Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of

Technology & Science, Indore

Industrial training Report

OLD AGE HOME (G+1)

Submitted By: Submitted To: -

Saarthak Mor Prof. Vivek Tiwari
0801CE201075 Ms. Soumya Saklecha

1
 EXPERIENCE CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

BHOPAL, DATE- 15/08/2022

This is to certify that Mr. SAARTHAK MOR S/O Mr. UPKAR MOR
(student of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from SGSITS
Indore) has training with us from 05-06-2022 to 05-08-2022 as a
trainee in our organization.
During his tenure we found him to be regular, honest and
diligent in duties and responsibilities.

We wish him all the success in his future endeavor.

(ARCHITECT)
NAVNEET PANDEY
ARCHIDEA

2
 STUDENT DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the industrial Training Report Seminar Report is

an authentic record of my own work of industrial Training Internship
Seminar during the period in partial fulfilment for the award of B.Tech
in Civil Engineering from Shri Govindram Sekseria Institute of
technology and Science, Indore during the academic year 2022-23, I
further declare that where others' wards have been included, I have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources.

Saarthak Mor
0801CE201075

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Ar. Navneet Pandey

at Archidea for his generous guidance, help, useful suggestions, and
continuous encouragement.
I am extremely thankful to Prof. Vivek Tiwari, Asst. Prof (CE AMD),
SGSITS Indore, for his time and efforts he provided throughout the
year. Your useful advice and suggestions were helpful to me during
the project’s completion. In this aspect, I am eternally grateful to you.
I am extremely thankful to Dr .H K Mahiyar, HOD, SGSITS, Civil
Department, Indore for their valuable suggestions and motivation. I
am also thankful to Mr. R. K. Anchaliya, Training and placement
officer, SGSITS, Indore for providing the opportunity to get the
knowledge.
I would like to acknowledge that this project was completed entirely
by me and not by someone else.

Saarthak Mor

4
 PREFACE

Industrial Training is meant to expose the student of engineering to

the actual industrial process about which they have been studying in
detail. They have spent engineering last two years gaining theoretical
knowledge of various manufacturing and assembly processes. The
eight weeks training has exposed us to the actual application of the
variables studied. The training period has been very interesting. Each
field required skill full handling and training at a given step which will
help us in the long run.

5
 Table Of Contents

1. Types of buildings………………………………………………………………………7
2. Components of building…………………………………………………………….8
3. Shallow Foundation………………………………………………………………..…9
4. Deep Foundation……………………………………………………………………..11
5. Super Structure………………………………………………………………………..12
6. Materials used for construction……………………………………………….14
7. Reinforcement..……………………………………………………………………….16
8. Conclusion..……………………………………………………………………………..17
9. References……………………………………………………………………………….18

6
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Permanent or temporary structure enclosed within exterior walls and a roof,

and including all attached apparatus, equipment, and fixtures that cannot be
removed without cutting into ceiling, floors, or walls.
Buildings are divided as following types by international building code —

l. Assembly Buildings
2. Business Buildings
3. Educational Buildings
4. Factory Buildings
5. Hazardous Building
6. Institutional Buildings
7. Mercantile Buildings
8. Residential Buildings
9. Storage Buildings
10.Utility & Miscellaneous

7
 COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

Construction of the building is done in at least two steps. Which are following:
• Sub Structure
• Super Structure

SUB STRUCTURE
Foundation is a pan of the sub structure; Sub structure is constructed
according to soil quality at that site. If soil have good bearing capacity than we
use shallow foundation in construction. And if the bearing capacity of the soil is
not good or suitable than we use deep foundation at that site. Sub structure is
a load bearing structure and it is designed for load bearing.

FOUNDATION
A foundation is the element of any structure which connects it to the ground,
and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are
generally considered either shallow or deep.
The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the
structure to the ground is called foundation.
Foundation is a load bearing structure which bears all loads coming on the
building or any structure. Foundation is generally of two types:

A. Shallow Foundation.
B. Deep Foundation.

8
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The
'open' refers to the fact that the foundations are made by first excavating all
the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the footing.
During the early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to the eye, and is
therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the
concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that
the actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the
soil.
It includes some types of shallow foundation such as:

INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:
Individual footings are one of the most simple and common types of
foundations. These are used when the load of the building is can-ied by
columns. Usually, each column will have its own footing. The footing is just a
square or rectangular pad of concrete on which the column sits. To get a very
rough idea of the size of the footing, the engineer will take the total load on
the column and divide it by the safe bearing capacity (SBC) of the soil. For
example, if a column has a vertical load of IOT, and the SBC of the soil is
IOT/m2, then the area of the footing will be 1m2. In practice, the designer will
look at many other factors before preparing a construction design for the
footing.
Individual footings are usually connected by a plinth beam, a horizontal beam
that is built at ground or below ground level.

STRIP FOOTINGS:
Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and
act as a long strip that supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used
where the building loads are carried by entire walls rather than isolated
columns, such as in older buildings made of masonry.

9
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:
Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when
basements are to be constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts
as the foundation; the weight of the building is spread evenly over the entire
footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the building is like a vessel
that 'floats' in a sea of soil.
Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and therefore building loads
have to be spread over a large area, or where columns are closely spaced,
which means that if individual footings were used, they would touch each
other.

10
 DEEP FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the
earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a
subsurface layer or a range of depths.

PILE FOUNDATION:
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground so that structures can be supported on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
l) When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support
the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer
and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak
layer.
2) When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high-rise
structure. Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread
footings. There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its
own way.

End Bearing Piles:

In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially
strong soil or rock.The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto
the strong layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a column. The key principle is that
the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection of a weak and
strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is safely
transferred to the strong layer.

11
 SUPER STRUCTURE
Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level (P.L). Generally,
columns and walls are constructed in super structure. Following are the
important parts of super-structure.

FLOOR:
Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, household, commercial,
industrial or any other type of items are stored. Floor is used for walking
around.
Floor separates the different levels of a building. Building is also named with
reference to floor. Like Ground floor, first floor, or a floor that is below ground
level like basement floor.

ROOF:
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs are used
in building depending on the location and weather. Sloping roofs are generally
considered better in mountain areas. While, in plan areas flat roofs are
preferred.

LINTEL:
Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. to support load of wall on
openings. Lintel beam is generally made as reinforced cement concrete
member. While, in residential houses sometime lintel is made by using
concrete and bricks.
Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth of wall. In case of metric
unit, it is nominally equals to 10cm, 15cm, 20cm etc, While, in case of FPS
system it is consider as 6", 9", 12", etc.
Thickness of lintel should not be less than (4.5") and maximum thickness of
lintel should not be more than its breadth.

SUN SHADE:
Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shade
protects doors and windows from sun and rain. Sun shade is cast
monolithically with the lintel.

12
DOORS AND WINDOWS:
A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance
to or within an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Doors normally
consist of a panel that swings on hinges on the edge, but there are also doors
that slide or spin inside of a space. A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof
or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and
sound.

13
 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

They also tell me about the material used in construction of first floor of our
building like w/c ratio in concrete, grade of concrete which was used for
construction work, types of bricks etc as following.

CEMENT:
Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named Joseph Aspdin in
1824. He called it Portland cement for the reason that the cement he
discovered resembled the limestone found in Portland. There are many other
types of cement. The approximate composition of Portland cement is given
below material Composition
1. Lime (Cao) 60-70%
2. Silica (Si02) 20-25%
3. Ferric Oxide (Fe203) 2-3%
4. Alumina (A1203) 5-10%
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste,
this pastes first sets i.e., it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical
reaction, called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting &
hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard
mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete.
Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. There are different types of
Grade which uses in construction work. These are given below.
• 33 Grade OPC is used for general construction works like plastering
and a finishing works in normal environmental conditions. However, its use is
virtually phased out today.
• Coming to the 43 Grade OPC, it is the most commonly used grade for
home construction. It has its applications in plastering, finishing works, precast
items, foundations, brick work, and compound wall and so on. It has more
strength development than the 33 Grade cement.

14
 • 53 Grade OPC develops strength very fast. High rise building
constructions use 53 grade cement. This is applicable for use in structures
where high-Grade concrete is required.

AGGREGATE
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat
cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too
much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat
cement in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert
strong & durable hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much
cheaper as cement.
There are two types of aggregates
1. Fine Aggregate
2. Coarse Aggregate

15
 REINFORCEMENT
The material which is used to develops a good bond with concrete in order to
increase its tensile strength is known as reinforcement. Steel bars are highly
strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion. So steel bar; are used as
reinforcement.
FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement works as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses
in the concrete members.
At the site contractor was using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T.
(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm,12mm, 16 mm,
& 25 mm as per requirement of design in column, beams, slabs.

R.C.C
Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength and its tensile
strength is relatively low. Normally, the tensile strength of a concrete is about
10% to 15% of its compressive strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain
cement concrete, it has a very low load carrying capacity. So there is need to
use reinforced concrete which have more tensile strength than plain concrete,
And plain concrete 's behaviour is brittle but reinforced concrete is ductile in
behaviour so its serviceability is good. So R.C.C is preferred for construction
work. In our project we also used reinforced concrete than plain concrete in
construction of beams, columns, and slabs.

16
 CONCLUSION

We studied different things at training time. These are given as following. The
general terms of construction are included in this study. Study of foundations,
concretes, aggregates. I was also taught site surveying and foundation
markings. I learned how to interpret various drawings for foundations to
plinths to structural drawings of beams and columns.
During my 60 days of internship, I also learnt to interact with clients, how to
instruct labor and many tips and tricks which will help me in future.

17
 REFERENCES
 BASIC INFORMATIONS- WIKIPEDIA
 TYPE OF WALLS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATION
 BEAM AND COLUMN- STEEL STRUCTURES, S.K.DUGGAL
 Steel IS (800)2007
 RCC-IS (456)2000
 Storage of materials IS 4082

18