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COURSE GUIDE 2nd Cycle

MODULE IN SS4- PLACES AND LANDSACPES IN A CHANGING WORLD

2ND YEAR BSED – SOCIAL STUDIES

Module 3: WAYS OF PRESERVING THE ENDANGERED NATURAL LANDSACPES AND PLACES

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, the student must have:
1. Described the different landscapes in the world using picture analysis.
2. Discussed the different ways of preserving the endangered landscapes.
3. Designed a brochure on different ways of preserving the endangered landscapes.

A. Introduction
A landscape, in this context, is not just the scenery that you view from a scenic lookout point. Instead, it is the combination of environmental and
human phenomena that coexist together in a particular place on Earth's surface. Landscapes include physical features like streams, oceans, forests, and
soils as well as human-constructed buildings, trails, fences, and mines. One emphasis of a landscape-based approach is that none of these features is
entirely natural or entirely human. While the concept of “environment” often refers only to the non-human phenomena that humans interact with, the
concept of “landscapes” refers to both human and non-human phenomena. Landscapes thus remind us that it is actually impossible to completely
disentangle the human from the non-human.
As our understanding of the dynamism of human-environment systems has evolved, geographers have continued to recognize the importance of
history while building a new emphasis on the recursive relationships (interactions in both directions) within the human-environment landscapes. We cannot
simply think about how humans have shaped a landscape, we must also think about how the natural features have enabled and constrained human efforts.
This bi-directional interaction, or coupledness, is why we study landscapes as a human-environment system. A dynamic historical perspective also reminds
us that there is no pre-determined way that a human-environment landscape will evolve or should evolve. “Landscapes aren’t just “out there” waiting for us
to interact with and learn from them. Instead, our interpretations of landscapes are shaped by our own preferences, needs, and experiences. In other
words, we mentally “construct” landscapes based on our perspective. For some, a particular landscape of coastal environments may represent
environmental preservation. For others, it may reflect recreation. For still others, it may evoke labor and oppression. This means that when we study a
landscape, we have to be careful not to imagine that we immediately see all that is there or that our initial perceptions are correct.
B. Activities
Take a closer look on the different landscapes as you provide a description on how it looks like as natural landscapes.
1.

Credit: Sagada Rice Terraces by Bernard Gagnon from  Wikimedia
Commons(link is external) is licensed under (CC BY-SA 3.0(link is external))
This landscape is plateau, a flat and elevated landform that rises sharply
above the surrounding area on at least one side. Plateaus occur on every
continent and take up a third of the Earth's land. They are one of the
four major landforms, along with mountains, plains, and hills. It is also
called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of
flat terrain, that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least
one side. Often one or more sides have deep hills. Plateaus can be
formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic
magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers. Plateaus
are classified according to their surrounding environment as
intermontane, piedmont, or continental. A few plateaus may have a small
flat top while others have wide ones. The underlining mechanism in
forming plateaus from upwelling starts when magma rises from the
mantle, causing the ground to swell upward. In this way, large, flat areas
of rock are uplifted to form a plateau. For plateaus formed by extrusion,
the rock is built up from lava spreading outward from cracks and weak
areas in the crust. Plateaus can also be formed by the erosional
processes of glaciers on mountain ranges, leaving them sitting between
the mountain ranges. Water can also erode mountains and other
landforms down into plateaus. Dissected plateaus are highly eroded
plateaus cut by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys. Computer
modeling studies suggest that high plateaus may also be partially a result
of the feedback between tectonic deformation and dry climatic conditions
created at the lee side of growing orogens.
2.
This landscape is plain is a broad area of relatively flat land. Plains are
one of the major landforms, or types of land, on Earth. They cover more
than one-third of the world’s land area. Plains exist on every continent. It
is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in
elevation. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or on the doorsteps of
mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands. In a valley, a
plain is enclosed on two sides, but in other cases, a plain may be
delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills, by mountains, or by
cliffs. Where a geological region contains more than one plain, it may be
connected by a pass (sometimes termed a gap). Coastal plains would
mostly rise from sea level until they run into elevated features such as
mountains or plateaus. Plains are one of the major landforms on earth,
where they are present on all continents, and would cover more than
one-third of the world's land area. Plains may have been formed from
flowing lava, deposited by water, ice, wind, or formed by erosion by
these agents from hills and mountains. Plains would generally be under
the grassland (temperate or subtropical), steppe (semi-arid), savannah
https://images.app.goo.gl/VZFDEv5r96w6qEM68 (tropical), or tundra (polar) biomes.

3. This landscape is cliff is a mass of rock that rises very high and is almost
vertical or straight up-and-down. Cliffs are very common landscape
features. They can form near the ocean (sea cliffs), high in mountains, or
as the walls of canyons and valleys. Waterfalls tumble over cliffs. Cliffs
are usually formed because of processes called erosion and weathering.
Weathering happens when natural events, like wind or rain, break up
pieces of rock. In coastal areas, strong winds and powerful waves break
off soft or grainy rocks from hardier rocks. The harder rocks are left as
cliffs. The tiny pieces of rocks broken off by weathering are called
sediment or alluvium. Erosion is the process of transportation of this
sediment. On sea cliffs, the sediment becomes part of the seafloor and is
washed away with the waves. On inland cliffs, sediment is often carried
away by rivers or winds. Larger rocks broken off by sediment are called
scree or talus. Scree builds up at the bottom of many inland cliffs as
rocks tumble down. These piles are called scree slopes or talus piles.
Some scree slopes can be so large that soil and sediment can build up
between the rocks, allowing trees and other vegetation to grow on the
slope.
https://images.app.goo.gl/iW2iBnJCs3ridM9D9
C. Analysis
Deepen your understanding for the following statement: Answer it comprehensively.
1. How landscapes are closed coexistence of humans and environments in terms of sustainable livelihood and grazing habitat and protection for
different species?
Humans and the environment are inseparably part of the landscape. A vivid example of a landscape that shows the close coexistence of humans and
environments is the agricultural terrace. A terrace for agriculture is a system of steps built into a hillside to facilitate growing crops or grazing
animals. If the environment were not hilly, then humans would not build terraces. This is an impact of the environment on humans. An impact of
humans on the environment is the terrace structure, which becomes an enduring feature of the hill itself. Landscapes such as caves, sea, ocean,
plateau, etc. are the inhabitants of different species in which they are protected, sheltered, and secured.

2. In what way landscapes can be mentally “construct” and “create” bi-directional interactions and coupledness between human-environment
relationship as to develop cultural values, economic systems, and environmental conditions?
A landscape is being transformed through time from its original, natural form into a “cultural landscape” via the influence of human technologies and
economies and the understanding of the dynamism of human-environment systems has evolved. It is one way to know and to have an emphasis on
the recursive relationships within human-environment landscapes and how the natural features have enabled and constrained human efforts. A
dynamic historical perspective also reminds us that there is no pre-determined way that a human-environment landscape will evolve or should
evolve. Its emergence as that type of cultural landscape was contingent upon the historical interactions between particular cultural values, economic
systems, and environmental conditions. The ability for us to conceive landscapes that are multi-layered, recursive, and contingent will enrich our way
of thinking in human-environment systems.

D. Abstraction
Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human
factors. It is is not defined by its sizes but defined by an interacting mosaic of ecosystems relevant to some phenomenon under consideration. Thus
landscape can be called as an area of land containing an interesting pattern of ecological processes. Landscapes and their associated ecosystems are
shaped by complex and interrelated biological, geological and hydrological responses to both natural and cultural influences.
Mountain. Landscapes. A mountain is an elevated landform that rises above the surrounding landscape. Mountain landscapes appear on every
continent on Earth. Mountains are created by the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. The world's tallest mountain ranges form when pieces of
Earth's crust—called plates—smash against each other in a process called plate tectonics, and buckle up like the hood of a car in a head-on collision.
The Himalaya in Asia formed from one such massive wreck that started about 55 million years ago. Mountains often serve as geographic features
that define natural borders of countries. Their height can influence weather patterns, stalling storms that roll off the oceans and squeezing water
from the clouds. The other side is often much drier. The rugged landscapes even provide refuge—and protection—for fleeing and invading armies.
A landscape is all the things that we see in a place. There are different types of landscapes.
 Mountain landscapes have mountains and valleys.
 Coastal landscapes have beaches and cliffs.
  Flat landscapes have plains and plateaus.
We can see natural and man-made elements in a landscape. Natural elements have not been made by humans.(Mountains, rivers, forests…)
Man-made elements have been made by humans. (Bridges, roads, houses…)
INLAND LANDSCAPES
MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES
Mountain landscapes consist of mountains and valleys. A mountain is an area of high land with steep sides. A group of mountains is called a
mountain range. A low mountain is called a hill. A valley is an area of low land between mountains or hills. Rivers often flow through valleys.
Mountain villages are small, and mountain roads are very narrow.
Flat Landscapes: Plains, flood plains and plateaus are different types of flat lands. A plain is a large area of low, flat land. It often has a wide
river flowing through it. The land near these rivers is fertile land. This land is called flood plain. The most important plains in Spain are the
Andalusia Plain and the coastal plains. Farmers cultivate grapes and cereals on the Andalusian Plain. They cultivate rice, fruit and vegetables on the
coastal plains.
A plateau is a large area of high, flat land. The biggest plateau in Spain is the Inner Plateau. It is in the center of the country. Farmers cultivate
wheat and barley here.
COASTAL LANDSCAPES: Coastal landscapes are areas of land near the sea. The land can be low or high. Coastal plains are areas of low land on
the coast. The land is flat. There are beaches with sand or rocks. Cliffs are areas of high land near the sea. The land is high and rocky. Waves
crash against the cliffs.
Coastal landscapes have different natural elements: An archipelago is a group of islands. The Canary Islands are an archipelago. A gulf is a large
area of sea that bites into the land. A bay is a small gulf. An island is an area of land completely surrounded by water. A cape is a large piece of
land that sticks out into the sea. A peninsula is a narrow piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. It is connected to the mainland by a
strip of land called isthmus.
PROTECTING COASTAL LANDSCAPES
Beaches, cliffs, rocks pools and the sea are home to many different plants and animals. It is very important to respect them when we visit the coast.
 Don´t drop litter on the beach or throw it into the sea. It can harm animals. Put it in the bin.
 Don´t pick wild plants. They may not grow back.
 Don´t climb the cliffs. You may disturb an animal´s home. They also very dangerous places.
 Don´t take dogs onto the beach if it is prohibited. They can disturb an animal´s habitat.
WHY DO LANDSCAPES CHANGE? Natural changes
A landscape can change naturally for many reasons.
 
Changes in the seasons. In autumn, deciduous trees lose their leaves. In winter, trees and land can be covered by snow. In spring,
flowers grow.
 Rain and wind wear down soil and rocks over a long period of time, changing their shape. This is called erosion.
 Natural disasters such as droughts, floods and volcanoes change the landscape.
Man-made changes
Humans also change the landscape.
Farming. People cut down trees to make space to cultivate crops.
Transport networks. We build airports, roads, railways and ports to connect towns, cities and countries.
Construction. We build offices, flats, schools and factories.

E. Application
Design a brochure on different ways of preserving the endangered landscapes. This is graded based on the given rubrics.

Task Description: (Teacher may explain specific assignment in this space.)

weigh

Criteria Professional Adequate Needs Work Unsatisfactory

t

 Demonstrates in depth  Demonstrates  Demonstrates little  Lacks understanding of

understanding of topic
 Accurately utilizes
50
Content %
researched information
in the brochure
 Well organized content
 Attractive and well-
designed format
Written 20  Clear and easily
Presentation % understood message
 Computer generated
with strong visual appeal
 Five sources used
 Use of reliable sources
Research 15
 Accurate analysis of
Quality %
research
understanding of the understanding of topic topic
topic  Employs research  Reports only the most basic
 Employs research information with a fair parts of the information
information with an degree of accuracy
adequate degree of
accuracy
 Content is organized  Content lacks organization  Unorganized content
 Format is adequate  Format is difficult to follow  Hard to follow
 Message is sufficiently and poorly organized  Message difficult to
understood  Message not clearly understand; tendency to
 Computer generated understood wander or ramble
with acceptable eye  Computer generated but  Handwritten or computer
appeal poorly designed generated with little
organization or skill
 Three sources used  Two sources used  Less than two sources used
 Sources have some  Questionable reliability of  Little reliability of sources
reliability sources  Inaccurate information
 Adequate analysis of  Basic information with
research questionable accuracy
  Imaginative; original  Creativity is acceptable  Little creativity used  No originality
15  Use of graphics make  Use of graphics adequate  Poor selection of graphics  Graphics do not tie in with
Visual Appeal % the message “come to present message the message
alive”

F. Evaluation
Instructions: Study and analyze each item carefully. Supply the given item with corresponding answer/s.
1. Look at the pictures and write mountain landscape, flat landscape or coastal landscape.

Costal Landscape Flat Landscape Mountain Landscape

2. Unscramble the letters and label the parts of the mountain.

OPELS - SLOPE
Summit
TOFO - FOOT
MTUISM - SUMMIT
Slope

Foot

3. Complete the sentences with plain or plateau.

 A PLAIN often has a wide river flowing through it.
 A PLATEAU is a large area of high, flat land.
 A PLAIN is a large area of low, flat land.
  The biggest PLATEAU in Spain is in the centre of the country.

4. Circle the elements of coastal landscapes. Then, write them next to their definitions.
Peninsula cliff bay island archipelago beach
a.A high area of rock next to the sea. Cliff
b.A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides. Island
c. A group of islands. Archipelago
d.A part of the sea that cuts into the land. Bay
e.An area of flat land with sand or pebbles next to the sea. Beach
f. A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides except one. Peninsula
5. Write these coastal elements :
Archipelago, Isthmus, Cape, Peninsula, Bay, Beach, Gulf, Cliff, Island

Cliff

Isthmus

Peninsula

Bay

Cape Beach
Archipelag
o and circle the words.
6. Use the colour key Island
Gulf
Mountain landscape---green Flat landscape---orange
Coastal landscape—blue

Slope Cliff Hill Valley Beach Mountain range

Peninsula Summit Bay Plain Plateau Island
Archipelago
7. Complete with these words:

beach mountain
Cliff
plain island valley summit
Island
foot slope cliff

Beach Summit

8. Read and write natural change o man-made change. Foot

 Rain and wind wear down rocks. Natural change

Plain Slope
 A volcano erupts. Natural change
Mountain
Valley
 A dam is built on a lake. Man-made change
 A deciduous tree loses its leaves. Natural change

 A field is planted with crops. Man-made change

9. Copy each sentence under the correct photo.
Don´t disturb wild animals. Don´t pick up the plants.
Don´t drop litter on the beach.

Don´t pick up the Don´t drop litter on the

plants. Don´t disturb wild animals. beach.
10. Complete your bilingual dictionary.
LANDSCAPES
-Inland landscape : Panloob -Plateau : Talampas -Peninsula : Tangos
na tanawan -Cliff : Matarik na dalisdis -River : Ilog
-Mountain : Bundok -Beach : Baybayin
-Hill: Burol -Bay : Look -Sea : Dagat
-Mountain range : -Gulf : Gulpo -Wind: Kurba
Bulubundukin -Cape : Tangos -Mountain landscape : Tanawin
-Island : Isla ng bundok
-Valley : Lambak
-Archipelago : Kapuluan -Coastal landscape : Tanawin ng
-Foot : Paanan -Isthmus: Tangway baybayin
-Slope : Libis -Flat landscape: Patag na
-Summit :Rurok tanawin
-Plain : Kapatagan

Prepared by:

IAN T. LASTIERRE, M.Ed

Par Time Instructor

EDUARDO D. QUIDTA JR., M.A.Ed, M.Ed

Part Time Instructor