KOFORIDUA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BTECH)

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

GROUP ONE – MEMBERS

DARKO EMMANUEL
LAWER PAUL
TETTEH BONIFACE
KELVIN LOMO
RUKAYA ABUBAKAR
EVOLUTION OF CONCRETE
SKYSCRAPERS
 A Skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having
multiple floors.

Tall buildings are also called high rise buildings . But the term
skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than 50m.

For buildings higher than 300m is classified as supertall whiles

skyscrapers reaching beyond 600m are classified as mega tall.
 ORIGIN
The concept was originated in U.S.A in Chicago and in New York,
where the need for space was limited and where the best option was
to increase the height of the building.

1885, Home of
Insurance Building,
Chicago.
 OBSTACLES AND INVENTIONS (EVOLUTION)

The first obstacle of a

skyscraper was the stairs.
The obvious solution
to the problem is
Elevator.

The early Elevator had

one deadly fault.
1854, Elisha Otis from Vermont.

Without a safety elevator, the skyscrapers would be impossible.

 What problems must we overcome?

CONSTRUCTION

MASONRY STEEL

FORCES

GRAVITY WIND

AESTHETICS
EARTHQUAKES
 MATERIALS

Daniel Burnham,
Another crucial 1893. Monadnock
development was Building in
the use of steel Chicago.
frame instead of Material used:
stone or brick. Stone.

The modern
skyscrapers are
built with Steel and
Reinforced
Concrete frames.

Wood Glass
When glass is used, the great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within
buildings.

But the glass walls allows solar radiation into buildings along with light. This makes
things uncomfortable inside buildings.

Due to that, a solar and thermal control glasses are being used to make it more
convenient.

GRAVITY
One of the biggest challenges modern skyscrapers
face is the fight against one of the earths most basic
forces GRAVITY.
That is why when it comes to skyscrapers
construction, one of the most important aspects is
building a solid foundation.
 WIND
As skyscrapers grow higher into the clouds, they become more exposed to a new
enemy “WIND”.

Mini-tornadoes called vortices

How skyscrapers react to characteristic load (wind).

 EARTHQUAKES
The next big challenge to skyscrapers is the earthquake. Earthquakes are really
strong than wind. Wind loading will rarely break a large building but for an
earthquake it is quite easy to do that.

To survive in fast and violent earthquakes, designers had to make their building
rigid where it had to be and flexible where it can afford to.

Tuned Mass Damper and Hydraulic Valve used to give flexibility in skyscrapers
Types of Skyscrapers
FOCUS ON THE BURJ KHALIFA
 CONCLUSION
Through the advances in modern steel, concrete and construction practices,
humankind will likely continue to reach onward and upward through the construction
of skyscrapers. Because learning from failures and making advancements made
skyscrapers grow from 40m to 830m and still counting.
“Your PURPOSE is for others
but your PASSION is for yourself.”

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