The sum of the
energy of the system and the energy of the surroundings remains constant.
6.31 a) There is a volume decrease; V final < V initial so ΔV is negative. Since w sys = –PΔV, w is positive, +.
b) ∆H sys is – as heat has been removed from the system to liquefy the gas.
c) ∆E sys = q + w. Since q is negative and w is positive, the sign of ΔE sys and ΔE surr cannot be predicted. ΔE sys
will be positive and ΔE surr will be negative if w > q and ΔE sys will be negative and ΔE surr will be positive if
w < q.
6.32 The molar heat capacity of a substance is larger than its specific heat capacity. The specific heat capacity of a
substance is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 K while the molar
heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 K.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is multiplied by its molar mass to obtain the molar heat capacity.
6.33 To determine the specific heat capacity of a substance, you need its mass, the heat added (or lost), and the change
in temperature.
6.34 Specific heat capacity is an intensive property; it is defined on a per gram basis. The specific heat capacity of
a particular substance has the same value, regardless of the amount of substance present.
6.35 Specific heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise 1g of a substance by 1 K. Molar heat
capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise 1 mole of substance by 1 K. Heat capacity is also the quantity of
heat required for a 1 K temperature change, but it applies to an object instead of a specified amount of a
substance. Thus, specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity are used when talking about an element or
compound while heat capacity is used for a calorimeter or other object.
6.37 Plan: The heat required to raise the temperature of water is found by using the equation
q = c x mass x T. The specific heat capacity, c water , is found in Table 6.2. Because the Celsius degree is the same
size as the Kelvin degree, T = 100°C – 25°C = 75°C = 75 K.
Solution:
J
q (J) = c x mass x T = 4.184 22.0 g 75 K = 6903.6 = 6.9x10 J
3
g K
0.10 g 75 10.K = –17.7395 = –18 J
J
6.38 q (J) = c x mass x T = 2.087
g K
6.39 Plan: Use the relationship q = c x mass x T. We know the heat (change kJ to J), the specific heat capacity, and
the mass, so T can be calculated. Once T is known, that value is added to the initial temperature to find the
final temperature.
Solution:
q (J) = c x mass x T T initial = 13.00°C T final = ? mass = 295 g c = 0.900 J/g•K
103 J
q = 75.0 kJ = 7.50x104 J
1 kJ
7.50x104 J = (0.900 J/g•K)(295 g)(T)
T =
7.50x10 J
4
295 g 0.900 J
g K
6-15
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"Nytpä sitä taitaa joutaa säveltämään. Ei ole juuri muitakaan töitä",
vastasin saadakseni tytön kimpustani.
Hän seisoi ovella eikä muistanut edes lakkiaan ottaa päästä, vaan
puhui:
"Ikävä, jos hän ei ole teille sitä ilmoittanut. Mutta niin on asia."
*****
Mutta kaikista pahinta oli, että Sirkka tuli illalla itkien ja valittaen,
silmät turvonneina ja sydän syttä mustempana, heittäytyi lattialle,
vieritteli itseänsä ja voihki, ettei hän tahdo elää.
"Eno ei saa puhua noin hänestä! Minä en salli sitä, minä rakastan
häntä!"
"Mutta kuulehan toki, mitä minä sanon. Niin pian kuin kerroin
sulhasellesi, että olet menettänyt rahasi, oli hän heti valmis
hylkäämään sinut. Todistaako se rakkautta!"
"Hän…ei ole huono. Voi, voi, minua onnetonta! Mitä minusta nyt
tulee!"
Ja hän alkoi uudelleen itkeä. Jätin hänet, sillä olin varma, että hän
huomenna katselisi asioita toisessa valossa.
*****
Otin köyden, viskasin toisen pään katon tukipuun yli ja aloin tehdä
silmukkaa. Mutta samassa vihlova ääni sai minut keskeyttämään
työni ja kuuntelemaan. Kenties se oli myrskyn kohina. Äkkiä
hajosivat pilvet, ja kuu sukelsi esiin täydessä kirkkaudessaan.
Silmäni sattuivat nurkkaan, jossa häämöitti jotakin: madonna
lapsineen! Pyhä neitsyt katseli minua surumielisenä, mutta samalla
lempeänä, lohduttavana. Silloin muistin Katrin ja lapsen. Jättääkö
heidät yksin jatkamaan toivotonta kamppailua kohtalon
leppymättömiä valtoja vastaani Pelkuri, kurja raukka silloin olisin!
Vihdoin menin sisään. Katri ei ollut palannut, mutta hän tuli pian ja
ilmoitti, että lääkäri oli antanut rauhoittavia tietoja lapsen tilasta.
"Mikä onkaan ihminen! Äsken olin itse tyhjin vatsoin, ja nyt kun
olen syönyt kyllikseni, aioin mennä tarvitsevan ohi ojentamatta
auttavaa kättä."
"Mikä se on?"
Minäpä osasin olla vielä siksi ovela, että päätin käyttää hyväkseni
heidän innostustaan. Yritin tekeytyä rauhalliseksi liikemieheksi.
"Vähät siitä, olenko hullu vai viisas, mutta nyt meillä on rahoja!"
"Ei, Kalle, vie pois rahat, mistä oletkin ne ottanut! Sinä et ole
tuollaista summaa rehellisellä tavalla hankkinut."
Hän lensi kuin raketti ulos ja palasi hetken päästä vetäen Sirkkaa
perässään. Minä kouraisin setelitukkoa, siirsin siitä umpimähkään
Sirkan eteen aimo osuuden ja sanoin:
Kellä olisi ollut sitä vastaan! Olihan hän kuin luotu sitä varten!
*****
Kun juttu ensi kerran otettiin esille, menin Katrin kera asian
käsittelyä seuraamaan. Vaikka kavallusjutut olivatkin muodissa, oli
oikeussali täynnä uteliaita, ja lakimiehet väittelivät vilkkaasti
pykälistä.
Syytetty pysyi oikeudessa tyynenä, kuten oikean liikemiehen tulee.
Hän väitti jyrkästi kaikki valheeksi, ja hänen asianajajansa Jutku ja
Metku panivat koko oveluutensa liikkeelle, pestäkseen miehen
puhtaaksi kuin pulmusen. Mutta lainopillinen saivartelu taittoi
kärkensä tosiasioiden musertavaa painoa vastaan.
Pari vuotta oli Sirkka Vanamo opiskellut ulkomailla. Sieltä tuli tuon
tuostakin kirjeitä, joissa hän innostunein sanoin kertoi edistyksistään
tai kuvaili maailmankaupungin loistoa.
*****