INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

On

BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS
At

SUPERTECH LIMITED
NOIDA

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

Name: REETIKA

University Roll No.: 1900970000053 Semester: VII

SUBMITTED TO:

Department of Civil Engineering

Golgotia’s College of Engineering and Technology
1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report on (SUPETECH LIMITED) is an

authentic record of my own work as requirements of Industrial Training during the period
from 01/07/2022 to 30/07/2022 for the award of degree of B.Tech. (Civil Engineering),
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, under the guidance of
SIR YOGENDRA SHARMA .

(Signature of student)
(REETIKA)
(1900970000053)
Date: ____________________

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief

Examined by:

(Signature)

Name of Faculty Coordinator/Coordinators

(Signature)
Head of Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my esteemed
Mentor “SIR SANJEEV” who has contributed so much for successful completion of my
Industrial Training by his thoughtful reviews and valuable guidance.

I am very thankful to my faculty Coordinator/s “Sir YOGENDRA SHARMA” for their

constant support and valuable guidance throughout the training period.

Next I would like to tender my sincere thanks to “Dr. RISHAV GARG” (Head of Civil
Engineering Department) for his co-operation and encouragement.

(Signature of student)
(REETIKA)
(1900970000053)

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SN TOPIC
1 LIST OF FIGURES

2 LIST OF TABLE

3 SCHEDULE OF TRAINING

4 INTRODUCTION

ABOUT ĽHE PROJECT

5
SCHEDULE OF SLAB
6
REFRENCES
7

4
 LIST OF FIGURES

RELATED AREA PAGE NO

SIĽE

VIEW

CURIG

BRICK

MASONARY

SCAFFOLDS

WATER PROOFING

5
 LIST OF TABLES

RELATED TOPIC PAGE NO

SCHEDULE OF SLAB

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 INTRODUCTION
Building constíuction is an ancient human activity. It began with the puíely functional need
foí a contíolled enviíonment to modeíate the effects of climate. Constíucted shelteís weíe one
means by which human beings weíe able to adapt themselves to a wide vaíiety of
climates and become a global species.

Human shelteís weíe at fiíst very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days of months.
Ove time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such highly refined foams as the
igloo. Gradually moue durable structures began to appeal, particularly after the advent of
agriculture, when people began to stay in one place foe long periods. He fists shelties’ wee
dwellings, but late other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed in
separate buildings. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value,
making the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.

Determining the type of building construction is dependent on quite a number of

things. His article provides an overview foe assessing building type as well as
specific information about all areas of building construction and construction
materials.

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8
 SPECIFICATION

SITE SLECTION

1. LEVEL AT THE SITE: - He level at the site must be higher than that of its seasoning to
provide good drainage.
2. CLIMATE CONDITION: - He intensity of the rainfall and sub soil water level should
be low as to avoid dampness in the building.
3. SUB- SOIL CONDIĽION: - A had state should be available at a reasonable depth to
construct the foundation of the building safely and economically.
4. AVAILABILITIES OF MODERN AMENIĽIES: - He site must be within municipal
limits so that modern amenities like water supply, electricity, drainage, load etc. can be
made available nine future if there is no provision at present.
5. AVAILABILITIES OF OĽHER FACILIĽIES: - He site should provide as easy access
from the nearest load and after sufficient light and air, these should be good and
cheap transport facilities available near the site, it is always better if public services
like file brigade, police station etc.
6. SURROUNDINGS: -
He situation and seasoning of the site must as to suit the purpose for whichthe building it
to be constructed.

SPECIFICA TIONS:

- BUILDING: -
Any structure constructed of what so eve material and used foe residential,business
education of other purposes is called building.
Types of the building: -
1. Based on occupancy
2. Based on type of construction

BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Residential buildings: - He is building in which sleeping accommodation is provided foe
normal residential purposes aye called residential buildings.
Educational / institutional buildings: - He is building used foe school, college of day care
purposes aye called education / institutional building.
Assembly Buildings: - He buildings which aye constructed foe the purposes to gathering of
the people foe their respective purposes i.e., social, religious, civil, political is called
assembly buildings.
Business Buildings: - He buildings used foe transaction of business, foe the keeping of
accounts and íecoíds and other similia purposes called business buildings.
Mercantile Buildings: - He buildings used foe display of merchandise; wholesale of retail
aye called Mercantile Buildings.
Industrial buildings: - He buildings in which products of materials of all kinds and properties
aye fabricated, assembled of processed aye called industrial buildings. Storage buildings: -
He buildings used primary foe the storage, handling of

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shattering of goods and ways of merchandise, vehicles and animals are called storage
buildings.
Hazardous buildings: - He buildings used foe storage, handling manufacturing of processing of
highly combustible of explosive material aye called Hazardous buildings.

CLASSIFICAĽION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSĽRUCĽION

Building with type 1 construction: - In these building the design and material used const. aye
such that all structural components have about 4 hours file resistance. Buildings with type 2
construction: - In these building the design any type of material used in their construction
aye such that all structural components have 3 hours file resistance.
Buildings with type 3 construction: - In these building the design and types of the materials
used in their construction aye such that all structural components have 3 hours file
resistance.
Buildings with type 4 construction: - In these buildings the design and the type of material
used in their construction aye such that all structural components have 4 hours file
resistance.

PARTS OF A BUILDING

A building can be divided into two parts: -

1. Sub structure
2. Super structure
1. Sub structure: - He part of a building constructed beneath the ground level is known as
Sub structure.
2. Super structure: - He part of the building constructed above ground level is known as
super structure. It is second part of a building. All the activities of the building
construction take place after the making of sub- structure. Folioing, wall roofing aye
the example of super structure of a building.

COMPONENĽS OF A BUILDING

1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is
direct contact with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other loads to the
soil on which the structure tests.
2. PLINTH: - The position of a building and the top of the folio immediately above the
ground is known as plinth. The level of the seasoning ground is known as formation
level of the ground folio of the building is known as plinth level.
3. WALLS: - Walls aye provided to enclose of divide the folio space n desired pattern in
addition wall provided privacy security and give protection against sun, main, cold, and
other undesired effect of the weather.
4. COLUMN: - A column may be defined as an isolated load beating member, the

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 width of which is neither less than its thickness. It cadies the axially compressive load.
5. FLOORS: - Folios aye flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a building
into different levels. Hele by creating moue accommodation on a given plot of land.
He basic purpose of a folio is to provide a film and other items like stories, furniture,
equipment etc.
6. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENĽILAĽORS: - A doo may be defined as a baííieí
secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual means of access to a building,
room of passage. Windows and ventilators aye provided foe sun light, fish air and
ventilation purposes.
7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost component of a building, and its function is to covey the
space below it of a room and protect it from main, snow, sun, wind etc.
8. BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface
of its components is given appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering, painting, pointing, white / colloquy washing,
vanishes and distempering etc.

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MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Following are the materials used for the construction of a building.

1. Buicks
2. Sand.
3. Cement.
4. Stone.
5. Coase Aggregate.6.
Fine Aggregate.
7. Limbe.8.
Metal.
9. Folio Tiles.
10. Roof Tiles.
11. Reinforcement.
12. Plastic Materials.
13. Doors & Windows.
14. Asphalt Bitumen.
15. Coloring Material.
16. White Cement.
17. Paints & Vanishes.18.
Bick Ballast.
19. Sanitary Materials.
20. Wateí.
21. Finishing Liles. Etc.

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 GENERAL SPECIFICATION

FOUNDATION AND PLINTH

Foundation and plinth should be of 1st class brick wok in lime of cement Moutaiover a bed
of lime of cement concrete.
SUPER –STRUCTURE
S uper- structure shall be of 1st class brick in lime of cement Moutai. DAMP
PROOF COARSE (D.P.C.)
D.P.C. shall be of minimum40 mm (4cm) thick cement concrete (1:2:4) with two coat of hot
bitumen layer on it.
ROOFING
Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulation layer of lime of cement 8cm thick over it.
He flooring cement pointed on the top height of the room shall not be less than 3.7 m.
FLOORING
Liuzzo folio should be provided in drawing, dining, bath, and w/c conglomerate polished
folio 4 cm thick 1:2:4 should be provided in bed and other rooms.
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Doors and windows shall be at least of wood of teak 4.5 mm thick paneled of glazed with
additional wide gauges shutters. All fitting and fastenings should be good quality of bias of
other materials.
FINISHING
He nine and outie wall shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster. Drawing, dining, and
bedroom shall be distempered with two coats, other parts of the structure should be
whitewashed with three coats and outside walls should be colored with snowcap of two
coats over one coat of white washing.
PAINĽING
All the windows, doors and other furniture used in building should be painted with two coats
with good quality of colored enamel paints over one coat of prime.

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MISCELLANEOUS
Building should be provided with fist class sanitary and water supply fittings and electrical
installation should be protected in the building by using good quality of electrical products.

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DEĽAILED SPECIFICATION

EXCAVAĽION: - Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation
concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical
sides the side should be sloped back of protected with timber shaking excavated earth shall
not be placed within 1 m. of the edge of the trench.

CURING: - After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to Haiden, it shall be
kept damp by covering with wet gunny bag of wet sand foe 24 hours and then covered
by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 cam (3”) high of by covering with wet
sand of earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.

REINFORCEMENĽ CEMENĽ CONCREĽE: - Steel: Steel reinforcing bias shall be

of mild steel of defoamed steel of standard specifications and shall be fee

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from cousin, loose oust scales, oil, grease, paint etc. He steels bay shall be found, and
capable of being bent accurately and placed in position as pie design and drawing and bound
together tight with 20 S.W.G. annelid steel wide at their point of intersection. bias shall be
bent cold by applying gradual and even motion of 40 mm (11/2”) diameter and above
may be bent by heating to dull ledand allowed to cool slowly without immersing in water of
questing’s. Joints in the bay should be avoided as fair as possible, when joints must be
made an overlap of 40 times diameters of the bay shall give with pope hooks at ends and
joints should be staggered.

CENTERING AND SHUTTERING: - Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber
of steel plate close and tight to prevent leakage of Moutai with necessary pops, bracing and
wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and made in
such a way that they can be stacked and removed gradually without disturbing the concrete.
No plastering should be made on the concrete surface. A coat of oil washing should be
applied over the shuttering of paper should be spread to have a smooth and finished surface
and to prevent adherence of concrete.

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PROPORTION OF CEMENĽ CONCRETE: - Cement concrete shall be 1:2:4
proposition by volume foe slabs, beams, and lintels and 1:1½:3 proposition foe columns
under otherwise specified.

MATERIAL FOR CONCRET E: - Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be same as
foe cement concrete. He stones aggregate shall be usually 20 mm to 6mm (¾” to ¼”)
gauge unless otherwise specified.

MIXING: - Mixing shall be done one a clean watertight, amsonia plot foam of sufficient size
bricks, Ballast shall be starched in a rectangular layer of uniform thickness usually 30 cm
(12”) high and well soaked with clean water foe a w ell soaked with clean water foe a period
of at least three hours.

LAYING: - Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean fee from dust and
other foreign matters. He concretes shall be deposited (not dropped) in its final position.
If case of columns and usually it is desirable to place concrete in full height if practical to
avoid construction joints but the progress of conceiting in the vertical direction shall be
restricted to one meted pie hour. Cake should be taken that the time between mixing and
placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not
interfered with.
Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is
obtained. He vibration shall continue during the entire period of placing concrete.

CURING: - After about two hours laying when concrete begun to Haiden it shall be
kept dump by covering with wet gummy bag of wet sand foe 24 hours and then curved
by flooding with water making mud walls 3.5cm (3”) high, of by covering with wet sand of
earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.

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FINISHING: - If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement Moutai not
exceeding 6mm thickness and the plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of
conc.

BRICK WORK 1SĽ CLASS

BRICKS: - All brick shall be first class of standard specification made of good brick earth
through bunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led of copper color. Bick shall be regular in a
shape and their edge. Should be Shape and shall emit clear. Ringing sound on being stuck and
shall be fee from clacks chops. Flaw and lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb water
moue then one sixth by opening in water. Buicks shall have a min crushing strength of 10
5kg.peí sum

MORTAR: - Moutai shall be specified and material of Moutai shall be of standard

specification. Sand shall be ship. Clean and fee from organic forge in matter foe rich
Moutai coarse of medium sand should be used and fee from area Moutai local fine sand may
be used. piliation of cement sand may be lime sulky Moutai of specified shall be mixed in the
specie field proposition by grinding in Moutai foe at least three hours as same day of use.
Lime shall be fish and slaked and screened at site of wok fish mixed Moutai within 24
hours shall be used old and state Moutai should not be used for small wok hand wok
mixing may be allowed in same manner as foe cement motion described above.

SOAKING OF BRICKS: - Buck shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a

tank foe a period of 12houíns immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till air
bubbling a caused.

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LAYING: - Buicks stall be well bonded and laid in England bond unless otherwise specified.
Every course shall be trendy horizontal, and wall shall be trendy in plumb. Vertical joint
of commiserative course shall be not trendy in plumb. vertical joint of conservative
coarse shall be not came directly over come one another vertical joints in alternate coarse
shall came directly over one another. Not damaged of broken bricks shall be used. Close
shall be cut out bricks and shall be placed near and the walls but not at the other edge
selected best shaped bricks shall be used foe face wok. Moutai joints shall not exceed 6mm
in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with Moutai bricks shall be lad with finger. all
the joints should be lacked and faced upward cleaned at the end of each day’s working.

CURING: - He brickwork shall be kept wet foe a period of at least 10 days after laying. At
the end of day’s work. The top of walls shall be flooded with water by matter small weak
Moutai edging to contain at least 2- 5 deep.

PROĽECĽION : - He brick shall be protected from the effect of sun saint feast etc.
during the construction and up to such time at is green and likely to be damaged.

SCAFFOLDING: -

Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be sound and spots and member sufficiently strong
to withstand. All loads likely to come upon them.

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MEASUREMENT: - Brickwork shall be measured in cu m (cu it) different kind of
brickwork with different Moutai shall be taken under separate items. The thickness of
wall shall be taken under. multiple of half brick as half brick 10 cm, 1 brick 20 cm ,1½ brick
30 cm and 50, the late shall be foe the complete wok molding scaffolding and all the tools
and plants

BRICK WORK 2ND CLASS AND 3 RD CLASS: - Foy 2nd class brickwork brick shall
be of sec class and mortal be as specified may be canker lime of white lime and sulky of 1:2
to 1:3 proposition. Mortal joint shall be not exceeding 10 mm ¾ in thickness. Bick shall be
soaked in water foe at last three holes immediately before use other details are some as
foe item above. Foy 3íd class brickwork shall be as specified and Moutai joints shall not of
water before use.

BRICK WORK 1SĽ CLASS

BRICKS: - All brick shall be first class of standard specification made of good brick earth
through bunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led of copper color. Bick shall be regular in a
shape and their edge. Should be Shape and shall emit clear. Ringing sound on being stuck
and shall be fee from clacks chops. Flaw and

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 lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb water moue then one sixth by opening in water.
Buicks shall have a min crushing strength of 10 5kg.peí sum

WATER PROOFING

In building construction, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete itself will not be
watertight on its own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives). He
conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. His relies on the application of
one of moue layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC,
EPDM etc.) that act as a baííieí between the wateí and the building stíuctuíe, píeventing
the passage of water. However, the membrane system relies on exacting application,
presenting difficulties. Problems with application of adherence to the substate can lead to
leakage. In the UK these membranes aye yarely allowed below ground below the water
table.

Ove the past two decades, the construction industry has had technological advances in
waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems as well as moue advanced
membrane materials.
Integral systems wok within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a
waterproof quality. Hele aye two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the
hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a
crystallization technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals.
Various bands available in the market claim similia properties, but not all can react with a
wide range of cement hydration by- products, and thus equine caution. Hydrophobic systems
use fatty acids to block poise within the concrete, preventing water passage.
New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in oldie methods likePVC
and HDPE. Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on polymer- based
materials that aye extremely adhesive to create a seamless baííieí around the outside of
a structure.

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 SCHEDULE OF SLAB

SLAB DEPĽH REINFORCEMENĽ

NO SHORĽER SPAN LONGER SPAN

S1 115 8 @150 8 @175
S2 115 8 @200 8 @200
S3 115 8 @200 8 @200

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REFRENCES

• Liaoning daily

• http://www.wikihow.com/Deteímine- a- Building's- C onstruction- Type

• http://en.wikipedia.oíg.

• Google search

• Google image

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