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  • 2 K T 3 R R N T 3 R: B Universal Gas Constant Avogado Number R N

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    The quantity (Δx)2 represents the mean of the squares of particle displacements projected onto the x-axis over a time interval. Perrin measured (Δx)2 by observing the motion of individual particles over long periods of time using an efficient camera. He repeated this for many particles and calculated the average (Δx)2. Perrin's experiments successfully verified Langevin's equation relating (Δx)2 to temperature, time interval, viscosity of the medium, and particle radius, allowing him to estimate Avogadro's number.

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    The quantity (Δx)2 represents the mean of the squares of particle displacements projected onto the x-axis over a time interval. Perrin measured (Δx)2 by observing the motion of individual particles over long periods of time using an efficient camera. He repeated this for many particles and calculated the average (Δx)2. Perrin's experiments successfully verified Langevin's equation relating (Δx)2 to temperature, time interval, viscosity of the medium, and particle radius, allowing him to estimate Avogadro's number.

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    17 views1 page

    2 K T 3 R R N T 3 R: B Universal Gas Constant Avogado Number R N

    Uploaded by

    Dark bOY
    The quantity (Δx)2 represents the mean of the squares of particle displacements projected onto the x-axis over a time interval. Perrin measured (Δx)2 by observing the motion of individual particles over long periods of time using an efficient camera. He repeated this for many particles and calculated the average (Δx)2. Perrin's experiments successfully verified Langevin's equation relating (Δx)2 to temperature, time interval, viscosity of the medium, and particle radius, allowing him to estimate Avogadro's number.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    The quantity(Δ x)2 is the mean of the squares of the projections of

    actual displacements on the X-axis, i.e, if we take a snapshot of the


    suspension at that time interval, we should measure the component
    of displacement along any chosen direction and δ x2 for each
    particle. Then we should add all valued of δ x2 and divide by the
    number of particles to obtain Δ x2.
    The value of(Δ x)2 was measured by Perrin; who instead of observing
    different particles, watched the motion of a single particle for a long
    time using a very efficient camera. The experiment was repeated for a
    large number of particles and an average value of (Δ x)2 for specified
    time interval was calculated. Perrin’s observation successfully
    verified the Langevin’s equation. By substituting the values of η, r, T,
    the value of Avogadro number (Na) may be estimated.
    kb T τ Tτ
    3π ηr 
    2 R
    (Δ x) = =
    3π ηr Na
     ∵ kb = Universal Gas constant
    = R

    Avogado Number Na

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