In the Name of God

Photogrammetric Aerial Triangulation

Dr. Hamid Ebadi

Photogrammetric Aerial Triangulation

•In order to create stereo model for measurement, a

certain amount of horizontal and vertical control
points are required.
•Field methods to obtain control points is expensive.
•Aerial triangulation methods allow both horizontal
and vertical control points to be obtained by
photogrammetric methods based on only a few
ground survey points.
Control Requirements in Aero triangulation

Control points are required in AT in order:

• To relate the image coordinate system to the

object coordinate system

•To ensure the geometric stability of the block

•To control errors propagated through the

block
Photogrammetric Aerial Triangulation

Indirect Camera Orientation

Optimum structure of Planimetric and Vertical points

 For small and medium scale maps:

• Planimetric Points along the perimeter
of the block
• Every 8-10 base length a Planimetric
point is required

• Vertical Points distributed densely

within the block
• Every 4 base length perpendicular to the
strip direction
• Every 6-8 base length along the strip
direction
Optimum structure of Planimetric and Vertical points

 For large scale maps:

• Planimetric Points along the perimeter
of the block
• Every 2 base length a Planimetric point
is required

• Vertical Points distributed densely

within the block
• Every 2 base length perpendicular to the
strip direction
• Every 4 base length along the strip
direction
Control Requirements in Aero triangulation

The number of control points (specially

vertical control points) can be reduced by:

Chaining flight parameters

Increasing side lap

Using multiple coverage

Using measured exterior orientation

parameters at the time of photography
 Methods for measuring exterior orientation
parameters at the time of photography

1. Using statoscope data

statoscope data Z coordinate of the exposure station,
.
2.Airborn Profile Recorder
APR Z coordinate for a number of identifiable features that can be
correlated to the profile by using the statoscope to measure the movements
of the aircraft to an isobaric surface and a continuous record of the profile
between terrain and aircraft

Flight Path dZ
Isobaric Suface

Z=H0+dZ-S S
H0

Terrain Z
Height Referance
 Methods for measuring exterior orientation
parameters at the time of photography

3.Lake information
Pointes along the shoreline of a lake have the same
elevation

4.Global Positioning System : position of exposure station

5.Using methods to determine rotating elements:

• Gyroscopes
• Inertial Navigation System (INS)
• GPS
• IMU

6.Integrating GPS and INS six exterior orientation

elements