เอกสารประกอบการเรียน

วิชา คณิตศาสตร์ 4 รหัสวิชา ค32102

เรื่อง เวกเตอร์ในสามมิติ

น ส ชน อา น
ชื่อ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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.
ชาย กลาง ชั้น ………………………
5
เลขที่ ……………
ม . 13
12

เป้าหมายในการเรียน …………………………………………………………………………………..
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":5/"&-+P42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 4 A592 "##-0:&.:+!&+ก&8) A 1/&8) B

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42ก4.0"ˆ AB 420 5":5)12 AB = 4 ห วย

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, &8) C 4/-5&8),&%5,8)) "## DC = 3 A592
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"ก5 Y "##"ก5 Z .+-#*+)($ F) "#$8A9+B5A690(5)($A"30,+-,&)!0(5)($1)14#
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1. (2, 1, 3), (2, 1, 3) ✓ 2. (1, 3), (3, 1)

3. (4, −1, 1), (4, −1, 1, 1) . 4. (1, −1, 1), (1, −1, 1)

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1. (a, 2a + b) = (3a − 5, 8) 2. (1, −2, 3) = (2 + a + b, 3 − a − b, a + 2b)

3. (|a − 1|, |b|, 2) = (1, −b, a + b 2 ) 4. (a, b + 2, 5) = (a + b, 4, 2)

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AB + BC = AC AB + BC + CD = AD

A"30 0+&A+5#$2ก20! u "## v F) 2&k0ก+":0)4"0 ก29+ กr20!"6/,0)4A#0) -)1+525+5 A30 BA1 u "## v -0
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2. AB + BC + CD + K + YZ + ZA = 0

!"#$%&'()*+ 8 ก*+A5) ABCDEFGH 4/-5:"!,0)4A#0) --8-*+ก &!A+

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กึ
ตื
 13

7. ก-$*"%RIกR03$S+4IF.Rก,-$S

BA1 u 4/-542ก4.0"ˆ "## a 4/-5,4ก#+"ˆ 5#A6P20!42ก4.0"ˆ u )12 ,4ก#+"ˆ a 420 5":5)12 au F) :0)
1. @1+ a > 0 F) :0) u ≠ 0 "#12 au A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ u "##-025+)4:9+ก($ a 4:9+20!
25+)20! u
2. @1+ a < 0 F) :0) u ≠ 0 "#12 au A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0:&.:+!."!21+-ก($ u "##-025+)4:9+ก($ a 4:9+20!
25+)20! u
3. @1+ a = 0 "#12 au = 0 00 0 =
=

4. @1+ u = 0 "#12 au = 0 =
00 =
0

= 2 =

= -

} = -
=-3

1 1
&+ก"6/ v = 2 u , w = u (A"30 u = 2 w ), x = − u , y = (−1) u , z = (−3) u
2 2
%&&+"P+42ก4.0"ˆ y &#4AS529+ y 4/-55&4,k20! u 5()5A30 y = − u "##453)0!&+ก y = (−1) u &(!,"8/1)129+
(−1) u = −u

"#5$4="!3%$(ก'2"&56#ก6!$28'(#%$6ก?'28
BA1 u "## v 4/-542ก4.0"ˆB)R a "## b 4/-5,4ก#+"ˆ &#1)129+
1. 1u = u
2. a ( bu ) = (ab ) u = b(au )
3. (a + b ) u = au + bu
4. a( u + v ) = au + av
)43.*5Rก0
1. @1+ u ≠ 0 "## v ≠ 0 "#12 u 25+5ก($ v กS.904-3)0 -0,4ก#+"ˆ k ≠ 0 :0):*+BA1 u = kv
* 2. @1+ u ≠ 0 "## v ≠ 0 "## unmmmm 1-925+5ก($ v "#12 au = bv ",)!29+ a = 0 "## b = 0
mm

3. @1+ u ≠ 0 "## v ≠ 0 "## u 1-925+5ก($ v "## w 4/-542ก4.0"ˆB)R &#1)129+ w ,+-+"@420 5BA1

0 69B5"6/ w = au + bv 1)14,-0 F) :0) a, b∈R

7
7

v
วู่
หี
หีขีหีขีพ้
หี
หั
ห้
หี
 14

q = 0

และ 0=0
4 = Or
!"#$%&'()*+ 11 &!A+A*+.0$
1. ก*+A5)BA1 u "## v 4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)1-925+5ก(5 w = (a + b + 1) u + (1 − b) v
"## s = u + ( a + b) v @1+ w = 2 s "#12 a + b -0A9+4:9+B)
(4+6+1) +11 -

b) = 2 ( + (9+6) )
[ a +6 + แ + แ -

6) = 2 +24 + 6)

(4+0+1) -2 = 2 (9+6) -

(1-6)
(4+6+1-2) = 24 +26 -
+6

(9+6+1-2) =
(29+26-1+6)
ะ อ
4+6+1-2=0
4+6 =
2-1 =
า

2. BA1 u ≠ 0 "## v ≠ 0 "## u 1-925+5ก($ v 0 =

&!A+&*+525&"&! x "## y :0):*+BA1 ( x − 1) u + ( 3 − y ) v = 0

✗ -1=0 3- y =
0

✗ =
า 3 =

3. ก*+A5) u ≠ 0 , v ≠ 0 "## u 1-925+5ก($ v @1+ x u + (3x − 1) v = (2y + 1) u − 6y v

1
"#12 y + x 4:9+ก($4:9+B) 13 ✗ 1) +6 ✗ (211+1) ✗- = -

4 (3×-1+611) 1 2 11 1- ✗ 1 = +

ir i.
÷ +
# 3 ✗ -1+6
y
=
0 -

+ =
0 4+ 1- ✗ = 0 ✗ 3

0 ②
GY + 3- 3 ✗
= -

① ② ;-

6 ✗ -4=0

✗
}
= =
-

/
31 # -

Hoy =
0

1+611 =
0

6 า
✗
-

y
=
ข้
ห้
ข้
ห้
ห้
รู่
รู่
ห้
ข้
ห้
ห้
ข้
ข้
อั
ข้
ห้
ข้
ข้
ข้
ข้
หั
ข้
ข้
ห้
ห้
ข้
ห้
ข้
ห้
 15

4. ก*+A5)BA1 u ≠ 0 , v ≠ 0 "## x 4/-5&*+525&"&! '()!:*+BA1 8 u − 3xv = 10 u + ( 2 x 2 − 9 ) v 4/-5&"&!

&!A+4'.20!&*+525&"&! x '()!:*+BA1 u "## v 25+5ก(5"##:&.."!21+-ก(5

1 1
!"#$%&'()*+ 12 ABCDEFGH 4/-5"6/,0)4A#0) --8-*+ก ก*+A5)BA1 a = AB , b = AE "## c = AD
3 2
&!420 542ก4.0"ˆ.901/50%B5"6/20! a , b "## c
1. FE -

2. AF 5+34
3. FH -

34+20

4. AG 2[ +3 โ +[

5. FD 2[ -

[ -3
ʰ
c
↑ 6. BH E- 3 + ช

→ T
7. GB -
2T -

8. HC -
Et 3

9. EC -
[ +3 +2T
อั
ยิ
หั
ยิ
หิ
 16

!"#$%&'()*+ 13 &!A+A*+.0$

1. BA1 ABCD 4/-5"6/,0)4A#0) -&(.8"(, M, N 4/-5&8)ก()!ก#+!)1+5 BC "## CD .+-#*+)($

@1+ AM = u "## AN = v &!420 542ก4.0"ˆ AB B5"6/20! u "## v

= + MT
→
±

|
= +

ฑึ า
+
µ
= = -

= +
± 1 { AT -
V7

+
f AJ {
-
=

errg
AI ⑦
} = -

±
¥
= -

± → ง =

§( ± -
า

2. &+ก"6/ ABCD 4/-5,0)4A#0) -)1+525+5-0 P "## Q 4/-5&8)ก()!ก#+!)1+5 AB "## BC .+-#*+)($ #+ก DP "##
DQ .() AC :0) R "## S .+-#*+)($ @1+ AB = u "## AD = v &!A+ AR + SQ B5"6/ u "## v
+ =

}( -

เ า + -

} t} + )

าม
=

} +
} -
+
}

÷
} =
+

^ +5 =

}(2 +
± )

3. ABCD 4/-5"6/,0)4A#0) -)1+525+5 -0 M 4/-5&8)ก()!ก#+!20!)1+5 AD #+ก MB .()ก($ AC :0)&8) P

&!A+ DP B5"6/20! DA "## DC { } 1 ± +0T )
= +
-

7
อารง
=

± +
+ →
}
=
# } 0T +

} +
}ง
=
→

} (2 + ง
ห้
หึ
กึ
ข้
ห้
ข้
ห้
ณึ
ข้
ห้
ข้
ห้
ณึ
ห้
ข้
ฌึ
ห้
หึ
ห้
ว๋
ห้
ญึ
ถึ
ทึ
ถึ
ภึ
ห่
จ๋หึ
หึ
หึ
ตึ
ถึ
ข้
ห้
หื
ภึ
ห้
ห้
ข้
ห้
ห้
ข้
ข้
 17

8. RIกR03$SM2$%&&'(ก*+,-ก

8.1 6#ก6!$28)*2+==,3ก"'-'ก 2 43!3

ก*+A5) 42ก4.0"ˆ i A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 1 A592 "##-0:&.:+!1/.+-"ก5 X :+!$2ก
42ก4.0"ˆ j A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 1 A592 "##-0:&.:+!1/.+-"ก5 Y :+!$2ก )(!"6/
Y

3-
I
- -

>
ำ
า - - -

✗
า

42ก4.0"ˆB)R B5"#$$%&ก()*+ก 2 -&.& -(ก420 5BA10 69B5"6/5#$2ก20!42ก4.0"ˆ i "##42ก4.0"ˆ j

กร ดเ ม น
( 0 เอา
0 = di →
bj =
[ ]
ด ปลาย น
=

%] แ] =

(6-0) j

(9-0) i

&+ก"6/ &#4AS529+ 42ก4.0"ˆ OA 4/-55#$2ก20!42ก4.0"ˆB5"52505 ai ก($42ก4.0"ˆB5"52.(%! bj )(!5(%5

a 
OA = ai + bj A"300+&420 54/-5 OA =  
b
a 
)(!5(%5 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0) (0, 0)) &8),&%5,8):0) (a, b) A3042ก4.0"ˆ ai + bj A"3042ก4.0"ˆ  
b
,*+A"($42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0) P(a, b) "##&8),&%5,8):0) Q(c, d) )(!"6/

เรา
13
PI = 2 it 2J
4
[ [ :]
=

ms =

2
h , 2) 13-11 i

l
3
จุ
ต้
รู
กึ
ที่ขุ
ริ่
ณี
ต้
 18

&#4AS529+ 42ก4.0"ˆ PQ 4/-55#$2ก20!42ก4.0"ˆB5"52505 ( c − a ) i ก($42ก4.0"ˆB5"52.(%! ( d − b ) j

c − a 
)(!5(%5 PQ = ( c − a ) i + ( d − b ) j A"30 PQ =  
d − b 
)(!5(%5 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0) (a, b) "##&8),&%5,8):0) (c, d) A3042ก4.0"ˆ ( c − a ) i + ( d − b ) j A"3042ก4.0"ˆ
c − a 
 
d − b 
ก#9+21)129+
a 
- 42ก4.0"ˆ   4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0)&8) (0, 0) "##&8),&%5,8):0)&8) (a, b) A"30
b
a 
- 42ก4.0"ˆ   4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0)&8) (x, y) "##&8),&%5,8):0)&8) (x+a, y+b)
b
1  0 
F) 42ก4.0"ˆ i =   "## j =  
0  1 

!"#$%&'()*+ 14 &!A+A*+.0$
1. BA1 A -0%&ก() (0, 3) "## B -0%&ก() (5, 6) &!A+ AB
ง =
1 5 01 i + (6-3)j = Si +3J
A
[ ] [§]
s o
sitg
-

=
= →
6- 3

itzj
 − 1
-

2. &!420 5"6/",)!42ก4.0"ˆ u =   F) -0&8)4"&)-.15:0) O(0, 0), A(1, 2), B(2, 0)

2
# (-1-0) I + (2-0) j
3-

กA (1)
2)
•
ก 2- •

า -

4
⑧
_
0 0,0 ) ( 2,0 )
ศุ
ย่
หี
หี
หี
งึ
 19

a 
42ก4.0"ˆ"##4,15."!B5"#$$%&ก()*+ก 2 -&.& ,+-+"@5*+-+,(-%(5kˆก(51)1 4/95 42ก4.0"ˆ u =   A"30
b
u = ai + bj 4-3)05*+1/420 5#!B5"#$$%&ก()*+ก 2 -&.& กS&#4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)1/:+!"ก5 X "# # a A592 "##1/
:+!"ก5 Y "# # b A592 )(!"6/

A+A2+-/(520!4,15."! A"3042ก4.0"ˆ1)1&+ก m =
YIY า
✗ 2- ✗ ,
=

④
b
A2+-/(5 = 4-3)0 a ≠ 0
a

8.2 6#ก6!$28)*2+==,3ก"'-'ก 3 43!3

ก*+A5) 42ก4.0"ˆ i A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 1 A592 "##-0:&.:+!1/.+-"ก5 X :+!$2ก
42ก4.0"ˆ j A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 1 A592 "##-0:&.:+!1/.+-"ก5 Y :+!$2ก
42ก4.0"ˆ k A30 42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+) 1 A592 "##-0:.& :+!1/.+-"ก5 Z :+!$2ก )(!"6/

42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0)&8) P( x 1 , y 1 , z1 ) "##&8),&%5,8):0)&8) Q( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) )(!"6/

x 2 − x1 
 
420 51)14/-5 42ก4.0"ˆ PQ = ( x 2 − x1 ) i + ( y 2 − y1 ) j + ( z 2 − z1 ) k A"30 PQ =  y 2 − y1 
 z 2 − z1 
 
 20

)(!5(%5 @1+42ก4.0"ˆ u 4"&)-.15:0) (0, 0, 0) "##,&%5,8):0)&8) A(a, b, c) )(!"6/

&#1)129+
a − 0  a 
   
u =  b − 0  = b
c − 0  c 
   
A"30 u = a i + bj + ck
1  0  0 
  
F) i = 0  , j = 1  , k = 0 
0  0  1 
  

!"#$%&'()*+ 15 &!420 542ก4.0"ˆ.901/50% B5"6/"$$,925/"#ก0$ i , j , k

z

1. 5 910,0 ,
5)
2.
9 >
1015 เ 4)

6 14,0M
y
3 P •
13,6 01
.

y
=
(0-9) i +
(5-0)jtl 9- 41k
(0-3) i ( 0-6 +15 -01k
+5J
=
+ = -

= -3T -6J +51T

ผั
ป้
หี
ข้
 21

!"#$%&'()*+ 16 &!A+42ก4.0"ˆ AB 4-3)0

1. A(0, 1), B(3, 5) 2. A(2, 7), B(−1, 2)
= (3-0) I (5-1) j โ =
(-1-2)I (2-7) j
= 3T +4J =
-3T -5J

ยJ
[ | [ {] =3#
[ }] [} ]
=
=
=

3. A(4, 1, −1), B(0, 2, −3) 4. A(0, 0, 0), B(1, −1, 2)

A A (1-0)It (-1-0)j + (2-0) 1T
HI + ] c- 3- c- mti
=
=
10 -

(2-1) +

= -4 -2
=
Ij +2

!"#$%&'()*+ 17 &!420 542ก4.0"ˆ BA 4-3)0ก*+A5)

1. A(1, −2, 5) B(3, 2, 1) 2. A(3, 8, −1) B(2, −4, 5)
B = (1-3)T + c- 2- 2) J + (5-1) =
(3-2)I + (8-1-91)] + H 5)
1T -

=
Ii -4J +4K =
I +12J -6 ti

3. A(0, 0, 0) B(5, 3, 1) 4. A(−1, 5, −6) B(0, 0, 0)

(0-5) I +10 -31J + (0-1)
ฒื -0J
=
= G- o Itcs + c- 6- 0 ง ti
=
-5T -3J I -

= -
I +5J -
oti

!"#$%&'()*+ 18 &!A+A*+.0$
1. ก*+A5)BA1 AB = 2 i − j + k "## A(1, 0, 2) 4/-5&8)4"&)-.15 &!A+&8) B

EHI.tt:1
I -1=2 j -0 = -1 k -2=1
I =3 j =
-1 K =3

ด B อ ( 3,7 า 3)
ฅื
ณึ
ณึ
ห้
ห้
คื
จุ
ห้
ตึ
ห๋ทึ
กึ
นึ
งึ
 22

1 
 
2. ก*+A5)BA1 AB =  2  "## B(1, 1, −1) 4/-5&8),&%5,8) &!A+&8) A
3
  " ii H 2 =
T -

k =
3
-4

% # %:/
i k
J y
=
= o =

ด A อ ( 0,1 , -

4)

3. ก*+A5)BA1 u = i + j + k "## AB 4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0) A(1, b, 1) "##&8),&%5,8):0) B(a, 0, c)

@1+ AB = u "#12 &!A+ a + b + c a- า 0-6=1
=
า C- 1=1

I. 1%1%1
9=2 b =
-1 C = 2

2 + C- 1) +2 =3

!"#$%&'()*+ 19 ก*+A5) u = 2 i + 3 j − k , v = − i + 2 j + 4 k &!A+5##(%kˆ20!42ก4.0"ˆ.901/50%

1. u+v 2. u−v

↳ | [:| % | i
% [! ↳1
=
+ =

=
3Ij.sk

3. −u+v 4. −u−v

%1 ☐ +

itt!
E.% [ 1%1 [ | %1 ↳ 1 =

IJ +5k
3 =
Isji
งุ๋
รู่
คื
ขุ
 23

!"#$%&'()*+ 20 &!A+%&ก()20!&8)'()!"$9!4,15&*+ก() "#A29+!&8):0)ก*+A5)BA1 m "

pเ
•

1. "#A29+!&8) (1, −2, 0) 1/ (!&8) (6, 8, −10) B50(."+,925 2 : 3 ✗ แYแ 4) B ( ✗ 2,4 2,2 2)

XM + ✗ 2m YM Yzm 2Mt 22M

3
Pf )
2 +
, ,
•
1 •
htm ntm n+ m
(1) -2,0 ) p [ 6,8 , -

เอ )

P
11
1 11 3) +
(61121,1-2113) +(8) 121,101 (3) + 1- 10) (2) )
3+ 2 3-12 31-2

1 ¥ ¥ %)
P 13,2 ,
-

4)

2. "#A29+!&8) (1, −3, 2) 1/ (!&8) (1, 5, −3) B50(."+,925 2 : 3

2 3
I
• •

11 , -3,2 )
[ 1,5 [ 3)
9+10
-

+ (1) (2)

(
p (1) (3) -3 (3) +5 (2)
)
,
(2) (3) + 1-3) (2)
,
2+3 2+3 2+3

P
1 § # E) า

P ( 1,0 2,0 ) .

3. "#A29+!&8) (1, −2, 3) "## (1, 1, −2) 00ก4/-5 3 ,9254:9+R ก(5

⇐ ¥ ±

pf (f) (1) + (2) (1)

)
' ' '
, (1) (1) + แ หา ) ( หา + G) (1)
• , •

(1) 152) , ,
( 1,2 า 3) p, pz 2 2 2
แตก
(2) (2) + (1) (1) 3 (2) (2) (1)
) ำ
(E) })
+
(1) (2) + (1) (1)
p,
1
-

, , ,
1+2 1+2 1+2

Pz (1) 0 -

G)
1 } เงา § )
,

ำ =
4 ตา § )

4. "#A29+!&8) (4, 1, 3) "## (2, 5, −6) 00ก4/-5 4 ,9254:9+R ก(5

pt I ง
• •

( t , แ 3) 3
[ 2,5 , -
6)
ณึ
ถั๋
 24

8.3 $4="!3%$(6#ก6!$28
BA1 u , v "## w 4/-542ก4.0"ˆB5,0!-&.&:(%!A-) A"30,+--&.&:(%!A-), k "## l 4/-5,4ก#+"ˆ
1. u + v = v + u (,-$(.&ก+",#($:0))
2. ( u + v ) + w = u + ( v + w ) (,-$(.&ก+"4/#0) 5ก#89-)
3. u + 0 = 0 + u = u
4. u + (− u ) = 0
5. 1⋅ u = u
6. 0 ⋅ u = 0 "## k ⋅ 0 = 0
7. k ⋅ (lu ) = ( kl) u
8. ( k + l ) u = ku + lu
9. k ( u + v ) = ku + kv

!"#$%&'()*+ 21 BA1 u = i − 2 j + k &!A+ u 25+5ก($42ก4.0"ˆB)$1+!

1. 2 i + 4 j + 2 k 2. − i + 2j− k
X -
✓

3. 3 i − 6 j + 3k 1 1
4. i − j+ k
2 2
✓ ✓
3
±
ห้
ห้
ห้
 25

!"#$%&'()*+ 22 &!A+A*+.0$
1 2  4
1. BA1 u =   , v =   , w =   &!A+42ก4.0"ˆ x :0),0)A#10!ก($ 2 u − v + x = 3x + w
3 1  −1
2
-
= 2T +

% ] [ :]
-
= +
[ำ ]
☒ [ }] -
= +
[ำ |
-

[ำ| =

[:] =

0
=

[} ] F- Ii +3J

2. &!A+ u "## v @1+ u + 2 v = 3 i − k "## u − v = i + j + k

+2T =
3T -1T -
①

②
Itjt I
-

- =

① -

②; 3 =
2T J -2 E
-

}T j #
}
=
-
_
_

แทนใน ② ; = IJ + +

E+
= i +
}I
-
-

}E
-

§# } ti
=
+

3. ก*+A5) u = 4 i − 3 j + 5k , v = − 3i − j − 2 k &!A+ w :0):*+BA1 u − 3v + 2 w = 0

2 = 3 -

[ [} |
avi =3 -

[ ] [%
=
-

[ |
2 =

¥I
=
-

E)
± 113T + แ
-
=
ห้
ข้
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 26

8.4 %*''%$(6#ก6!$28)* 2 43!3.?+ 3 43!3

25+)20!42ก4.0"ˆB)R A30 A2+- +220!,92520!4,15."!:0)"#$8:&.:+!:0)":542ก4.0"ˆ5(%5R
BA1 u = ai + bj + ck ก*+A5)BA1 u 4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0&8)4"&)-.15:0)&8) (0, 0, 0) )(!5(%5 &8),&%5,8)20! u A30
P(a, b, c) )(!"6/

4-3)0 u = A2+- +220!,92520!4,15."! OP

= "# #:+!"#A29+!&8) (0, 0, 0) ก($ (a, b, c)
= a2 + b2 + c2
)(!5(%5 42ก4.0"ˆ u B5 2 -&.& '()! u = ai + bj A+ u 1)1&+ก
u = a2 + b2
3
4/95 @1+ u =   "#12 u = 32 + 4 2 = 5
4 
@1+ u = i − j + 2k "#12 u = 1 2 + ( − 1) 2 + 2 2 = 6

!"#$%&'()*+ 23 &!A+25+)20!42ก4.0"ˆ:0)ก*+A5)BA1

1   − 5 1 1 Rด47าI
1. u =   1 12+22
2. u =  
=
1 =

2  7
=
B = 12

6  62+82 5 | 1 =
(1 2) 2+52
u =  u =  
1
3. |
4.
=

ปเาอˢ
8  12 
= 10
=
144-25
=
13

3 1 | =
34(f) 2
− 3 1 1 ปf3)4(างาำ
5. u =   6. u =  
=

− 4  − 4 
=
5
= 5
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 27

7. u = i+ j 8. u = 7 i − 24 j
1 1
2
VFF
=
74 (-24)
1 | =

R
=

9. u = i − j+ k 10. u = 2 i + j − 2 k
1 1 =
12 + G) 412 1 | = 24 14 (2) 2
=
B =
V5
=3

!"#$%&'()*+ 24 BA1 P -0%&ก()4/-5 (2, 1, −1) "## Q -0%&ก() (0, −1, 2) &!A+25+)20! PQ
2
=
(0-2)# C- า -
า 1J + ( 2- c- า DE | 1 =
(0-2) 4 G-1)
2
+ [ 2- C-1))
= -2T -2J +31T

(2) 2+32
2
| 1 = (2) +

=
4+4+9
=
#

!"#$%&'()*+ 25 BA1 ABC 4/-5"6/,+-4A#0) - F) :0) A(2, −2, 1), B(7, 8, −9) "## C(1, 0, 1) &!A+
1. &8) D :0)0 69$5,92520!4,15."! AB "##"$9!,92520!4,15."! AB 00ก4/-50(."+,925 AD : DB = 2 : 3
2 3

↓
• •

Al 252,1 ] BC 7,8 9)
-

(2) )
D ( (3) + (7) [ 2) ( 2) (3) + (8) (2)
-

(1) (3) + C-9) (2)

, ,
2+3 2+3 2+3

D (E) %-) ,
→ DC 4,25 3)

2. 25+)20! CD
2
/ 1 = (4-1) 2+(2-0) 4 C-3- 1)

=
าง+e+แTา
= 29
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 28

8.5 6#ก6!$28/*0+(/*&#%
42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+)A5()!A592 4"0 ก29+ RIกR03$SH2015H2JIF

1  0 
42ก4.0"ˆA5()!A592 B5 2 -&.& A30 i =   , j =  
0  1 

1  0  0 
  
42ก4.0"ˆA5()!A592 B5 3 -&.& A30 i = 0  , j = 1  , k = 0 
0  0  1 
  
2
 
BA1 u =  2  &#1)129+ u = 2 2 + 2 2 + ( −1) 2 = 3
−1
 

1
&+ก"6/&#4AS529+ 42ก4.0"ˆ u 4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ u "##-0
3
1 1
25+)4/-5 4:9+20!25+)20! u ".9 u -025+) 3 A592 )(!5(%5 u
3 3
4/-542ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ u "##-025+) 1 A592

)(!5(%5 ,*+A"($42ก4.0"ˆ u B)R :0)1-94:9+ก($.65 ˆ

1
42ก4.0"ˆA5()!A592 :0)-0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ u A30 ⋅u
u
1
42ก4.0"ˆA5()!A592 :0)-0:&.:+!."!21+-ก($ u A30 − ⋅ u
u
1
42ก4.0"ˆA5()!A592 :0)25+5ก($ u A30 ± ⋅ u
u
 29

!"#$%&'()*+ 26 &!A+42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-0,-$(.&)(!50%
1. -025+)A5()!A592 "##-0:&.:+!."!21+-ก($42ก4.0"ˆ u = − 6 i + 3 j − 2 k
} C- 6T +3J
2
C- 6) 434 (2)
1 1
§µ -2 E)
-

= =
-

= 36+9+4

fi }E
=

ก +
-

=
7

7
 
2. -025+) 17 "##-0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ v =  0 
− 6 
| 1 4 02 ( = 7
  + -

6)
2

# ( 7T-6 E)
=

49+3 ◦
1
=

85
=

¥§ # 6 E)

¥ 17T-61
=

− 2  6
3. -0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ v =   "##-025+)4/-5 3 4:9+20!25+)20!42ก4.0"ˆ u = 
3 − 4 
UTI 6ช 6☒
31 3 6 41 4) 2 13 ( -2T +3J )
= -

1 1 ☒
=3 36+16
= -12T +18J
=
3 52

=
เ า3

!"#$%&'()*+ 27 &!A+A*+.0$
1. BA1 u = 2 i − 2 j + k "##&8) A(1, 1, 1) &!A+&8) B :0):*+BA1 AB -0:&.:+!4)0 2ก($ u "## AB = 4
#
1 22 + (2) 412
1
§ ( 2T-2J E)
=
=
+

= เโ
ไง
=3
=

§I §Jtfk -

a÷

1 -

%{
2. ก*+A5) u = 2 i + 4 j − 5k "## v = i + 2 j + 3k
&!A+42ก4.0"ˆ:0)-025+)4:9+ก($ u − 2 v "##-0:&.:+!."!21+-ก($0
u +v
2T +4J -51T -2 CI+2J +5k ) 3T +6J-21T
-2T = -11K + -51T -

/
1- ⑤ -6K 1 + 1 = 3 4 62+ (2) 2

2 g +36+4
f) 1)
=

| -2J 1 =

=
Fg =
7
= 11

1 + า = 13T+6J -2 E) =

+ ก
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 30

9. ก-$*"%R((5.Rก,-$S

9.1 5?"&5663($6ก?'28
 a1  a 2 
BA1 u =   , v =   4/-542ก4.0"ˆB5 2 -&.& 5#A6P4/&!,4ก#+"ˆ20! u "## v 420 5":5)12 u ⋅ v
 b1  b 2 
'()!
 a1   a 2 
u⋅v = b  ⋅ b  = a 1a 2 + b 1 b 2
   
1 2
 a1  a 2 
   
,*+A"($42ก4.0"ˆB5 3 -&.& BA1 u =  b1  , v =  b 2 
 c1  c 2 
   
 a1   a 2 
   
u⋅v =  b1  ⋅  b 2  = a1 a 2 + b1 b 2 + c 1 c 2
 c1   c 2 
   

!"#$%&'()*+ 31 &!A+5#A6P4/&!,4ก#+"ˆ ( u ⋅ v ) 20!42ก4.0"ˆ.901/50%

1  1 1  − 1
     
1. u =  3  , v = − 2  2. u = 1 , v =  0 
0   −1 3  − 3
     
= (1) (1) + (3) ( 2)
-
+ ( 0 ) ( 1)
-
= (1) ( 1) -
+ (1) (01+13) [3)

=
1- 6
= -

า +0-9
= -10
= -5

3. u = 4 i − j + 3k , v = 2 i + j − k 4. u = 5 i − k , v = 4 j + 3k

[} | [! [ 1. [ ]
" =
=
i =

=
(5) ( 0 ) + [ 01 (4) + C-1) (3)
=
(9) (2) + (1) (1) + (3) (7)
=
-3
=
8+1-3
=
6
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 31

!"#$%&'()*+ 32 BA1 u = 2 i + j + 3k , v = − i − 2 k "## w = i + 8 k &!A+A9+20!

1. u ⋅( v + w ) 2. u ⋅(2 w )
=
☐ +1 1) =

[} 114 1)
12 11 01 + แ 1 (01+13) (6) (2) (2) + (1) (01+13) แ 6)

1. % | ↳ µµ
=
=
=
=

=
18 =
4+48 =
52

3. (2 v )⋅(3 w ) 4. 2 u ⋅( u − v )
ะ
2
[% % 1 =

% 11 } | %1)
C-2) (3) ( 0 ) ( 0) t 4) (2 4)

µ
= + +

%|
=
1 911 3) +12Mt (6) (5)
° =
=

= -6-64 = -70
=
12+2+30

9.2 %&'()*+,-./01234*-%3ก/678 =
44

"#$ u , v ()* w ,!"/,0ก,2345"/ 2 7828#4#3 3 7828 ()* k ,!"/<,ก)=45

1. u ⋅ v = v ⋅ u (<))*D+,)
2. ( u + v ) ⋅ w = u ⋅ w + v ⋅ w (ก=4(.ก(./)
(u − v) ⋅ w = u ⋅ w − v ⋅ w
3. k ( u ⋅ v ) = ( ku ) ⋅ v = u ⋅ ( kv )
4. 0 ⋅ u = 0
5. 1$= u = 0 #4#3 v = 0 ()$0 u ⋅ v = 0
6. u ⋅ u = u 2

28<3./54$3 6.
a  a  a 
     
"#$ u =  b  .*89$0:= u ⋅ u =  b  ⋅  b  = a 2 + b 2 + c 2
c  c  c 
     
,/#,3/.=ก u = a2 + b2 + c2
9)//);/ u⋅u = u2
วู่
รู่
 32

"#$%&'$()*&*+,
✓1. u + v 2 = u 2 + 2u ⋅ v + v 2 ✓2. u−v2 = u 2 − 2u ⋅ v + v 2

21 1 4 21 12 ใ

3. u+v 2 + u−v2 = 2u2 +2v2 4. u + v 2 − u − v 2 = 4u ⋅ v

-
=
(น .

ล) (น + ลง

5. ( u + v ) ⋅ ( u − v ) = u2− v2
× 2 ไ ว

6. u+v+w2 = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 + 2u ⋅ v + 2u ⋅ w + 2v ⋅ w

7. u−v−w 2 = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 + 2v ⋅ w − 2u ⋅ w − 2u ⋅ v

3
)(9,:;6-<=> 34 ก==#/9"#$ u = 3, v = 1 ()* u ⋅ v = ./#=
2
1. (u + v) ⋅ (u − v)
1 12-1 12 = 34 12

= า0

2. u+v2
1 142 +1 12 32 +/ +12
21
=
•

=
g +3+1
=
13

3. u−v2
2-/
1 12-2 +1 v72 =3 2
(E) +12
=
g- 3+1

=
7
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 33

)(9,:;6-<=> 35 ./#=>==23* 2
2
1. "#$ u = 8 ()* v = 2 1$= u + v = 9 ()$0 ./#= u − v
1 + 12=92 i. 1 12 =
1 12-2 .tt 1 12

12 81
=
6 4- (1 3) +4
1 142 •
+1 =

64+2 +4 =
81
=
55

2 =
81-68 1 -

1 =
5 *
2 =
13

2. ก==#/9"#$ u ()* v ,!"/,0ก,2345 2 ,0ก,2345"9? _9@D+, u + v = 4 ()* u − v = 3

./#=>:=43/ u ⋅ ( u + v ) + v ⋅ ( v − 2 u ) 0:=7+>:=,D:=84
=
| 12 + +1 12-2 • 1 + 12-1 -

12 =
ใ

16 g
=
ใ
12
-

=
| - +

€
=

= 34 •

36+7
= 9
tf =
#
=

ใ 3

ๅ 0.7
=

-./"0%1ก3 1. i ⋅ i = 1, j⋅ j = 1, k ⋅ k = 1
2. i ⋅ j = 0, j⋅ k = 0, i ⋅ k = 0
3. ( u ⋅ v ) 2 ≤ ( u ⋅ u )( v ⋅ v )
4. ( u ⋅ v ) 2 = ( u ⋅ u )( v ⋅ v ) กC2:3,7#,3 u = av #4#3 v = au ,7#,3 a ∈R
5. u + v ≤ u + v
6. u + v = u + v ,7#,3 u ()* v 7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)/
7. u + v = u − v ,7#,3 u ()* v 7+D8ED=/24/ก)/4$=7
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 34

10. 787*"#)$+%1)ก13/*% &>"'(*1Aก)0*-/%1)ก13/*%

10.1 &$&7%&9;6-39ก3),78 2 39ก3),78

"#$ u ()* v ,!"/,0ก,2345"9? "/ 2 7828 #4#3 3 7828 D+,87:"L:,0ก,2345E3/@5 ,7#,37F74*#0:=/ u ()* v >#3
7F7 θ D+,,ก89.=กA8A8D1*#$73.*-/%1)ก13/*%ก*"&E+ก0* ()* 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° 9)/43!

28.=4G= ∆AOB ()*กP43/_>8Q/5

u − v 2 = u 2 + v 2 − 2 u v cos θ
()*.=ก<7*)2843/I)>3G,L8/<,ก)=4543/,0ก,2345
u − v 2 = u 2 + v 2 − 2u ⋅ v
9)//);/ − 2 u v cos θ = − 2 u ⋅ v
/),/>#3 u ⋅ v = u v cos θ

9)//);/ 1$= θ ,!"/7F74*#0:=/ u ()* v ()$0 ()* u ≠ 0 ()* v ≠ 0 ()$0

u⋅v = u v cos θ
u⋅v
#4#3 cos θ =
uv
 35

)(9,:;6-<=> 36 "#$ u ()* v ,!"/,0ก,2345D+,7+>0=7<)72)/R59)/43! ./#= u ⋅ v

1. 2.

3. 4.

)(9,:;6-<=> 37 ./#=7F74*#0:=/,0ก,23452:38!/+;
1. u = 3 i + 2 j ()* v = 9 i + 6 j 2. u = i − 2 j + k ()* v = 2 i − j − 4 k
 36

3. u = i − j + 2 k ()* v = − 3 i + 3 j − 6 k 4. u = 4 i − 2 j ()* v = − i + j + 4 k

)(9,:;6-<=> 38 ./#=7F74*#0:=/ u = i − 2 j + 2 k ()*

1. v = − 3 i + 6 j + 2 k 2. w = 4 i + 5 j + 3k

3. z = − 2i + 4 j − 4k
 37

)(9,:;6-<=> 39 ./#= u ⋅ v , u − v , u + v ,7#,3ก==#/9

π 2. u = 6, v = 12, u D==7F7 120° ก)* v
1. u = 1, v = 2, u D==7F7 ก)* v
3

.=ก u ⋅ v = u v cos θ
ก):=089$0:= 1$=7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ,!"/ θ
ก=4 dot ก)/ กC>#3 ก=4U=@,/=,0ก,2345#/H,/)/8!*/3+ก
,0ก,2345#/H,/ ()$0/==4/=97=>3Gก)//),/,3/ .=กก=4
dot /+; .*89$

1. 1$= u ⋅ v = u ⋅ w ()$0 87:.==,!"/D+,

v .*2$3/,D:=ก)* w ,L:/ .=ก43! v 1 1H/ v 5 ,7#,3U=@
)/*/ u กC.*89$>:=,9+@0ก)/

2. u ⋅ v = 0 กC2:3,7#,3 u = 0 #4#3 v = 0
#4#3 u ⊥ v /),/>#3 ,0ก,2345 0 >3G3*84กC89$E3/@5 #4#3
T=2U=@43/,0ก,2345#/H,/*/3+ก,0ก,2345#/H,/89$,!"/
,2+@/.F9 QH,/7+>0=7@=0,!"/ 0 /),/>#3 ,0ก,23452$3/2);/
U=กก)/
 38

u⋅v
-./"0%1ก3 .=ก>0=7<)72)/R5 cos θ = ,/#,3/.=ก u > 0 ()* v > 0
uv
9)//);/ ,>4#,3/#7=@43/ cos θ 4H;/3@3:ก)*,>4#,3/#7=@43/ u ⋅ v D=="#$<4F!89$0:= 1$= u ≠ 0 , v ≠ 0 ()* θ
,!"/7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ()$0

1. θ = 0°
.*89$>:= u ⋅ v = u v QH,/7+>:=,!"/
7+))กXG*
*0ก

2. 0° < θ < 90° (7F7(#)7)

7+))กXG* .*89$>:= u ⋅ v ,!"/*0ก

3. θ = 90° (7F7U=ก)

7+))กXG* .*89$ u ⋅ v = 0

4. 90° < θ < 180° (7F7!Y=/)

7+))กXG* .*89$>:= u ⋅ v ,!"/)*

5. θ = 180°
.*89$>:= u ⋅ v = − u v QH,/7+>:=
7+))กXG*
,!"/)*

D=="#$2*0:= i ⋅ j = 0 , j⋅ k = 0 , i ⋅ k = 0 ,24=*(2:)*>3:2);/U=กก)/
a  − b  b
-./"0%1ก3 1$=7+,0ก,2345 u =   ,0ก,2345D+,2);/U=กก)*,0ก,2345 u >#3 k   #4#3 k  
b a  − a 
 39

)(9,:;6-<=> 40 ./28.=4G=0:= 7F74*#0:=/,0ก,2345D+,ก==#/9"#$ ,!"/7F7(#)7 7F7U=ก #4#37F7!Y=/

1. u = i + 3 j + 7 k , v = 2 i + 3 j − k 2. u = i − 2 j − 3k , v = 2 i − 2 j + 2 k

1   − 1 2   − 3
       
3. u = 0  , v =  0  4. u = 1  , v =  0 
2  0 3 1
       

)(9,:;6-<=> 41 ./#=>==23*
1. ก==#/9"#$ u = 10 , v = 5 ()*7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ,!"/ 45° ./#=>:= u ⋅ v

2. ก==#/9"#$ u = i − j , v = 4 ()*7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ,!"/ 45° ./#=>:= u ⋅ v

3. 1$= u ⋅ v = 5, u = 2 ()*7F74*#0:=/ u ()* v ,!"/ 60° ()$0 u + v ,D:=ก)*,D:=84

 40

4. ก==#/9 ABC ,!"/<=7,#)+,@743!#/H,/ D ,!"/.F93@3:*/9$=/ AC ()* AD : DC = 2 : 5

1$= AC = 21, BD = 12, AD̂B = 120° ./#=>:=43/ BD ⋅ BC + CB ⋅ CD

5. ก==#/9"#$ u = 4, v = 3 ()* w = 2 ()*7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ,D:=ก)* 45°

1$= u + v + w = u − v − w ()$0 7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* w 7+>:=,D:=84
 41

8. "#$ u , v ,!"/,0ก,2345 2 ,0ก,2345"9? _9@D+, v = 3 i − 4 j ()* ( u − v ) ⋅ v = 25

1$= θ ,!"/7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v ()$0 >:=43/ u ⋅ u cos 2 θ 7+>:=,D:=84

-./"0%1ก3

1. u + v = u − v กC2:3,7#,3 u 2);/U=กก)* v #4#3 u = 0 #4#3 v = 0

2. ( u + v ) 2);/U=กก)* ( u − v ) กC2:3,7#,3 u = v
π
3. u + v > u − v ,7#,3 0 < θ < (θ ,!"/7F7(#)7)
2
π
4. u + v < u − v ,7#,3 < θ < π (θ ,!"/7F7!Y=/)
2
 42

10.2 *+73,ก4(-+,-39ก3),78
<7728"#$ AC = u ()* AB = v 9)/43!

,0ก,2345 AD ,ก89.=กก=4_24,.กL)/,0ก,2345 AB
)/*/,0ก,2345 AC #4#3_24,.กL)/ v */ u 7+
#))กก=4"/ก=4#=_24,.กL)/#4#3,/= v */ u 9)//+;
1. ,/#,3/.=ก AD 4/=/ก)* u ()*,0ก,2345
u
#/H,/#/:0@D+,7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)* u >#3
u
u
9)//);/ AD = AD
u

2. .=ก AD = v cos θ
u⋅v
()* u⋅v = u v cos θ .*89$ v cos θ =
u
u⋅v
9)//);/ AD =
u
3. .*89$

 u ⋅ v  u  u⋅v 
AD =    =  2 u
 u  u u 

-./"0%1ก3 ,7#,3 AD >#3 4/=943/ v */ u

4/=943/,/=
u⋅v  u
.=ก AD = =  ⋅v
u  u
u
QH,/ >#3 ,0ก,2345#/H,/#/:0@D+,7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)* u
u
9)//);/ 4/=943/,/= v */ u #=89$.=ก ,0ก,2345#/H,/#/:0@D+,7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)* u ) ⋅ v
(,0ก,2345

/),/>#3 ,0ก,2345"9 dot ก)*,0ก,2345#/H,/#/:0@ >#3 4/=943/,/=,0ก,2345

,/=,0ก,2345/);/*/,0ก,2345#/H,/#/:0@/);/
 43

1 3
)(9,:;6-<=> 42 1$= u =   ()* v ()*_24,.กL)/ (,/=) 43/ u */ v ()*
=   ()$0 ./#=4/=943/,/=()*_24,.กL)
3 4
 
v */ u

2*0:= u = a i + bj =

-./"0%1ก3 "#$ v ≠ 0 9)//);/ v ⋅ v > 0 .*89$

1. 1$= u ⋅ v > 0 _24,.กL)/43/ u */ v .*7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)/ก)* v
2. 1$= u ⋅ v < 0 _24,.กL)/43/ u */ v .*7+D8ED=/24/ก)/4$=7ก)* v
3. 1$= u ⊥ v _24,.กL)/43/ u */ v >#3 0
 44

)(9,:;6-<=> 43 ก==#/9"#$ u = i + 4 j ()* v = 4 i + 2 j ./#=

1. ,/=43/ u */ v 2. ,/=43/ v */ u

)(9,:;6-<=> 44 1$= u = i − 2 j + 3k , v = i − k ./#=

1. _24,.กL)/43/ u */ v

2. _24,.กL)/,L8/<,ก)=4543/ u */ v

3. 7F74*#0:=/ u ก)* v
 45

)(9,:;6-<=> 45 ./#=>==23*
1. ก==#/9 OA = 3 i + 4 j ; OB = 12 i − j .=ก AD ⊥ OB D+,.F9 D ./#= OD

2. ก==#/9 AB = 2 i − j + 2 k ()* AC = − i + 2 j + 3k 1$=)=ก,<$/24/D+,I:=/.F9 C 7=2);/U=กก)* AB D+,

.F9 D ./#= AD
 46

11. ก+*(F+1)#%1)ก13/*%

11.1 ./01234*-39ก3),78
 a1  a 2 
   
"#$ u =  b1  ()* v =  b 2  I)>3G,L8/,0ก,234543/ u ก)* v ,4+@/(D/9$0@ u × v _9@
 c1  c 2 
   
i j k
b1 c 1 a1 c1 a 1 b1
u×v = a1 b1 c1 = i− j+ k
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
a2 b2 c2

096&.)ก);6-7%&9;6-./01234*-39ก3),78 ก('./01234*-%3ก/678
1. I)>3G,L8/,0ก,2345 #=89$,U2=*,0ก,2345"/ 3 7828,D:=/);/ <:0/I)>3G,L8/<,ก)=45#=89$D);/,0ก,2345"/ 2 7828
()* 3 7828
2. I)>3G,L8/,0ก,234543/,0ก,2345 2 ,0ก,2345 ,!"/,0ก,2345 <:0/I)>3G,L8/<,ก)=45,!"/<,ก)=45

)(9,:;6-<=> 46 ./#= u × v "/(2:)*4$32:38!/+;

1  − 2   − 1 5
       
1. u = 2  , v =  1  2. u =  2 , v =  1 
1  − 3 3 − 4 
       

3. u = i + j, v = 2j− k 4. u = i + 2 j − 3k , v = − 4 i + 2 j + 3k
 47

)(9,:;6-<=> 47 ก==#/9 A, B, C ./#= AB× AC

1. A(4, 1, −3), B(−1, 6, 1), C(0, 1, 2) 2. A(3, 1, 1), B(0, 0, 1), C(−1, 0, 2)

1  3
   
)(9,:;6-<=> 48 "#$ u =  2  ()* v =  0  ./#=
2  −1
   
1. u×v 2. v×u
 48

11.2 %&'()*+,-./01234*-39ก3),78
"#$ u , v ,!"/,0ก,2345"9? "/ 3 7828, k ,!"/.==/0/.48/"9?
1. u × v = − ( v × u )
2. ( u + v ) × w = ( u × w ) + ( v × w )
3. u × ( v + w ) = ( u × v ) + ( u × w )
4. w× ( kv ) = k ( w × v )
5. ( kw ) × v = k ( w × v )
6. u × u = 0

-./"0%1ก3 ก=4>3G,L8/,0ก,234587:7+>FG<7*)28ก=4<))*D+, ()*,!)+,@/ก)F:7 (2:@)/>/7+>FG<7*)28ก=4ก4*.=@

9)//);/ ก=4,4+@/I)>3G,L8/,0ก,234543/,0ก,2345 3 ,0ก,2345 .H/2$3/.)9ก)F:7"#$L)9,./ _9@ก=4"<:0/,)C* ก=4,4+@/
u × v × w 87:7+>0=7#7=@

)(9,:;6-<=> 49 ./28.=4G=0:="/(2:)*4$32:38!/+; 7+>0=7#7=@#4#387: 1$=7+ ./*3ก0:=,!"/,0ก,2345 #4#3<,ก)=45

1. i × ( j× k) 2. i ⋅ ( j× k )

3. i × j× k 4. ( i ⋅ j) × k

5. ( i × j) × ( j × k ) 6. ( i × j) ⋅ ( j × k )
 49

 1  0   − 1
 3    
)(9,:;6-<=> 50 "#$ u = −  , v = 1  ()* w =  2  ./#=
2
 1  2  0
     

1. u × ( v × w ) 2. (u × v) × (v × w)

1   0  i j k
 
28.=4G= i× j = 0  ×  1  = 1 0 0 = k
0   0  0 1 0
 
"/D==/3/,9+@0ก)/ .*89$
j× k = i, k× i = j
j× i = − k , k× j = −i, i× k = −j
i×i = j× j = k× k = 0
 50

.*,#C/0:= ,0ก,2345 i , j ()* k 7+D8ED=/43/I)>3G

,L8/,0ก,234543/<3/,0ก,2345,!"/8!2=7กP7#340=

QH,/I)))2R543/ก=4>3G,L8/,0ก,2345 .*89$I)))2R5,!"/,0ก,2345D+,2);/U=กก)*D);/<3/,0ก,2345/);/ 9)//);/ 1$=

,0ก,2345 u >3G,L8/,0ก,2345ก)*,0ก,2345 v .*89$,!"/,0ก,2345 u × v D+,7+D8ED=/2);/U=กก)*,0ก,2345 u ()* v ,<73
9)/43!

)(9,:;6-<=> 51 ./#=,0ก,2345#/H,/#/:0@D+,2);/U=กก)*D);/,0ก,2345 u ()*,0ก,2345 v ,7#,3ก==#/9

1. u = − 5 i + j + 2 k ()* v = i + k
 51

2. u = 2 i − 6 j − 3k ()* v = 4 i + 3 j − k

 a1  a 2 
   
"#$ u =  b1  ()* v = b 2 
 c1  c 2 
   
i j k
28.=4G= u×v = a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
b1 c1 a1 c1 a1 b1
= i− j+ k
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2

u×v 2 = ( b1c 2 − b 2 c1 ) 2 + ( a 2 c1 − a1c 2 ) 2 + (a1 b 2 − a 2 b1 ) 2 ......(1)

u2 v2 = (a12 + b12 + c12 )(a 22 + b 22 + c 22 ) ......(2)
(u ⋅ v)2 = ( a 1a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c 1 c 2 ) 2 ......(3)

,7#,3ก4*.=@2./5D=/40=7#343/<7ก=4D);/<=7 2*0:= (2) − (3) = (1)

9)//);/ u 2 v 2 − (u ⋅ v)2 = u×v 2

#4#3 u×v 2 = u 2 v 2 − (u ⋅ v)2
 52

= u 2 v 2 − ( u v cos θ) 2
= u 2 v 2 (1 − cos 2 θ)
= u 2 v 2 sin 2 θ
9)//);/ u×v = u v sin θ

11.3 096&&&6:+,-./01234*-39ก3),78<<6-37+602*
6-37+602*)
28.=4G=43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/ QH,/7+.F9@39D+, A, B, C ()* D 7+9$=/ AB ()* AD ,!"/9$=/!4*L89 9)/43!

"#$ u = AB , v = AD ()* θ ,!"/7F74*#0:=/ u ()* v

2#;/D+,43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/ ABCD = u v sin θ
= u×v
9)//);/ >0=7#7=@43/4/=943/ u × v กC>#3 2#;/D+,43/43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/ _9@7+,0ก,2345 u ()* v
,!"/9$=/!4*L8943/43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=//),/,3/
 53

.=ก43! ∆ABC 7+2#;/D+,,!"/>4H,/#/H,/43/43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/ ABCD 9)//);/

1
2#;/D+,43!<=7,#)+,@7 ABC = u×v
2
1
= u v sin θ
2
-./"0%1ก3 4/=943/I)>3G,L8/,0ก,234543/ u ()* v
u×v = u v sin θ
>:= sin θ .*7+>:=,!"/ 0 ,7#,3 θ = 0° #4#3 180° 9)//);/ 4/=943/ u × v .*7+>:=,!"/ 0 ,7#,3,0ก,2345 u ()*
v ,!"/,0ก,2345D+,4/=/ก)/ (7+7+D8ED=/,9+@0ก)/#4#324/4$=7ก)/) ,4+@ก0:= ,0ก,2345 u ()* v 87:,!"/38<4*,L8/,<$/2:3
ก)/
"/ก4G+D+,2$3/ก=4#=2#;/D+,<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/D+,7+,0ก,2345D+,ก==#/9"#$,!"/,<$/D(@/7F7 2#;/D+,43/43!
<+,,#)+,@7.*,!"/>4H,/#/H,/43/2#;/D+,D+,,ก89.=ก,<$/D(@/>3Gก)/"/,L8/,0ก,2345 1$= u ()* v ,!"/,0ก,234543/,<$/
D(@/7F7()$0
1
2#;/D+,43!<+,,#)+,@7 = u×v
2
 54

)(9,:;6-<=> 52 ./#=>==23*
1. ./#=2#;/D+,43/<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/D+,7+ u = i − 4 j + 3k ()* v = 3 i + j − 2 k ,!"/9$=/!4*ก3*43/
<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/

2. ./#=2#;/D+,43/43!<=7,#)+,@7D+,7+.F9@39D+, P(2, 6, −2), Q(1, 1, 0), R(4, 6, 0)

 55

3. ก==#/9"#$ ABCD ,!"/43!<+,,#)+,@79$=/4/=/ _9@D+, A, B, C, D 7+28ก)9 (1, 1, 1), (3, 4, 1), (2, 6, −1) ()*
(0, 3, −1) 2=7)==9)* ./#=2#;/D+,43/43!<+,,#)+,@7 ABCD

)(9,:;6-<=> 53 "#$ u = 5 i − 3 j + 2 k , v = j + 2 k ./#=>:= sin 43/7F74*#0:=/ u ()* v

 56

1
.=ก<324 2#;/D+,<=7,#)+,@7 = u v sin θ
2
1
= u v 1 − cos 2 θ
2
2
1  u⋅v 
= u v 1− 
2 uv
1 ( u ⋅ v)2
= u v 1− 2 2
2 u v
1
= u 2 v 2 − (u ⋅ v)2
2
ก):=089$0:= <=7=41#=2#;/D+,<=7,#)+,@789$3+ก08R+#/H,/>#3
1
2#;/D+,<=7,#)+,@7 = ( u ⋅ u )( v ⋅ v ) − ( u ⋅ v )( u ⋅ v )
2

)(9,:;6-<=> 54 ./#=2#;/D+,43!<=7,#)+,@7D+,7+ u = 3i + 4 j ()* v = i + j ,!"/9$=/ 2 9$=/