Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy. Balingasag, Bago City, Negros Occidental 6101 Tel. [034]
4611-363 | Fax: [034] 4610-546 | E-mail: bagocitycollege@yahoo.com.ph

World History 2 ( Modern and Contemporary Era )

NAME:_____________________________________________________________________
 COURSE & SECTION:

__________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR:

_______________________________________________________________ CONTACT

NO. : _____________________________________________________________

Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education
Hgher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy Balingasag, Bago City, Negros Occidental 6101

Modules in World History 2 ( Modern and Contemporary Era )

BSED-Social Studies III
Social Studies 18

Module #2: Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, the student must
1. Conducted an interview about the beginning of Reformation and key personalities involved during period.
2. Created a table summarizing the information gathered during the interview.
3. Identified the different reformists and counter-reformists by supplying information through a chart provided.

Introduction:
The power of the Catholic Church waned towards the end of the 15th century ,Middle Ages. This was due to the political, economic and
social changes. There was then a wide clamor for reforms and the church was criticized due to the widespread abuses of the priests and the basic
teachings of the Catholic church that formed as the doctrines of the church by those people who were learned in the said doctrines. All of these
resulted into a movement we call reformation. On the other hand, the Ecclessiastics seeing that the power and influence of the Catholic Church has
gone down initiated the Counter-Reformation by those in the Catholic Church organization.
This module will guide prospective teachers of World History to develop a critical mind and be able to teach the subject using analytical
thinking skills.

Activities: A. Answer these questions truthfully as you can.

1. Can you tell us about your religion?

I was once a Catholic before but now, I converted to Baptist for some reason. Anyway, we gathered every Sunday to
give our adoration, thanksgiving, and exaltation to the Lord. Moreover, we have a morning and afternoon service.
Morning service is for the elders and the afternoon service is for the youth. We also have a so-called “Praise and
Worship Team” – a group of musicians that leads the congregation to sing and honor the Lord, they prepare at least 2
to 3 songs. We also believe in a doctrine of Trinity or Trinitarian where Jesus, Holy Spirit, and the God the Father are
one particular, they are all the same God with different objectives. In addition, they are of the same nature but they
have their own different roles and purposes. We also believe in the second coming of Jesus Christ, where after His
coming there will be a judgment for all humankind. We believe that in order for us to attain salvation and to be saved
from eternal condemnation or hell, we need to accept Jesus Christ as our Lord and personal savior with all of our heart,
soul, and mind through having absolute faith in Him with no doubts in our hearts Ephesians 2:8-9 says it all as well as
acknowledging that we are sinners with humbleness. We also believe in baptism and the cleansing of the blood of Jesus
Christ that whoever calls on His name and begin to pray for forgiveness instantaneously, they can be free from their sin
and no longer slave from their past trespasses.

2. Do you like the things happening in your church? How are your beliefs and practices? Describe them.

Yes, I indeed love all the things that are happening in our Church. In our church, I am comfortable with everyone and I
can feel the belongingness, the real joy, peace, and the true meaning and purpose of life why I am here existing in this
world. In our church we have various events, we always celebrate birthdays, breakthroughs, concerts for a cause,
thanksgiving, anniversaries, even more, enormous games for elders and youths. Although our church is not quite a big
 church despite its physical structure, it will never be a hindrance to worship the name of the Lord. My beliefs and
practices are totally aligning with what the Bible said, I already stated above some of my beliefs in the doctrine of
Baptist. As a musician specifically, a guitarist/lead guitarist in a praise and worship team before the service starts, I
always pray to God to cleanse my heart and mind in order to make me worthy in front of Him. As well as to settle my
heart to Focus on Him without thinking about some other stuff that can obstruct me while doing my part in the band.
Our praise and worship practices are every Friday and Saturday, we are having fun here together with the
intermission number and the choir. Aside from that we always practice bible study in particular, a virtual bible study
since we are in a pandemic situation we avoid gathering in a continuous manner. By this, we can be able to
understand who God is in a deep process also, we can share our insights and perception in the given discussions most
importantly, we apply and practice all the learnings that we obtained in studying the word of God not only in church
but in our daily life because we believe that the Bible is the Basic Instruction Before Leaving Earth, it is our guide and
light to our feet.

A. Interview your parish priest or pastor or any priest or pastor or minister and ask him the following Questions: Please inform your interviewee
that whatever their answers are, they shall be treated with utmost confidentiality. Don’t make any comment to the ideas of your interviewee. Just
let your interviewee answer the questions.

1. Do you know Martin Luther? Who was he as religious reformist? 1. Martin Luther was a German monk who thoroughly
studied the scripture. A former Roman Catholic priest encouraged the people around him to disagree with major Doctrines and
belief systems about Catholicism. He was a hero to all protestants because of his courage to stand up for his own opinions and
discoveries about the truth, even if it could potentially put him to death.

2. How was the Protestant religion established and spread all over Europe? Through preaching, martyrdom, and their fervent
determination to speak the truth and enlighten people using the 95 theses to counter-attack the doctrine of indulgences and
pardon of sins of the Catholic belief system. They go from place to place to persuade people to be converted into
Protestantism.

3. Has the present generation benefitted from the Reformation and Counter- Reformation period of our World History? How
and why? Can you name some legacies? Yes, it brought great impact to the present generation because it led people to the
truth about the Gospel and has brought clarification and correct understanding of the Bible. This also caused the people to be
seekers of the truth and not just a follower of what other religious leader teaches.
Analysis: Organize the answers you gathered from the interview into an advance graphic organizer following the model below.
What is reformation and the Who were the people behind Describe the roles they play. Legacy that they have left
reason of the occurrence of the spread Reformation the world today
it? movement?
 Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, was the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the
16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic,
and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of
Christianity. These are the reasons of occurrence of Protestant Reformation; Money-generating practices in the Roman
Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences and demands for reform by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli,
and other scholars in Europe. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in
Latin. The desire of many people to rely only on the Bible for religious guidance and not on tradition or current teachings.
A belief that forgiveness comes only from God rather than from a combination of faith and good deeds.

Martin Luther was a German monk who thoroughly studied the scripture. A former Roman Catholic priest encouraged the
people around him to disagree with major Doctrines and belief systems about Catholicism. He was a hero to all protestants
because of his courage to stand up for his own opinions and discoveries about the truth, even if it could potentially put him
to death. John Calvin is known for his influential Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), which was the first systematic
theological treatise of the reform movement. He stressed the doctrine of predestination, and his interpretations of Christian
teachings, known as Calvinism, are characteristic of Reformed churches.

Martin Luther writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His
central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not
deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism. Luther drafted a set of propositions for the purpose of conducting an academic
debate on indulgences at the university in Wittenberg. He dispatched a copy of the Ninety-five Theses to Tetzel’s superior,
Archbishop Albert of Mainz, along with a request that Albert put a stop to Tetzel’s extravagant preaching; he also sent
copies to a number of friends. John Calvin has often been seen as little more than a systematizes of the more creative
insights of Luther. He followed Luther on many points: on original sin, Scripture, the absolute dependence of human beings
on divine grace, and justification by faith alone. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important
figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. He considered it a great mystery, to be approached with fear
and trembling and only in the context of faith. Seen in this way, predestination seemed to him a comforting doctrine; it meant
Martin Luther developed his own theology, later called Protestantism, which turned against the papacy and shifted the
focus of attention onto individual faith. Particularly “Lutheranism”, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of
Protestantism that identifies with the teachings of Jesus Christ and was founded by Him. Further, He left the Order of
Saint Augustine, married, translated the Bible into German, wrote a large number of widely read works – and as a
result founded what are now the Protestant churches. Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses, written in Latin, became etched
into cultural memory as the nailing of the theses to the church door in Wittenberg. Calvin's most famous and influential
writing is The Institutes of the Christian Religion, which is a foundational work of Protestant systematic theology. John
Calvin's reform in the Roman Catholic Church spurred the reformation of many churches during his time.
He worked out for Geneva deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist
form of Protestantism is widely thought to have had a major impact on the formation of the modern world.

Answer the following questions:

 1. What is your analysis of the motives of Martin Luther and its effects on the Roman Catholic church? Explain.
Martin Luther is one of the most influential figures in Western history. His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking
the Protestant Reformation. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and
not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism. Although Luther was critical of the Catholic Church, he distanced himself from the radical successors who
took up his mantle. He is remembered as a controversial figure, not only because his writings led to significant religious reform and division, but also
because in later life he took on radical positions on other questions, including his pronouncements against Jews, which some have said may have
portended German anti-Semitism; others dismiss them as just one man’s vitriol that did not gain a following. Some of Luther’s most significant
contributions to theological history, however, such as his insistence that as the sole source of religious authority the Bible be translated and made
available to everyone, were truly revolutionary in his day. In addition, he pinned his 95 Theses to the door of his Catholic church, denouncing the Catholic
sale of indulgences or pardons for sins and questioning papal authority. That led to his ex-communication and the start of the Protestant Reformation.

2. Can you now trace the spread of Protestantism in different parts of Europe? Identify where? He worked out for Geneva deeply influenced
Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is widely thought to have had a major impact on the
formation of the modern world.

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstraction:
What you need to know:
This Reformation happened in the 16th century and resulted into the split of Catholicism and the establishment of a separate branch of Christianity, the Protestant
Church. Many of the reformists were declared heretics for their views contradicts or oppose the doctrines and teachings of the existing church.

In the beginning, there was a strong criticism and widespread disenchantment with the practices and traditions of the church. Among the practices that received
widespread opposition was the fact that bishop’s purchased their church positions, their attachments to worldly things, immorality and selfishness of the priests.

The beginning can be traced back to a German Augustinian monk named Martin Luther who earned a doctorate degree in theology and eventually became a
professor at the University of Wittenburg. In his criticisms of the church practice of selling indulgencies he posted his “Ninety-Five Theses” at the door of the church of
Wittenburg. This earned him popularity and support from the political world such as Frederick, the Elector of Saxony. The German nobles and the German farmers too. In the
mid-16th century, a treaty was signed between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles the V and the forces of Schmalkaldic League called the Treaty of Augsburg.
This contained the recognition of the dictum ”cuius region,eius religio” meaning whoever rules, his religion. As a consequence, the Holy Roman Empire accommodated the
Lutherans, followers of Luther. So the Northern Germany became Protestants and the Southern Germany became loyal to the Roman Catholic Church.

The other prominent reformist were Ulrich Zwingle and John Calvin, who though followers of Martin Luther, yet they differ in certain respects. Just like Luther, the
three of them be that only those that are written in the Bible shall be practice and only the Bible must be read by the people and no other. However, between Luther and
Zwingle they differe in their interpretation of the bread and wine in the Eucharist wherein the former believed in the transformation of the bread and wine into the body and
blood of Christ while the latter simply looked at it as a symbolism of the body and blood of Christ.

The others were Hugenuots, who followed Calvin not in Geneva but in France. The John Knox who preach the ideas of Calvin in Scotland that became the basis of
Presbyterian Church and thus it spreads to Holland, Scotland, Hungary and Bohemia.

In response to the growing attack of Protestants the Roman Catholic Church launch the Counter-Reformation. With this came the establishment of the Society of
Jesus, a monastic order started by Ignatius de Loyola. Its goal was to re-establish strict compliance to the power and hierarchy of the church. The teachings centered on self-
sacrifice for the laws of the church and self- mastery. The members of the Society of Jesus are known as the Jesuits. As part of Counter- Reformation they taught at Universities
and other schools that they established in Europe. They also spread the baroque style in the design of the church so that it may give out grandeur and emotions as its
characteristics. Thus, the technique aimed to touch people’s emotions and at the same time influence their mind through the sermons of the priest. Among the Catholics, a
system of Inquisition was implemented to punish those heretics.

At the very end, the Reformation and Counter-Reformation during this period has laid the following legacies such as: the transformation of ideas that were more
similar to the ideas espoused in the modern period such as the use of reason. Reformation also strengthened the power of the state even at the expense of religion. The
clearest among them was the end of the religious unity that they once prevailed in the Southern and Middle Europe. So Christians were divided between Catholics and
Protestant. The Protestants were further divided into different sects. People were encouraged to read the bible and not to depend upon the church for their interpretation.
The Jesuits increased the number of universities and schools as part of Counter Reformation.

Application: If you would be given the chance in the future to plan a reform in your chosen church what would that be. Explain why? If I
will be given the chance to plan a reformed church, I would build a church where our fundamental doctrine comes from the Bible alone. All
the members are obliged to bring their Bible to any gatherings as well as to study with proper interpretation leading by the Holy Spirit. I
will indoctrinate a church that there are no indulgences at all because I will set a doctrine where sin cannot be bought by any material
things and the only primary solution to vanish it is to have themselves a direct connection to God particularly, it is a one-way connection
between a sinner confessing its sin to God with all their heart and soul. When it comes to worship, I will require everyone to study music
since it is stated in Psalm 150:3-6 Praise him with trumpets. Praise him with harps and lyres. Praise him with drums and dancing. Praise him
with harps and flutes. Praise him with cymbals. Praise him with loud cymbals. Praise the LORD, all living creatures! I will gather everyone to
have a worship service every morning and afternoon to experience the holiness and glory of the Lord. Furthermore, I will form a church
where encompasses love and unity for each and every one. A church that never hates and never plants any grudge nor has a judgmental
mindset towards one another and thus, it is characterized by a righteous one like Jesus Christ.

Assessment: Complete the chart with the information needed following the rubric below:
Reformists Motives Legacy Counter-Reformists Motives Legacy

1. Martin Luther Luther's main concern Luther developed his Pope Pius V Pius V is venerated as a Pius V marked one of
was the selling of own theology, later saint of the Catholic the most austere
indulgences, where called Protestantism, Church and he is chiefly periods in Roman
people would pay which turned against notable for his role in Catholic church history.
money for their sins to the papacy and shifted the Council of Trent, During his reign, the
be forgiven by the the focus of attention the Counter- Inquisition was
clergy, enabling them onto individual faith. Reformation, and the successful in
to go to heaven. His Particularly the standardization of the eliminating
ideas quickly spread, “Lutheranism”, Roman Rite within the Protestantism in Italy,
inspiring more Lutheranism is one of Latin Church. He was a and the decrees of the
dissenting voices and, the largest branches of devout priest who Council of Trent (1545–
in time, the rise of Protestantism that found his strength in 63) were put into
Lutheranism, Calvinism, identifies with the Christ crucified. He also effect.
and the Church of teachings of Jesus held a deep devotion to
England. He had come Christ and was founded the Blessed Virgin The moral standing of
to believe that by Him. Further, He left Mary. His first acts as the papacy was greatly
Christians are saved the Order of Saint pontiff were to give raised, its effectiveness
through faith and not Augustine, married, approval to the was immensely
through their own translated the Bible changes instituted by increased by the
efforts. This turned him into German, wrote a the Council of Trent obliteration of heresy
against many of the large number of widely and immediately in Italy, and the morale
major teachings of the read works – and as a implement the reforms of the church was
Catholic Church. result founded what set forth. much improved by the
are now the Protestant insistence on
Moreover, he wanted churches. He wanted to codify interpreting church
full reform of the the Tridentine Mass, doctrine according to
 Church. His teachings Luther’s Ninety-Five and authorized a precepts established at
rested on three main Theses, written in Latin, revised breviary and a the council.
ideas: People could win became etched into new Roman Catechism
salvation only by faith cultural memory as the and Missal. He
in God’s gift of nailing of the theses to promoted the Council’s
forgiveness. The the church door in teachings on the Real
Church taught that Wittenberg. He used Presence of Christ in
faith and “good works” these Theses to display the Eucharist and
were needed for his unhappiness with doctrinal statements
salvation. He did not the Church's sale of on the sacraments of
believe the Catholic indulgences, and this Holy Orders and
Church had the power eventually gave birth to Matrimony. He also
to pardon people's sins. Protestantism. affirmed Church
Rather, he thought that teachings on Purgatory
salvation could be Furthermore, one and indulgences.
achieved only through impact is that the Bible
God’s mercy and is printed in many
because they wanted languages. The Roman
to reform the Catholic Catholic Church only
Church, that is, allowed the Bible to be
improve it by making printed in Latin. He
changes, their stressed the
movement is known as importance of
the Reformers. individual people
learning about the
Bible and studying it.

2. John Calvin Calvin wanted a city Calvin was the leading Pope Gregory XIII Gregory XIII founded a The Gregorian calendar
controlled by the French Protestant system of seminaries was Gregory XIII's most
clergy, a theocracy. reformer and the most for Roman Catholic enduring legacy, but
Specifically, the religion important figure in the priests. He wanted to although quickly
called “Calvinism”. second generation of promote church reform accepted by Catholic
Calvinism was based on the Protestant and the Counter- countries, the adoption
the absolute power and Reformation. His Reformation by of the calendar was
supremacy of God. He interpretation of pledging to execute the resisted by Protestants,
wants to stress the Christianity, advanced reforming decrees of many of whom thought
doctrine of above all in his the Council of Trent. the calendar was the
predestination, and his Institutio Christianae work of the Antichrist.
interpretations of religionis but He appointed However, many non-
Christian teachings. elaborated in later committees of Catholic countries
editions; “Institutes of cardinals to investigate began adopting it.
He believed in the Christian Religion abuses among
predestination, the and the institutional ecclesiastics and to He establishes many
idea that God has and social patterns.” draft the Index colleges; these colleges
already decided who Librorum Prohibitorum were largely run by the
will go to Heaven and He worked out for (“Index of Forbidden Jesuit order and were
who won't. He believed Geneva deeply Books”). To carry out intended to train future
that the Bible was the influenced the council’s decree priests. He expanded
only real source of Protestantism ordering the the German College in
truth about religion elsewhere in Europe establishment of Rome, which trained
and he thought that and in North America. seminaries, he founded young Germans who
people might not The Calvinist form of several colleges and aspired to be priests.
always understand Protestantism is widely seminaries, including They were trained in
God's teachings but we thought to have had a the Gregorian groups of over a
still had to follow them. major impact on the University, and hundred at a time and
 formation of the delegated their then sent back to their
He thought that people modern world. direction to the Jesuits, homelands to become
might not always whom he patronized. agents of change.
understand God's He essentially These schools trained
teachings but we still emphasized the role missionaries for those Using Bartolomeo
had to follow them. He God plays in the countries that had Ammannati as his
also believed in process of salvation. He established Protestant architect, the pope also
predestination, the theorized that believers state religions. enlarged the Roman
idea that God has were predestined to College, which had
already decided who salvation. This means He believed that been established by the
will go to Heaven and that before God had persuasion through founder of the Jesuit
who won't. Many of even created the education could be a order, Ignatius Loyola.
Calvin's ideas were world, he chose which powerful tool in the This institution was
influenced by another people would be battle against the later renamed the
important figure in the beneficiaries of his gift defections of Catholics Gregorian University in
Protestant of salvation. in Europe. To stop this Gregory's honor.
Reformation: Martin movement and bring
Luther. For example, He affirmed a strict Protestants back to the Among the colleges,
Calvin adopted Luther's understanding of God's Church, He gave Gregory founded in
belief that people sovereignty and he financial support to Rome were the Greek
couldn't do anything to believed that God was existing colleges and college (1577), the
''deserve'' going to in complete control established many new English college (1579),
heaven. Calvin agreed over humanity's actions ones. the Maronite college
with Luther that only and that nothing (1584), the Armenian
God could choose who happens unless God college, and the
would go to Heaven. wills it. Hungarian college.
 Many of the colleges
established by Gregory
XIII were focused on
training missionaries to
convert residents of
countries that were
predominantly pagan.
He sent missionaries to
China, Japan, and India
in the Far East and to
Brazil in the New
World. The Jesuits
established schools
that taught Catholicism
and played a major role
in the worldwide
diffusion of the Catholic
faith.

RUBRICS:
Dimensions 5 4 3 2 1
Enumerated Reformists/Counter-Reformists

Motives presented

Legacy Cited

Total