NO RT H

VO LUME 1

NEW YO RK A ND LO NDO N
 C H A R LES

t he kn icke r boc kc t p re ss , n ew
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 TO T HE F O R G O TT EN D EA D

OF T HA T IN D OMI T A B L E RA C E

W HO S E PIONEE RS
IN U N B R O K EN R AN K S F R OM C HAMP L A I N T O FL O R I D A
F O R ME D T HE A D V AN C E G U A R D O F C I V I L I Z A T ION
I N I T S P R O G R E SS T O T HE MI SS I SS IPPI
A N D F I RS T C ON QU E R E D S U B D U E D A N D P L AN T E D T HE
, ,

W I LD E R NE SS B E T W EEN
 PR E FA C E

H E S E v olu m s ar e d e sig n e d to s e r v e a s an in tro du c tio n to a s e r i e s o f

e

Histo r i c al Co ll e c tio n s w h i c h th e w r i t e r e xp e c ts h e re aft e r to p u b l i s h ,

r e l a ti n g to th e e ar l y S c ot c h I r i s h s e tt l e m e n ts in A m e r i c a T h e y ar e n o t in
-
.

t e n d e d as a h i s to r y o f th e S c ot c h I r is h p e op l e fo r s u c h a w o r k w o u l d
-
,

r e q u i r e m o r e ti m e an d l a bo r th an h a v e b e e n e xp e n d e d upo n th e p r e s e n t

u n d e r t a ki n g .

T h e s u bj e c t is o n e l ik e t h a t o f th e histo r y o f A m e r i c a its e lf w hi c h m u s t
, ,

w a it fo r so m e f utu r e gi ft e d hi s to r i an ; but u n l ik e th e s u bj e c t o f A m e r i c a n
h i s to r y in g e n e r a l it is a l s o o n e c o n c e rn i n g w h i c h n o c o m p r e h e n s iv e t r e a t
,

m e n t h as e v e r b e e n a tt e m pt e d Su c h b e i n g th e c as e in o r d e r to e n ab l e th e
.
,

r e a d e r to u n d e r s t a n d th e r e l a tio n o f th e S c ot c h I r i s h to A m e r i c an h i s to y r
-
,

it h as s e e m e d n e c e s s a r y to m a k e a b r i e f g e n e r a l s u r v e y o f th e o r igi n a n d
o l d w o r l d hi s to r y o f th e r a c e to w h i c h th e S c ot c h I r i s h b e l o n g
-
-
.

I n d oi n g t h i s it h as n o t b e e n h is p u r po s e to a tt e m pt e v e n a n o u t l i n e
,

s k e t c h o f th e h i s to r y o f S c ot l an d b u t m e r e l y to c o n d e n s e a n d c o n n e c t th e
,

r e c o r d o f its m o s t i m po r t an t e v e n t s an d i n d i c a t e s o m e o f th e p r i n c ip a l
,

w r it e r s u po n d i ff e r e n t as p e c t s o f its h i s to r y .

T h e f ac t is t h a t th e l a c k o f ac q u a i n t an c e o f m an y n a tiv e b o r n A m e r i c a n s
,
-

w it h th e d e t a i l s o f S c otti s h h i s to r y is s u c h t h a t t h e y r e q u i r e an e l e m e n
t ar y g r o u n d i n g e v e n in th e an n al s o f its m o s t n ot e w o r t h y e v e n t s S u c h .

a p r i m e r th e w r it e r h as u n d e r t a k e n to p r e p a r e I n d oi n g s o h e h a s fo u n d .
,

it a dvi s ab l e t o c o m pi l e e pito m iz e an d c o n s o l i d a t e a n u m b e r o f th e m o s t
, ,

c o m p a c t o f th e s k e t c h e s o f S c otti s h h i s to r y w h i c h h a v e a pp e ar e d in G r e a t

B r it a i n u s i n g fo r t h i s pu r pos e th e w r iti n g s o f Wi ll i am F Sk e n e a n d o f E
,
. .

Wi l l i am Rob e r t s o n th e A n n a l s o f L o r d H a i l e s th e b r i e f h i s to r y o f M a c k
, ,

i n to s h an d fo r th e topog r ap h i c al an d e t h n og r a p h i c al d e s c r ipti o n o f S c o t
,

l a n d o f th e p r e s e n t d ay th e w o r k s o f th e F r e n c h g e og r a p h e r an d t r a v e l l e
,
r,

J J
. . E R. e c l u s o f w h,
i c h a n e d itio n in E n g l i s h h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d by
M e s s r s D App l e to n Co m p an y
. . .

T h e w r itt e n hi s to r y o f th e S c ots in I r e l an d is in v e r y m u c h th e s a m e
c o n d itio n a s th e i r h i s to r y in A m e r i c a F e w a tt e m pt s h a v e b e e n m a d e to
.

r e c o r d it ; a n d f o r t h i s r e a s o n v e r y l itt l e o f t h e i r h i s t o r y c an b e p r e s e n t e d
,
.

W h a t is giv e n h a s b e e n c o n d e n s e d c h i e fly fr o m H a r r i s o n s m o n o g r a p h o n ’

T lz e Seat in Ul s te r ; f r o m L a tim e r s an d R e i d s h i s to r i e s o f th e I r i s h P r e s by
’ ’

te r ian s ; an d fr o m Hi ll s Pl a n ta tion of Ul s ter T h e m ost v al u a b l e f e a t u r e s o f

’
.

th e p r e s e n t vo l u m e s in t h i s c o n n e c tio n w i ll b e f o u n d to b e th e c o n t e m po r a r y
d o c u m e n t s an d r e po r t s r e l a ti n g to th e i n c e ptio n an d p r og r e s s o f th e c o l o n i
z a tio n o f No r th e r n I r e l an d by th e S c ot s .

S c otti s h h i s to r y a s h a s b e e n i n ti m at e d is a s a s e al e d book to th e g r e a t
, ,

m aj o r ity o f A m e r i c a n r e a d e r s I n th e U n it e d St a t e s out s i d e o f th e p u b l i c
.
,
 it s e em s

of h is

YO R K ,
De c . 1 ,
1 9 0 1 .
 PA G E

—
I II T H E S C O T C H I R I S H IN A M E R I C A N
-
POLITIC S

IV —N EW E N G L AN D NO T T HE B I R T HP L AC E O F A ME RI C A N L IB E R T Y 55
—
V L I B E R T Y O F S P EE CH AN D C ON S C IEN C E D E F I N I T E L Y E S T A B
L I SH E D IN A ME R IC A B Y M E N O F S C O T T I S H B L OO D

V I —T HE A ME R I C AN P EOP L E N O T R A C IA LL Y I D EN T I C A L W I T H
T HO S E O F NE W E N G L AN D
V I I —A ME R I C AN I D EA L S MO R E S C O T T I S H T HA N E N G L I S H
V II I —T HE S C O T T ISH K I R K A N D H U MAN L I B E R T Y
IX —R E L I G ION IN E A R L Y S C O T L A N D AN D E A R L Y E N G L AN D
—
X S C O T T I S H A C H I E V EMEN T

X I —T HE TU D O R S T U A R T C H U R C H R E S PON S I B L E F O R E A R L Y
-

A ME R I C A N A NI M O S I T Y T O E N GL AN D
—
X I I WH O A R E T HE S C O T C H I R I S H ? -

—
X II I S C O T L AN D O F T o D A Y -

X I V —THE C A L E D ON I A N S, O R P I C T S
—
X V T H E S C O T S AN D P IC T S
—
X V I T HE B R I T ON S
—
X V I I T HE N O RS E AN D G A LL O W AY

—
X V I II T HE A N G L E S
X I X—S C O T T I S H H I S T O R Y IN T HE E N G L I S H O R A N G L O S A X ON
-

C H R ONI C L E
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XX F R O M M A L C O L M C AN M O R E To K IN G D A V I D
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X X I WI LL IA M T HE L ION

S E C ON D A ND T HI R D A L E X A N D E RS To J OHN B A L IO L
 —
XX V I I T HE D AY S O F K NO X
XX V I II —J A ME S S T U A R T ,
SO N O F M A RY
—
XX I X T H E WI SE S T F OO L IN C H R I S T EN D O M
—
XXX S C O T L A N D U N D E R C HA R L E S I .

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XXX I S C O T L A N D U N D E R C H A RLE S I I A N D T HE
. B I S HOP S
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XXX I I I R E L AN D U N D E R T HE TU D O RS
—
XXX II I T H E S C O T T I S H P L AN T A T ION O F D O W N AN D A N T R IM
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XXX I V T HE G R EA T P L AN T A T ION O F UL S T E R
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XXX V T H E UL S T E R P L AN T A T ION F R OM 1 61 0 TO 1 630

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XXX V I S T E W A R T S AN D
’
B R E R ET O N
’
S A CC O U N T S O F T HE
T A T I ON O F UL S T E R
—
XXX V I I C H U R C H R U L E IN I R E L A N D AN D I T S R E S U LT S
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XXX V I II L ON D ON D E RR Y A N D E NNI SK I LL EN
—
XXX I X T H E E MI G R A T ION F R O M UL S T E R T O A M E R I C A
 A C K NO W L E D GM EN T S a r e d u e to th e p u b l i s h e r s h e r e i n a ft e r n a m e d fo r
th ei r c o u r t e s y in p e r m itti n g th e u s e . in t e x t an d n ot e s o f e xt r a c t s f o m t h e i r ,
r

p u b li c a t io n s a s fo l l o w s ,

T o M e ssr s . D . A pp l t e on Co .
, p bl i
u sh e rs o f Re c l us
’
s T lz e Wor ld an d I ts I n na oita n ts ,
B an c r o ft
’
s H is tory f
o tire Un i ted Sta tes ,
an d L e c ky s E ngla n d i n fire X V[l l tlz Cen tu ry
’
.

To M e ss rs . Wi l l i am B l kw
ac oo d So n s , u l sh e r s o f p bi
u r o n s H is tor y of Sc otla n d , B t ’

H ar r i s on s
’
Sc ot in Ul s ter ,
M ac K e r l ie s
’
Ga llo w ay »
: A n c ie n t a n d M ode r n , an d M xw e l l
a
’
s H is

To J
C l e l a n d , pu l s h e r ,
am e s bi an d W . T . L tia m er , au th or , o f L a tim er s
’
H is tor y f
o th e

I r is h Pr es byte r ia n s .

T o D i d D gl
av ou as , p ub l i she r of Ro b t e r s on s
’
Sc otl a n d u n de r H er E a r ly K i ngs , an d

S ke ne s
’
Ce l tic Sc otla n d .

To J ose ph F t o s e r , ed it or of M em be r s o
f Me Sc ottis lt Pa r l i a m en t
.

T o Sa m ue l Sw e tt G re e n ,
au th o r an dp bl i h u s er Of T li e Sc o tc /z [r is /t i n A m -
er ic a .

To M e ssrs . M m ill ac an Co .
,
Li m it d L d e ,
on on , p bl i
u sh e r s of G re e n s
’
Snor t H is to ry f
o

E n gla n d ,
M a ki n g of E ngla n d Con q u e s t of E ngla n d , , an d Ge n e r a l H i s tor y o f E ngl a n d ,

To M e s s rs . H ar p er B th
ro e rs , p bl i
u sh e r s o f C am pb
T b e P u r i ta n in H o lla n d E ng
e ll s
’

la n d , and Am er ic a ,
F r e e m an s
’
Or igi n o
f tire E n gl is /z N a tion a n d
’
r e e n s S/z o r t H i s tor
y of
,
G
E n gla n d Co nq u es t of E n gla n d a n d M a kin g of E n gl a n d
, , .

To e s s rs M
H ou h o n M ifflin . Co , u l sh e r s g t , . p bi of A da m s s
’
M a s s a e lz u s e tts I ts
H is tor ia n s and I ts H is tor y , Fi k s e s
'
Cr itic a l Per iod o
f Am er ic a n H is tory , an d VVin s o r
’
s

N a r r a tive and Cr i tic a l H is tor y o f Am er ic a .

To M e s sr s .
J B Lippi
. . nco tt Co .
,
p ub l i sh e r s of Fi sh e r s
’
E vol u tion f
o t/z e Con s ti tu tio n
f
o tbe Un ited Sta te s .

To M e s srs . L o n gm an s Co . an d M e ss rs . C h a r l e s Sc r ib n er s
’
So n s ,
p bl i
u sh e r s o f F r o u de
’
s

E ngl is /z i n I r e la n d .

To M e ss rs . L o n gm an s Co . . p bli hu s e rs o f L e c ky s E n gl a n d in tne X V[l i t/z Ce n tu ry

’
.

T o th e P byt i
re s e r an B o ar d o f P b l i ti u ca on ,
p bi
u l sh e rs o f
’

y B
r e e d s P r e s o te r i a n s a n d th e

R e vol u tion , C r a igh e a d [r is k See ds i n A m M o fia t s

’
and ic a n Soil ,
’
s Sc otc /z er an d T b e C/z u r c /t
in Sc otla n d .

T o Ol iv pl
er th fP . T em e , au or o T li e Coven a n ter , Ca va l ie r ,
and Pu r ita n .

To J Th i p bl i h f C
am e s n , u s er o un n n i gh am
’
s C/z u r c lz H is tory o
f Sc o tla n d .

T Fi h U w i p ub l i h f Rh y We ls /z Peopl e
’
To . s er n n , s er o s s T be .
 C H APTE R I

T H E S C O T C H I R IS H AN D T H E R EV O L U T I O N
-

H E term S c ot c h I r ish is p e c u l i ar l y A m e r i c an an d in t ra c i n g its o r i

-
,

g in w e h a v e e pito m iz e d th e histo r y o f th e p e op l e to w ho m
, ,
it is n ow

a pp l i e d . T h e w o r d s e e m s to h a v e c o m e i n to g e n e r a l u s e s i n c e th e R e v o l u
tio n h a vi n g b e e n fi r s t t a k e n a s a r ac e n am e by m an y i n d ivi d u al s o f a v e r y
,
-

l a r g e c l a ss o f p e op l e in th e U n it e d St a t e s d e s c e n d a n t s o f e m ig r an ts o f S c ot
,

ti s h b l oo d fr o m th e No r t h o f I r e l an d T h e n a m e w a s n o t u s e d by th e fi r s t
.

o f t h e s e e m ig r a n ts n e it h e r w a s it g e n e ra ll y a pp l i e d to t h e m by th e p e op l e
,

w h om the y m et h e re T h e y u s u a l l y c a ll e d t h e m s e l v e s S c ot c h j u s t a s th e
‘
.
,

d e s c e n d an t s o f t h e i r fo r m e r n e ighbo r s in N o r t h e r n I r e l an d d o to d a y ; an d -

as d o s o m e o f t h e i r o w n d e s c e n d an ts in t h i s c o u n t r y w h o s e e m i n g l y a r e ,

a v e r s e to a c k n o w l e d gi n g a n y c o n n e c tio n w ith I r e l an d T h e Qu a k e r s an d
2
.

th e P u r it a n s g e n e r a l l y s pok e o f t h e m a s th e I r i s h a n d d u r i n g th e R e vo
“ ”
, ,

l u tio n ar y p e r io d w e fin d a l a r g e an d i n fl u e n ti a l bo dy o f th e s e p e op l e j oi n e d
,

tog e t h e r a t P h i l a d e l phi a in th e fo r m a tio n o f a p a t r ioti c a s s o c i a tio n to

,

w h i c h t h e y g a v e th e d i s ti n c tiv e l y I r i s h tit l e T h e So c i e ty o f th e F r i e n dl y
,

S o n s o f St P a t r i c k
. .
”

T h e a pp e lla tio n S c ot c h I r ish is n o t a s m an y p e op l e suppos e an i n d i

-
, ,

c a tio n o f a m ix e d H ib e r n o S c otti s h d e s c e n t
-
al t h oug h it c ou l d b e p r op e r l y

s o u s e d in m a n y c a s e s I t w as fi r s t a pp r op r i a t e d a s a di s ti n c tiv e r a c e n a m e
.
-

by a n d is n o w g e n e r a ll y a pp l i e d to th e d e s c e n d an t s in A m e r i c a o f th e e a r l y
, ,

S c o t c h P re s byt e r i an e m ig r a n t s fr o m I r e l an d T h e s e S c ot c h p e op l e fo r a .
,

h u n d r e d y e a r s o r m o r e a ft e r 1 6 0 0 s e tt l e d w ith t h e i r w iv e s a n d fa m i l i e s in
,

U l st e r in th e No r t h o f I r e l an d w h e n c e th e i r d e s c e n d an ts fo r a h u n dr e d
—
, , ,

y e ar s a ft e r I 7 o o h avi n g l o n g s u ffe r e d u n d e r th e b u r d e n s o f c ivi l an d r e l igi

,

o u s opp r e s s io n i m po s e d by c o m m e rc i a l g r e e d a n d d e spoti c e c c l e s i a sti c is m ,

so u gh t a m o r e p r o m i s i n g h o m e in A m e r i c a .

b e e n r e m ar k e d by so m e r e c e n t ob s e r v e r s in t h i s c ou n t r y t h a t w h i l e
I t h as
A m e r i c an hi s to r y h a s b e e n c h i e fly w r itt e n in N e w E n gl a n d t h a t s e c tio n h a s ,

n o t b e e n th e c h i e f a c to r in its e v e n t s .

No d o u bt th e s e c o n d p ar t o f t h is p r opo s itio n w o u ld b e d i s p u t e d by a l a g e r
2 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

n u m b e r o f A m e r i c an p e op l e as n o t sub s t an ti a t e d w h o w ou ld p e r h ap s c l ai m
,

th at th e i r po s itio n w a s s uppo r t e d by th e t e sti m o n y o f a m aj o r ity o f th e w r it e r s

o n th e s ubj e c t Wit h th e l a tt e r c l a i m it is n o t m y pu r po s e to t a k e i s s u e Ye t
.
.

th e fi r s t p ar t o f th e p r opositio n is m o r e l a c ki n g in s u b s t an ti a tio n t h an th e
s e c o n d F o r w hi l e it is a pp ar e n t t h a t th e n a t u r al s pi r it o f s e l f a s s e r tio n s o
.
,
-
,

e ar l y m an i f e s t e d by th e d e s c e n d an t s o f th e E n g l i s h P u r it a n s h a s f o u n d
,

e xp re s s io n in a l e n gthy s e r i e s o f r e c it a l s o f th e d oi n g s a n d vi r tu e s o f N e w

E n gl an d m e n it is n o l e s s e v i d e n t t h at th e s e po r t r a y al s a r e l a r g e l y o f
,

r e st r i c t e d a pp l i c a tio n an d
, fo r th e m ost p ar t c a n o n l y b e c o n si d e r e d
, ,

a s c o n t r ib u tio n s to t h a t po r t io n o f A m r i c an h isto r y w hi c h is c al l e d l o c a l
e /
.

Th a t t h e s e w r iti n gs h a v e e v e r b e e n t ak e n a s n atio n al h isto r y a r i s e s pe r

h ap s fr om a c o n j u n c tio n o f tw o c a u s e s o r c o n d itio n s T h e fi rs t o f th e s e an d
, .
,

o n e t h a t n a t u r a l l y w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n e ff e c tiv e w it h out th e ot h e r is th e,

m ar k e d t e n d e n c y o n th e p a r t o f m an y Ne w E n g l an d w r it e r s to ig n o r e o r b e

l itt l e th e p r e s e n c e o f an y e l e m e n t n o t w ithi n th e r a n g e o f t h e i r o w n im m e d i
a te h o r izo n I n th is th e y a r e p e c u l i a r l y E n gl i s h an d e xhibit t h a t t r a it w h i c h
'

.
,

h as b e c o m e so c h a ra c t e r isti c o f th e n a tiv e E n g l ish a s to t a k e its n a m e fr o m

a ,
—
th e i r g e og r a p h i c a l sit tio n n a m e l y i n s u l a r ity T h e s e c o n d c au s e w h i c h
u .
,

w i ll b e m o r e fu ll y a dv e r t e d to h e r e a ft e r ar i s e s fr o m th e c o m p ar a tiv e d e a r th
,

o f hi s to r i c a l w r iti n gs o r igi n a ti n g out s i d e o f th e P u r it a n c o l o n i e s .

T h e Ne w E n gl a n d f a th e r s c a m e to a s t r an g e c o a st an d f ou n d st r e t c h i n g
b a c k fr o m th e s h o r e a f o rbi dd i n g w i l d e rn e s s to th e m o f su c h u n k n o w n
,

d e pth t h a t it w as n o t u n ti l a ft e r a s l o w a n d g r a d u a l pu s hi n g fo r w ar d o f th e
f r o n ti e r l i n e fo r a p e r io d e xt e n d i n g ov e r a c e n tu r y a n d a h al f t h a t
t h e i r c h i l dr e n f ou n d thi s w i l d e r n e s s w as u n s ubdu e d o n l y a s far w e s t a s th e
H u dso n Riv e r a n d ful l y an oth e r c e n tu r y e l ap s e d b e fo r e m an y o f th e m w e r e
w i l l i n g to a c k n o w l e d g e th is to b e th e c a s e
, . T o th e f a t h e r s a c c o r d i n gl y
, ,

N e w E n g l an d m e an t A m e r i c a a n d to so m e o f th e s o n s w h o s t a y e d at ho m e it
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is n o t u n n a tu r al t h a t th e w e s t e r n bo u n d a r y l i n e o f A m e r i c a shou l d s e e m to
b e fix e d a t th e poi n t w h e r e th e e ar l y Du t c h s e tt l e m e n t s b e g an .

I n th e e x a m i n a tio n o f th e c o n t r ibutio n s o f th e N e w E n gl a n d w r it e r s to
th e h i s to r y o f A m e r i c a th e r e fo r e it is o n l y n e c e s s a r y to b e a r in m i n d th e
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r e s t r i c t e d s e n s e in w h i c h s o m an y o f t h e m u se t h is t e r m a n d to obs e r v e t h e i r
,

s up e r fi c i al t r e a t m e n t o f m e n an d a ff a i r s n o t w ithi n t h e i r o w n p r ovi n c i a l

bo u n d ar i e s to e n ab l e us to a c c e pt th e s e c o n t r ib u tio n s at th e i r t r u e v al u e
,
.

H e n c e w e c an t ak e p r i de w it h th e Ne w E n gl an d e r s in th e n ob l e d e e d s w h i c h
th e y n a r r a t e o f t h e i r fat h e r s a n d o f th e goo d t h e s e fa t h e r s w r o u gh t fo r t h e i r
o w n c o m m u n iti e s a n d c a n t h us u n d e r s t an d th e n a tu r e a n d e xt e n t o f Ne w
,

E n gl an d s c o n t r ibutio n to th e goo d o f o u r c ou n t r y as a w hol e

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.

I t is ho w e v e r t h i s i n e v it a b l e d i s positio n o n th e p a r t o f Ne w E n g
, ,
l an d
w r it e r s in t h e i r t r e a t m e n t o f A m e r i c an histo r y to m a gn i fy l o c a l a t th e e x
p e n s e o f n a tio n al a ffa i r s to w hi c h m ay b e a tt r ibut e d s o m u c h o f th e p r e s e n t
,

a d v e r s e c r iti c i s m o f t h e i r a utho r ity . I f it b e s a i d t h a t t h i s t e n d e n c y is o n l y

a n a t u r a l m an i fe s t a tio n o f th e d o m i n a ti n g A n gl o S axo n s pi r it w hi c h b r ook s
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no r iv a l ry an d sees goo d in a n ythi n g fo r e ig n to it s e lf it m ay p r op e r l y b e

no ,

an s w e r e d t h a t th e p a g e o f i m p a r ti a l h i s to r y is n o p l a c e fo r s u c h d i s p l a y
‘
.

T h e sh a r e o f N e w E n g l a n d in m aki n g A m e r i c a n h i s to r y is g r e a t ; b u t it is
p e r h ap s n o t s o g r e a t a s its c h r o n i c l e r s w ou l d h a v e u s b e l i e v e N e it h e r c an .

it b e s a i d by a n y fa i r m i n de d s tu d e n t t h a t th e e v e n t s w hi c h took p l a c e o n th e
-

s oi l o f N e w E n g l a n d a r e o f c h i e f i n t e r e s t o r i m po r t an c e in c o n n e c tio n w ith

th e p r og r e s s a n d s u c c e s s o f th e A m e r i c an Wa r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e an d th e ,

f o u n d a tio n o f o u r p r e s e n t s y s t e m o f gov e r n m e n t s u b s e qu e n t t h e r e to e v e n ,

t h ough th e r e c o r d o f t h o s e e v e n t s f o r m s th e s u b s t an c e o f a m aj o r i t y o f th e
books w h i c h h a v e b e e n c a l l e d A m e r i c an h i s to r y .

A n ot ab l e i n s t an c e o f t h i s o n e s i d e d t r e a t m e n t o f o ur c o un t r y s h i s to r y if
-
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n o t o f its a c t u a l p e r v e r s io n o n th e p ar t o f a l l b u t th e m o s t r e c e n t w r it e r s
, ,

t r e a ti n g th e s ubj e c t fr o m a Ne w E n g l an d s t an d poi n t is th a t fu rn i s h e d by c e r ,

t a i n t ab l e s pu r po r ti n g to giv e th e n um b e r s o f t r oop s s u pp l i e d by th e d i ffe r e n t

c o l o n i e s in th e R e vo l utio n ar y Wa r T h e s e t a b l e s h a v e a pp e a r e d in w h o l e o r
.

in p ar t a g r e a t m an y ti m e s d u r i n g th e p a s t s ixty y e a r s an d u n ti l r e c e n t l y h a v e ,

b e e n quit e g e n e r a ll y c it e d to Sh o w th e s up e r io r p a t r ioti s m o f N e w H a m p s h i r e ,

M a s s a c h u s e tt s R h o d e I s l a n d an d Co n n e c ti c u t ov e r t h a t o f th e ot h e r c ol o
, ,

n i e s an d to s u s t a i n th e c l a i m
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r e p e a t e d l y m a d e t h a t N e w E n g l an d f u r n i s h e d
, ,

m o r e t h an h a l f th e s o l d i e r s in t h a t s t r u gg l e T h e t a b l e s fi r s t a pp e a r e d in th e
.

Coll ec tion s of til e N e w H a m ps kir e H is tor ic a l Soc iety f or 1 82 4 v o l i p 2 3 6 ,

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t h e n in th e A m er ic a n A l m a n a c f or 1 83 0 p 1 87 an d f o 1 83 1 p 1 2 ; in N il es s
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R egis ter f o r J u l y 3 1 1 83 0 in S a bi n e s [loya l is ts of t/z e R evol ution in 1 84 7 p

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F ie l d B oo k f tlzeoR e v o l u tion v o l ii p 8 37 ,
in Hi l d r.e t h s .
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f f is tory of til e Un ited Sta tes v o l iii p 4 4 1 in B a r r y s M a s s a c /z use tts v o l ii

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Th e y a r e s u pp o s e d to b e f o u n d e d o n a r e po r t m a d e to Co n g r e s s Ma y 1 1 , ,

1 7 90 ,
by H e n r y K n o x t h e n S e c r e t a r y o f Wa r ; b u t t h e y c o n t a i n o n l y a
,

p o r tio n o f th e figu r e s giv e n in t h a t r e p o r t an d u tt e r l y ign o r e an d o m it th e

,

p a r t r e l a ti n g to th e e n l i s t m e n t an d s e r vi c e o f c e r t a i n sout h e r n t r oop s c o m
po s i n g p e rh ap s o n e fou r th o f th e e n ti r e a r m y T h e c o m pi l e r s o f th e t ab l e s
, ,
.

a l s o a tt e m pt to s u m m a r iz e th e po r tio n giv e n by a dd i n g u p th e a gg r e g a t e s o f
,

th e v a r io u s e n l i s t m e n t r o l l s fo r th e w h o l e R e vo l u tio n a r y p e r i o d ( m a n y o f
w h i c h in th e e a r l y p a r t o f th e w a r w e r e d u p l i c a t e d m o r e t h an f o u r ti m e s in
a s i n g l e y e ar th e s a m e n a m e s a pp e ar i n g a t e v e r y n i n e ty d a y s r e e n l i s t m e n t )
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, ,

a n d t h e n c l a i m i n g t h a t th e r e s u l t s r e a c h e d giv e th e tot a l n u m b e r o f R e g u l a r s

f u r n i s h e d by th e d i ff e r e n t c o l o n i e s in th e st r ugg l e Thi s e r r o n e ous s u m .

m a r y a pp e a r s a s f o l l o w s

Ne w H am p s h i r e
M a s s a c h u s e tt s
R h o d e I s l an d
Co n n e c ti c u t
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Ne w J e r s e y
C ar r i e d fo r w a r d
 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s of Am e r ic a
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B r o u g h t fo r w a r d .

P en n s ylvan ia .

D e law a r e
Vi r gi n i a .

No r t h C a r o l i n a
Sout h C a r o l i n a

T he re po r t hi c h t h e s e t ab l e s ar e s a i d to b e fo u n d e d is pub l ish e d in
on w
th e A m e r ic a n Sta te P aper s v o l i ,
—
pp 1 4 1 9 o f th e s e r i e s r e l a ti n g to Mi l i
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,
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t ar y A ff a i r s an d in o r d e r to s ho w th e fa l s ity o f th e s t a t e m e n t s b a s e d upo n
th e g ar b l e d a n d i n c o m p l e t e e xt r a c t m a d e fr o m it in th e a f o r e s a i d t a b l e s th e ,

r e po r t is h e r e giv e n in fu ll an d th e fig u r e s a c c o m p a n yi n g th e s a m e a pp e a r

in t a b u l a t e d f o r m o n th e oppo s it e p a g e T h i s t a b u l a tio n it m ay b e r e
.
,

m ar k e d s h o w s th e f o r m in w hi c h th e i n c o m p l e t e s t a t e m e n t a pp e a r s a s w e l l
, ,

a s th e f u ll r e po r t th e fi ,
g u r e s h e r e p r i n t e d in h e a vy fac e d typ e b e in g -

o m itt e d fr o m all o f th e fo r m e r t a b l e s s i n c e th e fi r s t r e po r t o f Kn ox .

T R OOP S IN C L U D IN G M I L I T I A F U R N I S HE D B Y T H E S E V E R A L S T A T E S
, ,

D U R IN G T H E W A R O F T H E R E V O L U T ION .

Co m m u n ic a ted to tke H ouse o f R epr es e n ta tives , M ay I 1 ,

1 7 90 .

WA R O FF I CE OF T H E UN I T E D STAT E S, M ay 1 0, 1 7 90 .

In ob e d i e n c e to th e o r d e r o f th e Hou s e o f R e p r e s e n t a tiv e s th e S e c r e t a r y ,

o f Wa r s u b m it s th e st a t e m e n t h e r e u n to a n n e x e d o f th e t r oops an d m i l iti a
fu rn i s h e d f r o m ti m e to ti m e by th e s e v e r al St a t e s to w ar d s th e s uppo r t o f th e ,

l a t e w ar .

T h e n u m b e r s o f th e r e gu l ar t r oop s h a v i n g b e e n s t a t e d fr o m th e o fli c ia l
r e tu rn s d e po s it e d in th e Wa r O ffic e m a y b e d e p e n d e d upo n ; a n d in a l l
,

c a s e s w h e r e th e n u m b e r s o f m i l iti a a r e s t a t e d f r o m th e r e tu r n s th e s am e ,

c o n fi d e n c e m a y b e ob s e r v e d .

But in s om e yea s of t/ze g r ea tes t ex er tion s of t/ze Sout/z er n Sta tes t/z er e
r

a r e n o r etur n s w k a teve r of ti n m il itia e m pl oyed I n t h i s c a s e r e c ou r s e h a s

.

b e e n h a d to l e tt e r s o f th e c o m m an d i n g o ffi c e r an d to w e l l i n fo r m e d i n d i
,

v id u a l s in o r d e r to f o r m a p r op e r e s ti m a t e o f th e n u m b e r s o f th e m i l iti a in
,

s e r vi c e a n d a l t h ough th e ac c u r a c y o f th e e sti m a t e c an n ot b e r e l i e d o n ye t ,

it is th e b e s t i n fo r m a tio n w h i c h th e S e c r e t ar y o f War c a n a t p r e s e n t obt a i n .

W h e n th e ac c ou n t s o f th e m i l iti a s e r vi c e o f th e s e v e r a l St a t e s s h all b e
a dj u s t e d it is p r ob a b l e t h a t th e n u m b e r s w i l l b e b e tt e r as c e r t a i n e d .

T h e r e a r e n o t an y d o c u m e n t s in th e Wa r O ffi c e fr o m w h i c h ac c u r a t e r e
t u r n s c o u l d b e m a d e o f th e o r dn an c e s to r e s fu rn i s h e d by th e s e v e r al St a t e s
d u r i n g th e l a t e w a r T h e c h a r g e s m a d e by th e s e v e r al S t a t e s a g a i n s t th e
.

U n it e d St a t e s w h i c h h av e b e e n p r e s e n t e d by th e c o m m i s s io n e rs o f a c c ou n t s
, ,

ar e p r ob a b l y th e o n l y e vi d e n c e w h i c h c an b e obt a i n e d o n th e s u bj e c t
, ,
.

A l l o f w h i c h is h u m b l y s ub m itt e d to th e Ho u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a tiv e s .

H K NO X S e c r e t ar y o f War .
, .
 I t s hou l d b e ob s e r v e d t h a t th e c o l u m n o f a ggr e g a t e footi n gs w hi c h app e a r s
a t th e r ig h t s i d e o f th e t a b l e is n o t to b e fo u n d in th e o r igi n a l r e po r t o f G e n

e r a l K n ox T h i s c o lu m n giv e s th e e r r o n e o u s s u m m a r y o f th e s u c c e s s iv e
.

e n l i s t m e n t r o ll s a l r e a d y r e fe r r e d to ; but t h e s e r o ll s c a n n o t b e a dd e d tog e th e r
,

fo r th e p u r po s e o f s h o w i n g th e n u m b e r o f t r oop s f u r n i s h e d w it h an y m o r e
p r op r i e ty t h an w e c an a d d th e pop u l a tio n o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s in 1 7 7 6 to t h a t
o f th e s a m e St a t e in 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 8 1 7 7 9 1 7 80 a n d 1 7 81 f o r th e p u r po s e o f fi
, , , ,
nd

in g o u t th e n u m b e r o f p e op l e w h o l iv e d t h e r e d u r i n g th e R e vo l u tio n We .

m ig h t a tt e m pt to m a k e an a pp r oxi m a tio n o f th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f t r oops

f r o m e a c h St a t e by d ivi d i n g th e a gg r e g a t e s o f th e c o m p l e t e r e t u r n s by th e t o t a l
n u m b e r o f y e a r s bu t t h i s w o u l d o n l y a ff o r d a c o n j e c t u r a l a v e r a g e upo n w h i c h
,

n o r e l i an c e c o u l d b e p l a c e d fo r b e s i d e s th e fa c t t h a t Kn ox s m i l iti a r e tu r n s
’

a e m a i n l y e s ti m a t e d m an y o f th e e ar l y Co n ti n e n t a l e n l i s t m e n t s a s h as b e e n
r , ,

a l r e a d y s t a t e d w e r e m a d e fo r o n l y t h r e e m o n t h s a t a ti m e a n d e it h e r r e
, ,

n e w e d a t th e e xpi r a tio n o f th e t e r m by r e e n l i s t m e n t o r th e r an k s fi ll e d by
-
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fr e s h l e vi e s o r a s w a s m o r e g e n e r a l l y th e c a s e d u r i n g 1 7 7 5 a n d 1 7 7 6 th e
, ,

Co n ti n e n t a l r an k s w e r e s o fr e qu e n t l y d e p l e t e d by d e s e r t io n s t h a t to as c r ib e
a n a v e r a ge s e r vi c e o f o n e m o n t h to e a c h m an e n l i s t e d t h e r e i n d u r i n g th e
l

fi r s t e ig h t e e n m o n t h s o f th e w a r w o u l d p e r h a ps b e n e ar e r a t r u e s t at e m e n t
o f th e fa c t t h a n to s e t th e s e r vi c e o f e a c h i n d ivi d u a l a t fr o m t h r e e to t w e l v e

m on th s T h e m i l iti a e s ti m a t e s h o w e v e r a s G e n e r a l K n ox s t a t e s a ppr o x i
.
, , ,

m a t e th e n u m b e r s a c t u a ll y s e r vi n g a n d a e n o t as in th e c as e o f th e Co n ti
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n e n ta l s m e r e l y r e c o r d s o f e n l i s t m e n t s
,
I t w i l l a l s o b e n oti c e d t h a t t h e s e
.

m i l i t i a r e po r t s d o n o t r e f e r to th e m i n u t e m e n o r m i l iti a m e n w h o d id n o t s e r v e ,

but th e e s ti m a t e s a r e o f t h o s e w h o w e r e a c t u a ll y c a ll e d o u t an d s a w s e r vi c e
in th e fi e l d I n th e S o u t h t h i s s e r vi c e w a s p e r h a p s h a r d e r an d m o r e fa t a l
.

an d r e l a t iv e l y mu c h m o r e e ff e c tiv e — t h an t h a t o f th e Co n ti n e n t a l l i n e in th e
N o r t h fo r th e r e a s o n t h a t th e p a t r iot s o f th e So u t h h a d to c o n t e n d n o t o n l y
,

w i t h th e i n v a d i n g a r m i e s fr o m a b r o a d b u t a l s o w it h th e ar m e d fo r c e s o f
,

t h e i r To r y n e ig h bo r s a t h o m e w h o s e n u m b e r s o ft e n e x c e e d e d t h e i r o w n a n d
, ,

th e c r u e l ty an d b r u t a l ity o f w h o s e a tt a c k s w e r e s u r p as s e d o n l y by th e s a v a g e
a t r o c iti e s o f an ot h e r o f G r e a t B r it a i n s h i r e d a u xi l i a r i e s
’
— th e n a tiv e I n d i a n s .
’

T h e fa c t is t h a t t h e s e t a b l e s o f K n ox a s t h e y n o w e xist a r e o f l itt l e o r
, ,

n o v a l u e w h a t e v e r in givi n g a c o r r e c t i d e a o f th e p r opo r tio n a t e n u m b e r o f

t r o op s fu r n i s h e d by th e d i ffe r e n t c o l o n i e s We k n o w t h a t P e n n s y l v an i a fo r
.
,

i n s t a n c e h a d m o r e t h an t w e n t y t h o u s an d m e n in th e F lyi n g C am p w h o s aw
, ,

s e r vi c e a bout N e w Yo k in 1 7 7 6 K x t b o o P y v i
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r y,
e t n o s a l e s Sh w f r m e n n s l a n a

b u t l itt l e m o r e t h a n h a l f t h a t n u m b e r i n c l u d i n g bo t h Co n ti n e n t a l s an d
,

m il i t ia . A n d t h a t a l m o s t a s m an y as t w e n t y five t h o u s an d w e r e u n d e r a r m s
-

in t h a t St a t e th e y e a r b e fo r e is a pp ar e n t f r o m th e t e s ti m o n y o f Ri c h a r d
P e n n giv e n b e fo r e P ar l i am e n t in
T h e fo ll o w i n g l e t t e r r e c e iv e d by th e w r it e r fr o m th e War D e p ar t m e n t a t
,

W as h i n gto n in r e s po n s e to an i n q u i r y fo r so m e e xp l an a t i o n o f K n ox s ’

figu r e s w i ll s e r v e to s h o w h ow l itt l e r e l i an c e c an b e p l a c e d u po n t h e m
,
 T h e R e v o l u tio n 7

Se pt e m be r 2 , 1 89 7 .

R e fe r r i n g to you r l e tt e r o f th e a 6 th u l ti m o an d its tw o e n c l osu r e s r e l a

, ,

tiv e to th e n u m b e r o f m e n i n s e r vi c e d u r i n g th e Wa r o f th e R e v o l u tio n I ,

h av e th e h o n o r to a d vi s e you a s fo l l o w s
V ar iou s t ab l e s a n d s t a t e m e n t s h a v e b e e n m a d e u p fr o m th e r e po r t o f th e
S e c r e t ar y o f Wa r o f May 1 0 1 7 90 r e fe r r e d to in you r l e tt e r bu t I d o n o t
, , ,

k n o w o f a n y o n e o f t h e m t h a t is o f an y v a l u e o r i s e n tit l e d to an y w e ig h t
w h at e v e r. T h e r e I s n ot h i n g o n fil e in t h i s D e p a r t m e n t w hi c h s u gg e s t s a n y
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i n t e r p r e t a tio n o f th e fig u r e s giv e n in th at r e po r t a n d it is i m po s s ib l e to a s c e r
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t t a i n w h e t h e r t h o s e figu r e s r e p r e s e n t th e n u m b e r o f n e w e n l i s t m e n t s d u r i n g
e a c h y e ar o r w h e th e r t h e y i n c l u d e m e n w h o w e r e in s e r vi c e a t s o m e ti m e
,

d u r i n g th e y e ar b u t w h o e n l i s t e d I n a p r io r y e a r I n ot h e r w o r d s it c a n n ot
.
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b e po s iti v e l y d e t e r m i n e d w h e t h e r th e fi gu r e s m e r e l y r e p r e s e n t a dditions to
th e fo r c e d u r i n g e a c h y e a r o r w h e t h e r th e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s e a dd itio n s to
,

g e th e r w it h th e f o r c e r em a in ing in s er vice f r om a pr ior yea r I t is c e r t a i n .

t h a t in e it h e r c as e t h e y d o n o t r e p r e s e n t th e tot a l n u m b e r o f i n d ivi d u al s
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a d d e d to th e f o r c e in a n y y e a r o r th e tot a l n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s I n s e r vi c e
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in a n y y e ar be c a u s e th e r e m u s t h a v e b e e n m an y d u p l i c a tio n s c a u s e d by
,

c ou n t i n g th e s a m e m a n o v e r a g a i n fo r e a c h s u c c e s s iv e e n l i s t m e n t As .

p oi n t e d o u t in th e l e tt e r a dd r e s s e d to you by t h i s o fli c e o n th e 9 th u l ti m o it ,

i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t a v e r y l a r g e p r opo r tio n o f th e m e n w h o s e r v e d d u r i n g

th e R e vo l utio n r e n d e r e d tw o t h r e e o r m o r e t e r m s o r t o u r s o f s e r vi c e
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T h i s w a s n ot a b l y th e c a s e in m i l iti a o r g a n iz a tio n s in w h i c h m e n fr e qu e n t ly
,

s e r v e d to u r s o f a f e w d a y s e a c h a t c o m p a r a tiv e l y s ho r t i n t e r v a l s .

I t w i l l n e v e r b e pos s ib l e to d e t e r m i n e w ith a n y a pp r oxi m a tio n to ac c u r ac y

th e n u m b e r o f i n d ivi d u a l s w h o a c tu all y r e n d e r e d m i l it a r y s e r vi c e d u r i n g th e
R e vo l u tio n T h e r e c o r d s th a t h av e s u r viv e d d e s t r u c tio n an d h a v e b e e n
.

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e v e r y m i l it a r y r e c o r d t h a t w a s m a d e d u r i n g th e R e vo l utio n h a d b e e n pr e
s e r v e d s o a s to b e a v a i l ab l e fo r r e fe r e n c e a t th e p r e s e n t ti m e it w o u l d b e ,

po s s ib l e to m ak e e v e n a r e a s o n ab l y a c c u r a t e e s ti m a t e o f th e n u m b e r o f m e n
in s e r vi c e f r o m a n y St a t e o r f r o m a l l th e St a t e s tog e t h e r T h e r e c or ds o f
.

t h a t ti m e w e r e c o m p ar a tiv e l y fe w w e r e i m p e r fe c t l y k e pt a n d c o n t a i n e d b u t
, ,

l i t t l e o f th e s t a tisti c a l i n fo r m a tio n w h i c h is to b e fo u n d in th e r e c o r d s o f
l at e r w ar s . B u t e v e n in th e c as e o f th e War o f th e R e b e l l io n o f 1 86 1 to
1 86 5 it h as b e e n f ou n d i m po s s ib l e to d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e l y f r o m a ll o f th e

v o l u m i n ous r e c o r d s t h a t w e r e k e pt th e n u m b e r o f i n d ivi d u al s w h o w e r e in
s e r vi c e fr o m an y St at e o r fr o m al l th e St a t e s .

No r e tu rn s o r ot h e r d o c u m e n t s h a v e b e e n fou n d I n thi s D e par t m e n t fr o m

w hi c h th e m i s s i n g i n fo r m a tio n i n d i c a t e d o n th e l i s t o f o r g a n i z a tio n s w h i c h
,

ac c o m p an i e d yo u r l e t t e r c a n b e s u pp l i e d
, .

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R e vo l u tio n ar y A r m y is u n d e r s too d to b e e q u iv a l e n t to th e t e r m o n d e
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ta c h e d s e r vi c e ,
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r e po r t e d s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d w it h th e n u m b e r o f p r e s e n t a n d fit fo r du ty ”

to d e t e r m i n e th e e ffe c tiv e fo r c e o f th e A r m y .

R e g r e tti n g m y i n a bi l ity to b e o f m o r e m a t e r i al s e r vi c e to you in c o n

n e c ti o n w it h th e subj e c t o f you r i n q u i r y I a m
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F C A IN S W O R T H
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of Am e r ic a

Con c e rn i n g th e m a tt e r o f d e s e r tio n s th e c o r r e s po n d e n c e o f Was hi n gto n , ,

in th e l a tt e r p ar t o f 1 7 7 6 c o n t a i n s n u m e r ou s c o m p l a i n t s o f t h i s e vi l an d in
, ,

so m e o f h is l e tt e r s o f t h a t p e r io d to Gov e rn o r T r u m b u ll h e s p e c ifi e s th e d is
tr ic ts w hos e t r oop s w e r e m o s t fa u l ty in t h i s r e s p e c t I n th e s a m e c o n n e c ti o n .
,

th e fo l l o w i n g e x c e r pt f r o m a n i n c o m p l e t e m e m o r i a l p r e p a r e d by G e n e r a l
St e ub e n o n th e s u bj e c t an d p r i n t e d in K a pp s L if e of Sten ken ( pp 7 04
,
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is o f g re a t i m po r t an c e a s p r e s e n ti n g an o ffic i al s t a t e m e n t o f th e c o m po s itio n
o f th e a r m y fr o m th e I n s p e c to r G e n e r a l h i m s e l f -
T h is m e m o r i a l al s o s h o w s .

t h a t St e u b e n a c c ou n t e d fo r th e fr e q ue n t r e e n l i s t m e n ts by s u gge s ti n g th e fre -

u o f d e s e r tio n s
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T h e r e sp e c t a b l e c itiz e n s w h o e n t e r e d th e l i s t s w it h so m u c h a r d o r ,

q u itt e d t h e i r c a b i n s w it h m o r e r e g r e t to a n s w e r to th e s e c o n d c all T h o s e .

w h o w e r e in m o r e e as y c i rc u m s t a n c e s e m pti e d t h e i r pu r s e s to i n d u c e t h o s e
w h o w e r e poo r e r to t a k e t h e i r p l a c e s T h e r ot a tio n o f s e r vi c e s oo n b e c a m e
.

a s p e c u l a tio n a n d b e fo r e th e e n d o f th e s e c o n d c a m p a ig n t h e r e w e r e v e r y
,

f e w r i c h e n o u gh to pay a s u b s titut e to s e r v e in t h e i r s t e a d A s s o c i a ti o n s .

w e re f o r m e d a n d by th e f o r c e o f m o n e y c h i l d r e n i n v a l i d s a n d v a g r a n t s
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w e r e e n g a g e d to c o m p l e t e th e n u m b e r o f th e c o n ti n g e n t s T h e s e m e n w e re .

e n g a g e d f o r su c h s ho r t t e r m s t h a t o n e r e c r u it s oo n took th e p l ac e o f a n ot h e r ,

an d th e c ou n t r y b e c a m e q u i c k l y d e stitut e o f m o n e y T h e y t h e n b e g an to .

p ya i n p r o d u c e N e g
. r o e s c a tt l e p r o d u c e e v e n l an d s w e r e giv e n to r e c r u it s
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w h o w e r e utt e r l y u s e l e s s t o th e a r m y .

Co n g r e s s an d th e c o m m an d e r in c h i e f r e m o n s t r a t e d T h e e vi l h a d b e
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.

c o m e i n c u r ab l e T h e s o l d i e r s w h os e t e r m h a d e xpi r e d c o u l d n o t b e k e pt
.

o n a t an y p r i c e ; s e v e r a l w i t h d r e w in th e m i dd l e ot h e r s a t th e e n d o f th e ,

c a m p a ig n T h e e n e m y w a s al w a y s in fu ll f o r c e w h i l e th e A m e r i c a n A r m y
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w a s a l m o s t i n s u ffic i e n t t o f u r n i s h th e g u a r d s fo r o u r a d v an c e d po s t s T he .

n e w r e c r u it g e n e r al l y ar r iv e d w h e n th e O p e r a tio n s o f th e w a r w e r e f a r a d

va n c e d . H e a r r iv e d in a w r e t c h e d c o n d itio n d e s tit u t e o f e v e r y a r ti c l e o f ,

c l o t h i n g a n d u tt e r l y ig n o r a n t o f a s o l d i e r s d u ty O ft e n a t h i r d o f t h e s e’
.
,

n e w l e vi e s w a s tot a l l y u n fit f o r s e r v i c e an ot h e r t h i r d s oo n w e n t i n to h o s

pit al an d th e r e m a i n i n g t h i r d w a s s l ig h t l y t ra i n e d d ur i n g th e ti m e t h a t th e
e n e m y e m p l oy e d in m a ki n g h is d i s po s itio n s .

I n th e t h i r d c am p a ig n th e gov e r n m e n t w a s c o m p e l l e d to r e d u c e to a
c o n s i d e r a b l e e xt e n t th e n u m b e r o f r e gi m e n t s fr o m i n a bi l i ty to r e c r uit t h e m , .

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y
e n g a g e m e n t it is p o s s ib l e t h a t th e e n t h u s i a s m o f o u r v a l o r o u s c it i z e n s m ig h t
,

h a v e a c h i e v e d a vi c to r y ov e r a n a r m y a s b r a v e a s it w as w e ll d i s c ip l i n e d .

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th e fi e l d an d th e h Ope o f r e g a i n i n g a d v a n t a g e s o n an o t h e r o c c a s io n t e n d s t o
,

p r o l o n g th e op e r a tio n s o f th e w ar .

T h e c itiz e n w h o h a d b r a v e d d e a th a t B u n k e r Hi l l c o u l d n o t r e s i s t th e
d e s i r e t o s e e h is f a m i l y an d t a k e c h a r g e o f h is h o u s e h o l d T h e h e r o in th e .

b a tt l e o f to d ay b e c a m e a d e s e r t e r to m o r r o w p e r fe c t l y c o n fi d e n t t h a t h e
-
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w a s n o t g u i l ty o f a n y i m p r op r i e t y I h a v e h ad m y tu r n h e u s e d to s a y
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.

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, .

s a n d o f m y f e ll o w c itiz e n s fi r e a s m a n y s h o t s a t th e e n e m y a s I h a v e fi r e d In

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tu r n s to r e qui r e s o m e ot h e r n e ig h bo r to t a k e h is tu r n an d so o n i n d e fi n it e l y , .

T h i s r ot a t i o n soo n e x h au s t s th e vi l l a g e but th e w ar i s n o t e n d e d an d th e , ,

e n e m y is g e tti n g r e a dy fo r a n ot h e r c a m p a ign .

T he m i l it ar y
t b l i sh m e n t in 1 7 7 5 c o n s i s t e d o f th r e e b a tt al io n s o f in
es a

fan tr y fr o m N e w H a m p s h i r e a s f o ll o w s : t h os e o f C o l o n e l s E n o c h P oo r
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b r i d g e ; t h r e e fr o m R h o d e I s l a n d a s f o l l o w s : Co l o n e l s T h o m as C h u r c h , ,

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of C o n ti n e n t al s s o c al l e d c o m p o s e d o f o n e r e gi m e n t fr o m P e n n s y l v a n i a
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o f J o h n B a i l e y ( in I c h a bo d A l l e n ( in S a m u e l C ar l t o n ( in
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r e m a i n e d in s e r vi c e u n ti l 1 7 81 T h e n a m e s o f Co l o n e l s F r a n c i s M a r io n .

a n d D a vi d Hopki n s a l s o a pp e a r in o r d e r s I n G e o r gi a th e r s t 2 d an d 3 d .
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r e gi m e n ts r e m a i n e d in s e r vi c e to th e c l o s e o f th e w a r ; th e 4 th p r ob a b l y

n o t l a t e r th an 1 7 7 9 .

RE T URN S OF T H E CO N T I N E N T AL L I N E RE GI M E N T S I N 1 7 7 5 O F F I C ER S ,

A ND RA N K A N D F I L E PRE SE N T A ND F IT F O R D UT Y O R O N ,

C O M MA N D .

T h e fo l l o w i n g r e urn s ar e t fr o m th e vo l u m e s of th e Fi ft h S e r i e s of Am er i

J u l y 1 7 7 6 Mo n t hl y r e tu r n o f fo r c e s in So u t h C ar o l i n a vo l i p 6 3 2
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. .
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O c tob e r sth R e t u r n o f fo r c e s u n d e r W a s h i n gto n at H ar l e m H e igh ts

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vo l ii . p 90 7
.
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Nov e m b e r 9 th R e t u r n o f th e fo r c e s in No r t h e r n D e p a r t m e n t u n d e r
.

G at e s vo l iii pp 7 0 1 7 0 2
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n am e s o f th e fi e l d o ffic e r s an d o ffic e r s c o m m an d i n g c o m p an i e s w ith th e ,

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b an e M aj o r Ash e ; C a pt a i n s T atu m Dixo n B o w m an R e a d M c R e e s

, , , , , , ,

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L i e u t e n an t s D o v e N e e l y ; c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e r s 1 1 ; st aff 5 ; n o n c o m
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.

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st a ff 4 ; n o n c o m m issio n e d an d p r iv a t e s 1 5 7
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F i r st R e gi m e n t —C o l o n e l Jo s e p h Ci ll e y C a pt a i n s T a s w e l l S c ott F ry
.

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, , , , ,

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, , , , ,

s io n e d o ffic e r s 2 7 st aff 3 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 6 8 -

—
, , , .

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.
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c o m m issio n e d an d p r i v a t e s 4 4 ,
.

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F i r st R e gi m e n t —Co l o n e l H e m an S w i ft ; C a pt a i n s Woo db r i dg e Wat

.
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.
, , ,

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.
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.
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.
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, , , , ,

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-
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m issio n e d o ffi c e r s 2 6 ; st a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s
, 34 8 ,
-
, .

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Fi r st R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l G o s e n V an Sc h a ic k C a pt a i n s Fi n c h H i c ks
.
, , , ,

S h e r w oo d H o gkis h Copp M c C r a c ky G r ah a m W e n d al l ; c o m m i s s io n e d
, , , , ,

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—
, , , .

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.
, , ,

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, , , , , ,

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-

v at e s 4 1 3
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.
,

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.
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e tt G r a y
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,
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, , , , , ,

Co l o n e l G r e e n ) c o m m issio n e d o ffi c e r s 2 7 s t aff 4 ; n o n c o m m i s sio n e d , ,

-

a n d p r iv a t e s 4 6 9 , .

PEN N S Y L V ANI A .

—
Fi r st R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l J am e s C h a m b e r s C a pt a i n s G r i e r B u c h an an
.
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a tt e r s o n ; c o m m i s s io n e d o ffi c e r s
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c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p riv a t e s 4 3 7
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.
,

T h i r d R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l T h o m a s C r a ig C apt a i n s C r a ig Moo r e S
.
, , , , .

Moo r e B u t l e r R e e s C h r i s ti e Ho ll i n g E pp l e c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e r s 1
, , , , , ,
2

s t a ff 4,
n o n c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 2 0 4
-
, .

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, ,

n e ll y M e an s B u r d Wi ll i am s M c G o w a n Fi s h bu r n S c u ll G r a y ; c o m m is
, , , , , , ,

s t a ff 3 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 2 1 7
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Fi fth R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l F r a n c i s Jo h n s to n C a pt a i n s O l d h a m C h r i s ty
.
, , , ,

S m ith M c H e n r y G r e gg S e e l y P ott s Bo n d B ar t h o l o m e w ; c o m m i s s io n e d
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o ffic e r s 2 4 ; st a ff 2 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 3 00
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Sixth R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo s i a h H ar m a r ; C ap t a i n s M o u s e r C r u i s e
.
, , , ,

Mc C o w an W a ug h H u m p h Bo w e r
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.
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s o n A l e x an d e r J A l e x a n d e r P a r k e r Mo n tgo m e r y
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D avi s H e n d e r s o n G r an t M c C l e l l an d Li e u t e n a n t Bi c k h a m c o m m i s s io n e d
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c o m m i s s io n e d o ffi c e r s 2 2 st aff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 5 3
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.
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.
, , ,

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A n d e r s o n P a tt e r s o n G r iffo r d ( v a c an t ) Cox Mott ; c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e r s

, , , , ,

23 s t a ff 4 ; n o n c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 4 7 3
-

—
.
, ,

F o u r t h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l E ph r a i m M ar ti n ; C a pt a i n s A n d e r so n
.
, , ,

Mit c h e ll Lyo n Fo r m an ; Li e ut e n an t s Jo h n s t o n L l oyd B a r to n ; c o m m is

, , , , ,

s io n e d o ffi c e rs 1 9 ; st a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 2 1
, ,
-
, .

MA R Y L A N D .

—
F i rs t R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Joh n H Sto n e C apt a i n s G a ith e r R o x
.
, .
, ,

bo r ough E w i n g Wi n de r ; Li e u t e n an t s S m it h B r uc e F a rn a dis P e al
, , , , , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e r s 1 9 s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 7 4 -

—
, , ,
.

S e c o n d R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l T h o m as P r i c e C a pt ai n s A n d e r s o n Lo n g
.
, , , ,

D avi d so n E c c l e sto n Wi ll i a m s D e n t Do r s e y ; Li e u t e n an t H a r d m an
, , , , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d o fl ic e r s 1 6 s t a ff 4 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s
‘
5 2 6
—
-
, , ,
.

Thi r d R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Mo r d e c a i Gi s t C a pt a i n s S m it h Gist B r i c e , , , , ,

G r i ffit h s M ar bu r y B r ook s Li e ut e n an t s A r m s t r o n g D e a v e r C l a g e tt S m it h
, , , , , ,

c o m m i s sio n e d o fli c e r s 3 1 st a ff 6 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 4 6 1 -

—
, , , .

Fou r th R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo s i a h C H all C a pt a i n s O l dh am S e l m an
.
,
.
, , ,

L an s d al e Goo d m a n Bu r g e s s S m ith No r w oo d Li e ut e n an ts R e i ll y S m ith

, , , , , ,

c o m m is s io n e d o fli c e r s 3 st a ff 5 n o n c o m m i ss io n e d an d p r i v at e s 5 1 7
,
2 ,
-
, .

—
F i ft h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Wi ll i a m Ri c h ar d s o n C a pt a i n s H aw ki n s
.
, , ,

H ar d e y Ly n c h Jo h n s to n ; Li e ut e n an t s H am i l to n E m o r y H an d E n sig n
, , , , , ,

Jo n e s c o m m i ss io n e d o ffic e r s 1 9 st aff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r i v a t e s , ,
-
,

45 7
—
Sixth R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l O t ho Wi l l i a m s C apt a i n s H a r r is H yr e s
.
, , , ,

D ob s o n D B e al L aw r e n c e F r e e m an Myl e G h is l in c o m m is s io n e d o ffic e r s
,
.
, , , , ,

2 0 ; s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s
, 39 1
-
, .

S e v e n t h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo h n Gu n by ; C apt a i n s Jo n e s Stu l l .
, , , ,

Spyk e r G r ost Mo r r i s B a y l e y A d e r so n L i e u t e n an t B e a tty c o m m is s io n e d

, , , ,
n
,

o ffic e r s 2 3 s t a ff 4 n o c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 6 9
, ,
n-
,
.

—
G e r m an B att al io n Li e u t e n an t Co l o n e l Lu dw ig We l tn e r ; C a pt a i n s .
-
, ,

Hub l e y B un n e r Boy e r B al tz e ll L i e u t e n an ts C r a m e r Ri c e S h ug a r t Boy e r

, , , , , , , ,

M e y e r c o m m issio n e d o ffic e r s 2 0 st aff 4 n o n c o m m issio n e d an d p r i v a t e s , ,

-
,

s 8s

V I R G INI A .

F i st R e gi
r —
t Co l o n e l Ri c h ar d P ark e r ; C a pt a i n s Mi n n e s Co n yn g
m en .
, , ,

h a m L aw s o n L e w is
,
c o m m issio n e d o ffic e r s 2 2
,
s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m is s io n e d , ,
-

an d p r i v a t e s 2 4 3
—
.
,

S e c o n d R e gi m e n t C o l o n e l Ch r isti an F e big e r C apt a i n s H arr iso n Mc

.
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.
, , , ,

Offi c e r s 2 3 ,
s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s s i o n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 2 5 3
,
-
,
.

—
T h i r d an d S e v e n t h R e gi m e n t s Li e u t e n an t Co l o n e l Wi ll i a m H e a t h ; .
-
,

C a pt a i n s Y o un g Hi l l B l a c k w e l l P e yto n L ip s c o m b P o w e l l B r i s c o e ;
, , , , , , ,

C a pt a i n Li e ut e n an t B a y l o r ; Li e u t e n an t S ay r e s c o m m i s sio n e d o ffic e r s
-
, , ,

27 st a ff 9 ; n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 5 5 6
-
,
.

—
,

F o u r th an d T w e l ft h R e gi m e n t s Co l o n e l J a m e s Woo d ; L i e ut e n an t .
,

Co l o n e l N e vi l ; M aj o r C l a r k ; C apt a i n s L ap s l e y Sti l l W all Ki r kp a t r i c k

, , , , , , ,

W a ggo n e r C r ogh an Bo w y e r ; c o m m i s s io n e d o fli c e r s 3 0 ; s t aff 1 3 ; n o n

, ,
‘
, ,

c o m m i s s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 7 5 2
—
.
,

F i f t h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo s e p h P ar k s ; C a pt a i n s F o w l e r A n d e r s o n
.
, , , ,

C o l s to n F a u n t l e r oy c o m m is s io n e d o ffic e r s 2 3 s t a ff 4 ; n o n c o m m i s s io n e d
, , ,
-

an d p r iv a t e s 1 82
—
.
,

Sixth R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Joh n Gibso n ; c o m m i s s io n e d o fli c e r s 1 7 ;

.
, ,

st aff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r i v a t e s 85
-

Ni n t h R e gi m e n t —
.
, ,

Li e u t e n an t Co l o n e l Bu r g e ss B al l ; c o m m i s s io n e d
.
-
,

o ffic e r s 1 0 ; s t a ff 1 n o n c o m m issio n e d an d p r iv a t e s 5 3
, ,
-
,
.

—
T e n th R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo h n G r e e n e ; C a pt a i n s Sh e l to n W e s t
.
, , , ,

St e p h e n s Mou n tj oy Spot s w oo d B la c k w e ll Gi l l i s o n Li e ut e n an t L a m n e ;
, , , , ,

c o m m issio n e d o fli c e r s 2 3 st aff 4 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 3 80

‘ -

—
, , ,
.

E l e v e n t h an d Fi ft e e n t h R e gi m e n t s Co l o n e l D a vi d M e s o n ; C a pt a i n s , ,

Po r te r fie l d G r e go r y R e e G r a y
,
Co l o n e l C r opp e r ; M aj o r W a ll ac e
, , , ,

C a pt a i n s Wi l l Joh n s to n ; c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e r s 2 6 ; st a ff 1 0 ;
, , , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 5 84 ,
.

m n —
Fo u r t e e n t h R e gi e t Co l o n e l Wi ll i am D avi s ; C apt a i n s Co n w a y .
, , ,

R e i d Rob e r t Wi n s to n Ov e r to n M a r k s Jo n e s T h w e at ; c o m m i s s io n e d
, , , , , ,

o ffic e r s 2 6 st aff 4 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r i v a t e s 3 90 -

—
, , , .

Fi r s t St at e R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l G e o r g e Gib s o n C apt a i n s B r o w n H am i l .
, , ,

to n E w e ll T E w e ll Shi e l d s V a l e n ti n e A r m i s t e a d C r u m p H o ffie r Ni c h o l as ;
, ,
.
, , , , , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d o fli c e r s 2 9 st a ff 4 ; n o n c o m m is s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 2 9 ,
-

S e c o n d St a t e R e gi m e n t —Co l o n e l G r e go r y S m ith ; C a pt a i n s Spi ll e r

, ,
.

, , ,

D u dl e y T a l ife r o Q u a r l e s B u s s e G a r n e t B ar n a r d L e w is ; c o m m i s sio n e d
, , , , , ,

o ffic e r s 2 6 st a ff 4 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 4 1 8
, ,
-
,
.

—
At L ar ge Co l o n e l Joh n P ar k e C apt a i n s Bi c k e r P r o w e l K e e n D e n n i s , , , , , ,

G r ubb R e dm an ; c o m m i s s io n e d o fli c e r s 1 6 ; st a ff 2 ; n o n c o m m i s s io n e d
, , ,
-

a n d p r i v a t e s 89 ( C pt i M s c o m p an y n o t m u s t e r e d )
’
a a n c L e a n

—
, . .

At L a g e Co l o n e l Wi l l i a m G rayso n ; C apt a i n s Mit c h e ll S m it h

r
, , , ,

T r ip l e tt Jo n e s Moo r e M c G u ir e S m all w ood Wi ll is ( l at e ) G r a n t c o m m i s

, , , , , ,

s io n e d o ffic e r s 1 7 st aff 3 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r i va t e s 1 89
, ,
-
, .

M A SS AC H U S E T T S .

—
F i r s t R e gi m e n t C o l o n e l T ho m as M ars h all ; C apt a i n s Wo l c u t Sop e r
.
, , , ,

W a rn e r M ar s h al l S m it h Tho m as Ki n g W al e s c o m m issio n e d o ffic e r s 2 5

, , , , , ,

st aff 5 n o n c o m m issio n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 2 7 7
,
-
, .
 S e c o n d R e gi m e n t —Co l o n e l G Br a d f o r d C apt a i ns Wa d s w o r th, Coop e r
.
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, ,

W a rn e r M ar s h a ll S m ith T h o m a s Ki n g W al e s c o m m issio n e d o ffic e r s 2 2

, , , , , ,

st aff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 1 1
,
-
, .

—
T h i r d R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l B e n j a m i n Tupp e r C apt ai n s T h o rn e Ma y
.
, , ,

b u r y F ar n u m W h it e W h e e l w r ig h t P a g e P o r t e r G r e e n l e a f c o m m i s sio n e d
, , , , , ,

o ffic e r s 3 0 s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 3 4 2
, ,
-
,
.

F o u r t h R e gi m e n t — Co lo n e l S am u e l B r e w e r ; C a pt a i n s W a tki n s B ur
.
, ,
,

b an k J e n ki n s M e r r e l Sto n e s C h a dw i c k Do n n e l B r e w e r ; c o m m i s sio n e d
, , , , , ,

o ffi c e r s 2 9 ; st a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d an d p r iv at e s 3 1 3 -

—
, , , .

Fi ft h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l J am e s W e s s o n ; C apt a i n s P e tt e n gi ll C h i l d
.
, , , ,

B ar t l e t B la n c h ar d Cog s w e ll W a r d Dix c o m m i s sio n e d o ffic e r s 2 2 st aff

, , , , , ,

5 n o n c o m m-
i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 33 6
—
.
,

Sixth R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Jo h n B a i l e y C a pt a i n s D ar by M a x w e l l
.
, , , ,

D r e w A l d e n D un h am Bu r r A l l e n W arr e n ; c o m m is s io n e d o ffic e r s 2 4 ;
, , , , , ,

st aff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 3 84
-

—
.
, ,

S e v e n t h R e gi m e n t Co l o n e l Mi c h ae l J ac kso n C apt a i n s K e it h
.
, , ,

B ur n a m B r o w n V arn u m Wi l e y C l e v e l an d E b C l e v e l a n d B an c r o ft ;
, , , , ,
.
,

c o m m is s io n e d o ffi c e r s 2 5 s t a ff 4 ; n o n c o m m is s io n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 3 1 5 -

—
.
, , ,

H is E x c e l l e n c y s Bo d y G u ar d C apt a i n Gibbs c o m m i ss io n e d o ffi c e rs

’
-
.
, ,

4 s t a ff 1 n o n c o m m i s sio n e d a n d p r iv a t e s 1 4 8
,
-
, .

L I G H T D R AG OON S .

C o l o n e l St e p h e n Moy l an , ; C apt a i n s Moo r e P l u n k e t Hopki n s H e ar d

, , , , ,

P ik e G ra y ; c o m m i s s io n e d
,
o ffi c e r s 1 5 ; st a ff 5 ; n o n c o m m is s io n e d an d
, ,
-

p r iv a t e s 1 87 ,
.

Co l o n e l T h e o B l a n d ; C apt a i n s Jo n e s B e l fie l d C al l H ar r iso n Dan

,
.
, , , , ,

d r id ge ; c o m m i s sio n e d o ffi c e r s 1 5 s t a ff 5 ; n o n c o m m issio n e d an d , ,
-

p r iv a t e s 1 6 5 ,
.

Co l o n e l G e o r g e B l ayl o r ; C a pt a i n s L e w i s Jo n e s S m it h C a d Jo n e s ;
, , , , , .

c o m m i s s io n e d o ffi c e r s 1 5 st aff 6 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r i v at e s 1 2 9
,
-
, , .

A RT I L LE RY .

Co l o n e l C h H a r r iso n ; C a pt a i n s B r o w n
, . D an d r i d g e , , ,

Si n gl e to n C a r t e r P e n dl e to n H e n r y B ayl o p E d de n s ; C o m m i s s io n e d
, , , , ,

o ffi c e r s 4 2 s t a ff 5 n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv at e s 4 3 2
, ,
-

,
.

Co l o n e l Jo h n C r an e ; C a pt a i n s Bu r b e c k E u s ti c e Wi l l s T r o th e n gh a
, , , , , ,

S e r g e a n t T r e a dw e l l S e w a r d ; c o m m i s sio n e d o ffi c e r s 3 6 ; s t aff 2 ; n o n
, , , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s ,

Co l o n e l Jo h n L am b ; C apt a in s L e e J n o a Gibb C l ar k R an d all

, , , .
, ,

P o r t e r Do u g h ty B au m an M an s fi e l d ; c o m m i s s io n e d o ffic e rs 3 4 ; s t aff
, , , , ,

n o n c o m m i s s io n e d an d p r iv a t e s 2 0
3
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o f c e rs an d m en ,

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en s , .

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or aro na

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Gr an d t o ta l

We c an g ai n c o n si d e r ab l e k n o w l e d g e o f th e A m e r i c an A r m y in 1 7 7 8 an d
1 7 7 9 fr om th e r e po r t s o f B a r o n St e ub e n its I n s p e c to r G e n e r a l s o m e o f,
-
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w h i c h p r i n t e d in K a pp s L if e of Ste uben c an b e p r ofit a b l y r e p e a t e d at t h is

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ti m e
T h e e ff e c tiv e st r e n gth o f th e ar m y w a s d ivi d e d i n to d ivi s io n s c o m ,

m a n d e d by m aj o r g e n e r a l s ;
-
i n to b r ig a d e s c o m m a n d e d by b r ig a d i e r ge n ,
-

e r a l s ; a n d i n to r e gi m e n t s c o m m a n d e d by c o l o n e l s T h e n um b e r o f m e n
in a r e gi m e n t w a s fix e d by Co n g r e s s a s w e l l a s in a c o m p a n y — s o m an y
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i n fan t r y c av al r y a n d a r ti ll e r y B u t th e e t e r n al e bb an d fl o w o f m e n e n
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g a g e d fo r t h r e e s ix an d n i n e m o n t h s w h o w e n t an d c am e e v e r y d ay r e n
, , , ,

d e r e d it i m po s s ib l e to h a v e e ith e r a r e gi m e n t o r a c o m p a n y c o m p l e t e an d

th e w o r d s c o m p a n y r e gi m e n t b r ig a d e a n d d ivi s io n w e r e s o v a gu e t h a t t h e y
, , ,

d id n o t c o n v e y a n y i d e a u po n w h i c h to f o r m a c al c u l a tio n e it h e r o f a pa r ,

tic u l a r c o r p s o r o f th e a r m y in g e n e r a l Th e y w e r e s o u n e q u a l in t h e i r
.

n u m b e r t h a t it w ou l d h a v e b e e n i m po s s ib l e to e x e c ut e an y m an oe u v e r s
, .

So m e t i m e s a r e gi m e n t w as s t r o n g e r t h a n a b r ig a d e I h av e s e e n a r e gi m e n t .

c o n s i s ti n g o f tk ir ty m e n a n d a c o m p an y o f o n e corpor a l
,
N o t h i n g w as s o .

d i ffic u l t an d o ft e n s o i m po s s ib l e a s to ge t a c o r r e c t l i s t o f th e St a t e o r a r e
, ,

t u rn o f an y c o m p an y r e gi m e n t o r c o r p s
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.

m e t h a t p r e vio u s to th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f m y d e p a r t m e n t t h e r e n e v e r w a s a
, ,

c a m p a ig n in w hi c h th e m i l it a r y m a g a zi n e s d id n o t f u r n i s h f r o m five t h ou

s an d to e ig h t t h ou s an d m u s k e t s to r e p l a c e tho s e w hi c h w e r e l o s t in th e w a
y
I h a v e d e s c r ib e d a bov e T h e l o s s o f b a yo n e t s w a s s ti l l g r e a t e r
. T he .

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, , ,

u s e d it b u t to r o a s t h is b e e fs t e a k a n d i n d e e d o ft e n l e ft it a t h o m e
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.

n o t a s to n i s h i n g w h e n it is c o n s i d e r e d th a t a m a j o r ity o f th e St a t e s e n g a g e d

t h e i r sol d i e rs fo r fr o m six to n i n e m o n t h s E ac h m an w h o w e n t aw ay took .

 2 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

h is m usk e t ith h im and h is s u c c e s s o r r e c e iv e d an ot h e r fr o m th e p u b l i c

w ,

s to r e . No c a pt a i n k e pt a book A c c o u n t s w e r e n e v e r fu r n i s h e d n o r e
. r

q u i r e d A s o u r a r m y i s t h an k G o d l itt l e s u bj e c t to d e s e r tio n I v e n t u r e to
.
, , ,

s a y t h a t d u r i n g an e n ti r e c a m p a ig n t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n t w e n ty m u s k e t s l o s t

s i n c e m y s y s t e m c a m e i n to f o r c e I t w a s th e s a m e w it h th e po u c h e s a n d ot h e r
.

a c c o u t r e m e n t s a n d I d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t I e x a gg e r a t e w h e n I s t a t e t h a t m y
,

a r r a n g e m e n t s h a v e s a v e d th e U n it e d St a t e s a t l e a s t e ig h t h u n d r e d t h ou s a n d

F r e n c h l iv r e s a y e a r .

T h e ar m s a t V a l l e y F o r g e w e r e in a h o r r ib l e c o n d itio n c ov e r e d w ith ,

r u s t h a l f o f t h e m w it h o u t b a yo n e t s m an y f r o m
,
w h i c h a s i n gl e s h o t c o u l d ,

n o t b e fi r e d T h e po u c h e s w e r e q u it e a s b a d a s th e a r m s
. A g r e a t m an y .

o f th e m e n h a d tin box e s i n s t e a d o f po u c h e s ot h e rs h a d c o w ho r n s ; an d
-
,

m u s k e t s c a r bi n e s
,
f o w l i n g pi e c e s a n d r ifl e s w e r e t o b e s e e n in th e s a m e
,
-
,

c o m p an y .

T h e d e s c r iptio n o f th e d r e s s 1 3 m ost e as i l y giv e n T h e m e n w e r e l it e r .

all y n a k e d so m e o f t h e m I n th e f u ll e s t e xt e n t o f th e w o r d
,
T h e o ffic e r s w h o .

h a d c o a t s h a d t h e m o f e v e r y c o l o r an d m a k e
,
I s a w o ffic e r s a t a g r an d .
,

p ar a d e a t V al l e y F o r g e m ou n ti n g gu a r d in a s o r t o f d r e s si n g go w n m a d e
, ,

o f a n o l d b l an k e t o r w oo ll e n b e d c ov e r With r e g ar d to th e i r m i l it ar y d is .

c ipl in e I m a y s a fe l y s a y n o s u c h thi n g e xi s t e d
,
I n th e fi r s t p l a c e t h e r e w a s .

n o r e g u l ar f o r m a t io n A s o c a ll e d r e gi m e n t w as fo r m e d o f t h r e e p l a too n s
.
,

an o t h e r o f fi v e e ig h t n i n e a n d th e C an a d i an r e gi m e n t o f t w e n ty o n e
, , ,
T he -
.

f o r m a t i o n o f th e r e gi m e n t s w a s a s v a r i e d a s t h e i r m o d e o f d r i l l w hi c h o n l y ,

c o n s i s t e d o f th e m an u a l e x e r c i s e E a c h c o l o n e l h a d a s yst e m o f h is o w n
.
,

th e o n e a c c o r d i n g t o th e E n g l i s h th e ot h e r a c c o r d i n g to th e P r u s s i an o r ,

F r e n c h s t y l e T h e r e w as o n l y o n e t h i n g in w h i c h t h e y w e r e u n i fo r m an d
.
,

t h a t w a s th e w ay o f m a r c h i n g in th e m an oe u v e r s an d o n th e l i n e o f m ar c h .

Th e y a ll a d opt e d th e m o d e o f m ar c h i n g in fi l e s us e d by th e I n d i an s .

I h av e b
b l e to fin d an y c o r r e c t s t a t e m e n t o f th e s t r e n gt h o f th e
n ot
e
en a

s o u t h e r n ar m y ; b u t w i t h o u t d oi n g i n j u s ti c e to th e So u t h w e m ay r e as o n
°
,

a b l y s u ppo s e t h a t m a tt e r s s too d m u c h w o r s e t h e r e th a n I n th e No r t h b e c a u s e
,

th e Sout h w as m o r e d ivi d e d in it s e l f an d l e s s e n t h u si as ti c fo r th e c a u s e o f ,

I n de p e n de n c e O n th e ot h e r h a n d w e fin d in th e St e ub e n P a p e r s th e
.
, , ,

s t r e n gt h o f th e p r i n c ip a l a r m y e x a c t l y s t a t e d .

G e n e r al W a s h i n gto n s a r m y a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e c am p a ig n o f 1 7 7 9
’

, ,

c o n s i s t e d o f s ix d ivi s io n s o f tw o b r ig a d e s e a c h n u m b e r i n g in a l l

m e n — fo r ty six r e gi m e n t s
, ,

-
T h e s e r e gi m e n t s h a d fr o m o n e h u n d r e d an d
.

fi ft y ( S e v e n t h Vi r gi n i a) to fo u r h u n d r e d a n d t h i r ty ( Sixt h Co n n e c ti c u t )
r a n k an d fi le St e u b e n s e l e c t e d fr o m e a c h r e gi m e n t in p r opo r tio n to its
.
,

s t r e n gt h a n u m b e r o f pi c k e d m e n to f o r m e ig h t l ig h t i n fa n t r y c o m p an i e s
, ,
-
,

an d t h e n w h e r e t h e y w e r e too w e a k u n it e d th e r e gi m e n t s i n to o n e b a tt a l io n
, , .

T h u s th e w ho l e a r m y c o n s i s t e d o f t h i r t y five b a tt al io n s
, m e n ) m aki n g -
,

tw o h u n d r e d a n d s e v e n t y e ig h t th e a v e ra g e s t r e n gt h o f e a c h b a tt a l io n a n d
-
,

th e e igh t c o m p an i e s o f l ig h t i n fan t r y b e fo r e m e n tio n e d in a d d itio n E ac h .

o f th e l a tt e r h a d o n e fi e l d o ffic e r fo u r c a pt a i n s e ig h t s u b a l t e r n s t w e l v e
, , ,

s e r g e a n t s an d 1 6 4 r an k a n d fi le T h e d ivi s io n s w e r e s e v e r a ll y k n o w n a s
.
,

th e Vi r gi n i a M a r y l an d P e n n s y l v an i a Co n n e c t i c ut M as s ac h u s e tts a n d
, , , , ,

No r t h C a r o l i n a .
 2d R e gIm e n t, 1 7 5 ; sth an d
5 . Tot al , 975 .

2d St a t e ,
2 30 ; Gist s ’

,
1 53 ;
Tot a l ,
1 03 0 .

MA R Y L A N D A N D D E L AW A R E .

F i r st B r iga d e ,
S m all w oo d 1 st 2 60 ;
.
5 th 2 20 , , ; 7 th , 230 ; 3 d, 270 .

Tot al 9 80
—
.
,

S e c o nd B r ig a d e G u e st [M Gi s t] 2d,
. .
,
2 80 ; 6 th , 2 30 ; 4 th , 3 20 ;
D e l aw a r e 2 2 0 Tot al 1 05 0
,
.
,
.

PENN S Y L V ANIA .

F i r s t B r ig a d e I r vi n e I st 2 1 0
, 7 th 1 7 ;
0 .
, ,
r o th , 2 4 0 2 d, 3 4 0 . Tot al ,

S e c o n d B r ig a d e J o h n so n ,
.
-
3 d, 2 60 ; 6 th , 1 80 ; 9 th , 1 80 ; th
5 , 240 .

Tot al 860 , .

C ONNE C T I C U T .

F i r st B r ig a d e ,
H u n ti n gto n .
4 th , 1 84 ; 8th , 232 ; 6 th , 4 3 0 ; 3 d , 3 6 7 .

Tot al 1 2 1 3
—
.
,

S e c o d B ig d e P o s I s t
n r a a r s n , ,
2 89 th
5 , 2 20 2 d, 2 0 6 7 th , 2
95 . Tot al ,

1 01 0 .

M A SS A C H U S E T T S .

F i rs t B r ig a d e Nixo n , . 2 d, 2 24 ; th
5 , 2 63 4 th , 3 1 3 . Tot al 80 0 , .

S e c o n d B r i ga d e L e a r n e d 1 s t 2 7 7 7 th
, .
, ,
21 2 8th , 248 Tot al
.
737, .

Pe tta s o n s [ P a t e r s o n s] B r ig ad e 9 th 1 9 2
’ ’
.
,
1 2 th , 1 84 ; r o th , 1 79 1 th
5 ,
2 60 . Tot al 81 5 ,
.

NO R T H C A R O L INA .

I st 3 2 8 ,
2d 2 8
9 Tot a
,
l 6 2 6 .
, .

R e tu rn o f th e n u m b e r o f m e n e n l i s t e d d u r i n g th e w a r an d fo r s ho r t e r ,

p e r io d s in th e a r m y u n d e r th e i m m e d i a t e c o m m an d o f H is E x c e ll e n c y
G e n e r al W a s h i n gto n D e c e m b e r 1 7 7 9 , ,

I s t M ar y l an d B r ig a d e
2d

I st P e n n s yl v an i a
2d

Ne w J e rs e y
Ne w Yo r k
I st Co n n e c ti c u t
2 d
H an d s ’

St ar k s ’
 I t w ou l d a pp e ar f r o m th e
fi gu re s giv e n in th e p r e c e d i n g p a g e s th at th e
N e w E n g l an d e l e m e n t in th e A m e r i c a n A r m y s ub s e q u e n t to th e w it h d r aw a l ,

o f th e B r iti s h fr o m N e w E n g l an d te r r ito r y w a s u n d e r f o r ty pe r c e n t o f th e
‘

, .

w h o l e n a ti v e f o r c e o r b u t l itt l e m o r e t h a n p r opo r tio n a t e to its r e l ativ e pop

,

u l a tio n I n l ik e m an n e r it app e ar s t h a t th e l e a d e r s o f th e ar m y w e r e n o
.
,

l e s s r e p r e s e n t a tiv e o f its t r u e c o n s tit u tio n th a n th e ra n k a n d fil e Of W a s h .

in gto n s t w e l v e g e n e r a l s a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e w a r N a t h a n a e l G r e e n e
’

, ,

Wi l l i am H e a t h S e th P o m e r oy I s r ae l P ut n a m J o s e p h Sp e n c e r Joh n S ull i
, , , ,

van Jo h n T h o m a s A r t e m a s W a rd an d D a vi d Woo s t e r w e r e N e w E n g
—
, , ,

l an d m e n C h ar l e s L e e o f Vi r gi n i a an d Ri c h a r d Mo n tgo m e r y an d P h i lip
,

S c h u y l e r o f Ne w Yo r k c o m p l e ti n g th e s t aff B u t th e m aj o r ity o f th e Ne w .

E n gl an d e r s d r opp e d o u t o f s igh t b e f o r e th e c o n fli c t w a s fa i r l y b e g u n ;
an d b e s i de s G r e e n e th e o n l y g e n e r a l o ffi c e r s fr o m t h a t s e c tio n w h o
,

ac h i e v e d r e n o w n d u r i n g th e p r o g r e s s o f th e w ar w e r e th e S c ot c h I r i s h m e n -
,

H e n r y Kn ox an d Joh n St a rk an d th e I r i s h m a n Jo h n S u ll iv an T h e Ne w
, ,
.

E n gl an d g e n e r al in c o m m an d o f th e fo r c e s o n Lo n g I s lan d s e e m s to h a v e
b e e n r e l e g a t e d m a i n l y to g ar r i s o n d uty a ft e r th e r e t r e a t fr o m t h a t p l ac e an d ,

B e n j am i n Li n c o l n s c am p a ign in th e So u t h r e s u l t e d m o s t d is as t r o u s l y
’
.

W h e n th e ar m y w as d i s c h a r g e d in 1 7 83 w e fin d t h a t a m o n g th e fi ft e e n
—
,

m ajo r g e n e r a s
-
l N e w E n g an d w as r e p r e s e n t e d by five
,
l G r e e n e H e a th , ,

P ut n am Li n c o l n an d K n ox O f th e r e m a i n d e r t h e r e w e r e o f S c otti s h
, ,
.
, ,

d e s c e n t b e s i d e s K n ox
,
Wi ll i a m A l e x a n d e r ( N A l e x an d e r M c Do u gall .

( N . A r t h u r St C l a i r ( Pa ) . o f E n g l i s h d e s c e n t in a d d itio n to th e f ou r
.
,

fi r s t n a m e d H o r a tio G a t e s Rob e r t Ho w e ( N Wi ll i am S m al l .

w oo d a n d Wi ll i a m Mou l t r i e (S o f F r e n c h bi r t h : L a fa y e tt e an d
.

Du P o r t a i l an d o f G e r m an : St e u b e n Of th e t w e n ty tw o b r ig a d i e r s a t t h a t -

—
.

—
ti m e s ix fr o m N e w E n g l an d t h e r e w e r e o f S c otti s h b l oo d Wi ll i am I r vi n e
L ac h l an M c I n to s h Jo h n P a t e r so n ( M a s s ) C h ar l e s S c ott ,

Jo h n St a r k ( N o f A n g l o S c ottis h :
. G e o r g e C l i n to n ( N
-
J am e .

C l i n to n ( N . E d w ar d H an d A n t h on y W a y n e o f Fre n c h

I s a ac H u g e r ( S o f G e r m an
. Joh an n D e K al b ( F r an c e ) P e t e r Muh ,

l e n b e r g ( V a ) ; o f W e l s h : D an i e l Mo r g an 0 H Wi l l i a m s . .

an d o f E n g l i s h : E l i a s D a yto n ( N Mo r d e c a i Gi s t . Jo h n G r e a to n
( M a s s ) Mos ,
e s H a z e n ( M a s s ) J e d e d i a h Hu n ti n
,
gto n Ru fu s Pu t
n a m ( M as s ) J e t h r o Su m n e r ( P
, ) ( S G e o r g e W e e don . O u t o f th e
t h i r ty s e ve n n am e s o n t h e s e tw o l i s t s o f 1 7 83 e l e v e n w e r e fr o m Ne w En g
-
,

l an d ; an d o f th e tot a l l ist a bout o n e h a l f w e r e o f E n g l i s h d e s c e n t w h i l e ,

tw o fi f t h s w e r e to a l ar g e d e g r e e C e l ti c in t h e i r d e s c e n t .

P r o c e e d i n g to an al yz e th e l i s t o f th e ot h e r g e n e r al s c r e a t e d d u r i n g th e
R e v ol utio n ar y p e r io d w e fu r th e r fin d a s o f p r ob a b l e S c otti s h b l oo d Joh n
,

Ar m s t r o n g F ran c i s B ar b e r ( N Wi l l i a m C a m pb e ll . G e o r ge
Rog e r s C l a r k Wi ll i am D a vi d s o n ( N Jo h n Dougl a s .

J am e s E w in g Rob e rt L a w s o n An dr e w L e w i s Wi l l i a m
M a x w e ll ( N Hugh M e rc e r
. J a m e s Moo r e ( N Jo h n Nixo n .
 T h e R e v o l u tio n 25

An dr e w P i c k e n s ( S J am e s P ott e r
. Jos e ph R e e d
G r i ffit h R u t h e r fo r d ( N Jo h n Mo r i n S c ott ( N
. A d am St e ph e n .

Tho m as S u m t e r ( P) Wi l l i a m T h o m pso n a tot a l o f t w e n ty

on e o f W e l s h b l oo d Jo h n C a dw all a d e r Wi ll i a m D a vi e s J am e s
V a rn u m ( M a s s ) ; o f F r e n c h : P H De B ar r e ( F r an c e ) P hi l ip De Co u d ra y
. .
,

( F r a n c e ) A,
R D .e F e r m
. oy ( F r an c e ) Joh n P D e H a a s ( P
,
a Ho l l an d
. .
,

F r e n c h ) F r a n c is M ar io n ( S
,
o f Dut c h : Ni c ho l a s
. H e r ki m e r ( N .

Ab r a h a m T e n B r o e c k ( N P h i l ip V an Co r tl an d t ( N
. Gos e n V a n .

Sc h a ic k ( N . o f G e r m an F r e d e r i c W d e Wo e d tk e ; o f I r ish : Tho m a s .

Co n w a y ( I r e l an d ) J a m e s Hog a n ( N,
St e ph e n Moy l an . o f P ol ish

C as i m i r P u l a s ki ( P o l an d ) ; a n d o f p r ob a b l e E n g l ish d e s c e n t : B e n e d i c t
A rn o l d Wi ll i a m B l o u n t ( N P hi l e m o n D i c ki n so n ( N
. .

S a m u e l E lb e r t Joh n F e l l o w s J o s e ph F r y e Jo h n
F r o s t ( M a i n e ) C h r i s top h e r G a d s d e n ( S
,
Jo h n G l ov e r . Joh n
La c e y E b e n e z e r L e arn e d T h o m a s M iffiin F r an c i s
N a sh Wi ll i a m No r th ( M a i n e ) S am u e l P a r s o n s ,
En oc h
P oo r ( N . J am e s R e e d ( N Go l d S Si ll i m an
. E d w ar d
.

St e v e n s J a m e s W a d s w o r th Jo s e ph W a r r e n Jo h n
Whit c o m b J a m e s Wi l ki n so n Wi l l i am Woo d fo r d
N a th an i e l Woo d h u ll ( N a tot a l o f t w e n ty fi
. v e ; m a ki n g w it h th e o t h e r
-

n a m e s m e n tio n e d in t h i s p ar a g r a p h a l ist o f s ixty t h r e e n a m e s in a ll l e s s -

th an h a l f o f w hi c h a r e E n gl i s h a n d about o n e fo u r t h fr o m N e w E n g l a n d
, .

T aki n g a ll th e l i s ts tog e th e r w e h a v e an a ggr e ga t e o f o n e h u n d r e d a n d

,

n i n e n am e s w hi c h i n c l u d e p r a c ti c a l l y al l o f W a s h i n gto n s g e n e r a l s a n d it
’

a pp e a r s th a t b u t thi r ty o n e o f th e m c a m e f r o m th e N e w E n g l a n d St a t e s a n d
-
,

- —
th a t l e s s t h an h al f w e r e o f E n gl i s h d e s c e t a bout s ixty b e i n g n o n E n g l i s h
n -
.

A n e x a m i n a tio n o f th e l i s t s o f c o l o n e l s c a pt a i n s l i e ut e n a n t s a n d m i n o r
, , ,

c o m m i s s io n e d o ffi c e r s w i l l Sho w a l ik e di s t r ib u tio n T h e n am e s o f 2 3 1 0 o f .

t h o s e w h o w e r e in th e Co n ti n e n t al s e r vi c e a r e p r i n t e d in th e A m e r ica n Sta te
P ape r s vo l iii Mi l it ar y A ff a i r s pp 5 2 9 to 5 5 9 u n d e r th e h e a d i n g
, . .
, ,
. Sc h e d
, ,

u l e o f th e n a m e s an d r an k o f m o s t o f th e o ffi c e r s o f th e Wa r o f I n d e pe n

d e n c e c hi e fly r e tu r n e d a s b e l o n gi n g to th e l i n e s o r c o r p s o f th e t h i r t e e n
,

o r igi n al U n it e d St at e s s oo n a ft e r s a i d ar m y w a s d i s b an d e d in 1 7 83 a r r an g e d
a l p h a b e ti c a ll y a n d n u m b e r e d d i s ti n c t l y a c c o r d i n g to th e St a t e s .

T his s c h e d u l e is p r e fa c e d by th e fo ll o w i n g c o m m u n i c a tio n to Co n g r e ss
f r o m th e S e c r e t a r y o f Wa r

NINE T EEN T H C ON G R E SS 2 S E C ON D S E SS ION I 3 4 2 S T A T E M EN T . OF T HE N A MES

A N D R AN K O F T H E O F F I C E RS O F T H E R E V O L U T IONA R Y W A R , SI C .

Com m u n ic a te d to tke H ous e o f R epr esen ta tives , 7 a n ua ry 1 0 , 1 82 7 .

D E PA R T M ENT OF WA R J an ua r y
,
I O, 1 82 7 .

I n c o m p l i an c e w it h th e r e s o l u tio n o f th e Hou s e o f R e p r e s e n t a ti v e s
o f th e 8th i n st an t , d i r e c ti n g th e S e c r e t ar y o f Wa r to r e po r t to t h e i r Hous e
26 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s-
of Am e r ic a

th e n a m e an d r a n k o f e ac h o ffi c e r o f th e Co n ti n e n t a l a r m y w h o s e r v e d to
th e e n d o f th e R e v o l u ti o n a r y Wa r a n d w h o w e r e by th e r e s o l u ti o n o f C o n ,

g r e s s e n tit l e d to h a l f pay d ur i n g l i fe a n d al s o a s n e ar l y a s p r ac ti c ab l e th e
-
,
”
,

n a m e s o f th e r e m a i n i n g o ffi c e r s an d t h e i r p l a c e s o f r e s i d e n c e I t r an s m it ,

h e r e w it h a l i s t o f th e n a m e s an d r an k o f th e o ffi c e r s o f th e R e vo l utio n a r y
War a s c o m p l e t e a s th e r e c o r d s o f th e D e p a r t m e n t w i ll fu r n i s h w it h th e
, ,

e x c e ptio n o f f o r e ig n o ffi c e r s T h e r e is n o e vI d e n c e In th e D e p ar t m e n t t o .

s h ow w h i c h o f t h e m w e r e by th e r e s o l u t io n o f Co n g r e s s e n ti t l e d to h a l f
a y d u r i n g l i fe n o r is it k n o w n w h i c h o f t h e m a r e s ti ll l ivi n g w it h t h e i r
”
p , ,

p l ac e s o f r e s i d e n c e e x c e pt t h o s e w h o a r e o n th e p e n sio n l i s t
,
.

V e r y r e sp e c t fu ll y e tc ,
.
,

A ME S B R B U R S r e t ar y o f Wa r
J A O e c ,
.

To th e Sp e ak e r o f th e Hou s e o f R e p r e s e n t a tiv e s .

T h e list ith t h is r e po r t s h o w s th e St a t e to w hi c h e ac h
o f n am e s sen t w
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( T H M u y i A pp d ix t S m u l Sw tt G g ph S tk
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n c on n e c on e e ar c rc s or o e co n r . s

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 T h e R e v o l u tio n 29

are th e r e c o r ds o f em i g ti ora n ,
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ro a

w e r e fa r m o r e n u m e r o us .

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no tt k pla e t y g t
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t h f u th f
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s o a c e n ur a er e re s e r an rc as o n e an e e en e .

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h and ful f th igi l t i l f th C h u h p ki g f ll th

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a r e us e o as s o c a e igh b u e r u c an co c res e r an n e o rs ,

wh t g a t di ff rea w u ld it h v m d ? e re n c e M t th th u d f P byt i
o a l e dy i a e us e o san s o res e r an s a r e a n

th e c ou n rt y d th ti l l m ,
um
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a on a it w s s t u ti l e a er o us a e r s, as no n a

m uch l t p i d t h t th g t i fl u x f C g g ti l i t i t u Ch h t k p l e
a er er o a e re a n o on re a on a s s n o o r ur c oo ac ,

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7
e t b l w fi t l l y p i t d ut by M J u ti Wi
a s o ese a es i
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a dd d l iv
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ere e ore f M h tt i J u y 1 886 S
e s or c a oc e o as s ac use s, n an ar , . ee

P di g
r oc e e f t h t S i ty S
n s o d S i s a l ii pp 2 04 —
oc e 2 07 ,
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8 de w ac g g d i th f l d t t I th fi t p l
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an s i g f tk
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W t v l i p 276
es ,
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, . .

D Th m r. Sm yth giv o f l t t m
as t f th e tivity f P byt i ld i
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th W e f I d p d
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a l l u de th i n m r d w P byt i
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c son ere o e e rs n e res e r an rc . a or a e orro ,
o as

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er d t Ki g M
n o r en t i B l k t k d t h b tt l
a e m e n s , an a n
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s oun a n ,
ac s oc ,
an o er a es,

an d wh h m ose w i th m y ti ll th
o e t i ti as n f h ti l itie ar w f b u t fi fty y e erm na on o os es, as or a o e ars

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ru n i th P e byt i Ch h I t m y l b m ti d i th i
er n e res e r an ti ur c . a a so e en on e n s c on n ec on

th t M ia H g ar on d th d i ti g i h d m
,
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H gu u t en o d t —T h m Sm yth P by t i i m t/ R v l u ti t/ D l
es c e n .
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o as e, r es er an s ,
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ti on d th C
,
an titu ti pp 3 2 q
e on s on , . se .

Ex 9
i ti f Ri h d P
am na b f P lion o t N v mb
c ar 1 775 enn e ore ar am en ,
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Q W h t f. h th P v i a f P or c e y l i as i v d ? A W h I l ft Pe yl
e ro nce o enns va n a r e c e e . en e nns

va i n ath y h d e m i a i b d i d b t t i p y d 4 5 00 m en n i
ar m s , i d m o e u no n a an en s n c e ra se .

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P viro Q W
nce . h t w th 4 5 00 ?. A T h ey wa Mi t m w h up
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e s ar m y at th e (N M h 1 5 1 7 81
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an d R kb i dg oc ti Vi gi i u d G
r e c o un l St v es , d L w r ; in a, ll 2 7 5 3n er e n e ra s e ens an a son n a , .

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ra oon s , h 40
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t t l 201
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r . e f th St t H i t o i l S i ty f Wi
en . a i w it t th e
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auth f th i p p
or o f ll w s A a di g t er l l f m i l y t d iti
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g df th f G g R g Cl k m t Vi gi i i 1 6 30 f m th u th w t p t f
ran a er o e or e o e rs ar ,
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on e d i M yl
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an d m i d th ar r e d h i dS t h w me re Ge g R g C l k h i m l f h d
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or e o e rs ar se a s an

h i a r th t d iti h it th t th w
an o er ra w on D Th i
as aWil l i m J h e om an as a an e . e r on e s on , a -
o n ,

di d e l y l vi g tw
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an on a an . on a an as a ac e o r , an e s

t t t h i b th
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se ttl M Cl u d d th i d gh t
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,
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wh m o i d J h Cl k
ar r e h oi n d th h b
ar th th f G g R g
e r c o us n an us s e e c am e e m o er o eor e o e rs

—
,

C l k
ar S .G g R go C l k h
eor d S t h e t y
o b
e rst h i d f thare h u a S mu l co c an c es r on o s es o o se .
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a e

Sw e tt G T / S t kl i l i A m
re e n , ize co c - r s z n er ca .
 C HAPTE R I I

TH E S C O T C H I R IS H AN D TH E -
C O NST IT UTI O N

ET us x am i n e th e c o m positio n o f th e Co n ti n e n t al Co n g r e ss o f
n ow e

1 7 7 6 th e fi
,
fty six m e m b e r s o f w h i c h w e r e th e s ig n e rs o f th e D e c l ar a
-

tio n So fa r as c an a t t h i s ti m e b e as c e r t a i n e d t h a t bo d y c o n s i s t e d o f
.
,

t h i r t y fou r o f E n g l i s h d e sc e n t a s f o ll o w s : Joh n A d a m s
-
,
S am u e l
A d am s Jo s i ah B ar t l e tt ( N C ar t e r B ra xto n
. S am u e l
Ch as e G e o r g e C ly m e r Wi ll i am E l l e r y ( R B e n j am in .

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B e n j am in H arr is on T h o m as H e y w a r d J r ( S Jo s e p h ,
. .

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. .

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. Ar thu r
. .

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Pac a Rob e r t T r e a t P a i n e Jo h n P e n n ( N C ae s ar R o d .

n ey B e n j am i n R u s h Rog e r S h e r m an Ri c h a r d Sto c k
to n ( N . Tho m a s Sto ne G e o r g e W a l to n Wi ll i a m W h ipp l e

( N . O l iv e r Wo l c ott G e o r g e Wyt h e ( V a ) e l e v e n o f S c otti s h : .

Wi l l i a m Hoop e r ( N P hi l ip L ivi n g s to n ( N
. Tho m a s M c K e an
.

T h o m a s N e l s on J r ,
G e o r g e Ro s s
. E dw a r d Rut l e d g e ( S .

J am e s S m it h G e o r ge T a y l o r M at t h e w T h o rn t o n ( N J am e s .

Wi l s o n Joh n Wit h e r s poo n ( N five o f W e l s h : Wi l l i a m F l oy d

.

( N . Butto n G w i n n e tt T h o m as J e ff e r s o n F r a n c is Le w is

(N . Will i a m Wi ll i a m s ( Co n n ) o n e o f S w e d i s h : Jo h n Mo r to n
.

tw o o f I r is h : C h ar l e s C ar r o ll T h o m a s Ly n c h J r ( S T h e fa t h e r,
. .

o f G e o r g e R e a d ( D e l ) w a s bo r n in I r e l a n d a n d h is m oth e r in W a l e s ;
.

Ab r ah am C l a rk o f E l iz ab e thto w n a n d Joh n H a r t o f Hu n t e r d o n Co u n ty
, , , ,

bot h fr o m s t r o n g S c otti s h s e tt l e m e n t s in N e w J e r s e y a r e d i ffi c u l t to p l a c e , .

O n th e w h o l e th e Co n ti n e n t a l Co n g r e s s o f 1 7 7 6 w as a f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a
,

ti v e bo d y b e i n g tw o t h i r ds E n g l i s h an d o n e thi r d n o n E n gl is h a l t h o u gh it
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-

m ay b e ob s e r v e d th a t th e D u t c h o f N e w Yo r k th e G e r m an s o f Pe n n s l , y
v a n i a an d th e H u gu e n ots o f th e Sout h a r e n o t r e p r e s e n t e d by m e m b e r s o f
,

th e i r o w n r a c e s T h e fi r s t tw o c l a s s e s ho w e v e r w e r e g e n e r a ll y an d to a c o n
.
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s id e r abl e d e g r e e e rr o n e ou s l y r e g a r d e d a s u n fa vo r a b l e to th e A m e r i c an c a u s e .
,

A s i m i l a r e x a m i n a tio n o f th e m e m b e r s hip o f th e Co n s tit u tio n a l c o n v e n

tio n w hi c h c o m p l e t e d its l a bo r s a t P hi l a d e l p h i a S e pt e m b e r 1 7 1 7 87 s h o w s
, , , ,

a l ik e m ix e d c o m positio n to t h a t o f th e Co n ti n e n t a l Co n g re s s .

O f th e fifty f o u r m e m b e r s r e p r e s e n ti n g th e c o l o n i e s in t h a t bo d y w e
-
,

fin d t h a t b e s i d e s W a sh i n gto n p r ob a b l y t w e n ty n i n e o f t h e m w e r e E n g l i s h
, ,
-
,

as fo l l o w s Ab r ah am B al dw i n Ri c h ar d B a s s e tt Gu n n i n g
B e d fo r d J r,
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31
3 2 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

C lym e r Wi ll i a m R D avi e ( N . Jo n at h an D ayto n ( N . Joh n .

Di c ki n s o n O l iv e r E l l s w o r t h Wi l l i a m F e w B e n j am i n
F r an k l i n E lb r i d g e G e r r y Ni c h o l a s Gi lm an ( N N a t h an i e l .

G o r h am J ar e d In ge rs ol l Wi ll i a m Jo h n s o n R u fu s
Ki n g Jo h n L an g d o n ( N G e or ge M aso n . Tho m a s
M ifll in ‘
Gouv e r n e u r Mo r r i s Rob e r t Mo r r i s Wi ll i a m P i e r c e
C h ar l e s P i n c k n e y ( S C h ar l e s C P i n c k n e y ( S
. R o ge r S h e r . .

m an C al e b St r o n g G e o r g e Wyth e t w e lve w e r e
S c otti s h : J o h n B l a i r A l e x an d e r H a m i l to n ( N W Ch ur c h ill . .

Ho u sto n ( N . Wi ll i a m Livi n gs to n ( N J a m e s M c Cl u r g . J am e s
Mc H e n ry Jo h n M e r c e r Wi l l i a m P a t e r s o n ( N Jo h n R u t .

l e dge ( S . Ri c h ar d Dobb s Spa igh t N J a m e s Wi l s o n H u gh .

Wi l l i a m s o n ( N th r e e w e r e I r i s h : P i e r c e B u t l e r ( S
. D a n i e l C ar .

r o ll Tho m a s Fitz s i m m o n s tw o F r e n c h : D a n i e l J e n i f e r
H e n r y L au r e n s ( S o n e G e r m an : J a c ob B r oo m
.

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.
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m ix e d — E n gl i s h W e l s h an d S c otti s h an d t h a t o f E d m un d R an d o l p h
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( V a ) E
. n g l i s h a n d S c ot t i s h ; J o h n L a n s i n g ( N Y ) an d Rob e r t Y a t e s . .

( N . Y ) w e
. r e Dut c h an d t h e d e
,
s c e n t o f L u t h e r M a r ti n ( M d ) is u n c e r t a in . .

Wh e n th e i n d e p e n d e n t St a t e gov e r n m e n t s w e r e fo r m e d a ft e r th e a do ptio n
o f th e D e c l a r a tio n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e a n d t h e i r gov e r n o r s c h o s e n ,
t h e n in , ,

th e w o r d s o f th e a b l e s t a n d m o s t r e c e n t hi s to r i a n o f th e P u r it a n s
‘ “
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S c ot c h I r i s h g av e to N e w Y o r k h e r fi r s t gov e r n o r G e o r g e C l i n to n
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.

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.

t h e y g a v e h e r w a r gov e r n o r T h o m as M c K e an o n e o f th e s ign e r s o f th e
, ,

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.

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, ,
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-

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,

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.
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c a u s e o f A m e r i c a n I n d e p e n d e n c e is k n o w n to e v e r y s tu d e n t but t h e i r u n ,

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s e c tio n fu r n i s h e d m o s t o f th e s o l d i e r s o f Vi r gi n i a .

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A l e x an d e r H a m i l to n o f Ne w Yo r k w as a S c ot c h , ,

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Roo s e v e l t w a s l ik e w i s e th e R e v o l u tio n ar y Gov e r n o r o f G e o r gi a in 1 7 7 6—7 7

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n a m e o f h is m o t h e r s fa th e r ( Ab n e r N e a l ) w h o w a s b o r n in I r e l a n d i n d i c a t e s
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o f We l s h o r igi n th e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d E n g l i s h
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a n d th e f ou r th S c ot c h , .

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S c ot s m an w ho m B an c r o ft p r o n o u n c e s to h av e b e e n th e m ost l e ar n e d c ivi l i a n
,

o f th e Co n s tit u tio n al Co n v e n tio n t h a n w h o m n o n e w e r e m o r e i n flu e n ti a l , ,

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o r s e v e n fr o m Wi ll i a m a n d M a r y ( i n c l u d i n g B l a i r a n d J e ff e rs o n th e l a tt e r
o f w h o m h a d th e r e a s h is c h i e f i n s t r u c to r D r Wi ll i a m S m a l l th e S c otti s h .
,

t e a c h e r fr o m w h o m h e i m bib e d s o m a n y o f h is o w n l ib e r al Of
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t h e r e fo r e it w o u l d s e e m t h a t , ,

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its d e l ib e r a tio n s .
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34 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
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th e E n gl is h e x e m p l a r s Mo n t e s qui e u w as th e o r ac l e o f W as h i n gto n ; an d
.

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tin e n ta l i n flu e n c e s H a m i l to n s al l u s io n to th e E n g l ish s y s t e m as a m o d e l
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h im . H is l e a r n i n g Wi l s o n h a d in ti m e s p as t tu r n e d to e x c e l l e n t u s e an d ,

in th e Co n v e n tio n h e b e c a m e o n e o f th e m o s t a c tiv e m e m b e r s No n e w ith .

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th e e x c e ptio n o f Gouv e r n e u r Mo r r i s w a s s o o ft e n o n h is fe e t d u r i n g th e d e
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n ic io u s N e w E n g l an d p r i n c ip l e o f St a t e s ov e r e ig n ty
— a p r i n c ip l e th a t n o t ,

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.

tio n o f r e p r e s e n t a tio n in a n d e l e c tio n to th e S e n a t e .

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j u d g m e n t b e e n fo ll o w e d in e v e r y q u e s tio n as it w a s in m o s t o f t h e m th e ,

l e as t s a ti s fac to r y fe a tu r e s o f o u r C o n s titutio n w ou l d h a v e b e e n k e pt o u t a n d ,

th e R e p u b l i c m ight h a v e b e e n sp ar e d th e l os s o f c ou n t l e s s l iv e s a n d t r e a s
ure . F r o m fi rs t to l a st h e w as th e c h i e f O ppo s e r o f th e p l an o f e q u al
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,

to p r o c u r e th e e l e c tio n o f s e n ato r s by a d i r e c t vot e o f th e p e op l e .

‘
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 35

F r o m ti m e to ti m e i h a v e b e e n m a d e by o v e r z e al ou s m e m b e r s o f
c la m s

th e P r e s byt e r i an Ch u r c h th a t th e F e d e r a l Co n s tit u tio n w a s m o d e l l e d upo n

—
t h e i r fo r m o f C u r c h gov e rn m e n t a s y s t e m w hi c h r e q u i r e s e a c h c o n g r e
h
a tio n to b e r e p r e s e n t e d in th e g e n e ra l as s e m b l i e s o f th a t C h u r c h by d e l e g a t e s
g
c h o s e n by its o w n c o n g r e g a tio n a l m e m b e r s E vi d e n t l y t h e s e c l a i m s a r e a s
“
.

fa r o u t o f th e w a y in o n e d i r e c t io n as a r e in a n o t h e r th e s i m i l a r c l a i m s to
th e e ffe c t t h a t o u r Co n s titutio n w a s c opi e d fr o m t h a t o f E n g l a n d
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tu tio n a l g o v e r n m e n t o f th e U n it e d St a t e s t h an w a s th e c h u r c h o f th e
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u n de r S c otti s h i de al s o f fr e e d o m an d d uty took a p r o m i n e n t p ar t in th e
Co n v e n tio n o f 1 7 87 a n d th a t th e r e s u l t o f t h e i r d e l ib e r a tio n s b e a r s a r e s e m
,

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.

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th e c e n t r a l iz a tio n o f po w e r in th e h a n d s o f o n e m an .

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c hi e fly fr o m s o m e o f th e P r e s byt e r i an s a n d in Vi r gi n i a a l s o a l a r g e n u m , ,

b e r o f t h e m s too d b e h i n d P a t r i c k H e n r y in h is oppo s itio n to th a t i n s t r u m e n t .

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.

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c o n sid e ra b l y m o r e t h an o n e h a l f th e n u m b e r p r e s e n t an d voti n g w e r e o f

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, , , , ,

Jo h n B ar d Wi l l i a m To dd J a m e s M a r s h a l l J a m e s E d g ar N a t h an i e l B r e a d
, , , ,

in g Joh n S m i l i e Ri c h a r d B a i r d Wi ll i a m B r o w n A d a m O r t h J o h n A n d r e
H n n a —T o t al 3
, , , , ,

a . 2 .
,

A v e r y fu l l a c c o u n t o f th e p r o c e e d i n g s o f th e P e n n s yl v an i a c o n v e n t io n
w as p r i n t e d in 1 888 by th e Hi s to r i c a l So c i e ty o f P e n n s y l v a n i a u n d e r th e ,

tit l e Pe n n syl va n ia a n d tlz e F ede r a l Cons titu tion e d it e d by Jo h n B ac h M c M a s

, ,

te r a n d F r e d e r i c k D Sto n e T h e f o l l o w i n g st a t e m e n t fr o m t h a t w o r k ( pp
. . .

21 ,
2 ) m a y e n a b l e u s to c o m p r e h e n d so m e o f th e m otiv e s w h i c h i n flu e n c e d
2

th e t w e n ty t h r e e m e m b e r s w h o c o m p r i s e d th e oppo s itio n
-

An e x am i n atio n of th i s li s t
i t t l e b an d o f m a l re v e al s th e fa c t t h at th e l
c o n t e n t s w as m a d e u p o f a ll th e d e l e g a t e s f r o m th e c o u n t i e s o f Cu m b e r

l an d B e r k s W e s t m o r e l an d B e d fo r d D a u p h i n F a y e tt e h a l f o f t h os e fr o m
, , , , , ,

W a s h i n gto n h al f fr o m F r a n k l i n a n d Jo h n W h it e h i ll o f L an c as t e r T h e
, , , .

r e a s o n is p l a i n T h e c o n s tit u tio n p r opo s e d fo r th e U n it e d St a t e s w a s in

.

m a n y w a y s th e d i r e c t oppo s it e o f th e c o n s tit u tio n o f P e n n s y l v an i a T he .

l e gi s l a t u r e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a c o n s i s t e d o f a s i n g l e h o u s e T h e l e gi s l a t u r e .

o f th e U n i t e d St a t e s w a s to c o n s i s t o f tw o ho u s e s T h e P r e s i de n t o f P e n n .

s y l v a n i a w a s c h o s e n by th e As s e m b l y T h e P r e s i d e n t o f th e U n it e d St a t e s .

w a s c h o s e n by s p e c i a l e l e c to r s T h e c o n s tit u tio n o f P e n n s y l v a n i a h a d a.

bi ll o f r ig h t s p r ovi d e d fo r a bo d y o f c e n s o r s to m e e t o n c e e a c h s e v e n y e ar s
,

to a pp r ov e o r d i s a pp r ov e th e a c ts o f th e l e gi s l a t u r e fo r a c o u n c i l to a d vi s e
th e P r e s i d e n t fo r a n n u a l e l e c tio n s fo r r ot a tio n in o ffi c e a l l o f w h i c h w e r e ,

q u it e u n k n o w n to th e p r opo se d c o n s tit u tio n fo r th e U n it e d St a t e s B ut th e .

P e n n s y l v an i a c o n s tit u tio n o f 1 7 7 6 w a s th e w o r k o f th e P a t r iot p ar ty o f this

p ar t y a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r w e r e P r e s byt e r i an s ; an d th e g r e at P r e s
b yte r ian c o u n ti e s w e r e C u m b e r l an d W e s t m o re l an d B e d fo r d D a u p h i n a n d , , , ,

F a y e tt e I n oppo s i n g th e n e w p l an t h e s e m e n s i m p l y oppo s e d a s y s t e m o f
.

gov e r n m e n t w h i c h if a d opt e d w o u l d fo rc e t h e m to u n d o a pi e c e o f w o r k
, ,

d o n e w it h g r e a t l a bo r an d b e h e l d w i th g r e a t p r i d e a n d s a ti s fa c ti o n
,
E v e ry .

m a n t h e r e f o r e w h o g a v e h is v o t e f o r th e r a t ifi c a tio n o f th e n a tio n a l c o n s ti
, ,

tu tio n p r o n o u n c e d h is St a t e c o n s tit u tio n to b e b a d in fo r m a n d t h i s its

, ,

s u ppo r t e r s w e r e n o t p r e p ar e d to d o By th e s e m e n th e r e fu s a l o f th e c o n .
,
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v e n tio n to ac c e pt th e a m e n d m e n t s t h e y o ff e r e d w a s n o t r e g ar d e d as e n d i n g

th e m a tt e r T h e y w e n t b a c k to th e c o un ti e s t h a t s e n t t h e m m o r e d e t e r m i n e d
.

t h a n e v e r but fa i l e d to g a i n to t h e i r s i de th e g r e a t bo d y o f P r e s byt e r i an s
,
.

A p e r u s a l o f th e j o u r n al o f th e F e d e ra l Co n v e n tio n an d o f th e v ar io u s pr i
v a t e ac c o u n t s o f th e d e b a t e s w i l l s uffic i e n t l y i n d i c a t e h o w fa r Ne w E n g
l an d in 1 7 87 w as b e h i n d th e m i d d l e c o l o n i e s a n d Vi r gi n i a in its c o n c e ptio n
o f w h a t c o n s titut e s a d e m o c r a c y .

Jo h n A d a m s c o n t e n d e d t h a t th e E n g l i s h Co n s titutio n w a s th e m o s t
s tup e n d o u s f a b r i c o f h u m an i n v e n tio n ( W o r ks v o l iv p a de c l a
”
,
. .
,
.

r a tio n w h i c h s e e m s to h a v e b e e n th e so u r c e o f a m u s e m e n t to m an y o f h is
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 37

c o n t e m po r a r i e s
.
I3
T h o m as J e ffe r s o n e xp l a i n e d M r A d a m s s a ttit u d e
.
’
on th e

s u bj e c t in t h i s w a y

A d a m s h a d o r igi n al l y b e e n a r e pub l i c a n T h e g l a m ou r o f r oy al ty a n d
.

n obi l ity d u r i n g h is m i s s i o n to E n g l an d h a d m a d e h im b e l i e v e t h e i r f a s c i n a
ti o n a n e c e s s a r y i n g r e d i e n t In gov e r n m e n t . H is book o n th e A m e r i
c a n Co n stit u tio n h a vi n g m a d e k n o w n h i s po l iti c a l bi a s h e w a s t a k e n u p by
,

th e m o n ar c h i c a l F e d e r a l i s t s I n h is a b s e n c e a n d o n h is r e t u r n to th e U n it e d
,

St at e s h e w a s m a d e by t h e m to b e l i e v e t h a t th e g e n e r al d i s positio n o f o u r
c itiz e n s w a s fa vo r a b l e to m o n a r c h y
“
.

E v e n s o u s u all y c a r e fu l a r e a d e r a s Jo h n Fi s k e f a i l s to r e c og n iz e fu ll y
th e v a r io u s i n fl u e n c e s w h i c h w e r e a t w o r k in th e fr a m i n g o f th e C o n s tit u tio n .

I n s e e ki n g to p r e s e n t w h a t m a y a pp e a r to s o m e to b e r a t h e r too fl a t t e r i n g a
po r t r a y al o f th e a ttitu d e a n d s h ar e o f th e N e w E n gl an d d e l e g a t e s in th e
d e l ib e ra tio n s o f th e c o n v e n tio n h e f o l l o w s Jo h n A d am s in a s c r ibi n g e v e r y
,

thi n g t o th e s u ppo s e d i n fl u e n c e o f th e B r iti s h Co n s tit u tio n Fi s k e s a y s

.

T h e m o s t c u r io u s a n d i n st r u c tiv e poi n t c o n c e r n i n g th e p e c u l i a r e x e c u
tiv e d e vi s e d fo r th e U n it e d St a t e s by th e F e d e r a l Co n v e n tio n is th e fa c t t h a t
th e d e l e g a t e s p r o c e e d e d u po n a t h o r o u g h l y f a l s e t h e o r y o f w h a t t h e y w e r e
d oi n g . T h e y w e r e t r yi n g to c opy th e B r iti s h Co n s tit u tio n , m o d i fyi n g
it to s uit t h e i r r e p u b l i c an i d e as ; b u t c u r iou s l y e n o u g h , w h a t t h e y c o pi e d In
c r e a ti n g th e o ffi c e o f P r e s i d e n t w a s n o t th e r e al E n g l i s h e x e c utiv e o r p r i m e
m i n i s t e r , b u t th e fi c titio u s E n g l is h e x e c u tiv e , th e sov e r e ig n . A n d t h i s w as
a s s o c i a t e d in t h e i r m in d s w it h a n ot h e r p r o f o u n d m i s c o n c e ptio n , w h i c h in

fl u e n c e d a l l t h i s p ar t o f t h e i r w o r k . T h e y t h o u g h t t h a t to k e e p th e l e gi s l a
tiv e a n d e x e c u tiv e o fli c e s d i s ti n c t an d s e p ar a t e w a s th e v e r y p a ll a d i u m o f
l ib e r ty a n d t h e y a ll took it fo r g r a n t e d , w it h o u t a m o m e n t s qu e s tio n , t h a t
’

th e B r itis h Co n s titutio n d id thi s t h i n g . E n gl an d , t h e y t h o u gh t , is gov e r n e d

by a Ki n g , Lo r d s , a n d Co m m o n s , an d th e s up r e m e p o w e r is n i c e l y d ivi d e d
b e t w e e n th e t h r e e , s o th a t n e it h e r o n e c a n ge t th e w h o l e o f it , an d t h a t is
th e s a f e g u a r d o f E n gl i s h l ib e r ty . So t h e y a r r an g e d P r e s i d e n t , S e n a t e a n d ,

R e p r e s e n t ativ e s to c o r r e s po n d , a n d s e du l o u s l y s o u gh t to d ivi d e s u p r e m e
po w e r b e t w e e n th e t h r e e , s o t h a t t h e y m igh t O p e r a t e a s c h e c k s u po n e a c h
ot h e r If e it h e r o n e s h o u l d e v e r s u c c e e d in a c q u i r i n g th e w h o l e s o v e r e ig n ty ,
.

t h e n t h e y t h o u gh t t h e r e w o ul d b e a n e n d o f A m e r i c an l ib e r ty .

B u t I n a l l t h i s c a r e fu l s e p a r a t i o n o f th e e x e c u t i v e po w e r f r o m th e
l e gi s l a tiv e t h e y w e n t w i d e o f th e m ar k , b e c a u s e th e y w e r e f o ll o w i n g a
t h e o r y w hi c h d id n o t t r u l y d e s c r ib e t h i n g s a s t h e y r e all y e xi s t e d A n d t h a t.

w a s b e c a u s e th e E n gl i s h Co n s titutio n w a s , an d s ti l l is , c ov e r e d u p w i t h a
t h i c k h u s k o f l e g a l fi c tio n s w h i c h l o n g a go c e a s e d to h a v e an y vit a l ity .

I n o u r ti m e it h a s c o m e to b e p e r fe c t l y obvio u s t h a t s o f a r f r o m th e E n g l i s h
Co n s tit u tio n s e p a r a ti n g th e e x e c u tiv e po w e r fr o m th e l e gi s l a t iv e , t h i s is pr e
c is e l y w h a t it d o e s n o t d o . I n G r e a t B r it a i n th e sup r e m e po w e r is al l l o d g e d
in a si n gl e bo d y : th e Ho u s e o f Co m m o n s “
.

Let us e x am i n e th e s e st a t e m e n t s in th e l ight o f M a d i s o n s an d H a m i l ’

—
to n s e lu c i d a tio n o f th e s am e s u bj e c t an d s e e if t h os e tw o d e l e g a t e s t h e m
’

s e l v e s o r igi n a l l y st r o n g a d m i r e r s o f th e E n g l i s h Co n s titutio n — w e r e r e a ll y
s o e n ti r e l y ig n o r an t o f its disti n c tio n s O n t h i s subj e c t M a d iso n s ay s
.
3 8 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

O n e o f th e p r i n c ip al o bj e c ti o n s i n c u l c a t e d by th e m o r e r e s p e c t a b l e a d
v e rs a r ie s o f th e Co n s tit u tio n , is its s u pp o s e d vio l a t io n o f th e po l iti c a l m a xi m

t h at th e l e gi s l a tiv e , e x e c utiv e , an d j u d i c i a r y d e p a r t m e n t s ough t to b e s e p a

r a t e an d d i s ti n c t I n th e s t r u c tu r e o f th e F e d e r a l Gov e r n m e n t , n o r e g ar d , i t
.

is s a i d , s e e m s to h a v e b e e n p a i d to t h i s e s s e n ti a l p r e c a u t io n i n favo r o f
l ib e r t y . T h e s e v e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s o f po w e r ar e d i s t r ib u t e d a n d b l e n d e d In
s u c h a m an n e r a s a t o n c e to d e s t r oy a ll s y m m e t r y a n d b e a u ty o f f o r m
; an d
to e xpo s e s o m e o f th e e s s e n ti a l p ar t s o f th e e d ifi c e to th e d an g e r o f b e i n g
c rus h e d by th e d i s p r opo r t io n a t e w e ight o f ot h e r p a r t s .

T h e o r a c l e w h o 1 5 a l w a y s c o n s u l t e d a n d c it e d o n t h i s s u bj e c t 1 5 th e c e l e
b r a te d Mo n t e s qui e u L e t u s e n d e a vo r I n th e fi r s t p l a c e to as c e r t a i n h is
.

m e a n i n g o n t h i s poi n t .

T h e B r iti s h Co n s tit u tio n w a s to Mo n t e s q u i e u w h a t Ho m e r h a s b e e n to

th e d i d a c ti c w r it e r s o n e pi c po e t r y .

O n th e s l ig h t e s t v i e w o f th e B r i t i s h Co n s tit u tio n w e m u s t p e r c e iv e th a t ,

th e l e gi s l a tiv e e x e c u t iv e a n d j u d i c i a r y d e p a r t m e n t s a r e by n o m e an s tot a l l y
, ,

s e p a r a t e an d d i s ti n c t f r o m e a c h oth e r .

F r o m th e s e fa c t s by w hi c h Mo n t e s q u i e u w a s gu i d e d it m ay c l e a r l y b e
, ,

i n fe r r e d t h a t in s ayi n g t h e r e c a n b e n o l ib e r ty w h e r e th e l e gi s l a tiv e a n d
,
“

e x e c u tiv e po w e r s a r e u n it e d in th e s a m e p e rs o n o r bo d y o f m a gi s t r a t e s , ,

if th e po w e r o f j u d gi n g b e n o t s e p a r a t e d fr o m th e l e gi s l a tiv e a n d e x
“

e c u tive po w e r s h e d id n o t m e an t h a t t h e s e d e p a r t m e n t s o u gh t to h a v e n o
’’

p ar ti a l a g e n c y in o r n o c o n t r o l ov e r th e a c t s o f e a c h ot h e r .

I f w e l ook i n to th e c o n s t i t u tio n s o f th e s e v e r a l St a t e s w e s h a ll fin d n o t
, ,

, ,

w it h s t a n d i n g th e e m p h a ti c a l a n d in so m e i n s t a n c e s th e u n qu al ifi e d t e r m s
, , ,

in w h i c h thi s a xio m h a s b e e n l a i d d o w n t h a t t h e r e Is n o t a s i n g l e i n s t an c e ,

in w h i c h th e s e v e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s o f po w e r h a v e b e e n k e pt a bso l ut e l y
s e p a r a t e an d d i s ti n c t J s M i o n F e der a lis t No xl vii )
( a m e a d
. s , ,
. .

I t w a s s h o w n in th e l a s t p a p e r t h a t th e po l iti c a l a pot h e g m th e r e e x
,

a m in e d d o e s n o t r e q u i r e t h a t th e l e gi s l a tiv e e x e c u t iv e a n d j u d i c i ar y d e , ,

a r tm e n ts s h o u l d b e w h o ll y u n c o n n e c t e d w it h e a c h ot h e r I s h a l l u n d e r t ak e
p .

in th e n e xt p l a c e to s h o w t h a t u n l e s s t h e s e d e p ar t m e n t s b e s o far c o n
,

n e c te d a n d b l e n d e d as to giv e to e a c h a c o n s t it u tio n a l c o n t r o l ov e r th e

ot h e rs th e d e g r e e o f s e p a r a tio n w hi c h th e m a xi m r e q u i r e s a s e s s e n ti al
, ,

to a fr e e go ve r n m e n t c an n e v e r in p ra c ti c e be d u l y m a i n t a i n e d ( I bid
,
. .
,

N o x l viii )
. .

H a m i l to n s c o m p ar i s o n o f th e e x e c utiv e s u n d e r th e two c o n s titution s is

’

as f o l l o w s

I p r o c e e d n o w to t r a c e th e r e a l c h a r a c t e r s o f th e p r opo s e d e x e c u ti v e a s ,

t h e y a r e m ar k e d o u t in th e p l an o f th e C o n v e n tio n T h i s w i l l s e r v e to p l a c e .

in a st r o n g l i h t th e u n fa i r n e s s o f th e r e p r e s e n t a tio n s w h i c h h a v e be e n m a d e
g
in r e g a r d to i t .

T h e fi r s t t h i n g w h i c h s t r ik e s o u r a tt e n tio n is t h a t th e e x e c utiv e a utho r ,

ity w i t h fe w e x c e ptio n s is to b e v e s t e d in a si n gl e m a gist r a t e T h i s w i ll

, ,
.

s c a r c e l y h o w e v e r b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a poi n t u po n w h i c h a n y c o m p ar i s o n c a n
, ,

b e g r o u n d e d ; fo r if in t h i s p ar t i c u l a r t h e r e b e a r e s e m b l an c e to th e ki n g
, ,

o f G r e a t B r it a i n t h e r e Is n o t l e s s a r e s e m b l an c e to th e G r an d Sig n io r to th e
, ,

K h an o f T a r tary to th e M an o f th e S e v e n Mou n t a i n s 0 1 to th e gov e rn o r

, ,

o f N e w Yo r k .

T h e P r e s i d e n t is to b e th e c o m m a n d e r in c h i e f o f th e a r m y an d n a vy - -

o f th e U n i t e d St a t e s an d o f th e m i l i t i a o f th e s e v e r a l St a t e s
,
w h e n c al le d ,

i n to th e a c tu a l s e rvi c e o f th e U n it e d St a t e s H e is to h a v e po w e r to g r a n t .
 T h e C o n s titu tion 39

re p r i e v e s an d p ar do n s fo r o ff e n c e s a g a i n st th e U n it e d St a t e s e x c e pt in c a s e s
,

o f i m p e ac h m e n t ; to r e c o m m e n d to th e c o n si de ra tio n o f Co n g r e s s s u c h
m e a s u r e s as h e s h a ll j u d g e n e c e s s a r y an d e xp e d i e n t ; to c o n v e n e o n e x tr ao r ,

d in a r y o c c as io n s bot h hou s e s o f th e l e gi s l a tu r e o r e ith e r o f t h e m a n d in

, , ,

c as e o f d i s a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e m w it h r e s p e c t to th e ti m e o f a dj ou r n m e n t ,

to a dj o u r n t h e m to s u c h ti m e as h e s h a ll t h i n k p r op e r ; to t ak e c a r e th a t th e
l a w s b e fa it h fu l l y e x e c u t e d ; a n d to c o m m i ss i o n a ll o ffic e r s o f th e U n it e d
St a t e s . I n m ost o f t h e s e p a r ti c ul a r s th e po w e r o f th e P r e s i d e n t w i ll
,

r e s e m b l e e q u a ll y th a t o f th e ki n o f G r e a t B r it a i n a n d o f th e gov e r n o r o f N e w
g — —
Yo r k T h e m o s t m a t e i po t
. r a l i n s o f d i ff e r e n c e a r e t h e s e Fi r s t : T h e
P r e si d e n t w i l l h av e o n l y th e o c c a s io n al c o m m an d o f s u c h p a r t o f th e m i l iti a
o f th e n a tio n as by l e gi s l a tiv e p r ovisio n m a y b e c a ll e d i n to th e a c t u a l s e r vi c e

o f th e U n io n T h e ki n o f G r e a t B r i t a i n an d th e gov e r n o r o f N e w Y o r k
.

g
h a v e a t a ll ti m e s th e e n t i r e c o m m a n d o f a l l th e m i l i t i a w it h i n th e i r s e v e ra l

j u r i s d i c tio n s . S e c on d T h e P r e si d e n t is to b e c o m m a n d e r in c hi e f
- -

o f th e a r m y an d n a vy o f th e U n it e d St a t e s I n t h i s r e sp e c t h is a u tho r ity
.

w o u l d b e n o m i n a l l y th e s a m e w ith t h a t o f th e ki n g o f G r e a t B r it a i n b u t I n ,

s ub s t an c e m u c h i n fe r io r to it I t w ou l d a m o u n t to n ot h i n g m o r e t h a n th e
.

s up r e m e c o m m a n d an d d i r e c tio n o f th e m i l it a r y a n d n a v a l f o r c e s as fi rs t
,

g e n e r al an d a d m i r a l o f th e c o n fe d e r a c y w h i l e t h a t o f th e B r iti s h ki n g e x
t e n d s to th e d e c l ar i n g o f w a r an d to th e ra isi n g a n d r e g u l a ti n g o f fl e e ts an d
,

ar m i e s a ll w hi c h by th e Co n s tit u tio n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a tio n w o u l d a pp e r t a i n

to th e l e gis l a tu r e .T h ird T h e po w e r o f th e P r e s i d e n t in r e s p e c t to
-

p ar d o n s w ou l d e xt e n d to a ll c a s e s e x c e pt tho s e o f i m p e a c h m e n t T h e .

gov e r n o r o f N e w Yo r k m ay p ar d o n in all c as e s e v e n in t h o s e o f i m p e a c h
m en t ,
e x c e pt fo r t re a s o n an d m u r d e r Fo u r t h
.
— ,

T h e P r e si d e n t c an
o n l y a dj o u r n th e n a tio n al l e gi s l a tu r e in th e si n g l e c a s e o f d i s a g r e e m e n t
a bout th e ti m e o f a dj o u rn m e n t T h e B r iti s h m o n a r c h m ay p r o r og u e o r
.

e v e n d i s s o l v e th e P ar l i a m e n t .

H e n c e it a pp e ars th a t e x c e pt a s to th e c o n c u r r e n t a utho r ity o f th e P r e si

, ,

d e n t in th e ar ti c l e o f t r e a ti e s it w ou l d b e d i ffi c u l t to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h a t
,

m a gi s t r a t e w ou l d in th e a gg r e g a t e po s s e s s m o r e o r l e s s po w e r t h a n th e gov
e r n o r o f Ne w Yo r k A n d it a pp e ar s ye t m o r e u n e q u ivo c a l l y t h a t t h e r e is n o
.
,

p r e t e n c e fo r th e p ar all e l w h i c h h as b e e n a tt e m pt e d b e t w e e n h im a n d th e
ki n g o f G r e a t B r it a i n But to r e n d e r th e c o n t r a s t in t h is r e s p e c t sti l l m o r e
.

st r iki n g it m ay b e o f u s e to th r o w th e p r i n c ip al c i r c u m s t an c e s o f d is s i m i l i
,

tu d e i n to a c l o s e r g r oup .

T h e P r e s i d e n t o f th e U n it e d St a t e s w o u l d b e an o ffi c e r e l e c t e d by th e
p e op l e fo r fo u r y e a r s T h e ki n g o f G r e a t B r it a i n is a p e r p e tu a l a n d
h e r e d it a r y p r i n c e .

T h e o n e w o u l d b e am e n a b l e to p e r s o n a l pu n ish m e n t a n d d i s g r a c e T he
p e r s o n o f th e oth e r is s a c r e d a n d i n vio l ab l e
'

T h e o n e w ou l d h a v e a q u a l ifi e d n e g a tiv e upo n th e a c ts o f th e l e gi s l a t iv e
bo d y T h e ot h e r h a s an a b s o l u t e n e g a tiv e
. .

T h e o n e w ou l d h a v e a r igh t to c o m m a n d th e m i l it a r y an d n a v a l f o r c e s o f th e
n a tio n : T h e ot h e r in a d d itio n to t h is r ight po s s e s s e s t h a t o f d e c l ar i n g w ar
, ,
,
a n d o f r a isi n g a n d r e gu l a ti n g fl e e t s a n d a r m i e s by h is o w n a u t h o r ity .

T h e o n e w ou l d h a v e a c o n c u r r e n t po w e r w it h a b ran c h o f th e l e gi s l a t u r e
in th e fo r m a tio n o f t r e a ti e s : T h e ot h e r 1 5 th e so l e po s s e s s o r o f th e po w e r o f
m a ki n g t r e a ti e s .

T h e o n e w o u l d h a v e a l ik e c o n c u r r e n t a ut h o r ity I n a ppoi n ti n g to o ffi c e s :
T h e ot h e r 1 8 th e s o l e a u t h o r o f a ll a ppoi n t m e n t s .

T h e o n e c an c o n fe r n o p r ivi l e g e s w h a t e v e r T h e ot h e r c an m a k e
d e n iz e n s o f a l i e n s n ob l e m e n o f c o m m o n e r s ; c an e r e c t c o r po r a tio n s w it h
, ,

a ll th e r ights i n c i d e n t to c o r po ra t e bo d i e s .

T h e o n e c an p r e s c r ib e n o r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g th e c o m m e r c e o r c u r r e n c y o f
th e n a tio n T h e o t h e r is in s e v e r a l r e s p e c t s th e a r bit e r o f c o m m e r c e an d in ,

t h i s c a p a c i t y c an e s t ab l i s h m a r k e t s a n d fa i r s c an r e gu l a t e w e igh t s a n d
m e as u r e s c a n l a y e m b a r go e s f o r a l i m it e d ti m e c an c oi n m o n e y c an a u
th o r iz e o r p r o h ibit th e c i r c u l a tio n o f f o r e ig n c oi n .

T h e o n e h a s n o p a r ti c l e o f s pi r it u a l j u r i s d i c tio n T h e ot h e r is th e s u
p r e m e h e a d an d go v e r n o r o f th e n a tio n a l c h u r c h .

W h a t a n s w e r s h a l l w e giv e to tho s e w h o w o ul d p e r su ad e u s t h at t h i n gs s o
u n l ik e r e s e m b l e e a c h oth e r ? T h e s a m e t h a t ought to b e giv e n to t h o s e w h o
t e ll us t h a t a go v e r n m e n t th e w h o l e po w e r o f w h i c h w o u l d b e in th e h an d s
,

o f th e e l e c tiv e a n d p e r io d i c a l s e r v an ts o f th e p e op l e is a n a r i s to c r a c y a
, ,

m o n ar c h y a n d a d e spoti s m ( A x H i to No xix
,
l e . an d e r a m l n,
F e der a l is t l ) , . .

I t is o n l y n e c e s s ar y to c o m p ar e th e s e st a t e m e n t s w it h t h o s e o f M r Fisk e .

to s e e t h a t s o m e o f o u r m o d e r n c o m m e n t a to r s o n th e Co n s t itutio n h a v e d is
c ov e r e d a g r e a t m a n y m o r e t h i n g s in t h a t i n st r u m e n t t h an its a ut h o r s w e r e

a w a r e t h e y h a d put t h e r e w h e n d ra f ti n g it .

J u st w h a t w e r e th e c o n t r ib u tio n s o f E n gl an d to th e A m e r i c an C o n s titu
tio n is s o m e w h a t d i ffic u l t to d e t e r m i n e Th e r e w as c e r t a i n l y n o m an n e r
,
.

o f r e s e m b l a n c e in f o r m b e t w e e n th e u n w r itt e n Co n stituti o n o f G r e a t B r it a i n

a n d th e vo l u m i n ou s w r itt e n i n s t r u m e n t s u b s c r ib e d a t P h i l a d e l p h i a by th e

d e l e g a t e s fr o m th e A m e r i c an c o l o n i e s in S e pt e m b e r 1 7 87 ,
I t is t r u e th e
.
,

fi rs t te n a m e n d m e n t s p r opo s e d by Co n g r e s s in 1 7 89 m ay b e s a i d to c o n sti
, ,

tut e a Bi ll o f Righ t s h a vi n g b e e n a d opt e d w ith t h a t e n d in vi e w I n fo r m

, .

t h e y do b e a r an o u t w ar d r e s e m b l an c e to thos e l i m it a tio n s upo n ki n g s w h i c h ,

u n ti l r e c e n t l y w e r e r e g ar d e d in E n gl an d a s th e fo u n d a tio n a n d c h i e f bu l w a r k
,

o f l ib e r ty . B u t th e vit a l s ubst an c e o f th e te n a m e n dm e n t s to o u r C o n s titu

tio n fi n d s f e w c ou n t e r p ar t s in s i m i l ar e n un c i a tio n s o f th e B r iti s h l e gi s l a t u r e .

I n t h i s d a y s o m e o f th e m i n o r p r ovi s io n s o f th e s e a m e n d m e n t s w h i c h n o d o u bt ,

s e e m e d vit al to o u r fa th e r s a pp e ar to u s to b e c h i e fly v al u ab l e a s r e m i n d e r s
,

o f th e e x c e s s e s o f ty r a n n y f r o m w h i c h th e y h a d e s c a p e d a n d o f th e ki n d o f
,

c o n s tit u tio n a l gov e r n m e n t u n d e r w hi c h t h os e e x c e s s e s h a d b e e n c o m m itt e d .

A s a m a tt e r o f f c t th e a d opti o n o f th e fi r s t te n am e n d m e n t s to th e
a ,

A m e r i c an Co n s ti t u t i o n by Co n g r e s s w as d u e c h i e fly to pop u l a r c l a m o r an d ,

n o t fr o m c o n vi c tio n o n th e p a r t o f th e l e gi s l a to r s th a t th e y w e r e n e c e s s a r y

in o r d e r to c o m p l e t e th e Co n s tit u tio n . T h e fr a m e r s o f th e o r igi n a l d o c u

m e n t a l m o s t w it h out e x c e ptio n d e e m e d m o s t o f th e p r o v isio n s o f t h e s e a m e n d

m e n t s sup e r fluo u s .

T h e d e c l ar a tio n s o f th e B i ll o f Right s p ass e d by th e E n gl i s h P ar l i a m e n t

in 1 6 89 w e r e a s fo ll o w s

1 T h a t th e p r e t e n d e d po w e r o f susp e n d i n g Of l aw s o r th e e x e c utio n o f
.
,

l a w s by r e g a l a ut h o r ity w ith o ut c o n s e n t o f P ar l i a m e n t is i l l e g al
,
.

2 T h at th e p r e t e n d e d po w e r o f d isp e n si n g w i t h l aw s o r th e e x e c utio n o f
.
,

l aw s by r e g a l a utho r ity as it h a th b e e n a s su m e d an d e x e rc is e d o f l a t e is i ll e g al
, ,
.
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 4 1

3 . Th a t t h e c o m m i s sio n fo r e r e c ti n g th e l a t e c ou r t o f c o m m issio n e r s

f o r e c c l e s i a s ti c al c a u s e s a n d a l l ot h e r c o m m i s s io n s a n d c ou r t s o f l ik e n a t u r e
, ,

a r e i l l e g a l a n d p e r n i c io u s .

4 . T h a t l e vyi n g m o n e y f o r o r to th e u s e o f th e C r o w n by p r e t e n c e o f ,

p r e r og a tiv e ; w it h o u t g r an t o f P ar l i a m e n t fo r l o n g e r ti m e o r in oth e r m an n e r
,

th an th e s a m e is o r s h al l b e g r an t e d is i ll e g al ,
.

5 . T h a t it i s t h e r igh t o f s u bj e c t s to p e t itio n th e ki n g an d a ll c o m m it
‘

m e n t s a n d p r o s e c u tio n s f o r s u c h p e titio n i n g ar e i l l e g a l .

6 . T h a t th e r a isi n g o r k e e pi n g a st an d i n g a r m y w it h i n th e ki n g do m in
ti m e o f p e a c e u n l e s s it b e w ith c o n s e n t o f P ar l i am e n t is a g a i n s t l aw
, , .

7 . T h a t t h e s u bj e c ts w hi c h a r e P r ot e s t a n t s m a y h a v e a r m s fo r th e i r d e

f e n c e suit a b l e to t h e i r c o n d itio n s a n d as a ll o w e d by l aw
,
.

8 . Th a t e l e c tio n s o f m e m b e rs o f P a r l i am e n t o u gh t to b e fr e e .

9 . T h a t t h e f r e e do m o f s p e e c h an d d e b a t e s o r p r o c e e d i n g s in P a r l i a
,

m e n t o u g h t n o t to b e i m p e a c h e d o r qu e stio n e d in a n y c ou r t o r p l a c e o u t o f
,

P arl i a m e n t .

1 0 Th a t e x c e s s iv e b a i l ought n o t to b e r e q u i r e d n o r e x c e ssi v e fi n e s im
.
,

pos e d n o r c r u e l an d u n u su al p u n i s h m e n ts i n fli c t e d
,
.

1 1 T h a t j u r o rs o u g h t to b e d u l y i m p an e l l e d a n d r e tu r n e d an d j u r o r s
.
,

w hi c h p a s s upo n m e n in t r i al s fo r h igh t r e as o n o u ght to b e fr e e ho l d e rs .

1 2 T h a t al l g r an t s an d p r o m is e s o f fi n e s an d fo r fe itu r e s o f p ar ti c u lar
.

p e rs o n s b e fo r e c o n v i c tio n ar e i l l e g al an d voi d .

1 3 A n d th a t fo r r e d r e s s o f a ll g r i e v a n c e s an d fo r th e a m e n d i n g
.
, ,

st r e n gth e n i n g an d p r e s e r v i n g o f th e l aw s P a r l i am e n t oug h t to b e h e l d
, ,

f r e qu e n t l y .

We h av e but to d ov e r th e a m e n dm e n ts to th e A m e r i c an Co n sti
rea

tu tio n an d c o m p ar e t h e m w ith th e f o r e goi n g E n g l i s h Bi l l o f Righ ts to pe r

c e ive h o w m u c h t h e y a r e oppo s e d bot h in l e tt e r a n d spi r it to th e w h o l e
, ,

t h e o r y an d p r ac ti c e o f th e s c i e n c e o f gov e r n m e n t a s a pp l i e d by E n gl an d
d u r i n g th e w h o l e o f th e e ig h t e e n th an d th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f th e n i n e t e e n t h
c e n tu r y I n d oi n g t h i s w e r e a l iz e t h a t th e a m e n d m e n ts a r e n o t s o m u c h
.

l i m it atio n s r e st r i c ti n g th e op e r a tio n o f gov e r n m e n t u n d e r th e A m e r i c an C o n

s titu tio n as t h e y ar e e t e r n al p r ot e s t s a g a i n st a r e c u r r e n c e o f th e e vi l s w h i c h

h a d b e e n s u ff e r e d u n d e r th e Co n s tit u t io n o f B r it a i n .

T h e fi r s t a m e n d m e n t p r ovi d e s t h a t
Co n g r e s s s h al l m a k e n o l aw r e s p e c ti n g an e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f r e l igio n .

O r a b r i d gi n g th e f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h o r o f th e p r e s s , .

T h e a b s e n c e o f th e fi r s t o f t h e s e p r ovi s io n s fr o m th e c o n stitutio n o f E n g
l an d e v e n to t h i s d a y is w h a t p e r h a p s m o r e th a n an y o n e t h i n g e l s e l e d
, , , , ,

to th e e ar l y an d r a pi d B r iti s h s e tt l e m e n t o f A m e r i c a an d d r ov e to its ,

sho r e s s u c h a l a r g e p r opo r tio n o f th e b r a v e s t an d n ob l e s t o f th e E n gl i s h an d

S c otti s h p e o p l e T h e n e c e s s ity fo r th e s e c o n d p r o v i s i o n w a s p r ob a b l y fi r s t
.

i m p r e s s e d u po n th e m i n d s o f Am e r i c an s by th e p r os e c u tio n o n i n fo r m a ,

tio n o f th e p r i n t e r Jo h n P e t e r Z e n g e r fo r l ib e ll i n g th e E n gl i s h go v e r n o r
, , ,

o f N e w Y o r k in 1 7 3 5 .

T h e s e c o n d a m e n d m e n t an n ou n c e s th a t A w e l l r e gu l a t e d m i l iti a b e i n g
-

n e c e s s a r y to th e s e c u r ity o f a f r e e s t a t e th e r ight o f th e p e op l e to k e e p a n d
,
4 2 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

b e ar ar m s s h all n o t b e i n fr i n g e d T h e E n g l i s h Bi l l o f Rights p e r m its o n l y

.

t h o s e w h o a r e P r ot e s t an t s to h a v e ar m s fo r t h e i r d e fe n c e
“
.

T h e t h i r d am e n d m e n t p r ovi d e s t h a t n o s o l d i e r in ti m e o f p e a c e s h al l
b e q u a r t e r e d in an y h ou s e w it h o u t th e c o n s e n t o f th e o w n e r T h is c o r .

r e s po n d s w it h a p r ovi s io n in th e E n g l i s h P e titio n o f Rig h ts p as s e d by Pa r

l ia m e n t a n d a pp r ov e d by C h ar l e s I in 1 6 2 8 . T h e o n l y p r ovi s io n in th e
.

E n gl i s h Bi ll o f Righ t s b e a r i n g o n t h i s s ubj e c t is th a t a st an d i n g a r m y s h al l
,

n o t b e k e pt w ithi n th e ki n g d o m w ithout c o n s e n t o f P a r l i a m e n t .

T h e fou r t h a m e n d m e n t r e l a t e s to th e r ight o f s e ar c h o r s e iz u r e an d ,

r e qui r e s a l l w ar r a n t s f o r ar r e s t o r s e ar c h to b e s p e c ifi c an d s u ppo r t e d by
,

o a t h Th e r e is n o c o r r e s po n d i n g c l a u s e in th e E n gl i s h B i ll o f Rig h t s
. .

T h e fi fth am e n d m e n t r e q u i r e s a l l c r i m i n a l i n d i c t m e n t s to b e m a d e by a
g r a n d j u r y an d p r ovi de s t h a t n o p e r s o n s h all fo r th e s am e o ff e n c e t w i c e b e
u t in j e op ar d y o f l i f e o r l i m b b d p iv e d o f l i fe l ib e r ty o r p r op e r ty
p n o r e e r , ,

w it h o u t d u e p r o c e ss o f l a w . T h e n e a r e s t c o r r e s po n d i n g p r ovisio n in th e
Bi ll o f Rights is t h at c o n t a i n e d in th e e l e v e n t h C l au s e s ugg e sti n g T h at ,
“

j u r o r s o u ght to b e d u l y i m p an e l l e d an d r e t u r n e d i n s t e a d o f b e i n g c r e a tu r e s
,

o f th e j u d g e o r p r os e c u to r .

T h e sixth a m e n d m e n t giv e s th e a c c us e d th e r ig h t o f a sp e e d y t r i al b e fo r e
w it n e s s e s in c r i m i n a l c a s es .

T h e s e v e n t h a m e n d m e n t a s s u r e s th e r ig h t o f t r i a l by j u r y I t a pp e ar s .

fr o m O l a u s Wo r m iu s t h a t t h i s s y s t e m w a s fi r st i n t r o d u c e d i n to D e n m a r k by
R e gn e r u s su r n am e d L o d b o r g w h o b e g a n t o r e ign in th e y e ar 82 0 fr o m
, , ,

w h o m E t h e l re d o f E n g l a n d is s a i d to h a v e bo r r o w e d it I t w as H e n r y I I
. .

w h o b r oug h t i n to g e n e r a l u s e in E n g l a n d th e t r i al by j u r y a ft e r w a r d s i n c o r ,

p o r a te d in M a g n a C h ar ta a n d c o n fi r m e d by Ki n g Jo h n .

T h e e ig h t h a m e n d m e n t is a c o u n t e r p a r t o f th e t e n th p r ovi s io n o f th e
E n g l i s h Bi l l o f Righ t s p r o h ibiti n g e x c e s s iv e b a i l o r fi n e s o r c r u e l a n d
, ,

u n u s u al m e t h o d s o f p u n i s h m e n t .

T h e n i n t h a m e n d m e n t s t a t e s t h a t th e e n u m e r a tio n in th e Co n stit u tio n o f

c e r t a i n r ig h t s s h a ll n o t b e c o n s t r u e d a s a d e n i a l o r d i s p a r a g e m e n t o f ot h e r s

r e t a i n e d by th e p e op l e T h i s o f c o u r s e w o u l d b e an an o m al y in th e
“ ”
.
, ,

c o n s tit u tio n o f a m o n ar c h i c a l gov e rn m e n t w h e r e a l l r ight s po s s e s s e d by th e

,

p e op l e h a v e fi r s t to b e g r an t e d by th e s up r e m e po w e r th e C r o w n , .

T h e t e n t h a m e n d m e n t r e s e r v e s to th e St a t e s a n d to th e p e op l e a l l po w e r s
n o t d e l e g a t e d to th e g e n e r a l gov e r n m e n t .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f all t h e s e am e n dm e n t s w ith th e E n gl i s h Bi ll o f Righ ts ,

t h e r e fo r e s h o w s t h a t o n e o n l y o u t o f th e te n is c opi e d fr o m th e c h a r t e r o f
,

B r iti s h c o n s tit u tio n a l p r ivi l e g e s N e a r l y a l l th e a m e n dm e n t s Sh o w in t h e m

.

s e l v e s t h a t th e y w e r e d e vi s e d a n d w o r d e d to m e e t c o n d i t io n s w h i c h w e r e

e i t h e r p e r ti n e n t o r p e c u l i a r to A m e r i c an l i fe an d e xp e r i e n c e To a l ar g e .

e xt e n t t h e y f o r m a n e m bo d i m e n t o f c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s o f th e c o m m o n l a w

a s it h a d b e e n a pp l i e d in A m e r i c a t o A m e r i c a n c o n d itio n s fo r m o r e t h an a

h u n d r e d y e a r s b e fo r e 1 7 87 . T h e p r ovisio n s fo r fr e e s p e e c h a fr e e p r e s s , ,
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 43

fre e d o m of re l igio n ,
fr e e d o m
to b e ar a rm s fr e e d o m fr o m u n w a r r an t e d
,

s e a rc h o r s e iz u r e fr e e d o m fr o m i n d i c t m e n t o n s e c r e t i n fo r m atio n an d
, ,

fr e e d o m fr o m th e u s u r p a tio n o f th e p e op l e s n a tu ra l r ight s w e r e a l l o f
’

A m e r i c an o r igi n T h e y w e r e a tt ac h e d to th e Co n s tit u tio n b e c a u s e A m e r i c an s

.

h a d l e ar n e d by bi t t e r e xp e r i e n c e in th e c e n t u r y b e t w e e n th e e n ac t m e n t o f
,

th e E n g l i s h Bi ll o f Rig h t s an d th e a d optio n o f th e A m e r i c a n Co n s titutio n ,

t h a t t h e i r ab s e n c e fr o m th e B r i t i s h c h a r t e r l e d to n u m e r o u s abu s e s an d
p e r v e r s io n s o f j u s ti c e o n th e p ar t o f i m po r t e d j u d g e s a n d gov e rn o r s .

I n s h o r t th e d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e B r iti s h a n d th e A m e r i c an C o n s titu
,

tio n s is a fun d a m e n t al o n e T h e fo r m e r is a c o n c e s s io n o f p r ivi l e g e s to

.

th e p e op l e by th e r u l e r s : th e l a t t e r a g r an t o f a u t h o r ity by th e p e op l e to
,

th e r u l e r s.

But b e fo r e l e a vi n g o ur o r igi n al S c ot c h c o m m e n t a to r l e t u s s e e j u st ,

w h a t h is V i e w s w e r e o n th e qu e s tio n o f th e ki n s h ip b e t w e e n th e B r iti s h a n d
A m e r i c a n Co n s titutio n s So m e e xp r e ssio n o f th e s e v i e w s is to b e fou n d In
.

No l xxxi v o f th e F e der a l ist

. .

T h e s e v e ra l bi l l s o f r igh ts , in Gr e a t B r it a i n , f o r m its c o n s titutio n .

I t h as b e e n s e v e r a l ti m e s t r u l y r e m a r k e d , t h a t bi l l s o f r ig h t s a r e , in t h e i r
o r igi n , s tip u l a tio n s b e t w e e n ki n g s an d t h e i r s u bj e c t s , a b r i d g m e n t s o f pr e
r o a t i v e in f a vo r o f p r ivi l e g e , r e s e r v a tio n s o f r ig h t s n o t s u r r e n d e r e d to th e
g
p r i n c e S u c h w as M a gn a C h a r t a, obt a i n e d by th e b ar o n s , s w o r d i n h an d,
.

fr o m Ki n g Joh n S u c h w e r e th e s u b s e q u e n t c o n fi r m a tio n s o f t h a t c h a r t e r
.

by s u c c e e d i n g p r i n c e s S u c h w a s th e P e titio n o f Righ t a s s e n t e d to by
.

C h a r l e s th e Fi r st , in th e b e gi n n i n g o f h is r e ign S u c h a l s o w a s th e d e c l a r a
.

tio n o f r ig h ts p r e s e n t e d by th e Lo r d s an d Co m m o n s to th e P r i n c e o f O r a n g e
in 1 6 88, an d a ft e r w a r d s t h r o w n i n to th e f o r m o f a n a c t o f P a r l i a m e n t , c a ll e d
th e Bi l l o f Rig h t s I t is e vi d e n t , t h e r e fo r e , t h a t a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r p r i m itiv e
.

s ig n ifi c a tio n , t h e y h a v e n o a pp l i c a tio n to c o n s tit u tio n s p r o f e s s e d l y f o u n d e d

u po n th e po w e r o f th e p e op l e , a n d e x e c u t e d by t h e i r i m m e d i a t e r e p r e s e n t a
tiv e s a n d s e r v an t s H e r e , in s t r i c t n e s s , th e p e op l e s u r r e n d e r n ot h i n g ; a n d
.

a s th e y r e t a i n e v e r ythi n g , t h e y h a ve n o n e e d o f p a r ti c u l a r r e s e r v a tio n s .

“
We , th e P e op l e o f th e U n it e d St a t e s , to s e c u r e th e b l e s s i n g s o f l ib e r ty to
o u r s e l v e s an d o u r po s t e r ity , d o o r d a i n an d e s t a b l i s h t h i s c o n s ti t u tio n fo r th e
U n it e d St a t e s o f A m e r i c a T h i s is a b e t t e r r e c ogn i t io n o f pop u l ar r ig h t s
.

t h an vo l u m e s o f t h o s e a p h o r i s m s w h i c h m a k e th e p r i n c ip a l fig u r e in s e v e r a l
o f o u r St a t e bi ll s o f r ig h t s , an d w h i c h w o u l d s ou n d m u c h b e tt e r I n a t r e a t i s e

o f e t h i c s t h a n I n a c o n s titutio n o f gov e r n m e n t .

W h i l e it m ay b e a fac t t h a t th e Ne w E n gl an d m e m b e r s a n d e s p e c i a ll y ,

th e M a s s a c h u s e tt s m e m b e r s o f th e c o n v e n tio n w e r e i m b u e d w i t h th e t r u l y
,

E n gl i s h i d e a o f u n iti n g th e e x e c u tiv e a n d l e gi s l a t iv e b r a n c h e s by m a ki n g
th e e x e c u tiv e h e a d m e r e l y th e c r e a t u r e o f th e l e gi s l a t u r e t a t t h i s p l an
”
ye t h ,

w a s n o t a d opt e d is p e r h a p s d u e to th e e ff o r t s o f t h o s e m e m b e r s w h o s e bi r t h
o r t r a i n i n g h a d n o t b e e n s u c h a s to b r i n g t h e m i n to a c c o r d a n c e w it h E n g l i s h

t r a d itio n s T h e i d e a o f a r e p r e s e n t a tiv e fo r m o f gov e r n m e n t w as n o v e l to th e

.

m e n fr o m N e w E n g l an d a n d c o n t ra r y to th e i r a c c u sto m e d m e t h o d s s o th at
,

fr o m th e d a t e o f th e fi rs t g a t h e r i n g it took s e v e r al d a y s ti m e to w in th e m o v e r
’
44 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

to it J am e s Wi l s o n th e P e n n s y l v an i a S c ots m an l e d in th e oppositio n to th e
.
, ,

E n g l i s h an d N e w E n g la n d p l an o f v e s ti n g th e e x e c u tiv e po w e r m a i n l y in th e
l e gi s l a tu r e an d to s a y a s M r Fi s k e d o e s t h a t Wi l s o n d id n o t k n o w a t w h a t
,
.
,

h e w a s a i m i n g is to b e l itt l e th e i n t e l l ig e n c e o f th e c o n v e n t io n s c l e ar e s t m i n d
’
.

T h e c h i e f c o n t r ibutio n o f N e w E n g l a n d w a s th e e s s e n ti al l y E n gl i s h
s ugg e s tio n o f c o m p r o m is e T h e c o n d i tio n s u n d e r w h i c h o n e o f t h e s e c o m
.

p r o m i s e s w a s m a de w e r e s o u n w i s e t h o u gh so c h a r a c t e r i s ti c o f th e typi c a l
,

E n g l i s h c o m m e r c i al s pi r it a c tu ati n g its p r o m ot e r s a s to m ak e it a m a tt e r o f ,

d o u bt w h e t h e r o n th e w h o l e th e e vi l c o n s e q u e n c e s a r i s i n g f r o m th e c o m
p r o m i s e s w e r e n o t g r e a t e r th an th e b e n e fit s w h i c h t h e y s e c u r e d T h e s e c o n .

d itio n s i n vo l v e d th e d e m an d fo r sp e c i a l p r ivi l e g e s by th e s h ippi n g i n t e r e s t o f

N e w E n g l an d an d th e p r o h ibitio n o f a ta x o n e xpo r t s c o u p l e d w it h th e r e c og
, ,

u l tio n o f th e r ig h t o f th e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s to c o n ti n u e fo r t w e n ty y e a r s th e

i m po r t a tio n o f n e g r o e s a n d to m a i n t a i n i n d e fi n it e l y th e i n stit u tio n o f s l av e r y

, .

A b a r g a i n w a s m a d e b e t w e e n th e tw o s e c tio n s a n d a l l th r e e p r o po s itio n s ,

w e r e c a r r i e d by th e u n it e d vot e s o f N e w E n g l an d a n d a ll th e s outh e r n st a t e s
s a v e Vi r gi n i a .

C e r t a i n l y th e o n e r e p u b l i c an in s titutio n w h ic h fo r m s th e c h i e f gl o r y
,
'

a n d bo a s t o f N e w E n g l a n d t h a t o f l o c al s e l f gov e rn m e n t c an n o t b e c l e a r l y
,
-
,

t r a c e d b ac k to E n g l an d W h e r e it d id o r igi n a t e is a d i s p ut e d qu e s
.

tio n Mr Dougl a s C a m pb e ll in h is i n qui r y i n to th e o r igi n o f c e r t a i n

. .
,

A m e r i c an i n s tit u tio n s h a s t r a c e d th e b e gi n n i n gs o f m a n y o f t h e m to Ho l l a n d
,
.

W h i l e t h e r e is s o m e d o u bt a s to th e s u ffic i e n c y o f h is p r oo f in th e c a s e
o f to w n s h ip o r g an iz a tio n h e h as a t l e a s t m a d e it a pp a r e n t th a t a t th e ti m e
"
,

th e P i l g r i m s l e f t Ho l l an d t h a t c ou n t r y an d its i n s t it u tio n s w e r e i n fi n it e l y

m o r e a n a l o g o u s to th e gov e r n m e n t e s t a b l i s h e d a t P l y m o u t h t h an to a n y l ik e

i n s tit u t io n s in E n gl an d ”
I n c o n c l u d i n g h is r e vi e w o f s o m e o f th e D u t c h
.

c o n t r ib u tio n s to A m e r i c a M r C a m pb e l l s u m s t h e m up a s fo l l o w s
,
.

S u c h a r e th e l e a d i n g i n s tit u tio n s po l iti c al a n d l e g al fo r w h i c h th e , ,

A m e r i c a n R e p u b l i c is i n d e b t e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y to th e N e t h e r l an d
, ,

R e p ub l i c it s e lf th e h e i r o f a l l th e a g e s So m e o f t h e m e s p e c i a l l y o u r
, .
,

w r i tt e n c o n s t it u tio n s h a v e b e e n g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d u po n
,
b u t a t th e ti m e o f
t h e i r i n t r o d u c tio n i n to A m e r i c a fe w if an y o f t h e m c ou l d b e fou n d in an y
, ,

c o u n t r y o f E u r op e e x c e pt th e N e t h e rl an d s H a vi n g c o m p l e t e d o u r s k e t c h .

o f t h e i r h i s t o r y l e t u s n o w b r i n g t h e m t o g e t h e r in o r d e r t h a t w e m a y a ppr e
, ,

c i a t e t h e i r c o m bi n e d i m p o r t a n c e .

Fi r s t c o m e s th e F e d e r al Co n s t it u tio n a w r itt e n i n s t r u m e n t as oppo s e d ,

to th e u n w r i t t e n E n gl i s h Co n s tit u ti o n N e xt ar e th e p r ovi s io n s o f t h i s .

i n s t r um e n t p l a c i n g c h e c k s o n th e po w e r o f th e P r e s i d e n t in d e c l ar i n g w a r
a n d p e a c e a n d in th e a ppoi n t m e n t o f j u d g e s an d a l l i m po r t an t e x e c utiv e
—
,

o ffi ce s r . T e n c o m e s th e w h o l e o r g an iz a tio n o f th e S e n a t e a m u ta bl e an d
h
y e t a p e r m an e n t bo d y r e p r e s e n,
ti n g i n d e p e n d e n t bo d i e s po l i t i c an d n o t c a s t e
,

in St a t e an d C h u r c h A ft e r t h e s e fe a t ur e s o f th e n a tio n al s y s t e m b u t n o t le s s
.
,

i m po r t an t f o ll o w o u r St a t e c o n stit u tio n s o u r fr e e d o m o f r e l igio n o u r fr e e

, , ,

p r e s s o ur w i d e s u ff r a g e an d o u r w r itt e n b al l ot Wit h t h e s e c o m e th e fr e e
, , .

s c h oo l s f o r boy s a n d gi r l s a l ik e th e t o w n s h ip s y s t e m
, ( w it h its s e q u e nce
,

o f l o c a l s e lf gov e r n m e n t in c ou n ty a n d St a t e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f th e
-
) t h e ,
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 45

j u d i c i ar y th e a bs e n c e o f p r i m og e n it u r e th e subj e c tio n o f l an d to e x e c u t io n
, ,

fo r d e bt a d th e s y s t e m o f r e c o r d i n g d e e d s an d m o r tg a g e s
,
n A d d e d to t h e s e .

a r e o ur p ub l ic p r o s e c uto r s o f c r i m e in e v e r y c ou n ty th e c o n s tit u ti o n a l ,

gu ar an t e e t h a t e v e r y a c c u s e d p e r s o n s h a ll h av e s u bpoe n a s fo r h is w it n e s s e s
an d c ou n s e l fo r h is d e fe n c e th e r e fo r m s in o u r p e n a l a nd p r i s o n s y s t e m
,
th e ,

e m a n c ip a t i o n o f m ar r i e d w o m e n an d th e w h o l e o r g an iz a tio n o f o u r p u b l i c
,

c h a r it a b l e a n d r e fo r m a to r y w o r k .

T aki n g t h e s e i n s ti t u tio n s all tog e t h e r is t h e r e a n y c a u s e fo r w o n de r t h a t

,

t h e y e x c i t e a s to n i s h m e n t a m o n g m o d e r n E n gl i s h s c h o l a r s a n d s t a t e s m e n
who ,
l ooki n g b e n e a t h th e m e r e s u r fa c e r e s e m b l an c e s o f l a n gu a g e a n d
d o m e s ti c h a bit s s e e k an e xp l an a t io n o f th e m an i fe s t d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
,

p e o p l e o f E n g l a n d an d a p e op l e in th e U n it e d St a t e s a s s u m e d by t h e m to
b e o f th e s a m e b l o o d ? T h e s e ob s e r v e r s u n l ik e s o m e o f o u r A m e r i c an
,

w r it e r s s e e p l a i n l y e n o u gh t h a t o u r i n s titutio n s a r e n o t i n h e r it e d fr o m
,

E n gl an d h o w e v e r m u c h w e m ay h a v e o f E n g l i s h c h a r ac t e r i s ti c s
,
.

T h e s i m p l e fa c t is t h a t th e w h o l e t h e o r y o f s o c i e ty an d go v e r n m e n t in
,

th e tw o c o un t r i e s h a s a l w a y s b e e n r a d i c a ll y d i ff e r e n t U n d e r s uc h c on di .

tio n s it w as b u t n a t u r a l t h a t o u r fo r e fa th e r s s ho u l d t u r n fo r t h e i r p r e c e d e n t s
,

n o t to a m o n a r c h y o r a n a r i s to c r a c y b u t to a r e p u b l i c ,
— a r e public w h ic h
,

w a s th e b e a c o n l ig h t o f th e E n g l i s h C o m m o n w e a l t h a n d w h o s e p e op l e w e r e
,

o u r w a r m e s t u n s e l fi s h s y m p a t h iz e r s t h r o u g h out th e R e vo l utio n a s t h e y a l s o ,

p r ov e d t h e m s e l v e s to th e U n io n c au s e d u r i n g o u r l a t e s t r u ggl e fo r a n a tio n a l
e x i ste n c e .

T h e l a t e s t w r it e r on th e s u bj e c t
Sy d n e y G e o r g e Fi s h e r in h is book
,
Mr .
,

on T b e E vol u tion of tbc Con s titu tion of t/z e Un ite d Sta t s t a k e s i s s u e w it h e ,

Mr C a m pb e l l a n d w i t h a ll o t h e r w r it e r s w h o a tt r ib u t e th e o r igi n o f A m e r i c an
.

i n s tit u tio n s fo r th e m o s t p ar t to E u r op e an i n flu e n c e s I n an e xh au s tiv e e x .

a m i n a tio n o f e a r l y t r a d i n g a n d c o l o n i a l C h a r t e r s an d l a w s h e p r e s e n t s a g r e a t ,

m an y f ac t s t e n d i n g to p r ov e t h a t th e A m e r i c a n s y s t e m o f gov e r n m e n t is n o t

c opi e d fr o m ot h e r s a t a l l b u t is th e r e s u l t o f a s l o w a n d g r a d u a l p e r io d o f
,

e vo l u t io n an d g r o w t h w h i c h took p l a c e o n t h i s c o n ti n e n t f o r tw o h u n d r e d

y e a r s a ft e r 1 5 84 T h i s is bot h a p h i l o s op h i c a l a n d a s a ti s fa c t o r y e xp l an a tio n
.

o f th e o r igi n o f o u r i n s t itutio n s an d M r Fi s h e r s bo o k go e s fa r t o w a r d
’
.
,

m a ki n g th e r e a d e r b e l i e v e t h a t it is a l s o th e t r u e o n e I n r e fe r r i n g t o .

E n g l i s h s o ur c e s o f th e Co n s tit u t io n t h i s w r it e r s ay s ,
2°

A ft e r i g th e a s s e r tio n s o f l e a r n e d w r it e r s th a t o u r Co n s ti t u ti o n w a s
re ad n

m o d e l l e d o n th e B r iti s h gov e r n m e n t a s i t e xi s t e d in 1 7 87 I h a v e s o m e t i m e s ,

t u r n e d to th e w o r d s o f th e Co n s t itu t io n to s e e th e r e s e m b l a n c e an d h a v e ,

n e v e r b e e n a b l e to fi n d it As o n e r e a d s al o n g s e n t e n c e a ft e r s e n t e n c e
.
,
,

e v e r yt h i n g s e e m s s o n u E n g l i s h a n d s o o r igi n a l a n d p e c u l i a r to o u r o w n
l o c a l ity t h a t th e m i n d Is fo r c e d to th e c o n c l u s io n t h a t it e it h e r g r e w u p a s a
n a t u r a l p r o d u c t o f th e s oi l o r w a s i n v e n t e d o ff h a n d — s t r u c k o ff a t a giv e n

ti m e a s M r G l a d s to n e s a y s I r e c o m m e n d to t h o s e w h o b e l i e v e in th e
, . .

B r iti s h m o d e l t h e o r y to a d op t t h i s s i m p l e p l an : R e a d o u r C o n s tit u t io n ,

s e n t e n c e by s e n t e n c e f r o m b e gi n n i n g to e n d an d s e e h o w m an y s e n t e n c e s
, ,

t h e y c an t r a c e to an o r igi n in th e B r i t i s h gov e r n m e n t .

I d o n o t d e n y t h a t in a c e r t a i n s e n s e it is a l l E n g l i s h I w o uld ”

b e th e l a s t p e r s o n in th e w o r l d to d i s p u t e th e A n gl o S a x o n i n fl u e n c e I o u r n

c ivi l iz a tio n B u t a l l t h is i s v e r y d i ff e r e n t fr o m th e d og m a s o m e w i s h to
.
4 6 T h e S c o tc h -
I r is h F a m il ie s of Am e r ic a

es a t b l ish th a t o ur Co n s titutio n w as t a k e n o r c opi e d fr o m o r s ugg e st e d by

,

th e f o r m s o f th e B r iti s h g o v e r n m e n t a s i t e xist e d in 1 7 87 .

I n th e fi r s t e l e v e n a m e n d m e n t s to th e Co n s titutio n a n u m b e r o f th e ,

p r ovi s io n s abo u t t r i a l by j ur y a n d fr e e d o m o f s p e e c h w e r e d o u bt l e s s e vo l v e d
f r o m th e e xp e r i e n c e o f th e r a c e in E n g l a n d But e v e n t h e s e a s a l r e a d y .
,

s h o w n w e r e w o r k e d o u t s l o w l y a n d r e e vo l v e d o n A m e r i c an s oi l I n th e
—
-
,
—
.

bo d y o f t Co tit tio it
h e n s u n s e l f th e po iti
l c a l f r a m e w o k p op e r t h e r e is
r r

l i t t l e o r n ot h i n g t h a t c a n b e t r a c e d to th e fo r m s o f th e B r iti s h gov e r n m e n t
a s i t e xi s t e d in 1 7 87 o r a t a n y ot h e r ti m e fo r h un d r e d s o f y e a r s p r e v io u s .

I d o n o t d e n y t h a t th e fr a m e r s o f o u r Co n s tit u tio n c o n s i d e r e d a n d d is
c u s s s e d th e f o r m s o f th e B r i t i s h Co n s titutio n But t h e y c o n s i d e r e d t h e m .

p r i n c ip a l l y a s th e m i n ut e s o f t h e i r d e b a t e s w i l l s h o w fo r th e p u r po s e o r a t
, , ,

a n y r a t e w ith th e r e s u l t o f a voi d i n g t h e m T h e y w e r e i n t e ll ig e n t m e n a -

—
.
, ,

l a r g e n u m b e r o f th e m w e r e c o l e g e b e d
l r a n d t h e y d i s c u s s e d th e fo r m s o f -
,

gov e rn m e n t o f a l l c o u n t r i e s T h e y w e r e n o t u n m i n d fu l o f th e e x am p l e o f
.

Ho l l an d th e d e m o c r a c i e s o f G r e e c e th e Ro m an r e p u b l i c a n d e m pi r e an d
, , ,

th e f r e e r e pub l i c s o f th e Mi dd l e Ag e s Th e y took w h a t l igh t t h e y c ou l d .

f r o m t h e m a ll an d I thi n k a s goo d an ar gu m e n t c o u l d b e fr a m e d to Sh o w

t h a t t h e y w e r e gu i d e d by w h a t t h e y k n e w o f c l a s s i c a n tiq u ity a s c ou l d b e
b r o u gh t fo r w ar d to p r ov e t h a t t h e y w e r e g u i d e d by th e B r itis h Co n s tit u tio n .

B ut th e f o u n d a t io n fo r a l l t h e i r fi n a l d e c i s io n s th e b a s i s w hi c h th e f o r m s ,

o f gov e r n m e n t in E u r op e m e r e l y i ll u s t r a t e d o r m a d e m o r e c e r t a i n w a s t h e i r ,

o w n e xp e r i e n c e o f n e ar l y tw o h u n d r e d y e ar s w it h th e c o l o n i a l c h a r t e r s a n d

c o n s t it u t i o n s an d th e c o n s tit u tio n s o f 1 7 7 6 W h a t t h e y took fr o m E n gl an d .

w e n t b a c k t h r o u g h t h a t tw o h u n d r e d y e a r s a n d t h e n n o t to th e B r i t i s h ,

gov e r n m e n t b ut to th e fo r m s o f th e o l d t r a d i n g c h ar t e r s W h a t h ad b e e n
, .

e n v o l v e d fr o m th e t r a d i n g c h ar t e r s h a d b e e n s o l o n g w ith u s t h a t it w as
c o m p l e t e l y A m e r i c a n iz e d an d it w a s v a l u e d by th e f r a m e r s o f th e C o n s titu
,

ti o n fo r t h a t r e as o n a n d b e c a u s e it h a d b e e n t e s t e d by tw o h un d re d y e a r s o f
,

A m e r i c an l i fe .

T h e y d id n o t c o m m it th e ab s u r d ity o f skippi n g t h os e tw o hu n d r e d
y e a r s o f t h e i r h i s to r y o r o f c r o s s i n g a n o c e an an d e n t e r i n g oth e r c o u n t r i e s
,

to c opy c o n s tit u tio n s T h e y took t h e i r o w n e xp e r i e n c e a s it w a s u p

.

to t h a t d at e in th e p l a c e an d c o m m II n ity fo r w h i c h t h e y w e r e m a ki n g a fr a m e ‘

o f gov e r n m e n t T h e y m a d e n o s kip s o r j um p s but w e n t b a c k w a r d in th e

.
,

p a s t d i r e c t l y fr o m t h e m s e l v e s a n d in t h e i r o w n l i n e t a ki n g fo r t h e i r gu i d e ,

t h a t w h i c h w a s n e a r e s t to t h e m a n d l at e s t d e v e l op e d p r ovi d e d it h ad b e e n ,

t e s t e d in t h a t l i n e o f t h e i r o w n p a s t .
"

N O T E S TO C H A P T E R II .

D gl
ou as C am pb ell , T b e P u r i ta n i n H o l l a n d, E ngl a n d , and Am e r ic a , vo l . I I .
, pp .
4 81 ,

4 87 , 4 88 .

9
Ban c r o f t p k bl t m
s ea u th
s off th P t h im as th e a es an s o o e o o m ac .

3
h M ars w a ll th
f th S t h f m i l y f K ith
’
s m o er as o e co c a o e .

S A t bi g pl y f y b T u m bu l l p 1 2
ee u o o ra N w Y k 1 84 1
z o o n r , . . e or , .

O th t w ty
5
n th f M y
e en C y f m th
-
s e ve n m itt p e t d to th e
o a ar ro e co m ee res n e

[Vi gir i ] v
n a ti th d
c on l r ti f
enig h t w h i
on h M h d d
e f t d F
ec a a th xt f t on o r s c as o n a ra e . or e ne or

nigh t th g t t u th w h i h it p l i m d d w h i h w
e re a r s t f c th g u dw k f ro c a e ,
an c e re o o rm e ro n or o

Am i i tit uti
e r c an m p l y d th
ns th gh t f th on s , e v ti O l u
o l y e iv d
e e ou s o e c on en on . ne c a se o n r ce e

a m t i l
a er a d t M am e n h d w itt th t l l h ul d j y th ful l t t l ti i
m en . as o n a r en a a s o en o e es o era on n
 T h e C o n s titu tio n 47

th e e e r c s e x i of re l igi on . Ay o un g m a th n, e n un kn ow n to fa m e , p opr os e d

an t H w J m
am e n dm e n th. f e O g C u ty p l t e r b e d i th
as a es M di a son , e s on o an r an e o n an , r n e

sc h l f P e byt i
oo o di t u d With r p
r s e r an tP i t t i d by h i w t ud i
s se n e rs n er e s oon a r n ce on ,
ra n e s o n s es ,

by m dit tiv u l l i fe i th O l d D i i by i g u u i dig ti

e a e r ra n t th e p
e u ti om n on , an n en o s n na on a e rs e c on

o f th B pti t e d by th i a t p i ip l f igh t t u ph l d th
s s , an e tity f l igi o us
nna e r nc es o r ,
o o e s an c o re

fre e d m H e bj t d t th w d
o . t l e ti o b u it i m pl i d
ec e o t b l i h d l igi
e or o ra on , eca se e an e s a s e re on ,

whi h du d d i
c t ly
en re d i ; d th ss e n on est f hi as vi ti
a c on esc en s on an as e e ar n n ess o s c on c on s

o v e h i m od
e r c am ty h p d d t d m
s t t th t l l m
es ,
e qu ll y titl d t
roc e e e o e on s r a e a a e n are e a en e o

th f e x i f l igi
re e e d i g t th d i t t
e r c se o f
re i on Th i w
ac c o r n o e c a es o c on sc e n c e .
”
s as

—
,

th fi t
e hi v m rs t ft ac h w i t iv i i
e l e f Vi gi i B
en o ft l iv p 4 1 7
e se s c an o r n a . an c r o ,
vo . .
, . .

I th “p i g f 1 7 60 I w t t Wi ll i m d M y C l l g wh
n e s r n o I ti u d tw en o a an ar o e e e re c on n e o

y e a rs It w m y g
. t g d f tu as d w h t p b b l y fix d th d ti i
re a oo f m y l if
or th t n e , an a ro a e e es n es o e, a

D Wi ll i m Sm ll f S t l d w
r . a th p f a f M tho ti co anp f u di m t as en
1
r o e s so r o a em a c s , a m an ro o n n os

o f th e u ful b h se f i w ith h ppy t l

ran c t f m m u i ti
es o sc en c e , t d g tl a a a en o co n ca on , c o rre c an en e

m anly m d l g d
an n e r s , a nd l ib l m i d H m t h ppi l y f m b e m
a n e n ar e an e ra n . e os a or e ca e soon

a tt h d t mac de d m h i d il y
o m p
e an i wh m a t g g d i th h l
e e s d f m a co an o n en n o en a e n e sc oo an ro

hi s c onv ti I g t m y fi t vi w f th xp i f s i e e d f th y t m f th i g
e r sa on o rs e s o e e an s o n o c nc ,
an o e s s e o n s

i wh i h w pl d J m A t bi g p/y p 2
’
n c e ar e ac e .
-
e rso n s u o o ra z , . .

B ft
7
l vi p 2 1 1
an c r o ,
vo . .
, . .

S A pp8 d ix A (J m
ee Wi l n d th C v ti
en f a es so an e on en on o

G u pi g t g th th t h f t
9
ro n g th —th f t th t P byt i i m i i
o e er, en ,
ese a c s am o n o e rs e ac a re s e r an s s n

it ws o tu y t m f pu
n na p re a s t tiv p ub l i g v s e o t d u h i
re re t ik r ese n a e re c an o e rn m e n ,
an as s c n s r

i gh m
n y b t h i f m d pi it w ith th t f th St t d ti
ar on ,
o n or th t it h l w y
an s r ,
a o e a e an na on a as a a s

b p l i l y di t ty t th um u p t i ti d l iv
een ec u ar o ou s o f th Sy
ran s d f N w e n ero s a r o c e e r an c e s o e no o e

Y k d P h i l d l ph i
or an d f f th Pa byt i f u Ch h ; th f t th t th
e a an o s om e o e res er es o o r ur c e ac a e

fi t i p bl i l y i d i A m i t d i lv l l
rs vo c e u c ra se ti w ith G t B it i w t h t
n er c a o sso e a c on n e c on re a r a n ,
”
as a

o f th P byt i e thre s VV tm l d C ty
e r an s , l u ti d th
e M kl b g D l
es o r e an oun re so on s an e ec en ur e c ara

ti on th f t th t With p e ac P byt i f th a t u th ti typ

e rs oon p tdi
,
a res e r an o e m os a en c e ,
re re se n e n

th Ce ti t l C g on thn en am p t P byt i i on f th l
ress d d t h t (b i d
e co hi ac res e r an s m o e an ,
an a es es s

o th um er n d x d i gl y i m p t
e r o u s an t vi ) h t h w th w h l w igh t f h i w
e c ee n o r an se r c es e re e o e e o s o n

pe l i flu
rs o n a d t h t f th
n h p
e n c e an t d fi t i f v f th D l ti a o f I d
os e e re r e se n e rs n a or o e e c ar a on o n e

—
,

p end e d t
enc h i f v f th
an g i ti f
en t h S t n t i at or o f d t i d
e or an z a on o e a es n o a c on e e ra e un on an

w h ve a f th g u d u p o w h i h t b
e som e o ti m t f th h w h i h P byt i
e ro n s n c o as e a n e s a e o e s are c res er

an s h d i b u i l di g a d l u h i g th t
n ti l v l th t w ri d
n an a p udl y u p th
nc n a na on a e s se a no es so ro on e

bi l l w w ith f ty m il l i
o s f v y g or b d —W P B d P byt i on s o d ti
o a ers on oar . . re e r es er ans an n

pp 1 7 7 —
.
,

R l ti
e vo u 1 79
on , . .

Se L tt 10
d Otl e W i ti g f y
e er s a n M di v l p 1 44 ; l iv pp 4 6 9
z er r n s o a m es a s on ,
o . II .
, . vo . .
, .

4 7 5 4 80 4 82 , W k f y h Ad ,
v l i p 3 5 8 ; W k f T / m yf
or s o o n l am s, o . v .
, . or s o zo as e e r s on ,
vo .

ix p 9 7
.
, . .

T e h i e b tw
‘ h 1
f d
c y d
o c p ub l i w v y m u h th m
e ee n a c on e h i e e r ac an a re c as er c e sa e as a c o c

b t w C g g ti l i m d P byt i i m f C g g ti l i m i
e een on re a on a s an f d y f
res e r an s or on re a on a s s a c on e e rac o

i d p d t h h b ut P byt i i i
n e en en c urc g i d pes, t tiv d re s tit uti l e r an s m s an o r an z e re re sen a e an c on s on a

g m
o ve r n t T h P byt i f m f g v m t w f m i l i t th g t m
en . e re s e r an f th e or o o e rn en as a ar o e re a a ss o

i h bit t i th m i d dl e d
n a an s th n l i ; it w th e f m f g v
e an t whi h
s ou e rn c o on es as or o o ern m en c

P u it E pi p y h v p f d T h C g g ti l i m f C
r an sc o ac as e er ti u t d f t h
r e e rr e . e on re a on a s o on n e c c an o o er

p t f N w E gl d t de d i th m d i ti
ar s o e n an Th i en t d ubt t h t n e sa e re c on . e re s no r e as o n o o a

P byt i i m i fl u d th f m
res e r an s f th C n tit u ti i th e i ff t t
en c e t
e ti l
ra e rs o e on s on n r e or s o e rec a na on a

or g im — an s tit uti l p ub l i B ut C g g ti l i
,
a c on s l
on a h d it i fl u re i d c . on re a on a sm a so a s n en c e n e

fi i g th l i m it ti
n n i th s u p m
e y f th g a l g v
on s o m t d i th e v ti fre ac o e e n e ra o e rn en an n e re se r a on o

th e v ig ty f th e St t i ll th
so ere n ff i o whi h w t ig d t th g
a es n l
a os e a a rs c e re no ass ne o e e n e ra

gv o t I t i t u P byt i i m w p p d f
ern m en . s r h l i it ti
e res by th S t h e r an s as re a re or s uc m a ons e co c

B i e A t f 1 69 7 Wt h p v t d h ty l gi l ti by a pp l t l l th P byt i e s
ar r r c o ,
re en e as e s a on n a ea o a e re s er
 ’9
Se e B ft l
an c ro ,
vo . vi .
, b k iii
oo .

’3
Se e M di W
a son s
’
or ks ,
vo l . II . , p . 144 ; vo l . iv .
, pp .
469 4 7 5 ,
-

Wr i tings of T li am as
yefl e r s on
'

, vo l .ix p 9 7 .
, . .

Cr itic a l Pe r i od y p 2 89
15
o
f Am er ic a n H is tor , . .

1°
Se e e xt r ac s t fr o m d e b t i th a es n e Co n s tit ti l C ve ti
u on a on n on ,
an d p ti ar c ul a r l y th e w o r ds
Sh e r m an a n d G e rr y (A pp dix A ) en .

C am pb e ll , T be P u r i ta n in H o l l a n d , E n gla n d , a nd Am er ic a . vo l . II .
,
pp .

‘8 1 bid .
,
vo l . ii,
cha
. xxi I p . .

‘9
1 bid .
,
vo l . II .
,
pp . 46 5 46 7 ( -
by p
e rm s s o n o f e ssrs H ar i i M . p er B th ro ers ) .

9°
T be E vo l u tion f
o tlz e Con s titu tion of tk e Un i ted Sta tes , pp . 0
9 93
-
.

91
Se e A pp end ix B ( P e n n s y l va n i a s ’
F orm tiv a e In fl ue nce ) .
 C H APT E R I I I

T H E SCOT CH I RI S H - IN A M E R I C AN P O L ITI C S

N m ore rec en t y e ar s S c ot l an d s c o n t r ibutio n to th e U n it e d St at e s h as

’

b e e n n o l e ss r e m ar k a b l e in th e n u m b e r an d h igh s t an d i n g o f th e
S c otti s h n am e s w hi c h a pp e a r o n A m e r i c a s Ro l l o f Ho n o r t h an it w as in
’

th e e a r l y d ays o f th e R e pub l i c .

St a r ti n g w it h th e gov e r n o r s o f th e St a t e s an d T e r r ito r i e s a b r i e f e x am ,

in atio n o f th e c ivi l l i s t s pub l ish e d in L a n m an s B iogr ap/ ic a l A n na l s of tbc

’
z

Civil Gove r n m en t a s e m i o ffic ia l w o r k s h o w s t h a t u p to th e y e ar in w h i c h

,
-
,

t h a t book w a s p r i n t e d ( 1 886 ) th e r e h av e b e e n a bout h al f a doz e n m o r e t h an

o n e t h ous an d St a t e o r T e r r ito r i a l gov e r n o r s in o ffi c e s i n c e 1 7 89 Of th e se .
,

j u d gi n g fr o m th e n am e s a l o n e m o r e t h an tw o hu n d r e d a r e o f e vi d e n t S c ot
,

ti s h d e s c e n t an d it is a l tog e t h e r p r ob ab l e t h a t if a c l o s e r i n s p e c tio n w e r e
,

to b e m a d e a gr e a t m an y m o r e w o u l d b e fou n d o f th a t r a c e al t h ough b e a r ,

in g n a m e s a l ik e c o m m o n to S c ot l an d a n d E n g l an d I n c o n n e c tio n w it h th e .

s a m e s ubj e c t it m ay b e r e m a r k e d th a t o f th e c o l o n i a l gov e r n o r s s e n t f r o m
,

E n gl an d to th e A m e r i c an c o l o n i e s b e fo r e 1 7 7 6 a n d o f th e p r ovi n c i a l go v
,

e r n o r s fr o m t h a t ti m e to 1 7 89 up w a r d s o f fo r ty w e r e o f S c otti s h b l oo d
, ,

a m o n g th e m b e i n g Rob e r t H u n t e r Wi l l i am B u r n e tt Joh n
M o n tgo m e r ie John H a m i l to n C a d w a ll a d e r Co l d e n
Joh n E arl o f D un m o r e
,
J a m e s Rob e r t s o n a l l o f N e w Yo r k

Rob e r t B a r c l a y Jo h n Sk e n e Lo r d N e i l C am pb e l l
A n d r e w H am il to n J o h n H a m i l to n
,
'
Wi l l i a m Livi n gsto n a ll o f

Ne w J e rs e y A n d r e w H a m i l to n Sir Wi l l i a m K e it h P at r i c k
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p r e s s T h e i n t e r p r e t a tio n o f l a w in A m e r i c a h as b e e n c h i e fly th e w o r k
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th e e n t e r p r i s e o f a S c ot c h m an b e ar i n g th e c h a r a c t e r i s ti c n a m e o f Jo h n

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a n d a c tio n t h an h a s a n y ot h e r ?
 Am e r ic a n P o l itic s 53

N O T E S TO C HAPT E R III .

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Cl k Li e t C l —J h M tg m y M j
e n e ra or o rs ar u -
o o n on o er a o rs

—J h B i l y R i h d B h
. . . .

T h m Q ui k G g Sl ugh t
o as C pt i r , Ab h m
e or e a er . a a ns o n a e , c ar ras ear , ra a

C h pli a B j m i Fi e ld R b t G g J h G ul t R i h d H i
n, en a n Ab h m K l l s, o er e or e, o n e ra , c ar ar r s o n , ra a e ar ,

R i h d M c ty J h R g
c ar B j i R b t M k Th m I
c ar ,
T yl R b t
o n o e rs , en am n o er s, ar o as , s a ac a or, o er

T dd J h Wi l l i m
o ,
Li e u t o t R i h d Cl k Wi l l i m C l k J m M i w e t h
n a s . e n an s c ar ar , a ar ,
a es e rr a er,

J m M tg
a es y J m sR b t on Wi ll i m R b t J p h S u d J t Wi ll i m
om er a e o e r s on , a o er s, os e a n e rs , a rr e a s.

—Wi ll i m A h L u e Sl u gh t t —J h T h u t
,

E ig ns ns C a s er, a ren c a er orn e o n rs o n

k e tt R gi m t : Li u t C l J ph C k tt M j —G g W ll Su
. .

’
C r oc s e en e -
o ose roc e a or e or e a s r

g —Ch l e G C pt i s —J h Ch p m
. . . .

e on ar (ki ll d) Wi ll i m C h y J h K
s reer . a a n o n a an e , a e rr ,
o n er

ne y B j mi ,
Ki l y (d i d) P t M e A b h Lipt T h m Y u g E ig
en a n n e e ,
e er oor ,
ra am on , o as o n . ns ns

H y D i g S m u l B l l G e H ugh M G v k
enr ar n , a e a re ne, c a oc .

F G g R g rs C l k d
or t e or p 30 t 1 1 e o e ar
’
s esc en ,
see .
,
no e .

Th m f th f l l w i g S t h I i h m
e na esd th ot k e f m l is t f th ee o o n co c - r s e n an o e r s are a n ro a o

N m i i d O ffi
o n c om d S l di f th Il l i
ss o n ei R gi t d th W t A m y c e r s an o e rs o e no s e m en an e es e rn r

d f G l G g e R g s Cl a k T h ful l l i t pp ”
u d
n th C mm
er e o an i th Vi
o e n e ra e or o er r . e s a e a rs n e r

gi i H i t i l M g i
n a v l i pp 1 3 1 1 4 1
s or c a a az n e, o . .
, .
-

J h Al l S J h A ll J J h A d
o n en , S m u l A ll (Se gr t) D vi d A l l n
o n en ,
r .
,
o n n e rs on ,
a e en r ean ,
a e ,

Is a ac A ll F i A d m Wm B l l J h B l i D vi d B ai l y R i h d B e e d J am
en , r an c s a s, . e ,
o n a r, a e ,
c ar r en , es

B w
ro Wm B y J m e B tl y J h B e tl y L B w J
n . B xt e (C p l)
err ,
a s en e , o n n e ,
on ro n, am e s a r or ora ,

J . B Bi . C l i B wro n W m B y T h B t B t J h
o B d n ro n , . ar r , os . e n on or ern on ,
o n re e en

S m
a l Bi d W ue B w J h B b R b e t B u tt (d i d) J
r ,
m . B y t G ge
o en o n ar er , o r rn e e ,
am e s r an ,
e or

B u k J h B u i J h B yl Eb
r ,
o n B w i g A h B w Ad m Bi g
rr s , o S l n o es, en ez er o n , s er ro n ,
a n o m an ,
am u e

B l k f d Si m B u y L w i B w C ll i B w D i l B l t J h C l k A d w
ac or , on rn e ,
e s ro n , o n ro n, an e o on ,
o n ar ,
n re

C l k Ri h d Ch pm
ar , E dw d C h p m
c ar Wm C h p m P t i k C l i Wm a an , ar a an , . a an ,
a r c orn e a, .

C s l ey J h
ra s C w A d w C ,
J
o n Cu y P t i k C o y J ph C p an ,
n re an n o n ,
am e s rr ,
a r c on ro ,
ose oo er,

R m y C p Th m C
a se lly J h C
oo G g C m pb l l
er, J h C pb ll J h n
o as on n o , o n on n ,
eor e a e o n am e , o

C wd y A d w C w
o r D i l C l vi J
,
n C d
re R i C ti Ell i k Ch m b o an , an e a n ,
am e s or er, ce ur s, c a er,

E dw d C k ar G g C k D i C h
oc J m C
r an , D i l C w gil l
e or e oc ran , enn s o eron ,
a es am e r o n an e o ,

J e C
am A d w C le
s J m D w
o x, J m D w n J h D yl B j Du
re oc s, a es a son ,
a es a s on ,
o n o e, en . n c an ,

A h ib ld D u
rc Ch l
a Du D vi d D u n c anN i d Du J ph D u
,
ar e s n c an , a n c an , m ro n c an , ose n c an ,

S m ue l D u
a J h D q J ph D Ab h m F
n c an , i H o y F te J hn , ose on on , ra a raz e r en r os r, o n

G i m e J h G d J h G g J h G t S m u l G ibb
r s, o n or D vi d Gl on , J o n e or e, o n ar r e ,
a e ons, a en n , am e s

G h m S u l H um ph i T h
ra a , H y
am B y H igg
e Mil H t J m H y r es, o m as a s, ar n e on s , es ar , a es a s,

Wm H ll Wm H u i A d w H e d ix J h J h t
. a , Edw d J h t
. S m ue l n , n re n r , o n o n s on ,
ar o n s on ,
a

J h t
o Th J i
n s on , D vi d K e dy J m Ki i d J m Ki k l y T h m
os . am so n a nne ,
a es nca ,
a es r e , o as

Ki k W K
r , R b t Ki d d G g K y T h m K e y J h L l y P t L gh l i
m . err , o er , e or e e ,
o as , o n as e ,
e er au n ,

J h L vi t
o n R i h d L ve ll B j m i L e w i J b Ly J h Ly
e n s on , c Wm L g ar o , en a n s, ac o on , o n ons, . on ,

P l as a t L kh t A h ib l d L kh t H ugh L g J m L w i E dw d M u y J h
e n oc er ,
rc a oc ar ,
o an ,
a es e s, ar rra ,
o n

M tg m y F
on i MD m t J h M e
o er , J h M M i kl A b h m Mi l l
r an c s c er o ,
o n oor o n c c e, ra a er

Jo h M n tg m y Wm M tg m y Ch M L kl d Edw d M tth w
on o er , J h . on o er ,
as . c oc an ,
ar a e s o n

M Gu i e J m e M I t h P t i k M
c r , (Ca d J h M Mi h l J e M Mull
s c n os , a r c a rr . an o n c c ae s am s c en ,

P t i k M c l u e Wm M i w e th J h Mi ll e Ch l M ti D v d M D l d J h
a r c c r , . err a er, o n r, ar e s ar n, a i c on a ,
o n

M ph y T h m M u y T h m
ur , M C l i Wm Mu
o as
y S yl t M u y r ra ,
o as c a n, . n r on ve s o r n r on ,

T h m M Quid dy T h m M D i l J m e M D l d El ij h M ti J
o as c ,
M Ki o as c an e ,
a s c on a ,
a ar n ,
am e s c n ,

S l m
o o M ti J h M K i y J h M
on ar Th m M n, T h m M D ld Wm
o n c nne , o n oore , o as o o re , o as c ona , .

M h ll J h M c G
ars a E kN l, M o Nl n J h N l J h N l Eb e an n , n oc e s on , ose s e son ,
o n e son , o n ea ,
en z er

O bu
z J h P tt rn ,J m P tt E d w d P k Wm P tt
o n a D vi d P g
e rs o n ,
a es o er, ar ar er, . a e rs o n ,
a a an ,

Eb P tt S u l P i k
en e z er J h R A d w Ry L u Ry J m R m y
o er, am e c ens, o n oss , n re an ,
az ar s an , a es a sa ,

J h R be t
o n J m e R os
o J h Ri
r s on D vi d R g J ph R g a s s o n ce a o e rs os e o e rs ,
 L ki R u th f d R i h d R bi
ar n er or J ph R ,
B j m i Ru ll R b t R d l
c ar o n son , ose os s en a n s se ,
o er an a ,

P t i k R i l y D vi d S ith R d l S it h J ph Sm ith J h Sp
a r c e ,
a m Wm Sh
,
an a m , ose ,
o n e n ce r, . an n on ,

J h St ph
o n e S l St p h
enson J Th m p J am u e T y l Edw d T y l e e n son , am e s o son , am e s a or , ar a or ,

W Th m pm . D i l T yg d T h m T y l R b t W h it h d W W h it h d
o son ,
an e ar , o as a or , o er e ea , m . e ea ,

R d l Wh it R b t W h it D vi d W l l
an a e, o W Wi l ker J h Wi l e,Th a a ac e , m . e rs on , o n son , o m as

W y ra .

G i g u t f m Put i B y th e t e th f S pte m b 1 81 3 w ith h i w h l q d

9
o n o ro -
n- a n o e e r, , s o e s ua r on ,

P e ry m t th B iti h fl t i a m m bl
r e e r vl s t t H i lf y g m ee n f e ora e na a c on es . m se a o un an o

t w ty igh t y
en - e f g he w pp d t
e ars o f N l a vt e, H im lf S t has o o se o on e o e son s
’
e e ran s . se a co c

I i h
r s hi
m an , pp t C pt i R b t H B l y w
s o on e n S t hm
,
a Th gg
a n o er . ar c a ,
as a co c an . e en a e

m t wa h t b u t t th
en s o l k i th
, ft th
a g ll t P y w th B iti h fl g
re e o c oc
’
n e a e rn o o n e a an e rr sa e r s a

h ul d d w
a e F th fi t ti
o n. i e sh h d or td e vy G t B it i l t
rs m e ti s nc e a c re a e a na ,
re a r a n os an en re

s qu d a W h v m t th e
ro n . m y d th y
e a u i th f
e i li l i i w h i h P y
e ene an e ar e o rs ,
”
s e am ar ne n c e rr

an n o un c e d h i vi t y i d p t h to G
s c or l Wi ll i m H e y H,
n a i C esm d a c e n e ra a nr arr so n . om o ore

P y m t h w S h W l l Al x d
e rr
’
s o er as S t h w m ar a f m th th f I l d
a ac e e an er, a co c o an ro e n or o re an .

Sh b e th
e c am em th f fi e ll f w h m w o ffier o i th U it d St t N vy
ve s o n s , a o o e re o c e rs n e n e a es a .

T w d gh t o mau i d C pt i G g W R g
e rs a rr e d D Wi ll i m B u t l a f th U it d
a n e or e . o e rs an r . a er o e n e

St t a es N vy D B tl w th f tha . f Sr. t M tth w G l b ith B u tl

u er as f S u th e a er o e n a or a e a ra er, o o

C ar oli A ft
na. th v i t y t L k E i er m f m e i Rh d I l c or d d l a d h w a e r e , so e ar e rs n o e s an e c are s uc as

P e y vi t y —S S
,

th e ti ti i w h i h th y h l d t h i w m
es m a on n th t it w c M e e s o an , a as rs . rr
’
s c or .
’
. .

G re en Tb S t l I i l i Am
,
e i
co c z - r s i n e r ca .

Th d3
R eo v l t f th b i g th m
ore o ose m e w e f D ut h d
’
s a t ; hi e r, e ar n e sa e na ,
as o c e sc e n s

m tho tiv f G gi f S tti h T h d e R v l t S m i e d M th B ll h

er, a n a e o e or a, o co s . eo or o ose e ,
r ar r ar a u oc

on D b 2 2 1 85 3 M th Bull h p
ec em er ,
t w M j J m St ph B l l h d
. ar a oc
’
s ar e n s ere a or a es e ens u oc an

M th St w t th l tt
ar a e d ug h t
ar f D i l St e w t (
,
e a ffi f th R v l u ti )
er a a d er o an e ar an o cer o e e o on an

S us a n O w ld J m St ph
s a .B ll h w a a f J es d A e I vi B ull h th
en s u oc s a son o am e s an nn r ne oc ,
e

l tt
a er ad gh t f D J h
au d A er o El i b th B i l l i I v i r. J o B ul l h ( b 1 7 6 5
n an nn za e a e r ne. am e s oc .

d F b 9 1 806 ) w
. e .
,
f A h ib l d d M y D Vas a s o n o x B l l h th l tt d gh t rc a an ar e e au u oc , e a er a au er

fJ m D V x fF hH g t d t d i j udg f th Ki g C t i ’
o a es e e au ,
o re n c u ue n o e sc e n ,
an sen or e o e n s o ur n

th p v ie ro f G gi A h ib ld B ll h w p i d t d
nce o eor a m d rc i h i f f th e a u oc as res en an c om an e r- n - c e o

y f G gi 1 7 7 6—1 7 7 7 d l g t t th C ti t l C g
.

l
c o on o e or a, f 1 775 d l t d t e e a e o e on nen a on re s s o ,
an e ec e o

th e one o f 1 7 76 ig d th fi t tit uti sf th e St tne f G gi e p id t rs d di d c on s on o a e o e or a as res en an e

in 1 777 H w . f Je d J St b
as a s o n B ul l h th l tt o d ug h t am e s f R v an e an o o oc , e a er a a er o e .

A h ib ld St b
rc a wh i l d f m S tl d w ith th D i c l i t i 1 6 9 8 d ub e
o o, o sa e ro co an e ar e n o on s s n ,
an s s

q u t l y (i 1 7 00) tt l d t Ch l t S C J m B ul l h S b b ut 1 7 0 1 i S t
en n se e a ar e s o n , . . a es oc ,
r . a o ,
n co

lan d ,
m f m Gl g w t C h l t
ca e ro b ut 1 7 2 8 w h as o i 1 7 29 h m o i d J St b ar e s o n a o ,
e re , n ,
e ar r e e an o o .

T h B ull h
e pp t b l g t B l d
oc s a k i Sti l i g h i
e ar o wh th
e on pp o a ern oc ,
n r n s re , ere e n am e a e a rs 0 1 1

th e re c ord f f s hu d d y
or som e b k S A H i t y d G l gy f tl F m il i
o ur n re e a rs ac . ee s or an e n ea o o ze a es

of B l lei g d D
n V er a n t by J e p h G t e B ul l h S v
ea u x , e c . h 1 89 5 ,
os as on oc ,
a an n a , .

J h C C lh u w th e g d
4
o n . a f J m o C lh u n wh i as i d t h ve e m ig t d ran son o a es a o n, o s sa o a ra e

f m D
ro g l I l d i 1 7 33 ( 7 k C C l / u by D H v H l t p
on e a , r e an ,
n J h C 0 n . a zo n ,
r. . on o s , . o n .

C lha o unw th f P t i k C lh
as wh
e son o J m P t i hi F u A i a r c fa o un ,
om a es ar on , n s am o s m er c a n s o

R ec en t T im p k f (pp 1 1 7 1 1 8)
es , s S t h I i hm
ea s o wh w it h A d e w J c k
.
,
d as a co c - r s an , o, n r a s o n an

A d w J h
n re o th e o S t h I i hm
n so n i ll t t w e ll th N th f I l a d h t
, r co c - r s en , us r a e s e or o re n c ar ac e r .

P t i k C lh u w
a r c a P byt i a l ik e h i f th e (J R d l ph T u k i ti l J h
o n as a re s er n s a r . an o c er, n ar c e
“
o n

C ld w l l C l h u
a e i A pp l t
a Cy l p di
o n, f
”
A i n B i g p h y ) I 1 7 70
e on s P t i k
’
c o e a o m er c a n o ra . n ,
a r c

C lha o unm i d (v H l t p 8) M th C l dw ll w h
arr e on y J h S J ki i h i L if
o s , . ar a a e ,
o , sa s o n . en ns n s e

o f y l a C l d w l
m l C ll a ( p w e d u g h t f aa S t c
zou n h I i h P byt i.
w h as a a er o co -
r s res e r an , o,

ac c or di g t T u ke n w o m ig tf m I l d
c r, a s an e ra n ro r e an .

H 5
y Cl y h b
en r l s d w ith th S t h I i sh by M
a as E l b t H ubb d
e e n c a se e co c -
r r. er ar .

L dg D i l W b t p 5 Cu ti Lif f D i l W b t
6
o e, an e e s er l i p 2 , . r s, e o an e e s er ,
vo . .
, . .
 C H A PT E R I V

N E W E NG L A ND N OT T H E B I R T H P L A C E O F A M E R I C A N
LI B E RT Y

N O T H E R i n st an c e o f th e e ffe c t o f c o n ti n uo u s a dv e r tisi n g by Ne w
E n gl an d s hi s to r i an s o f th e s up e r l a tiv e a n d e x c l us iv e p a t r iotis m o f
’

h e r s o n s m a y b e n ot e d in th e c l a i m s s o fr e qu e n t l y m a d e t h a t th e A m e r i ,

c an p e op l e W e r e fi r s t p r e p ar e d fo r th e i d e a o f r e s i s t a n c e to th e a r bit r a r y

m e a s u r e s o f G r e a t B r it a i n a n d fo r i n d e p e n d e n c e by a f e w o f th e c itiz e n s o f
, ,

M a s s a c h u s e tt s Th e s e c l a i m s s e e m fi r s t to h a v e b e e n giv e n p r o m i n e n c e by
.

th e d i s c u s s io n t h a t a r o s e a m o n g s o m e o f th e s u r vivi n g l e a d e r s o f th e R e vo
l u tio n a r y p e r io d in 1 81 7 a n d 1 81 8 u po n th e a pp e a r an c e o f Wi l l i a m Wi r t s
’

, ,

L if e of P a tr ic kH en ry On p a g e 4 1 o f t h a t book th e biog r a p h e r c it e s
’
.
,

T h o m as J e ffe r s o n a s s a yi n g t h a t Mr H e n r y c e r t a i n l y g a v e th e fi r s t i m p u l s e
.

to th e b a l l o f th e R e v o l u tio n .
” 2

T h i s s t a t e m e n t by M r Wi r t l e d to s e v e r a l a pp e a l s b e i n g m a d e to Mr
. .

J e ffe r s o n by c o r r e s po n d e n t s fr o m N e w E n g l a n d fo r its v e r ifi c a tio n a n d in

a n s w e r i n g s u c h c o m m u n i c a tio n s its d i s ti n g u ish e d a u t h o r u n i fo r m l y d is
,

c l a i m e d a n y t h oug h t o f th e g e n e r a l a pp l i c a tio n o f h is r e m a r k to th e c o u n t r y

a t l a r g e a n d v e r y p r op e r l y l i m it e d its r a n g e to th e d e v e l op m e n t o f th e R e vo
,

l u tio n a r y m o v e m e n t w it h i n h is o w n S t a t e .

T h e s pi r it o f s e c tio n a l p r i d e h a d b e e n a r ou s e d h o w e v e r an d a n e xt e n
“

, ,

s iv e e pi s to l a r y d i s c u s s io n f o l l o w e d in w h i c h s o m e o f th e f o r e m o s t c itiz e n s
,

o f th e R e pub l i c took p a r t N e w E n g l a n d s c h i e f a d vo c a t e w a s Jo h n Ad a m s
’
.
,

d o ubt l e s s th e o r igi n al Ho n e s t Jo h n o f A m e r i c an po l iti c s With h is

“
.

n a tu r a l ga r r u l o u s n e s s h e h a d w r i t t e n a t g r e a t l e n gt h th e histo r y o f th e o r igi n
,

o f i n d e p e n d e n c e in M as s a c h u s e tt s go m g i n to m i n ut e d e t a i l to s h o w h o w it
,

a ll d e v e l op e d fr o m th e Bo s to n s p e e c h m a d e by J a m e s Oti s in 1 6 W h i le
7 1 .

M r A d a m s s r e po r t o f an d c o m m e n t a r y u po n this fa m o u s a r gu m e n t w r itt e n
.
’

so m an y y e a rs a ft e r it o c c u r r e d r e m i n d s th e r e a d e r s o m e w h a t o f th e e lo
,

qu e n t an d l e n gt h y s p e e c h e s w h i c h th e Ro m an a n d m e d i ae v a l h i s to r i a n s pu t
i n to th e m out h s Of w arr io r h e r o e s about to e n g a g e in s o m e g r e a t b a tt l e th e r e ,

c a n b e n o d oubt a s to th e g e n e r a l c o r r e c t n e ss o f h is st a t e m e n t s r e g a r d i n g th e

e ff e c t o f Otis s w o r d s in c r y s t a ll izi n g pub l i c s e n ti m e n t in M a s s a c h u s e t t s a n d

’

t u r n i n g it d e fi n it e l y a ga i n st th e e n c r o a c hi n g t e n de n c i e s o f G r e a t B r it a i n s ’

c o m m e r c i a l po l i c y I t go e s w it h o u t s a yi n g t h a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f r e si s t
.
,

a n c e o n th e p a r t o f Joh n A d a m s d a t e s fr o m t h a t ti m e H is d e s c r iptio n o f .

th e i n c i d e n t giv e n in a l e tt e r to Wi ll i a m Tu d o r w r itt e n M ar c h 2 8
, 9 1 1
, 7 , .

b e gi n s as f o l l o w s
T h e s c e n e is th e Co u n c i l C h a m b e r in th e o l d To w n Hous e in B osto n .

T h e d at e is in th e m o n t h o f F e b r u ar y 1 7 6 1 , .

55
5 6 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

In this C h am b e r r ou n d a g r a t e fir e w e r e s e a t e d five Judge s w ith L i e u

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t e n an t Gov e r n o r Hut c h i n s o n a t th e i r h e a d as Chi e f Ju s ti c e al l a r r ay e d in

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th e i r n e w fr e s h r i c h r ob e s o f s c ar l e t E n gl i s h b r o a d c l ot h ; in t h e i r l ar g e
,

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c ou n ty o f Mi dd l e s e x in go w n s b a n d s an d tie w ig s , ,
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you h av e n o w th e s t a g e an d th e s c e n e r y ; n e xt f o ll o w s a n ar r a tiv e o f th e
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a n n ou n c i n g th e c o n q u e s t o f Mo n t r e a l an d th e c o n s e qu e n t a n n i h i l a tio n o f ,

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, ,

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j e c t in
g t h e m to th e u n l i m it e d a utho r ity o f P a r l i a m e n t W ith t h i s v i e w an d .

i n t e n t io n th e y s e n t o r d e r s a n d i n st r u c tio n s to th e c o ll e c to r o f c u s to m s in
B o s t o n M r Ch ar l e s P a xto n to app l y to th e c ivi l a u t h o r ity fo r w r it s o f a s s i s t
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b e e n i m po r t e d a g a i n s t th e p r o h ibitio n o r w ithout p ayi n g t a x e s i m pos e d by

c e r t a i n a c t s o f P a r l i a m e n t c a ll e d th e a c t s o f t r a d e,
.

No w fo r th e a c to r s a n d p e r fo r m e r s Mr G r i d l e y ar gu e d w it h h is c h a r a c
. .

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. .

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h e r o e s w e r e t h e n an d th e r e so w n to d e fe n d th e vigo r ou s youth th e non s ine , ,

Diis a n im os us inf a n s
. Ev e r y m an o f a c r o w d e d a u d i e n c e app e ar e d to m e to
.

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t h e r e w a s th e fi r st s c e n e o f oppo s itio n to th e a r bit r ar y c l a i m s o f G r e a t

B r it a i n Th e n a n d t h e re th e c h i l d I n d e p e n d e n c e w as bo rn I n fi ft e e n
. .

y e ar s n am e l y in 1 7 7 6 h e g r e w up to m an h oo d an d d e c l ar e d h i m s e l f fr e e
, , , , .
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A ft e r r e a d i n g Mr Wi r t s l ife of Pa tr ickH en ry a n d c o m p ar i n g th e d a t e
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o f h is f am ou s s p e e c h b e fo r e th e Vi r gi n i a A s s e m b l y w it h th a t o f J a m e s Otis s
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a r gu m e n t a g a i n s t th e W r its o f Assi s t a n c e Mr A d a m s v a l i an t l y took up his ,

.

p e n in d e fe n c e o f t h e h o n o r o f h is n a tiv e St a t e a n d a t o n c e i n d it e d a n oti c e ,

o f i n fr i n g e m e n t to th e p an e gy r i s t o f th e Vi r gi n i a o r a to r in t h i s f a shio n

I e n v y n o n e o f th e w e l l m e r it e d gl o r i e s o f Vi r gi n i a o r a n y o f h e r s a g e s
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o r h eroes But Sir I a m j e a l o u s v e r y j e a l ou s o f th e ho n o r o f M as s ac h u

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s e tt s
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T h e r e s i s t an c e to th e B r iti s h sy s t e m fo r s u bju ga tin g th e c o l o n i e s b e g an in

1 7 6 0 a n d in th e m o n t h o f F e b r u ar y 1 7 6 1
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J a m e s Oti s e l e c t r ifi e d th e to w n o f
, ,

B o s to n th e p r ovi n c e o f M a s s a c h u s e tts B ay an d th e w h o l e c o n ti n e n t m o re
, ,

th an P a t r i c k H e n r y e v e r d id in th e w ho l e c ou r s e o f h is l i fe I f w e m u s t .

h av e p an e gy r i c an d h yp e r bo l e I m u s t s ay t h a t if M r H e n r y w as D e m o s ,
.

th e n e s a n d Mr Ri c h ar d H e n r y L e e C i c e r o J a m e s Oti s w a s I s a i a h an d E z e
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ki e l u n it e d .
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 T h e B irth pl a c e of Am e r ic a n L ibe r ty 57

B a si n g c hi e fl y o n this an d o n oth e r h a sty an d ill c o n sid e r e d st a t e m e n ts o f

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a l ik e t e n o r m a d e a t a bout th e s a m e ti m e N e w E n g l an d s hi s to r i a n s a s a r u l e
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h a v e si n c e ac c e pt e d a s fi n al a n d a ut h o r it a tiv e thi s c l a i m o f h e r fo r e m ost

R e vo l u tio n ar y st at e s m an as to th e b e gi n n i n g s in A m e r i c a o f r e s ist an c e to th e
r e p r e ssiv e m e a s u r e s o f G r e a t B r it a i n ; a n d w it h o n e voi c e th e y a s c r ib e to

M as s a c h u s e tt s an d to M as s ac h u s e tt s a l o n e th e i n augu r atio n o f th e m ov e
, ,

m e n t w hi c h l e d to fi n al in de p e n d e n c e .

T h a t th e d e l ib e r a t e j u d gm e n t o f A d am s d id n o t c o n fi rm th e d ra w i n g o f
s u c h a b r o a d c o n c l usio n fr o m th e st a t e m e n t fi r st put f o r t h by hi m s e l f u n d e r

th e i m pu l s e o f f e e l i n g s a r ou s e d by w ou n d e d St a t e p r id e m a y b e r e a so n a b l y ,

d e m o n s t r a t e d by a n e x a m i n a tio n o f so m e o f his l a t e r w r iti n g s .

As t e n d i n g to sho w t h i s m o r e i m p a r ti al a ttitu d e o n th e p ar t o f th e
a m i a b l e an d i m pu l s iv e A d a m s h is c o rr e s po n d e n c e w ith M a d i s o n in th e s a m e
,

y e ar m ay b e C it e d in w hi c h s o m e ob s e r va tio n s o f th e l a tt e r a ff o r d a c o n vi n c i n g
,

p r oo f a s w e ll o f A d am s s u l ti m a t e l y j u s t c o n c e ptio n as o f th e in s u fli c ie n c y
,
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o f an y V i e w o f th e m a tt e r in w hi c h th e r an g e is l i m it e d to i n d ivi d u al s .

M ad i s on s l e tt e r to A d a m s o f A u g u s t 7 1 81 8 is in p a r t a s fo ll o w s
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You r r e m ar k is v e r y just o n th e s ubj e c t o f I n d e p e n d e n c e I t w as n o t .

th e o ffs p r i n g o f a p ar ti c u l a r m an o r a p a r ti c u l a r m o m e n t O ur .

f o r e fa t h e r s b r ought w it h t h e m th e g e r m o f I n d e p e n d e n c e in th e p r i n c ip l e o f
s e l f t a x a tio n
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Ci r c u m st an c e s u n fo l d e d a n d p e r fe c t e d it
. .

T h e fi r st o c c a s io n w h i c h a r o u s e d this p r i n c ip l e w a s if I c an t r u s t m y ,

r e c o ll e c tio n th e p r oj e c t e d u n io n a t A l b an y in 1 7 4 w h e n th e p r opo s a l o f
, 5 ,

th e B r itis h Gov e r n m e n t to r e i m b u rs e its a d v an c e s fo r th e c o l o n i e s by a pa r

l ia m e n tar y ta x o n t h e m w as m e t by th e l e tt e r fr o m D r F r an k l i n to Gov e r n o r .

S h i r l e y poi n ti n g out th e un c o n stitutio n al ity th e i n j u s ti c e an d th e i m po l ic y

, , ,

o f su c h a ta x .

T h e oppo s itio n a n d d i sc u s s io n s p r o d u c e d by th e St a m p an d s ub s e qu e n t
A c t s o f P a r l i a m e n t m ad e an oth e r st a g e in th e g r o w t h o f I n d e p e n d e n c e
, .

F r an k l i n s l e tt e r s to Go v e r n o r S h i rl e y w r itt e n in D e c e m b e r 1 7 5 4 to
’

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w hi c h r e f e r e n c e is m a d e by M a d i s o n c o n t a i n s u c h e xp r e s s io n s a s t h e s e
,

I a pp r e h e n d th a t e x c l u d i n g th e p e op l e o f th e c o l o n i e s fr o m a l l s h a r e
in th e c h oi c e o f th e g r a n d c o u n c i l w i l l giv e e xt r e m e d i s s a ti s fa c tio n a s w e ll ,

a s th e t a xi n g th e m by a c t o f P a rl i am e n t w h e r e t h e y h av e n o r e pr e s e n
.
,

ta tI o n .

T h a t it is suppo s e d an u n do u bt e d r igh t o f E n g l i s h m e n n o t to b e t a x e d
b u t by th e i r o w n c o n s e n t giv e n t h r o u gh t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s
, .

T h a t th e c ol o n i e s h a v e n o r e p r e s e n t ativ e s in P a r l i am e n t .

T h a t to p r opo s e t a xi n g t h e m by P ar l i am e n t an d r e fu s e t h e m th e l ib e r ty
,

o f c h oosi n g a r e p r e s e n t a ti v e c ou n c i l to m e e t in th e c o l o n i e s a n d c o n s i d e r a n d

j u d g e o f th e n e c e s s ity o f a n y g e n e r a l tax a n d th e q u an t u m s h o w s a s u s pi c io n ,

o f t h e i r l oy a l ty to th e C r o w n o r o f t h e i r r e g ar d fo r t h e i r c o u n t r y o r o f th e i r
, ,

c o m m o n s e n s e a n d u n d e rs t an d i n g w h i c h t h e y h a v e n o t d e s e r v e d .

In P e n n s y l v an i a th e m a t t e r o f t a x a tio n h a d b e e n a c o n s t a n t s ou rc e o f
,

d isput e b e t w e e n th e A s s e m b l y a n d th e P r op r i e t a r y gov e r n m e n t f o r m a n y
y e a r s p r io r to 1 7 6 0 I n th at St a t e m o r e th an te n ye ar s b e fo r e th e b a tt l e o f
.
,
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an p r i s i n g took p l a c e o n th e p ar t o f th e S c ot c h I r ish
ar m e d u -

a g a i n st th e p r i n c ip l e o f t a x a tio n w it h out r e p r e s e n t a tio n o r p r ot e c tio n .

T h e i n c iti n g c a u s e s o f thi s h o s ti l e d e m o n st r a tio n a g a i n s t th e p r ovi n c i a l

gov e r n m e n t o f P e n n s y l v a n i a g r e w o u t o f th e c o n ti n u e d an d s tu d i e d n e g l e c t ,

by th e Q u a k e r o l ig ar c h y th e n c o n t r o l l i n g th e P e n n sy l v an i a Ass e m b l y o f t h a t ,

p r i m ar y e s s e n ti al o f a l l o r gan iz e d gov e rn m e n t s n a m e l y th e a bi l ity a n d d is , ,

po s itio n to d e fe n d its c itiz e n s a g a i n s t th e m u r d e r o u s i n v a sio n s o f an ar m e d

fo e . T h e Q u a k e r go v e r n m e n t n o t o n l y fa i l e d to fu rn is h p r o t e c tio n to its
c itiz e n s b u t m a d e a vi r t u e o f its o w n sho r t c o m i n gs in t h a t r e s p e c t
, .

—
A l o n g th e t h i n l y s e tt l e d bo r d e r s in 1 7 6 2 6 3 tw o thous an d p e r s o n s h a d
, ,

b e e n ki ll e d o r c a r r i e d o ff an d n e arl y an e qu al n u m b e r o f fa m i l i e s dr i v e n
,

fr o m th e i r ho m e s T h e fr o n ti e r p e op l e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a s a ys P ar k m a n
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.
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go a d e d to d e s p e r a tio n by l o n g c o n ti n u e d s u ff e r i n g w e r e d ivi d e d b e t w e e n
-
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r a g e a g a i n s t th e I n d i a n s a n d r e s e n t m e n t a g a i n s t th e Qu a k e r s
,
w h o h ad ,

yi e l de d th e m c o l d s y m p a thy a n d i n e ffic i e n t a id T h e ho rr o r an d fe ar g r i e f .
,

a n d fu r y w ith w hi c h t h e s e m e n l ook e d upo n th e m a n g l e d r e m a i n s o f f r i e n d s

,

an d r e l a tiv e s s e t l a n g u a g e a t d e fi a n c e O n o n e o c c a s io n th e f r o n ti e r s m e n
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s e n t to P h i l a d e l p h i a a w a go n l ad e n w i t h th e m an gl e d c o r p s e s o f t h e i r fr i e n d s
a n d r e l a ti v e s w h o h a d f a ll e n by I n d i a n but c h e r y
,
Th e s e w e r e c a r r i e d a l o n g
.

th e s t r e e t s w i t h m an y p e op l e f o ll o w i n g c u rs i n g th e I n d i a n s an d a l s o th e
, , ,

Qu a k e r s b e c a u s e t h e y w o ul d n o t j oi n in w ar fo r th e d e s t r u c tio n o f th e s av
a ge s . B u t th e h i d e o u s s p e c t a c l e fa i l e d o f th e i n t e n d e d e ffe c t a n d th e As ,

s e m b l y s ti ll t u rn e d a d e a f e ar to a ll e n t r e a ti e s f o r m o r e e ffe c tiv e a id T he .

S c ot c h I r i s h o f th e fr o n ti e r w e r e th e c h i e f s uffe r e rs fr o m th e d e p r e d a tio n s
-

o f th e I n d i a n s .
—
T h e y w e r e o f a r u d e a n d h ar d y s t am p h u n t e r s s c o u ts , , ,

r an g e r s ,
I n d i a n t r a d e r s an d b a c k w oo d s f ar m e r s
,
— w h o h a d g r o w n u p w it h ,

a r m s in t h e i r h an d s a n d b e e n t r a i n e d u n d e r a l l th e i n flu e n c e s o f th e w ar
,

l ik e fr o n ti e r T h e y fi e r c e l y c o m p l a i n e d t h a t t h e y w e r e i n t e r po s e d a s a
.

b ar r i e r b e t w e e n th e r e s t o f th e p r ovi n c e an d a fe r o c ious e n e m y a n d t h a t ,

t h e y w e r e s a c r ifi c e d to th e s a fe ty o f m e n w h o l ook e d w ith i n d i ff e r e n c e o n
t h e i r m i s e r i e s an d l ost n o oppo r tu n ity to e xt e n u a t e a n d s m ooth aw a y th e
,

c r u e l ti e s o f t h e i r d e s t r o y e r s .

A l o n g th e w e st e r n fr o n ti e r s o f P e n n s y l v a n i a M a r y l an d a n d Vi r gi n i a in , , ,

th e s u m m e r o f 1 7 6 3 t e r r o r r e ig n e d s u p r e m e
,
I n d i an s c a l pi n g p a r ti e s w e r e
.

r a n gi n g e v e r y w h e r e l a yi n g w a s t e th e s e tt l e m e n t s
,
d e s t r oyi n g th e h ar v e s ts , ,

a n d but c h e r i n g m e n w o m e n ,
a n d c hi l d r e n w it h r ut hl e s s f u r y
, ,
M a n y h un .

d r e d s o f w r e t c h e d fu gitiv e s flo c k e d fo r r e fu g e to C a r l is l e a n d th e oth e r
to w n s o f th e bo r d e r b r i n gi n g t al e s o f i n c o n c e iv ab l e ho r r o r St r o n g p ar ti e s
,
.

o f ar m e d m e n w h o w e n t o u t to r e c o n n oit r e th e c ou n t r y f ou n d e v e r y h a bi
, ,

ta tio n r e d u c e d to C i n d e r s an d th e h a l f b u r n e d bo d i e s o f th e i n m a t e s l yi n g
,
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a m o n g th e s m ou l d e r i n g r ui n s w hi l e h e r e a n d t h e r e w as s e e n so m e m i s e r a b l e
w re t c h s c al p e d a n d to m ah aw k e d b u t s ti ll a l iv e a n d c o n s c io u s
, ,
A s th e .

s u m m e r p a s se d th e fr o n ti e r s o f Cu m b e r l an d Cou n ty w e r e c o m p l e t e l y a b a n
,

d o n e d by th e S c ot c h I r i s h s e tt l e r s m an y o f w h o m n o t c o n t e n t w ith s e e ki n g
-
, , ,
re fug e C a rl i s l e c o n ti n u e d t h e i r fl ig h t to th e e a s t w a r d an d pu s h e d o n to
at , ,

L an c a s t e r a n d P h i la d e l p h i a C ar l i s l e p r e s e n t e d a m o s t d e p l o r a b l e s p e c t ac l e
. .

A m u l titu de o f th e r e fug e e s u n a b l e to fin d s h e l t e r in th e to w n h ad e n , ,

c a m p e d in th e w oo d s o r o n th e a dj a c e n t fi e l d s ,
e r e c ti n g h u t s o f b r a n c h e s ,

a n d b ar k a n d l ivi n g o n s u c h c h a r ity a s th e s l e n d e r m e an s o f th e to w n s
,

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a g a i n a r o u s e d a f e e l i n g o f r a g e a n d r e s e n t m e n t a m o n g s t th e R a n g e rs On .

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of p e r v e r t e d a d m i n i s t r a tio n o f j u sti c e fi n d i n g m an y p a r a l l e l s in th e a n n al s
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e x a m p l e s an d c o u n t e r p a r t s in A m e r i c a o f th e c l an a n d fa m i l y f e u d s fo r m e r l y

s o c o m m o n in S c ot l a n d T h e c a s e o f th e R e g u l a to r s o f No r th C a r o l i n a is
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a n o t h e r w e l l k n o w n i n s t a n c e in A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y o f th e S c ot c h I r i s h b a c k
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w oo d s m e n t a ki n g th e a d m i n i s t r a tio n o f j u s ti c e i n to th e i r o w n h an d s w h e n ,

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s e n ta tiv e s w e re a ppoi n t e d to p r o c e e d to P hi l a de l p h i a an d d e m an d r e d r e s s

a n d p r ot e c tio n A c c o m p an yi n g t h e m w e r e l a r g e d e l e g a tio n s fr o m th e
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b ac k i n h a bit a n t s .

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p h i a T h e i r fo r c e w a s m a gn ifi e d by r u m o r to m an y t h o u s an d s Six c o m
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, , ,

a n d e ig h t pi e c e s o f c a n n o n m o u n t e d .

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,

e r s to w h o m t h e y m a d e k n o w n t h e i r g r i e v an c e s Co l o n e l M atth e w S m it h .

a n d J a m e s G ib s o n t h e n a c c o m p a n i e d th e c o m m i s s io n e r s to P h i l a d e l p h i a ,

w h e r e t h e y m e t th e Gov e rn o r a n d th e A s s e m b l y a n d p r e s e n t e d t h e i r d e ,

m an d s I n th e m e an ti m e w it h fe w e x c e ptio n s th e fr o n ti e r s m e n w h o ac c o m
.
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pa n ie d t h e m r e t u r n e d h o m e .

T h e m e m o r i a l o f Gibso n a n d S m it h w as s u s t a i n e d by a D e c l ar a tio n
b e ar i n g fi ft e e n h u n d r e d sign at u r e s .

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,

t h o u s an d o f b a c k i n h a bit an t s in to w n to ins is t upon tlze A ss em bly gr a n ting ,

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tke c ou n ties .

s e v e r a l p e titio n s fo r th e pu r po s e w h i c h h a v e b e e n a l w a y s d is r e g ar d e d by
,

th e Ho u s e ; fo r w hi c h p u r po s e th e y In t e n d to c o m e in p e rs o n I am o f .

opi n io n t h e y [th e A s s e m b l y] w i l l n e v e r c o m e i n t o [a g r e e m e n t] a s it w i ll ,

b e th e m e an s o f l e s s e n i n g th e po w e r o f th e gov e rn i n g fe w in t h is P r ovi n c e .

T h e p e titio n p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e S c ot c h I r i s h C itiz e n s in e n u m e r a t i n g -
,

t h e i r g r i e v an c e s m e n tio n s as th e c h i e f o n e th e fac t t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t
,

p e r m itt e d a p r opo r tio n a t e s h a r e in th e gov e rn m e n t o f th e p r ovi n c e T h i s .

p e titio n is p r i n t e d in full in th e Col on ia l R ecor ds of Pe n n syl va n ia vo l ix pp

1 3 8—
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,

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 T h e B ir th pl a c e of Am e r ic a n L ibe r ty 63

M aj e s ty s fa ith fu l an d l oy al subj e c ts th e i n h abit a n t s o f th e fr o n ti e r c ou n ti e s

’

o f L an c a s t e r Yo r k C u m b e r l an d B e r k s a n d No r t h am pto n h u m b l y b e g
'

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l e a v e to r e m o n s t r a t e a n d l ay b e fo r e you th e f o ll o w i n g g r i e v a n c e s w h i c h w e ,

sub m it to yo u r w i s do m fo r r e d r e s s .

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, , ,

i n d i s p u t a b l e tit l e to th e s a m e p r ivi l e g e s an d i m m u n iti e s w it h h is M aj e s t y s ’

ot h e r subj e c t s w h o r e s i d e in th e i n t e r io r c ou n ti e s o f P h i l a d e l phi a C h e s t e r , ,

a n d Bu c ks a n d t h e r e f o r e ought n o t to b e e x c l u d e d f r o m
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an e q ua l s h ar e

w ith t h e m in th e v e r y i m po r t a n t p r ivi l e g e o f l e gi s l a tio n n e v e rth e le s s c o n ,

tra r y to th e P r op r i e to r s c h a r t e r an d th e a c k n o w l e d g e d p r i n c ip l e s o f c o m
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m o n j u s ti c e an d e q u i t y o u r fi ve c ou n ti e s a r e r e s t r a i n e d fr o m
,
e l e c ti n g m o r e

t h a n te n r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s V iz fo u r fo r L an c a st e r tw o fo r Yo r k tw o fo r
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ti e s an d c ity o f P hi l a d e l p h i a C h e s t e r an d Bu c ks e l e c t t w e n ty s ix T h i s
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.

w e h u m b l y c o n c e iv e is O pp r e s s iv e u n e qu a l a n d u n j u s t th e c a u s e o f m a n y , , ,

o f o u r g r i e v a n c e s a n d an i n fr i n g e m e n t o f o u r n a t u r a l p r ivi l e g e s o f f r e e d o m
,

an d e q u a l ity w h e r e fo r e w e h u m b l y p r a y t h a t w e m ay n o l o n ge r b e
,

d e p r iv e d o f an e qu al n u m b e r w ith th e t h r e e a fo r e s a i d c o u n ti e s to r e p r e s e n t ,

us in As s e m b l y .
’

Secon dly We u n d e rs t an d t h a t a bi l l is n o w b e fo r e th e Ho u s e o f A s
,

s e m bl y w h e r e i n it is p r ovi d e d t h a t s uc h p e r s o n s as s h a ll b e c h ar g e d w it h
,

ki l li n g an y I n d i an s in L an c a s t e r c o un ty s h a ll n o t b e t r i e d in th e c o un ty ,

w h e r e th e f ac t w a s c o m m itt e d b u t in th e c o u n ti e s o f P h i l a d e l p h i a C h e s t e r
, , ,

o r B u c ks T h i s is m an i fe s t l y to d e p r iv e B r iti s h s ubj e c t s o f t h e i r k n o w n
.

p r ivi l e g e s to c a st a n e t e rn al r e p r o a c h u po n w h o l e c o u n t i e s a s if t h e y w e r e
, ,

u n fit to s e r v e t h e i r c o u n t r y in th e qu al ity o f j u r y m e n a n d to c o n t r a d i c t th e ,

w e ll k n o w n l a w s o f th e B r i t i s h n a tio n in a poi n t w h e r e o n l i fe l ib e r ty a n d
-
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s e c u r ity e s s e n ti al l y d e p e n d n am e l y th a t o f b e i n g t r i e d by t h e i r e q u a l s in
, , ,

th e n e ig h b o r h ood w h e r e t h e i r o w n th e i r a c c u s e rs an d th e w i t n e s s e s c h a r
’

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a c t e r a n d c r e d it w ith th e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f th e f a c t a r e b e s t k n o w n an d
, ,

i n s t e a d t h e r e o f p u tti n g t h e i r l iv e s in th e h a n d s o f s t r an g e r s w h o m a y a s ,

j us t l y b e s u s p e c t e d o f p ar ti al ity to as th e fr o n ti e r c ou n ti e s c an b e o f pr e ju
d i c e s a g a i n s t I n d i an s . .

T kir dly Du r i n g th e l a t e an d p r e s e n t I n d i a n Wa r th e fr o n ti e r s o f t h i s
, ,

P r o v i n c e h a v e b e e n r e p e at e d l y a tt ac k e d an d r a v a g e d by s k u l ki n g p ar ti e s o f
th e I n d i an s w h o h av e w it h th e m o s t s a v a g e c r u e l ty m u r d e r e d m e n w o m e n
, , ,

a n d c h i l d r e n w it h o u t d i s ti n c tio n a n d h a v e r e d u c e d n e a r a t h o u s an d f a m
, ,

il ie s to th e m o s t e xt r e m e d i s t r e s s I t g r i e v e s u s to th e v e r y h e ar t to s e e.

s u c h o f o u r f r o n ti e r i n h a bit a n t s a s h a v e e s c a p e d s a v a g e f u r y w it h th e l o s s o f

t h e i r p ar e n t s th e i r c h i l d r e n t h e i r w iv e s o r r e l a tiv e s l e ft d e s ti t u t e by th e
, , , ,

p u b l i c a n d e xp o s e d to th e m o s t c r u e l pov e r ty an d w r e t c h e d n e s s w h i l e
, ,

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,

r e a s o n s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g g u i l ty o f t h e s e ho r r i d b a r b a r iti e s u n d e r th e m a s k
,

o f fr i e n d s h ip h a v e p r o c u r e d t h e m s e l v e s to b e t a k e n u n d e r th e p r ot e c ti o n o f
,

th e Gov e r n m e n t w it h a vi e w to e l u d e th e f u r y o f th e b r a v e r e l a tiv e s o f th e
m u rd e r e d a n d a r e n o w m a i n t a i n e d a t th e p u b l i c e xp e n s e
,
So m e o f t h e s e .

I n d i an s n o w i n th e B ar r a c k s a t P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e c o n fe s s e d l y a p a r t o f th e
, ,

Wy al u s i n g I n d i an s w h i c h t r ib e Is n o w a t w a r w i t h u s an d th e o th e r s a r e th e
, ,

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, , ,

o n a c o rr e s po n d e n c e w ith o u r k n o w n e n e m i e s o n th e G r e a t I s l a n d We .

c a n n o t b u t o b s e r v e w ith so r ro w a n d i n d ig n a tio n t h a t s o m e p e r s o n s in thi s

, ,

P r ovi n c e a r e a t p a i n s to e xt e n u a t e th e b ar b a r o u s c r u e l ti e s p r a c ti s e d by t h e s e
s av a g e s o n o u r m u r d e r e d b r e th r e n a n d r e l a tiv e s w h i c h a r e s ho c ki n g to ,
64 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

h um an n a tu r e a n d m u s t pi e rc e e v e r y h e ar t but t h a t o f th e h ar d e n e d pe r pe
,

tr a to r s o r t h e i r a b e t t o r s ; n o r is it l e s s d i s t r e s s i n g to h e a r ot h e r s le adin g
p
t h a t al t h o u gh th e W yal u s i n g t r ib e Is a t w a r w ith u s ye t th a t p a r t o f i t w h i c h ,

is u n d e r th e p r o t e c t i o n o f th e Gov e r n m e n t m a y b e f r i e n d l y to th e E n g l i s h , ,

an d i n n o c e n t I n w h a t n a tio n u n d e r th e s u n w a s it e v e r th e c u s to m t h a t
.

w h e n a n e ig h bo r i n g n a tio n took u p a r m s n o t a n i n d ivi d u a l s h o u ld b e ,

to u c h e d bu t o n l y th e p e r s o n s t h a t o ffe r e d h o s ti l i t i e s Wh o e v e r p r o c l a im e d
w a r w i t h a p ar t o f a n a tio n an d n o t w ith th e w h o l e ? H a d th e s e I n d i an s
,

d i s a pp r ov e d o f th e pe r fid y o f t h e i r t r ib e a n d b e e n w i ll i n g to c u l tiv a t e a n d ,

r e s e r v e fr i e n d s h i w it h u s w h y d id th e y n o t giv e n oti c e o f th e w a r b e f o r e
p p ,

i t h a pp e n e d a s it i s k n o w n to b e th e r e s u l t o f l o n g d e l ib e r a tio n s an d a r e
, p ,

c o n c e r t e d c o m bi n a tio n a m o n g t h e in ? Why d id t h e y n o t l e a v e t h e i r t r ib e
i m m e d i a t e l y an d c o m e a m o n g u s b e fo r e t h e r e w a s g r ou n d to s u s p e c t t h e m
, ,

o r w a r w as ac tu a l l y w a g e d w ith t h e i r t r ib e ? No t h e y s t ay e d a m o n gs t ,

t h e m w e r e p r ivy to t h e i r m u r de r s an d r a v a g e s u n ti l w e h a d d e s t r oy e d
, ,

th e i r p r ovi s io n s an d w h e n t h e y c ou l d n o l o n ge r s ub s i s t a t ho m e t h e y c o m e
, , ,

n o t a s d e s e r t e r s b u t a s fr i e n ds to b e m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u gh th e w i n t e r t h a t
, ,

t h e y m ay b e ab l e to s c al p an d b u t c h e r u s in th e s p r i n g .

A n d a s to th e Mo r a v i a n I n d i a n s th e r e a r e s t r o n g g r o u n d s a t l e as t to ,

s u sp e c t t h e i r fr i e n d s h ip as it is k n o w n t h a t t h e y c arr i e d o n a c o r r e s po n d
,

e n c e w i t h o u r e n e m i e s o n th e G re a t I s l a n d We ki ll e d t h r e e I n d i a n s goi n g .

fr o m B e t h l e h e m to th e G r e a t I s l an d w it h b l an k e t s a m m u n itio n a n d pr o , ,

vi s io n s w h i c h is an u n d e n i a b l e p r oo f th a t th e Mo r avi an I n d i an s w e r e in
,

c o n f e d e r a c y w it h o u r op e n e n e m i e s ; a n d w e c a n n ot b u t b e fi ll e d w it h
i n d ign a tio n to h e a r t h i s ac tio n o f o u r s p a i n t e d in th e m o s t o d iou s an d
d e t e s t a b l e c o l o r s a s if w e h a d i n h u m an l y m u r d e r e d o u r g u i d e s w h o pr e
, ,

s e r v e d u s fr o m p e r i s hi n g in th e w oo d s w h e n w e o n l y ki l l e d th r e e o f o u r ,

k n o w n e n e m i e s w h o a tt e m pt e d to shoot u s w h e n w e s u r p r i s e d t h e m A n d
, .
,

b e s i de s a l l t h i s w e u n d e r s t an d th a t o n e o f t h e s e v e r y In d i an s is p r ov e d by
, ,

th e o a t h o f Sti n s o n s w i d o w to b e th e v e r y p e r so n t h a t m u r d e r e d h e r h u s
’

b an d H o w t h e n c o m e s it to p a s s th a t h e a l o n e o f al l th e Mo r a vi an
.
, , , ,

I n d i an s s h o u l d j oi n th e e n e m y to m u r d e r t h a t f a m i l y ? O r c a n it b e s up
,

po s e d t h a t a n y e n e m y I n d i a n s c o n t r a r y to t h e i r k n o w n c u s to m o f m aki n g
,

w a r s h o u l d p e n e t r a t e i n to th e h e a r t o f a s e tt l e d c o u n t r y to bu rn p l u n d e r
, , ,

a n d m u r d e r th e i n h a bit a n t s a n d n o t m o l e s t a n y h ou s e s in t h e i r r e t u r n o r
, ,

e v e r b e s e e n o r h e ar d o f O r h o w c a n w e ac c ou n t fo r it t h a t n o r a v a g e s
.
,

h a v e b e e n c o m m itt e d in No r t h am pto n c o u n ty s i n c e th e r e m o v a l o f th e
Mo r a vi a n I n d i an s w h e n th e G r e a t C o v e h a s b e e n s t r u c k s i n c e ? T h e s e
,

t h i n g s pu t i t b e yo n d d o u bt w it h u s t h a t th e I n d i a n s n o w a t P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e
h is M aj e s ty s pe r fid io u s e n e m i e s a n d t h e r e fo r e to p r ot e c t an d m a i n t a i n
’

, , ,

th e m a t th e p u b l i c e xp e n s e w h i l e o u r s u ffe r i n g b r e t h r e n o n th e fr o n t i e r s
,

a r e a l m o s t d e s tit u t e o f th e n e c e s s a r i e s o f l i fe an d ar e n e g l e c t e d by th e pu b ,

l ic is s u ffi c i e n t to m a k e u s m a d w ith r a g e an d t e m pt u s to d o w h a t n ot h i n g
, ,

b u t th e m o s t V i o l e n t n e c e s s ity c a n vi n d i c a t e We h u m b l y an d e a r n e s t l y .

p r a y t h e r e fo r e t h a t t h o s e e n e m i e s o f h is M aj e s ty m a y b e r e m o v e d a s s o o n
, ,

as po s s ib l e o u t o f th e P r o vi n c e .

F our tkly We h u m b l y c o n c e iv e t h a t i t is c o n t r a r y to th e m a xi m s o f goo d

,

po l i c y an d e xt r e m e l y d a n ge r ou s to o u r fr o n ti e r s to s u ff e r an y I n d i a n s o f
, , ,

w h a t t r ib e s o e v e r to l iv e w it h i n th e i n h a bit e d p ar t s o f t h i s P r ovi n c e w h i l e
,

w e a r e e n g a g e d In a n I n d i an w a r a s e xp e r i e n c e h as t a u g h t u s t h a t t h e y a r e
,

a ll pe r fi d io u s an d t h e i r c l a i m to f r e e d o m a n d i n d e p e n d e n c y p u t s it i n t h e i r
,

po w e r to a c t a s s pi e s to e n t e r t a i n a n d giv e i n t e ll ig e n c e to o u r e n e m i e s a n d
, ,

to fur n i s h t h e m w i t h p r ovi s io n s a n d w a r l ik e s to r e s To t h i s fa t al in te r c O u r s e .
 T h e B ir th pl a c e of Am e r ic a n L ibe r ty 65

b e t w e e n o ur p r e t e n d e d fr i e n d s an d o p e n e n e m i e s w e m ust a s c r ib e th e ,

g r e a t e s t p a r t o f th e r a v a g e s a n d m u r d e r s t h a t h a v e b e e n c o m m it t e d in th e
c o u r s e o f thi s a n d th e l as t I n d i a n w a r
.
We t h e r e fo r e p r a y t h a t t h i s gr ie v
‘

an c e b e t a k e n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a ti o n a n d r e m e d i e d .

F if t/z ly We c a n n ot h e l p l am e n ti n g t h a t n o p r ovi s io n h a s b e e n h it h e r to
,

m a d e t h a t s u c h o f o u r f r o n ti e r i n h a bit an t s a s h a v e b e e n w o u n d e d in d e f e n c e
,

o f th e P r ovi n c e t h e i r l iv e s a n d l ib e r ti e s m a y b e t a k e n c a r e o f a n d c u r e d o f
, , ,

t h e i r w o u n d s a t th e pub l i c e xp e n s e We t h e r e fo r e p r a y t h a t t h i s g r i e v an c e
.

m ay b e r e dr e ss e d .

Six tkly, I n th e l a t e I n d i an w a r , t h i s P r ovi n c e , w ith ot h e r s o f h is M aj e s ty s

’

c o l o n i e s , g a v e r e w a r d s fo r I n d i an s c a l p s , to e n c o u r a g e th e s e e ki n g t h e m in
t h e i r o w n c ou n t r y , a s th e m o s t l ik e l y m e an s o f d e s t r oyi n g o r r e d u c i n g t h e m
to r e a so n , but n o s u c h e n c o u r a g e m e n t h as b e e n giv e n in t h i s w ar , w hi c h h as
d a m p e d th e s pi r its o f m an y b r a v e m e n , w h o ar e w i l l i n g to v e n tu r e t h e i r l iv e s
in p a r ti e s a g a i n s t th e e n e m y We t h e r e fo r e p r a y t h a t p u b l i c r e w ar d s m ay
.

b e p r opo s e d fo r I n d i an s c a l p s , w h i c h m a y b e a d e q u a t e to th e d an g e r s
a tt e n d i n g e n t e r p r i s e s o f t h is n a t u r e .

Seven t/zly, We d a i l y l a m e n t th a t n u m b e r s o f o u r n e a r e s t an d d e ar e st
r e l a t iv e s a r e s ti l l in c a ptivity a m o n g th e s a v a g e h e a t h e n , to b e t r a i n e d u p in

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m a d e to r e s to r e o u r f r i e n d s w h o a r e in bo n d a g e a m o n g s t th e m We .

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c a r r i e d o n w it h t h e m u n ti l o u r b r e t h r e n a n d r e l a tiv e s a r e b r o u g h t h o m e
to us .

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[m e an i n g th e Qu a k e r s] in th e l a t e I n d ian w a r , an d a t s e v e r al t r e a ti e s h e l d by
th e Ki n g s r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s , op e n l y l o a d e d th e I n d i a n s w it h p r e s e n t s , an d th at
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w h i c h w e g r o an We h u m b l y p r a y , t h e r e fo r e , t h a t t h is g r i e v an c e m a y b e
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. .

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th e f r o n ti e r i n h a bit an ts .

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1 7 64 .

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Gov e r n m e n t o f P e n n s yl v an i a is t h u s al l u d e d to by F r a n k l i n in c h apt e r n i n e
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,

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o f t h e s e d e puti e s to ob s e r ve s u c h i n s t r u c tio n s . T h e A ss e m b l i e s fo r
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s

m a y b e i n fe r r e d f r o m a p e r u s a l o f th e m e s s a g e s e n t to th e As s e m b l y by Gov

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. I t is to b e f ou n d in v o l u m e v i o f th e Col o n ia l R e c o r ds o
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a t pp 3 86 3 87
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W h e n I s u m m o n e d Yo u tog e th e r o n th e S e v e n t e e n th o f M ar c h l as t I
w a s in Hop e s Yo u w o u l d b r i n g w it h yo u I n c l i n a tio n s to p r o m ot e th e P ub l i c k
S e r vi c e by G r a n ti n g th e S u pp l i e s e xp e c t e d by th e C r ow n an d by p u tt in g
t h i s P r ovi n c e i n to a P o s t u r e o f D e fe n c e but I a m s o r r y to fin d t h a t n e it h e r
th e D a n g e r to w h i c h t h i s C o u n t r y s t an d s e xpo s e d n o r h is M aj e s t y s r e p e a t e d
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a n d a ff e c tio n a t e c a ll s h a v e h a d a n y W e igh t w it h Yo u
,
.

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a m o r e e xt r a o r d i n a r y N a t u r e t h an t h a t I r e fu s e d m y A s s e n t to in th e Wi n t e r

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k n e w I c o ul d n o t c o n s i s t e n t w it h m y D u ty to th e C r o w n c o n s e n t to is in m y ,

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a t a ll a n d I a m s a ti s fi e d w i l l b e s e e n in t h i s Lig h t by m y Sup e r i o r s w h o by
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you r B i ll a b o v e m e n tio n e d w h i c h I s h all l ay b e fo r e t h e m a n d by th e w h o l e

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th e F r e n c h w i l l b e c o n vi n c e d t h a t yo u r R e s o l utio n s a r e an d h a v e b e e n to
,

t ak e A d v a n t a g e o f yo u r Co u n t r y s D an g e r to a gg ran d iz e an d r e n d e r p e rm a
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n e n t yo u r o w n P o w e r a n d Aut h o r ity a n d to d e s t r o y t h a t o f th e C r o w n
, .

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Yo u ar e g r a spi n g a t th e Di s po s itio n o f a l l P ub l i c k Mo n e y an d a t th e P o w e r
 T h e B ir th pl ac e of Am e r ic a n L ibe r ty 67

of fi ll i n g a ll Gov e r n m e n t e sp e c i all y tho s e o f th e R e v e n u e an d

th e o fli c e s o f ,

w h e n h is M aj e sty a n d th e N a tio n ar e a t th e E xp e n s e o f s e n d i n g T r oop s fo r

th e P r ot e c tio n o f t h e s e C o l o n i e s Yo u r e fus e to f u r n i s h t h e m w i t h P r ovi s io n s
,

a n d n e c e s s a r y C a r r i a g e s th o you r c o u n t r y is f u ll o f bot h u n l e s s Yo u c a n a t
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th e s a m e Ti m e e n c r o ac h upo n th e Rig h ts o f th e C r o w n an d i n c r e a s e you r

own Pow e r a l r e a d y too g r e a t fo r a B r a n c h o f a S u bo r d i n a t e d e p e n d an t
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Gov e r n m e n t so r e m ot e fr o m th e p r i n c ip al S e a t o f P o w e r .

I n an a d d r e s s d e l i v e r e d b e fo r e th e Hi s to r i c a l So c i e ty o f P e n n s yl v a n i a ,

u po n P e n n sy l v an i a s Fo r m a tiv e I n fl u e n c e upo n F e de r a l
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in 1 882 ,

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T he i t i n st an c e t h a t I c an fin d in w h i c h th e is s u e o f n o t a x a tio n
e a rl e s

w it h out r e p r e s e n t a tio n w a s s h a r p l y d e fi n e d in A m e r i c a w a s th a t o f 1 7 4 0 ,

b e t w e e n th e c ity o f P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d th e P r ovi n c i al A s s e m b l y T h e c i ty .

c o r po r a tio n c o n s isti n g o f th e m a yo r a n d c o m m o n c o u n c i l po s s e s s e d e xt e n
, ,

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t h e m i n c o m m i s s io n e r s an d a s s e s s o r s to b e e l e c t e d by th e p e o p l e A bi l l , .

f o r t h a t p u r p o s e w a s p as s e d by th e As s e m b l y b u t th e Gov e r n o r r e f u s e d to ,

Sig n it . T h e q u a r r e l w as r e a l l y b e t w e e n th e p r op r i e t a r y p ar t y a n d th e p e op l e .

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,

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th e c o r po r a tio n gu a r d e d fr o m th e i n t e r fe r e n c e o f p e r s o n s w h o s e vi e w s m ig h t
h a v e d i ff e r e d fr o m th e c ou n c i lm e n I n th e c o n t r ov e r s y th e A s s e m b l y s t r u c k
.

th e ke y n ot e w h i c h s o u n d e d t h i r ty s ix y e ar s a f t e r w ar d in th e D e c l ar a t io n o f
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.

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n o t h a v e th e po w e r o f t a xi n g th e p e op l e w it h o u t t h e i r o w n c o n s e n t t hat
th e Ki n g c l a i m e d n o po w e r o f l e vyi n g t a x e s W it h o u t th e c o n s e n t o f P a r l i a
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, , , ,

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,
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.

g a v e th e fi r s t i m p u l s e to th e b al l o f th e R e vo l u tio n by th e s e r e s o l u tio n s ,

y e t t h e p e op l e o f th e c o l o n i e s w e r e f a m i l i a r w ith th e c o n t r ov e r s i e s in P e n n
s y l v a n i a an d t h e s e an d th e t e a c hi n g s o f F r a n k l i n p r e p a r e d th e p u b l i c m i n d
,

f o r its fi n a l a ttitu d e o f r e s i s t an c e to th e d e a t h M r G r a h a m in h is h i s t o r y . .
,

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po s i n g a st a m p d uty o n th e c o l o n i e s w h i c h u l ti m a t e l y w as c a r r i e d i n to ,

e x e c u tio n a n d a r o u s e d th e p a t r io t i c f e r vo r an d i n d ig n a tio n o f a ll o f th e
,

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,
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, , ,

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m e n t h a d n o r ig h t to ta x th e c o l o n i e s a t a l l T h e y r e c og n iz e d th e r ig h t o f .

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,

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68 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
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.
,

t h e y s e n t p e t i t i o n s to b o t h Ki n g a n d P ar l i am e n t b u t t h a t o f Vi r gi n i a w e a k e n e d ,

its fo r c e by d i s ti n gu i sh i n g b e t w e e n th e po w e r a n d th e r igh t to ta x fo r w h i l e , ,

d e n yi n g th e r ig h t th e e x e r tio n o f th e s u os e d po w e r w a s d e p r e c a t e d I n a
, pp
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t e n d e d T h e y d e n i e d th e r igh t r e c og n iz e d th e po w e r a n d b r e a t h e d n o t a
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, ,

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p e titi o n o f Ne w Yo r k w as n o t p r e s e n t e d No m e m b e r o f P ar l i a m e n t w a s .

f o u n d w i ll i n g to p r e s e n t it an d it r e a c h e d E n gl an d a f t e r th e St a m p A c t w a s
,

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,

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Ki n g n o r s ov e r e ign l o r d o n e a r t h w h o h a s b e yo n d h is o w n d o m a i n po w e r
,

to l a y th e i m po s itio n o f o n e far t h i n g o n h is s u bj e c t s w it h o u t th e c o n s e n t o f ,

t h o s e w h o pay it u n l e s s h e d o e s it by ty r an n y an d v io l e n c e
,
H e r e a s in .
,

ot h e r t h i n g s w e fin d P e n n s y l v an i a a n d h e r s o n s in th e a d v an c e an d t h i s
, ,
.

to o in f a c e o f th e f a c t t h a t th e c h a r t e r to P e n n a t l e a s t i m p l i e d l y r e c og n iz e d
,

th e r ig h t o f P a r l i am e n t to ta x W h e n t h i s fi r s t s t e p in th e O pp r e ssi v e
.

s t a t u t e s o f th e m ot h e r c o u n t r y w hi c h u l ti m a t e l y b r o u g h t ar m e d r e s i s t an c e
,

an d in d e p e n d e n c e w as ta k e n
,
a n d th e St a m p A c t w a s a fix e d f a c t Vi r gi n i a
, , ,

u n d e r th e fi e r y l e a d o f H e n r y d e c l ar e d t h r oug h a s m a ll m aj o r ity o f its

,

Ho u s e o f B u r g e s s e s t h a t th e m ost s ubst an ti al an d d i s ti n g u is h e d p ar t o f
‘

t h e i r po l iti c al bi r t h r ig h t w as th e p r ivi l e g e o f b e i n g t a x e d e x c l u s iv e l y by
t h e m s e l v e s o r t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s a n d t h u s p r i m a r i l y voi c e d th e u n i
, ,
”

v e r s al t h o u gh t M a s s a c h u s e tt s fo ll o w i n g Oti s A d a m s an d H an c o c k at th e
.
, , , ,

s a m e h o u r i n iti a t e d h e r c a ll f o r a c o n v e n tio n o f th e c o l o n i e s f o r u n ity a n d

r e s i s t an c e
. O u r A s s e m b l y w it h u n a n i m ou s voi c e p l a c e d upo n r e c o r d th e i r
p r ot e s t t h a t th e o n l y l e g a l r e p r e s e n t a ti v e s o f th e p e op l e w e r e th e p e r s o n s
,

e l e c t e d to s e r v e as m e m b e r s o f th e A s s e m b l y a n d t h a t th e t a x a tio n o f th e ,

P r ovi n c e by a n y ot h e r p e r s o n s w h a t s o e v e r w as u n c o n s tit u tio n al u n j u s t , ,

s u bv e r s iv e o f l ib e r ty an d d e s t r u c tiv e o f h a ppi n e s s
”
.
,

T h e fir m an d d e c i d e d a ttit u d e o f th e c o l o n i e s a n d th e r e p r e s e n t a tio n s ,

an d g e n iu s o f F r a n k l i n t h e n th e a g e n t o f P e n n s y l v a n i a a t Lo n d o n so pr e
, ,

v a i l e d upo n P itt an d thos e in po w e r t h a t th e St am p A c t w a s r e p e al e d ,

w it h i n tw o y e ar s fr o m its e n a c t m e n t a n d th e O p e n i n g o f th e b l oo d y d ra m a
,

o f th e R e vo l u tio n w a s postpo n e d fo r fu r th e r c o n t e s t s b e t w e e n p r e r og a tiv e

a n d a r bit r a r y po w e r o n th e o n e h an d a n d p a t r ioti c i n d e p e n d e n c e an d pe r
,

s o n a l r ight o n th e ot h e r Th e y soo n c am e a n d in t h e m w e t r ac e th e sp i r it
.
,

o f fe u d a l c o n t r o l c o m b a ti n g th e r ig h ts o f th e i n d ivi d u a l w h i c h si n c e th e , ,

f ou n d atio n o f th e c o l o n y h ad b e e n s t r ugg l i n g f o r th e m a st e r y
‘
.
,
 N O T E S TO C HAP T E R IV .

1 iti
P 59.
,
2 5 th e d on .

I hi 9 ti w ith W b t i 1 824 J ff
n s c o n ve r s a p u ed fu th ul gy
on e s er n ,
e e rs o n ro n o nc a r er e o on

th he t c f P t i k H
ar a c e r y i th w d o It i t w y t y wh t w
a r c en r n ese or s s no no e as o sa a e

s h ul d h v
o d w it h u t P t i k H
a e y H w f b fon e l l i m i t i i g th pi it f
o a r c enr . e as ar e ore a n a n a n n e s r o

th R v l u ti
e Hi i fl
e o e w m o t xt iv w ith th
on . b f ths pp n ue n c as s e ens e e m em e rs r om e u er

c oun ti ; d h i b l d es d th i v t
an v w d d t l l d th
s o ti i d d n ess an e r o es o e ra e an c on r o e e m ore m an

i t ti g t l
ar s o c ra f th l w c p t f th St t
en A ft ll it m u t b
em en o ll w d e o er ar o e a e . er a , s . e a o e

th t h wa l d e i th m e u as o ur f th R v l ti i Vi gi i ea d i th t
er p t n e as res o e e o u on n r n a , an n a res ec

m i d
ore t hi th t y th p
s ue If w h d
o t h d hi
m w h ld h v g t
an o an o er e rs o n . e a no a m e s ou a e o

on p tty w l l y u did by u b e f m
re e f l y qu l t l
as t but h l ft l l f u
o a n m r o en o n e ar e a a en s e e a o s

b hi d Cu ti L if f D i l Wb t p 5 85
”
far e n .
v l i r s, e o an e e s er ,
o . .
, . .

W k 3
l pp 244 2 4 5 24 7
or s , vo . x .
, . , , .

S l4
W k f 7 1 m Ad
ee , a so , l x pp 2 7 4 2 7 7 2 7 9 2 80 2 82 2 89 2 9 2 2 9 8
or s o 0 a m s , vo . .
, .
, , , , , , , ,

3 1 4 . 3 1 7 . 3 20
5
Wor ks ,
vo l . x .
,
p . 272 .

i fl
5
T he f th i t v y [ve th W it f A i s t
n ue n c e o i 1 7 6 1 ] i p du i g
s c on ro e rs o r e r s o ss an c e n n ro c n

th e R v l u ti i e t w h l l y du
o t th
on fi y l qu
,
s no f O ti wh w d oid J h e o e er e o ence o s, os e or s , sa o n

Ad m a b th d i t th
s,
“
ti th b th f l i f
rea e t th n g f h i gu t
o e na on e re a o e,
”
n or o e r an e o s ar m en

b tt t h i fl t up th mo i l i t t —
e r et h t h l d
'

i g
ec — i N w u on e co m erc a n eres en e ea n one o e

E gln d ; f an if th l t t p ow or f th w it w t f
e d u d by th
a en v u e rs o e se r s ere se re e an se e re en e

o ffi th
c e rs , m f Bo t e S l m
c om d N wp t w er c e ld h v b o ff t u l l y s on ,
a e ,
an e or ou a e een e ec a

cr ippl d N eti . d C i ti l H i t y ar ra f Am i ve l vi pp 1 1 1 2 M ll
an r ca s or o er ca , vo . .
, .
, . e en

Ch m b l i a Tb R er a nl ti I p di g ,
e e vo u on m en n .

I th d b t i th C n e m e th B t P t Bi ll d th i f ti
a e n e f th h t
om on s o n e o s on or an e n r ac on o e c ar e r

of M h tt Si R i h d Su tt
assac us e i d th t v i th
s, r t q i t ti th d i p
c ari on s a a e en n e m os u e m es e s os

ti t pp th l w f th i u t y w t gl y i g ft d i th A m i
on o o os e e a s o d ll s co n r as s ron n ra e n e e r c an s , an a

th i ti e r ac v y d pi i t d w i h f i d p d
on s c o n e If y u
e ka s A i wh i r an s or n e en en ce . o as an m e r c an o s

hi t h w ill t ll y u h h
s m as e r , e yg b t J u Ch i t
e o (A d lpku e as n on e , n or an o ve r n o r u es s r s o s , II

1 08) —N
.

d C H i t vi p 2 3 2. an t . s .
, .
, .
,
no e .

L if "
d W i ti g f 7 m e an Wl di l iii p 1 05r n s o a es a s on ,
vo . .
, . .

S F 3
kl i W k l ii pp 3 7 6 3 7 7 ; d f th w h l h i t y f h i p l f
’
ee r an n s or s , vo . .
, .
,
an or e o e s or o s an o

u i n o n an d it tt d t i um t s aibi d pp 3 4 3 t 3 87en d h i A u t bi g phy

an c rc h ix s an c e s , .
, . o ,
an s o o ra ,
c . .

Th 9
u b f t x bl
e n i L m t C b l d Y k N th m pt
er o a d B k
a es n an c as e r , um e r an ,
or , or a o n , an er s

c ou n ti i 7 60 w es n d i Bu k
1 Ch t d P h i l d l ph i
as an n c s, e s e r , an a e a,

S P km
10
C pi y f P ti
ee ar h xxv d h i A pp
an ,
d ix E
on s rac o on ac, c . .
,
an s en .

O th i ubj t s e e l A pp d ix E (Ex i ti
n s s f J
ec ph G ll w y) a so en am na on o os e a o a .

‘
S 9
C l i l R ee d f P y l
o on v i l iv pp 3 7 5 4 20 T h p i ip l i l i d
a ec o r s o en n s a n a , vo . .
, .
-
. e r nc e s a

d w i
o n g f m th e A m b l y t th G v
n a m e ss a e i M y 1 7 40 ro f ll w (p 4 08) ss e o e o e rn o r n a , ,
as o o s .

N w uld or
y p t f th bi l l if p
o an d i t l w d b arth f o l yi g y e ,
as s e n o a a ,
e ar em rom ev n m on e on

th i h bit t t th p u p s if th y w t h i d by th i h t l th
’
e n a an s o ese t d r o es , e e re au or z e e r c ar e r so o o, a o

in o u pi i it gh t t
r o n on t giv
, y u h p w ou f th f ll w i g no n or c an n o e an s c o er, or e o o n r e ason s :

1 .Th b e f thm em p ti w e rs igi l l y o d by th P pit e d h

c or ora on e re or na n am e e ro r e or , an a ve

i e h
s nc th i u c ose n d th i h bit e r s t f th ity h v t y igh t t h
c c e ss o r s an as e n a an s o e c a e no an r o c us e

th it i t
em , b l th y h ul d h v th p w
s no r e as o n a f l yi g y th i h bit
e t e s o a e e o er o ev n m on e on e n a an s

w ith u t t h i o t 2 T h Ki g h i m lf l i
e r c on se n p w f l yi g
. d l vyi g t x
. e n se c a m s no o er o a n an e n a es

on hi bj t b ut by
s su o ec s t i P li t d ll th p w c om m f g v m t n c on se n n ar am e n an as a e o e rs o o e rn en

i t h i p vi
n s d iv d u d e h im t h y
ro n c e ar e t b g t i t h i e p e t th th se fr m
er e n r , e c an n o e rea e r n s r s c an o o

w h i h th y d iv d
”
c ee tc are er e , .
 C H APTE R V

L I B E RTY O F S P E E C H AN D C O NS C I E N C E D E F I N IT E LY E STA B
L I SH E D I N A M E R I C A B Y M E N O F S C O TT I S H B L O O D

E h av e n ow c it e d s o m e a uth e n ti c i n st an c e s o f vigo r ou s an d pr o l o n g e d
r e s ist a n c e to th e m o n a r c h i c a l p r i n c ip l e o f t a xi n g th e m a n y f o r th e

b e n e fit o f th e fe w a s w e ll as th e p r o m u l g a tio n o f th e d o c t r i n e o f n o t a x a tio n
,

w it h o u t r e p r e s e n t a tio n a ll o f w h i c h o c c u r r e d m a n y y e a r s b e f o r e th e p a s s a g e
,

o f th e St a m p A c t We h a v e a l s o h a d th e e x a m p l e o f an a r m e d d e m o n s t r a tio n
.

o n th e p ar t o f th e S c ot c h I r i s h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a in oppo s itio n to th e fi r s t
-

n a m e d p r i n c ip l e a t a ti m e w h e n th e M a s s ac hu s e tt s I n d e p e n d e n c e
,
i n fa n t
w a s ye t in its s w a ddl i n g c l ot h e s .

No r a r e t h e s e al l T h e e a r l y p a g e s o f A m e r i c a n c o l o n i a l h i s to r y c o n t a i n
.

n u m e r o u s l ik e i n st a n c e s o f r e s i s t a n c e to a r bit r a r y po w e r e v e r s i n c e th e ti m e

o f th e fi r st g r e a t o u tb r e a k o f th e A m e r i c a n s pi r it in oppo s i t io n to o l d
.

w o r l d t r a d itio n s a n d O pp r e s s io n s w h i c h took p l a c e in 1 6 7 6 in th e r e v o l t o f

th e E n g l i s h N a t h an i e l B a c o n an d th e S c otti s h Wi ll i a m D r u m m o n d a n d t h e i r

f o ll o w e r s a g a i n s t th e r oy a l gov e r n m e n t a s t h e n a d m i n ist e re d by Gov e r n o r

B e r k e l e y in Vi r gi n i a .

L e t u s n o w c o n si d e r a n ot h e r o f t h e s e vit a l p r i n c ip l e s o f h u m an l ib e r ty ,

o n e in th e d e v e l op m e n t o f w h i c h A m e r i c a n s bo a s t th e m s e l v e s as b e i n g fo r e

m o s t a m o n g th e n a ti o n s o f th e w o r l d — t h a t is l ib e r t y o f s p e e c h an d th e
, ,

fr e e d o m o f th e p r e s s .

T h i s p r i n c ip l e w as p e r h a p s fi r s t e ff e c t iv e l y c o n t e n d e d fo r a n d s u c c e s s
, ,

f u ll y e s t a b l i s h e d in th e h e a r t s o f th e A m e r i c an p u b l i c t w e n ty six y e a r s b e
-

f o r e J a m e s O t i s s s p e e c h a t Bo s to n in th e t r i a l o f Joh n P e t e r Z e n g e r a p r i n t e r
’

, ,

o f N e w Yo r k ,
a n d it w a s t h e n d o n e c h i e fly by th e e l oqu e n c e a n d pe r

s i s t e n c e o f th e S c otti s h A tto r n e y G e n e r a l o f P e n n s y l v an i a
-
a m an
,
n am e d

A n d r e w H am i l to n w h o w a s a i d e d by tw o P r e s by t e r i an l a w y e r s o f Ne w Yo r k
, ,

J a m e s A l e x an d e r an d Wi ll i a m S m it h H a m i l to n w as th e c h i e f a c to r in t h i s
.

a ff a i r w h i c h h a s b e e n c it e d by Go u v e r n e u r Mo r r i s a s th e b e gi n n i n g o f A m e r
,

i c a n l ib e r t y a n d n o e a r l y m o u l d e r o f p u b l i c opi n io n o n th e q u e stio n s i n vo l v e d
,

in t h a t s t r u gg l e d e s e r v e s a h ig h e r p l a c e in th e a ffe c tio n s o f th e A m e r i c a n
p e op l e t h an t h i s S c o t c h a tto r n e y th e fi r s t P h i l a de l p h i a l a w y e r to giv e
,

t h a t a pp e l l a tio n i n t e r n a tio n al r e n o w n l .

T h e O c c a s io n o f h is a pp e a r a n c e w a s a m e m o r a b l e o n e an d th e i n c i d e n t is
,

n o t u n l ik e t h a t n a r r a t e d by Jo h n A d a m s in t e ll i n g o f th e a r g u m e n t ov e r th e

W r it s o f A s s i s t an c e in M a s s a c h u s e tt s ; th e s c e n e in t h i s c a s e b e i n g th e h ig h e s t
c o u r t o f th e n e ig h bo r i n g c o l o n y o f N e w Yo r k a n d th e l e a d i n g a c to r s th e c h i e f
,

j u s t i c e an d a tto r n e y g e n e r al o f t h a t p r ovi n c e w it h th e a g e d an d fe ar l e s s law y e r

-

f r o m th e Qu a k e r c o l o n y I ts a c tio n t o ok p l a c e o n A u g u st 4 1 7 3 5 a n d th e
.
, ,
i n c i d e n t is n ar r at e d at l e n gth in a p am ph l e t issu e d soo n a ft e r w ar ds by tw o o f
th e d e fe n d an t s a tto rn e y s Z e n g e r s d e fe n c e w a s u n d e r t a k e n by th e P r e sby
’ ’
.

t e r i a n J un t a w hi c h l a t e r b e c a m e so fa m ous in th e R e v o l utio n ar y histo r y o f

,

N e w Yo r k
2
.

Z e n ge r w as th e p u b l ish e r o f th e N ew Yor k j ou r n a l an d h a d p r i n t e d in ,

its c o l u m n s so m e st r i c t u r e s o n Wi ll i a m Co s by th e r oy al go v e rn o r o f th e ,

p r ovi n c e . T h e s e c r iti c i s m s w e r e fo r th e m o s t p ar t t r u e an d fo r t h at ,

r e as o n v e r y u n p a l a t a b l e to th e i r s ubj e c t A s a w ar n i n g to ot h e r s a s m u c h
.
,

a s fo r his o w n o ff e n c e s Z e n g e r w a s a r r e s t e d
,
I t w a s p r opo s e d to d e a l s um
.

m a r i l y w ith th e p r i s o n e r but pub l i c i n t e r e s t w a s a r ou s e d in h is c a s e an d it

, ,

w a s s e e n th a t if h e w as c o n vic te d a ll hop e o f f r e e s p e e c h w o u l d f o r th e ti m e
l

b e go n e . As th e pub l i c b e c a m e i n t e r e st e d th e au tho r iti e s b e c a m e de ,

te r m in e d an d h ar s h I n p u r s u a n c e o f h is r igh ts Z e n g e r s c ou n s e l m a d e an
’
.
,

obj e c tio n to th e j ud g e s w h o w e r e to tr y th e c as e an d t h e y w e r e p r o m pt l y ,

d i s b a r r e d w h i l e a l a w y e r w a s as s ig n e d by th e Co u r t to c a r r y o n th e d e fe n c e
, .

W h e n Z e n g e r w a s fi n all y c a ll e d o n to fa c e a j ur y th e a ut h o r iti e s w e r e c o n fi ,

d e n t o f m a ki n g s h o r t w o r k o f h is c a s e a n d o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a p r e c e d e n t w h i c h
,

w o u l d c r u s h o u t in th e fut u r e w h a t t h e y t e r m e d s e d itio n T h r ough th e .

i n s t r u m e n t al ity o f J a m e s A l e x an d e r a n d Wi ll i am S m ith w h o w e r e th e c h i e f ,

spi r its in a s o c i e ty k n o w n a s th e So n s o f L ib e r ty A n d r e w H a m i l to n w a s ,
”

i n d u c e d to a pp e ar a s c o u n s e l fo r th e p r iso n e r T h e fam e o f t h i s v e n e r ab l e .

a tto r n e y h is s t a n d i n g a t th e b ar th e p r o m i n e n t o ffi c e s h e h a d h e l d an d his
, , ,

po s itio n a s a m e m b e r o f th e P e n n s y l v an i a A s s e m bl y fo r b a d e h is b e i n g ,

t r e a t e d in th e su m m a r y fa s h io n o f Z e n g e r s e a r l i e r c ou n s e l so th e r e pr e
’

s e n ta tive s o f th e p r o se c u tio n c ou l d d o n ot h i n g b u t s u b m it T h e y h a d hop e s .

f r o m th e j u r y an d k n e w t h a t th e j u d g e s w e r e w it h t h e m
,
.

T h e p r os e c u tio n c l a i m e d th a t a ll th e j u r y h a d to d e t e r m i n e w a s w h e t h e r ,

th e p u b l i c a tio n w h i c h w as s c h e d u l e d as l ib e ll o u s h a d a pp e a r e d an d t h a t t h e y ,

h a d n o t h i n g to d o w ith th e t r ut h o r f al s ity o f th e l ib e l H am i l to n d e m u r r e d .

f r o m thi s s a yi n g h e w a s p r e p a r e d to a d m it th e p u b l i c a tio n o f th e s t r i c t u r e s
, ,

an d to p r ov e t h e i r t r ut h l e a vi n g th e i s s u e to th e j u r y to b e w h e t h e r t r u t h
,

w a s a l ib e l o r n o t H e w a s ov e r r u l e d by th e Co u r t o n th e i n f e r r e d g r o u n d
.

t h a t an yt h i n g r e fl e c ti n g o n th e Ki n g w a s a l ib e l H a m i l to n t h e n d e n i e d .

t h a t th e Ki n g s r e p r e s e n t a tiv e h a d th e s am e p r e r og a tiv e s a s th e s ov e r e ign

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h i m s e l f an d c l a i m e d th e r igh t o f p r ovi n g th e t r u th o f e v e r y s t a t e m e n t t h a t
,

h a d b e e n m a d e in Z e n g e r s p a p e r T h i s th e Cou r t a g a i n ov e r r u l e d a n d
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s pe e c h o n b e h a l f o f p e r so n a l l ib e r ty a n d th e r ig h t o f f r e e c r iti c i s m w h ic h ,

s ti ll r an ks as o n e o f th e m a s t e r pi e c e s o f A m e r i c a n e l oq u e n c e His .

sp e e c h s a ys D r P e t e r Ros s w h os e a c c o u n t h a s b e e n c h i e fly f o l l o w e d
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n

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, I t s t ar t e d a t r a i n o f t h o u g h t
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sio n to th e p o p u l a r d e si r e fo r fr e e d o m H a m i l to n a dm itt e d a g ai n th e
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pub l i c a tio n o f th e w o r d s d e e m e d l ib e ll o u s a n d u r g e d th e j u r y e v e n though
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, ,

a n d put t h e i r o w n c o n s t r u c tio n upo n t h e m In c lo s in g h e s a i d . Yo u s e e ,

I l abo r u n d e r th e w e ig h t o f m an y y e a r s a n d a m bo r n e d o w n by m an y in ,

fir m itie s o f bo d y ye t o l d a n d w e a k a s I a m I s ho u l d thi n k it m y d u ty if , ,

r e q u i r e d to go to th e utt e r m o s t p a r t o f th e l an d w h e r e m y s e r vi c e c o u l d
,

b e o f a n y u s e in a s s i s ti n g to q u e n c h th e fl a m e o f p r o s e c u tio n s upo n i n fo r m a
tio n s s e t o n foot by th e Gov e r n m e n t to d e p r iv e a p e op l e o f th e r ig h t o f
r e m o n s t r a ti n g an d c o m p l a i n i n g
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too a g a i n s t th e a r bit r ar y a tt e m pt s o f
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m e n in po w e r .M e n w h o opp r e s s a n d i n j u r e th e p e op l e u n d e r t h e i r a d m i n
is tra tio n p r ovok e th e m to c r y out a n d c o m p l a i n an d t h e n m a k e t h a t v e r y c o m ,

p l a i n t th e fou n d a tio n fo r n e w opp r e s s io n s an d p e r s e c u tio n s T he .

qu e s tio n b e fo r e th e Cou r t is n o t o f s m al l o r p r iv a t e c o n c e r n I t is n o t th e .

c a u s e o f a poo r p r i n t e r n o r o f N e w Yo r k a l o n e w h i c h yo u a r e n o w t r yi n g
, , .

No I t m ay in its c o n s e qu e n c e s a ffe c t e v e r y fr e e m a n th a t l iv e s u n d e r th e
B r iti s h G o v e r n m e n t upo n th e m a i n o f A m e r i c a I t is th e b e st c au s e I t is . .

th e c a u s e o f l ib e r ty A n d I m a k e n o d oubt b u t yo u r u p r ig h t c o n d u c t t h i s
.

d ay w i ll n o t o n l y e n tit l e you to th e l ov e a n d e s t e e m o f yo u r f e l l o w c itiz e n s -

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bu t e v e r y m an w h o p r e fe r s f r e e d o m to a l i fe o f s l a v e r y w i l l b l e s s a n d h o n o r
you a s m e n w h o h a v e b a ffl e d th e a tt e m pt s o f ty r an n y an d by an i m p ar ti a l
, ,

a n d i n c o r r u pt v e r d i c t h a v e m a d e a n ob l e f ou n d a tio n f o r s e c u r i n g to ou r o

s e l v e s a n d o u r po s t e r ity a n d o u r n e ig h bo r s t h a t to w h i c h n a tu r e an d th e l aw s

o f ou r c ou t r y h a v e giv e n u s a r ig t
n h — th e l ib e r ty o f both e xposi n g a n d
O ppo s i n g a r bit r ar y po w e r in t h e s e p a r t s o f the w o r l d a t l e as t by sp e a ki n g
, , ,

a n d w r iti n g t r u t h .

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,

p r i s o n e r b u t H a m i l to n s e l oq u e n c e p r ov e d i r r e s i s tib l e an d th e j u r y a ft e r a
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f e w m i n u t e s d e l ib e r a tio n b r o u g h t in a v e r d i c t o f Not G u i l ty
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H o w t h i s v e r d i c t w a s r e c e iv e d by th e c itiz e n s o f N e w Yo r k w h o w e r e
p r e s e n t a t Z e n g e r s t r i a l is r e l a t e d by a n e a r l y h i s to r i an o f t h a t St at e
’

S h o u t s s ho o k th e h all T h e j u d g e s t h r e a t e n e d th e l e ad e r o f th e tu m u l t
.

w it h i m p r i s o n m e n t w h e n a s o n o f A d m i ra l No rr i s d e c l a r e d hi m s e l f th e
,

l e a d e r an d i n vi t e d a r e p e titio n o f th e h u zz as T h e ju d ge s ; h a d n o ti m e fo r
.

a r e p l y fo r th e Sh o u t s w e r e i n s t a n t l y r e p e a t e d an d M r H a m i l to n w as c o n
, ,
.

d u c t e d fr o m th e h a l l by th e c r o w d to a s p l e n d i d e n t e r t a i n m e n t T h e w h ole .

c ity r e n e w e d th e c o m p l i m e n t a t h is d e p ar tu r e th e n e xt d a y H e e n te re d .

th e b a r g e u n d e r a s al u t e o f c a n n o n an d th e c o r p o r a ti o n p r e s e n t e d h im w it h
,

th e fr e e d o m o f th e c ity in a go l d box o n w hi c h its a r m s w e r e e n g ra v e d e n

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c irc le d w it h th e w o r d s D e m e r sae L e g e s T im e fac ta Lib e r t as H ae c

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T an d e m E m e r gun t .
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D r Joh n W F r an c is st a t e s in his d e s c r iptio n o f th e c ity o f N e w Yo r k

. .

( p r i n t e d in t h e A m e r i c an e d itio n o f B r e w s t er s E n cy p
c l o e d i a a n d o n p’
age ,

4 00 o f Hi n to n s H i
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s to r y f o tb c U n ite d S ta te s ) th a t Go u v e r n e u r Mo r
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h im t h a t th e t r i al o f Z e n g e r in 1 7 3 5 w a s th e g e r m o f A m e r i c a n f r e e d o m
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th e m o r n i n g st a r o f th at l ib e r ty w hi c h sub s e qu e n t l y r e v o l u tio n iz e d A m e r i c a .
 T he o r igi n o f th e s o c all e d P r e s byt e r i an o r l ib e r al p ar ty in N e w Yo r k
-
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w hi c h fi r st c o m m itt e d an d th e n h e l d t h a t c o l o n y to th e A m e r i c a n c a u s e d u r
in g th e R e vo l utio n d a t e s fr o m th e ti m e o f thi s t r i a l a n d its i m po r t a n c e in
,

f o r m i n g an d i n flu e n c i n g p u b l i c s e n ti m e n t in th e m i dd l e c o l o n i e s is w e ll in
d ic a te d by th e V i e w o f th e t r i al g e n e r a l l y t a k e n by w r it e r s o n th e oppo s it e
sid e si n c e th a t ti m e .

I n th e m e m oi r o f Chi e f Justi c e J a m e s D e L an c e y p r e p ar e d by E d w a r d ,

F D e L an c e y an d pub l ish e d in th e D oc u m en ta ry H is tory of N e w Yor k

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, ,

v o l iv
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pp 1 0 3 7 1 0 5 9 th e Z e n g e r c a s e is r e fe r r e d to as fo l l o w s
.
,
.

Abo u t tw o y e ar s a ft e r w a r ds c am e o n b e fo r e th e Sup r e m e Cou r t th e fa

m o u s t r i a l o f Joh n P e t e r Z e n g e r fo r a s e r i e s o f l ib e l s o n th e gov e rn o r an d
c h i e f o flic e r s o f th e c o l o n y H e w a s a p r i n t e r by t r a d e in arr e a r s to a s m all
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.
,

a m ou n t a s c o ll e c to r o f t a x e s in th e c ity a n d th e A s s e m b l y h a d r e fus e d to ,

a l l o w h im to d i s c h a r g e th e s m a ll d e bt by d oi n g pub l i c p r i n ti n g e n ou gh to
c o ve r I L

He s u b s e qu e n t l y pub l i s h e d a s m all p ap e r e n tit l e d th e N ew Yor k Weekly

r n a l a t th e i n s t an c e o f th e oppositio n in w hi c h th e l ib e l s c o m p l a i n e d o f
j o u , ,

w e re p ubli s h e d H is c ou n s e l w e r e J a m e s A l e x a n d e r an d Wi l l i a m S m it h
.
,

th e e l d e r th e s uppo s e d a u t h o r s o f th e l ib e l s tw o g e n t l e m e n o f a bi l ity an d
, ,

i n t e l l e c t bot h po l iti c a lly oppo s e d to C h i e f J u sti c e D e L a n c e y

,
.

A w ar e t h a t th e l aw w o u l d c e r t a i n l y c o n vi c t t h e i r C l i e n t t h e y a tt e m pt e d ,

to d e s t r oy th e c ou r t by e x c e pti n g to th e c o m m i s s io n s o f th e j u d g e s a s in
v al i d an d i l l e g al ; tho u gh t h e y k n e w t h e m to b e in th e u s u al fo r m a n d s u c h ,

a s t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s h a d al w a y s h e l d an d u n d e r w h i c h t h e y h a d a c t e d ,

fo r a n u m b e r o f y e ar s Th e i r obj e c tio n s if v a l i d w o u l d h a v e d e s t r oy e d
.
, ,

th e c ou r t a s w e ll as th e c o m m i s s io n s fo r it e x i s t e d n o t by f o r c e o f a n y s t a t , ,

u te as t h e y c o n t e n d e d b u t by vi r t u e o f an o r d i n an c e o f th e gov e rn o r an d
, ,

c o u n c i l d a t e d M ay 1 5
,
1 6 99 A fo r m a l d e n i al o f its e xi s t e n c e d e l ib e ra t e l y
,
.

m a d e w a s t h e r e f o r e a g r os s c o n t e m pt o f c o u r t an d th e C h i e f J u s ti c e f r o m ,

th e b e n c h w a rn e d th e c o u n s e l o f th e c o n s e qu e n c e s B u t t h e y p e r s i s t e d in .

t e n d e r i n g th e e x c e ptio n s u po n w h ic h th e c o u r t m a d e an o r d e r st r iki n g th e i r
, ,

n am e s fr o m its r o l l s a n d e x c l u d i n g t h e m f r o m fu r t h e r p r a c ti c e Z e n ge r b e .
,

in g u n ab l e to p r o c u r e ot h e r c o u n s e l th e c ou r t a s s ig n e d h im Mr J o s e p h ,
.

M u r r a y w it h w h o m th e s i l e n c e d l aw y e r s a s s o c i a t e d M r H am i l to n o f P h i l a
, .
,

d e l phi a w h o m a d e s o a r t f u l an a d d r e s s to th e ju r y a t th e t r i a l a f e w d a y s
,

a ft e r w a r d s t h a t i n th e w o r d s o f o n e o f t h e i r o w n T y r i e n d s ( S m it h
, [ o r ] f ,

H is tory of N e w Yor k ii w h e n h e l e ft h is c l i e n t In t h o s e h a n d s s u c h
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.
, ,

w a s th e fr a u d fu l d e xt e r ity o f th e o r a to r an d th e s e v e r ity o f h is i n v e c tiv e s ,

upo n th e go v e r n o r a n d h is a dh e r e n t s t h a t th e j u r y m i s s i n g th e t r u e i s s u e , ,

b e fo r e t h e m th e y a s if t r i e r s o f th e i r r u l e r s r a t h e r t h an o f Z e n g e r pr o
, , , ,

n o u n c e d th e c r i m i n a l i n n o c e n t b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e d t h e m to b e g u i l t y .

C h i e f J u s ti c e D e L an c e y S c o u r s e o n thi s o c c a s io n h a s b e e n m u c h m i s u n
’

d e r s to o d o w i n g to th e fa c t t h a t th e o n l r e p o r t o f th e t r i a l w a s t h a t pu b
,
y
l is h e d by Z e n g e r h i m s e l f w r itt e n by th e s i l e n c e d l a w y e r s a n d p r i n t e d n o t
, , ,

in N e w Yo r k b u t in Bo s to n in 1 7 3 8 t h r e e y e ar s a f t e r th e t r i a l w h i c h o f
, , , ,

c o u r s e r e p r e s e n t s h im I n th e w o r s t p o s s ib l e l ig h t T a ki n g th e fa c t s o f th e .

c a s e h o w e v e r a s giv e n e v e n t h e r e it w o u l d b e d i ffi c u l t to poi n t o u t an
, , , y
o t h e r c o u r s e w h i c h th e c ou r t c o u l d h a v e t a k e n c o n s ist e n t l y w it h its o w n d i
g
n ity a n d s e l f r e s p e c t -
.

At t h i s p e r io d an d fr o m th e s e c o n t r ov e r s i e s an d ot h e r s a l l i e d to t h e m
, ,

ar o s e th e tw o g r e a t p ar ti e s w hi c h e v e r a f t e r w a r d s d ivi d e d th e p e op l e o f th e
p r o v i n c e : th e o n e m a i n t a i n i n g p r i n c ip l e s m o de r a t e an d c o n s e rv ati v e ; th e
ot h e r t h os e o f a m o r e r a d i c al t e n d e n c y
,
.

Both p r o fe s s e d th e st r o n g e s t a tt a c h m e n t an d l oy a l ty to th e B r itish c o n
s titu tio n a n d vi e d w it h e a c h ot h e r in c l a i m i n g a n d upho l d i n g a ll th e r ig h t s
,

o f E n g l ish m e n .

N e w Yo r k a s in s o m e o f th e ot h e r c o l o n i e s th e r e l igiou s e l e m e n t e n
, ,

te r e d l ar g e l y i n to p o l iti c s I n p o i n t o f w e al t h a n d i n flu e n c e th e E pis c o
.

a l ian s w e r e th e l e a d i n g d e n o m i n a t io n th e Dut c h R e f o r m e d C h u r c h c a m e
p ,

n e x t a n d th e P r e s byt e r i a n s l a s t ; w h i l e in poi n t o f n u m b e r s t h e i r po s itio n s

,

w e r e e x a c t l y r e v e rs e d th e P r e s byt e r i a n s out n u m b e r i n g th e D u t c h a n d th e
, ,

D ut c h th e E pi s c op al i an s T h e l a s t w ith m o s t o f th e Dut c h c h i e fly b e
.
, ,

l o n g e d to th e c o n s e r v a tiv e p ar ty w h i l e th e r e m a i n d e r o f th e D u t c h an d th e
P r e s byt e r i a n s al m ost to a m a n w e r e fo un d in th e r an k s o f th e oppo s itio n .

A n ot h e r an d v e r y s t r iki n g p e c ul i ar ity in th e c o m positio n o f th e c o l o n i al

p a r ti e s w as th e r e m ar k ab l e p r e po n d e r an c e o f th e w e al th an d s o c i al po s ition
o f th e p r o v i n c e o n th e s i d e o f th e c o n s e r v a tiv e s [ th e Loy a l i s t p a r ty o f
I n t h e i r r an k s w e r e f o u n d th e Ph il ips e s V an C o r tl a n d ts D e L an c e y s , , ,

B a y ar d s C r ug e r s Wa tts e s W a l to n s V an R e n s s e l a e r s B e e k m a n s B l e e c ke r s
, , , , , , ,

B a r c l a y s Jo n e s e s o f Lo n g I s l an d J a ys V e r p l an c k s H a r r i s o n s an d ot h e r
, , , , ,

s u b s t a n ti al fa m i l i e s w h i l e in t h os e o f th e oppo s itio n th e Livi n gsto n s ,

M o r r i s e s A l e x an d e r s a n d p e r h ap s th e S m it h s a n d o n e o r two m o r e w e r e
, ,

p r ob a b l y a l l t h a t b e l o n g e d to th e s a m e c l a ss .

H e r e t h e n w e fin d the c o n t e s t fo r fr e e d o m o f p u b l i c u tt e r an c e an d th e
, ,

l ib e r ty o f th e p r e s s w a g e d a n d w o n in A m e r i c a a t l e a s t f o r ty y e ar s b e fo r e
L e xi n gto n an d a t a ti m e w h e n J a m e s Oti s a n d S a m u e l A d a m s t h e m se l v e s
,

w e r e n o t l o n g o u t o f t h e i r s w a dd l i n g c l ot h e s Ye t c o n c e r n i n g t h e s e t h i n g s .
, ,

th e p a g e s o f s o c a ll e d A m e r i c an histo r i e s o f th e N e w E n g l an d s c hoo l in
-
, ,

n i n e c as e s o u t o f te n a r e s i l e n t .

Fi n all y l e t u s r e v e r t to a m u c h e a rl i e r p e r io d a n d c o n s i d e r fo r a m o m e n t
,

th e f o u n d i n g in A m e r i c a o f w h a t w it h c ivi l l ib e r ty is th e t w i n s uppo r t o f
, ,
.

th e s t r u c t u r e o f a l l j u s t a n d l a s ti n g gov e r n me n t s n am e l y th e p r i n c ip l e o f , ,

r e l igi o u s f r e e d o m
”
.

I n P e n n s c o l o n y l ib e r ty o f w o r s hip w a s p e r m itt e d fr o m th e b e gi n n i n g o f
’

h is gov e r n m e n t I n M a r y l an d a n d in o n e o r tw o ot h e r s o f th e s out h e r n c o l
.

o n ie s fo r a s h o r t ti m e a t th e b e gi n n i n g t h e r e w as th e s a m e b e n e fi
,
c e n t pr o

vi s io n m a d e by t h e i r l aw s o r c h a r t e r s bu t s t a tuto r y e n a c t m e n t s oo n d e s t r oy e d
,

it O u t s i d e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a an d R h o de I s l an d a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e
.
,

e igh t e e n t h c e n t u r y th e E n g l i s h C h u r c h h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d by l a w in m o s t
,

o f th e m i dd l e a n d s o u t h e r n gov e r n m e n t s a n d th e Co n g r e g a tio n a l C h u r c h in
,

t h o s e o f N e w E n gl an d T h e R e vo l u ti o n o f 1 689 h a d b r o u gh t to B r it a i n
.
,

a m o n g ot h e r b l e s s i n gs t h a t o f th e To l e r a tio n A c t but its p r ovi s io n s h a d

, ,

n ot
y e t b e e n f u ll y o r d e fi n i t e l y e x t e n d e d to th e A m e r i c an c o l o n ie s R e v . .

F r a n c i s M ake m ie th e S c ot c h I r i s h fo un d e r o f A m e r i c an P r e s byt e r i an i s m
,
-
,

h a d c o m e fr o m Cou n ty Do n e g a l I r e l a n d to th e i s l a n d o f B a r b a d o e s a bout
, ,

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,

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s io n a r y s t a tio n s a m o n g th e S c ot c h a n d S c ot c h I r i s h fa m i l i e s w h o h a d s e tt l e d -
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.

tw o o r t h r e e c h u r c h o r g an iz a tio n s in t h a t t e r r ito r y a n d in 1 7 0 6 th e i r m i n is ,

t e r s u n it e d w ith thos e o f oth e r c h u r c h e s o f M ar y l an d D e l aw a r e an d P e n n , ,

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h a d b e e n m a d e M a ke m ie u n d e r took a j o u r n e y to Bosto n
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m I z m g I ts po w e r f o r e v e r a ft e r w a r d s .

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.

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w it h i n h is r ig h t s a s a P r e s byt e r i a n m i n i s t e r H e p r o d u c e d h is l i c e n s e to .

p r e a c h u n d e r th e To l e r a tio n A c t in B a r b a d o e s an d t h i s w a s r e c og n iz e d a s ,

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i n t e r m e ddl e d w i t h th e m i s s i o n a r i e s o f th e So c i e ty fo r th e P r op a g a tio n o f
th e G o s p e l in Fo r e ig n P a r t s a n d g a i n e d th e h o s ti l ity o f a l l th e b e tt e r ,

e l e m e n t s in th e C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d T h e N e w Y o r k A s s e m b l y in Ap r i l .
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w it h e n c r o a c h m e n t o n th e l ib e r ti e s o f th e p e op l e a n d fi n a ll y e xp r e s s e d t h e i r ,

d e t e r m i n a tio n to r e d r e s s th e m i s e r i e s o f t h e i r c o u n t r y H e w a s r e c al l e d .
,

a n d in 1 7 0 9 Lo r d Lov e l a c e to o k h is pl a c e
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p u b l i c a tio n w as m a d e in 1 7 5 5 T h e fo r m e r a c c o u n t w a s r e p r i n t e d in .

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N O T E S TO C H APT E R V .

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oso o re i b o h m igh t obl y t o o an s eec a s an n orn u an r ,
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f d 1 888 p 1 4 7 il t g m t A pp d ix C
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5
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fo u n d in th e Col lec tion s of tbc N e w Yor kH is tor ica l Soc iety f or tke Yea r 1 87 0, pp 4 09 4 5 3 .
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T H E A M E R I C AN P E O P L E NOT R A C IA LL Y I D E NT I C A L W I TH
T H O S E O F N E W E N G L AN D
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,

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p r op e r t o o l s o r s u it a b l e m a t e r i a l a t h an d o n w h i c h to w o r k B an c r o ft w a s
, .

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n a t io n a l s t a n d poi n t F o ot e s Sketc/z es of Vir gin ia an d o f N or tk Ca r ol in a a r e
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a m o n g th e m o s t v a l u a b l e c o n t r ib u tio n s to th e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h e s e St a t e s

t h a t w e h a v e b u t t h e s e w o k s w e r e w r itt e n n e a r l y fi fty y e ar s a go Bis h op

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l o c al a n d fa m i l y h i s t o r y in c o n n e c t io n w it h t h a t o f th e E pi s c op a l c h u r c h e s .

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, ,

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.
,

b e e n c ar r i e d o n fo r m a n y y e a r s by p u b l i c an d p r iv a t e a g en c i e s an d t h e i r ,

u s e a s th e b as e s fo r m an y o f o u r pop u l a r h i s to r i e s h a s s e r ve d to d is s e m
,

in a te a v as t l y g r e a t e r a m o u n t o f i n fo r m a tio n a bo u t th e p e op l e a n d e v e n t s w it h
w h i c h t h e s e r e c o r d s a r e c o n c e r n e d t h a n t h o s e o f a n y ot h e r p ar t o f A m e r i c a .

Li t e r ar y g e n i u s l ik e w i s e h as a i d e d m a t e r i all y in fo r m i n g o u r pop u l a r
, ,

i d e al s o f c h ar a c t e r s a n d e v e n t s in c o n n e c tio n w it h c e r t a i n p h as e s o f A m e r i
c an hi s to r y p a r ti c u l ar l y w i t h t h o s e o f N e w E n g l a n d
,
I n d e e d c e r t a i n l it e r
.
,

a r y p r o d u c tio n s m a h a v e b e e n th e s o l e s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a tio n r e ga r d in g
y
o c c u r r e n c e s w h i c h a r e n o w r e put e d h i s to r i c T h i s h a s b e e n t r u e in a l l
.

a ge s . T/z e A r a bia n N zgkts in th e i n c i d e n t a l e vi d e n c e w h i c h it a ff o r d s as ,

,

w e l l a s by r e a s o n o f its o w n i n t r i n s i c m e r it m u s t a l w a ys b e o u r c h i e f
,

a ut h o r ity fo r th e h ig h d e g r e e o f c ivi l iz a tio n a tt a i n e d by th e e a r l y Mo h a m

m e d an s ; j u s t a s th e m i l it a r y p r o w e s s o f a n c i e n t G r e e c e h as fr o m ti m e
 T h e Am e r ic a n P e o pl e 79

i m m e m o r i al b e e n b e st app r e c i at e d th r ough th e g l o w i n g i m a g e r i e s o f th e
m i n s t r e l po e t an d th e g l o r y o f E n g l ish histo r y b e e n b e st e xp r e s s e d in th e
,

i m a gi n ar y c o n c e ptio n s o f an obs c u r e p l a y w r igh t Sh aks pe a r e h a s gi v e n us

,
.

a n i d e a o f th e c h ar a c t e r o f Ri c h a r d III a n d h is p r e d e c e s s o r s a n d f o ll o w e r s
—
.
,

a s w e l l a s o f th a t o f M a c b e t h w h i c h a m o r e t h o r ough i n v e s tig a ti o n w hi l e
s h o w i n g it to b e in a l ar g e m e a su r e f a l s e — c an n e v e r c o m p l e t e l y c o rr e c t
,

I n l ik e m an n e r W a l t e r S c ott h a s typifi e d in th e p e r s o n al ity o f th e fi r s t

,

Ri c h a r d al l th e r o m an ti c t e n d e n c i e s o f th e age o f th e C r u s a d e rs w ith th e ,

r e s u l t t h a t h is h igh l y i d e a l iz e d po r t r a it w i ll e v e r b e p r e f e r r e d to th e l e s s

fl a tt e r i n g though m o r e h o n e st d e l i n e atio n o f histo r y So it is th a t th e b e st .

k n o w n pi c t u r e s o f e a r l y A m e r i c an l i fe an d C h ara c t e r p r e s e n t e d in o ur r o m an
tic l it e r a tu r e b e i n g t a k e n fo r th e m o s t p a r t t h r oug h N e w E n g l an d l e n s e s
, ,

c an b e c o n s i d e r e d fr o m a n hi s to r i c a l s t an d poi n t o n l y w it h d u e a ll o w an c e
, ,

fo r t h a t fa c t H aw t h o r n e h a s i m m o r t al iz e d th e P u r it an j u s t a s Coop e r h a s
.
,

c r e a t e d th e A m e r i c an I n d i an o f th e popu l a r m i n d ; ye t ho w e v e r t r u e th e ,

f o r m e r s c h a r a c t e r iz a tio n o f th e e ar l y N e w E n gl a n d e r m a y b e it h a s b u t l itt l e
’

m o r e v a l u e a s a typ e o f th e t r u e A m e r i c an e po n y m
,
t h a n t h a t o f th e l a tt e r
, .

T h e s e v a r iou s a i ds an d i n flu e n c e s e it h e r o f a l it e r a r y o r h i s to r i c n a tu r e
, ,

h a v e n o t u n ti l quit e r e c e n t l y b e e n a v a i l a b l e fo r th e s t u d y o f A m e r i c a n h is
to r y in its b r o a de r s e n s e an d w e ar e o n l y j u s t b e gi n n i n g to ge t th e b e n e fit o f
'

t h e i r a s s i s t an c e in th e e x am i n a tio n o f o t h e r t h an th e N e w E n gl a n d p o r tio n
o f it . B u t t h i s e x a m i n a tio n c an n e v e r b e c a r r i e d o n w it h e n ti r e s a tis fa c
tio n u n ti l th e c o m p l e t e p u b l i c a tio n o f th e e ar l y r e c o r d s o f th e g e n e r al
,

g o v e rn m e n t A n a tt e m pt w as m a d e to t h i s e n d s o m e fi fty o r s i x ty y e ar s a go
.
,

w h i c h b e g an quit e f a vo r a b l y a n d r e s u l t e d in th e p u b l i c a tio n o f Fo r c e s
’

s e r i e s o f A r ckives p e r t a i n i n g to a ff a i r s a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e R e vo l u tio n ar y
st r u ggl e an d th e p r oj e c ti o n o f ot h e r s e r i e s B u t t h a t w o r k w a s d r opp e d l o n g
,
.

b e fo r e c o m p l e tio n an d b e yo n d n i n e vo l um e s o f A r c kives o f th e y e a r s 1 7 7 5
,

a n d 1 7 7 6 a n d th e s e v e r a l vo l u m e s o f Sta te P a e r s o f l a t e r d a t e v e r y l itt l e
, p ,

ot h e r d a t a h as b e e n p r i n t e d T h e r e is a v a s t am ou n t o f m a t e r i a l r e l a ti n g
.

to th e c o l o n i al p e r io d an d to th e p r o g r e s s o f th e w ar an d th e s ub s e q u e n t
fo r m a tio n o f o u r s y s t e m o f gov e r n m e n t w h i c h s ti l l r e m a i n s to b e p u b l i s h e d .

I t is h o w e v e r to th e r e c e n t e n l ig h t e n e d po l i c y o f m a n y o f th e St a t e gov
, ,

e r n m e n ts o f th e o r igi n a l c o l o n i e s t h a t w e a r e i n d e bt e d f o r th e i n a u g u r a tio n

o f a m ov e m e n t l ooki n g to th e c o n s e r v a tio n o f th e m a t e r i a l s fo r t h e i r e a r l y

h i s to r y in a fo r m t h a t m a k e s t h e m a t o n c e bot h a c c e s s ib l e a n d c a p a b l e o f
p r e s e r v ati o n Thi s c o n si s ts in th e p u b l i c a tio n o f v a r iou s vo l u m e s o f St a t e
.

a r c h iv e s R e vo l u tio n ar y r ost e r s a n d d o c u m e n t ar y a n d ot h e r r e c o r d s o f w h i c h
, , ,

m a n y s e r i e s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n is s u e d by th e St a t e s o f N e w Y o r k New ,

J e r s e y P e n n s y l v an i a M ar y l an d Vi r gi n i a an d No r t h C a r o l i n a an d ot h e r s
, , , , ,

a r e in c o u r s e o f p r e p a r a tio n O f t h e s e by f a r th e m o s t u s e fu l an d c o m p r e
.
,

h e n s ive in th e i r p re p a r a tio n a r e th e fi fty vo l u m e s o f A r c /tives b r ou g h t o u t

by th e St a t e o f P e n n s y l v an i a u n d e r th e c ap ab l e e dito r s h ip o f Dr Wi l l i am H . .

E gl e fo r m an y y e ar s th e St a t e l ib r a r i an
, .
80 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

I n Ne w Yo r k ,
up to 1 887 , t h e r e h a d b e e n pub l i s h e d a D oc um en ta ry H is
tory ( 4 vo l s .
,
1 85 0 ) an d s e v e n t e e n vo l u m e s ( 1 85 6 1 887 ) o f d o c u m e n t s r e
-

l a ti n g to th e c o l o n i al h i s t o r y i n c l u d i n g a r o s t e r o f R e v o l utio n a r y s o l d i e r s
, .

N e w J e r s e y pub l i s h e d t w e n t y vo l u m e s o f A r c/tives b e t w e e n 1 87 2 an d 1 89 3 ,

a n d a l s o a R e vo l utio n ar y r ost e r .

B e si d e s t h e s e St a t e pub l i c a tio n s th e v a r io u s St a t e h i s to r i c a l so c i e ti e s o f
,

th e o l d e r c o l o n i e s h a v e a l s o a w a k e n e d in l a t e y e a r s to th e fa c t th a t in o r d e r ,

to j u s ti fy t h e i r r igh t to e xi s t e n c e it w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y fo r t h e m to do s o m e
,

t h i n g o f a l e s s t r ivi a l n a t u r e t h an m e r e l y to p u b l i s h r e po r ts o f th e i r b u si n e s s
m e e ti n g s an d l e n gt h y obit u a r i e s o f t h e i r d e c e a s e d m e m b e r s In c o n s e .

q u e n c e w e a r e b e gi n n i n g to b e n e fit by t h e i r l a bo r s T h e N e w Yo r k so c i
. e ty
giv e s th e b e s t p r o m i s e o f fu t u r e ac c o m p l i s h m e n t s if th e i n d u st r y o f its ,

m e m b e r s is a t a l l e q u a l to th e oppo r t u n i t i e s a ff o r d e d in th e w e a l t h o f

d o c u m e n t a r y m a t e r i al n o w u n d e r goi n g c l a s s ifi c a tio n by th e St a t e o ffi c i a l s .

T h e Hi s to r i c a l So c i e ty o f th e St a t e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a is u n fo r t u n a t e in b e i n g
l o c a t e d a w a y fr o m th e s e a t o f th e St a t e gov e r n m e n t I ts h e a d qu ar t e r s a r e .

in P h i l a d e l p h i a w h e r e l iv e m ost o f its m e m b e r s a n d c o n s e qu e n t l y its w o r k

, ,

is d i r e c t e d m o r e a l o n g th e l i n e o f l o c al i n v e s tig atio n t h an c o n c e rn e d w it h
th e h isto r y o f th e St a t e a t l ar g e I t m ig h t m o r e a pp r op r i a t e l y b e c a ll e d th e
.

Histo r i c a l So c i e ty o f P h i l a d e l p h i a I n th a t fi e l d its l a bo r s ar e i n v a l u ab l e
. .

I ts c h i e f p u b l i c a tio n is th e P e n n syl va n ia M aga z in e a l a r g e q u a r t e r l y e s t a b , ,

l is h e d in 1 87 7 a n d a m o d e l p e r io d i c a l o f th e c l as s I n th e So c i e ty s e ar l y
’
.
,

d a y s a n u m b e r o f vo l u m e s r e l a ti n g to th e h isto r y o f th e St a t e w e re a l s o i s s u e d ,

b u t f e w in r e c e n t y e a r s T h e i n a tt e n tio n o n th e p a r t o f t h is So c i e ty to t h a t
.

po r tio n o f th e St a t e out s i d e o f P h i l a d e l p h i a h o w e v e r is m o r e t h an m a d e up , ,

by th e p r iv a t e e n t e r p r i s e o f Dr E gl e al r e a d y m e n tio n e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith

.
,

th e pub l i c a tio n o f th e St a t e A r c /z ives Du r i n g th e p as t t w e n ty y e a r s t h i s ge n

.

tl e m an in a dd itio n to h is w o r k o n th e St a t e A r c kives pub l ish e d o n his o w n

, ,

b e h a lf m o r e t h an a d oz e n vo l u m e s o f histo r i c a l c o l l e c tio n s r e l a ti n g to i n t e
r io r P e n n s y l v an i a T h e d e bt o w e d to h im by al l stu d e n t s o f t h a t pa r t o f
.

e ar l y A m e r i c an h i s to r y is o n e t h a t w i ll s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e w it h th e p as s i n g

y e ar s T h e c h i e f w o r k o f th e M ar y l an d s o c i e ty up to th is da te h a s b e e n
.
'

th e p r e p a r a tio n o f s ixt e e n vo l u m e s o f M a ryl a n d A r c /z ives ( 1 883 w hi c h

w e r e p r i n t e d by th e St a t e a n d n i n e o r te n vo l u m e s o f Coll ec tions
,
T he .

Hi s to r i c al So c i e ty o f Ri c h m o n d h as al so c o n t r ib u t e d n e a r l y a d oz e n v o l u m e s
— ti g to Vi gi i T is r i c h fi e l d in t h a t
( 1 8 8 2 1 89 )
1 o f C ol l ec tion s r e l a n r n a h e r e a .

St a t e fo r th e fut ur e h i s to r i an o f A m e r i c a but up to th e p r e s e n t ti m e a ,

c o m p a ra tiv e d e ar t h o f p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l So m e e ar l y hi s to r y o f No r th
.

C ar o l i n a i n c l u d i n g a r o s t e r o f R e vo l u tio n ar y s o l d i e r s h a s b e e n giv e n in th e
, ,

Col on ia l R ecor ds o f t h a t St a t e ( 1 8 v o l s 1 886 b u t So u t h C a r o l i n a

.
,

h a s p r o d u c e d o n l y a f e w s m all v o l u m e s o f Coll ec tions issu e d by its H is to r i ,

c a l So c i e ty s o m e f o r ty y e ar s a go ( 1 85 7 5 9 ) an d G e o r gi a sti ll l e s s
-
.

I n a dd itio n to th e v a r ious g e n e r al h isto r i c al so c i e ti e s in t h e s e St a t e s t h e r e ,

a r e a l s o m an y oth e r o r g an iz a tio n s d e v ot e d to th e c o ll e c tio n o f histo r i c a l .

m a tt e r ti n g to sp e c i al c l as s e s o f th e popu l a tio n Of th e s e m ay b e m e n
r e la .

tio n e d th e H o l l an d So c i e ty o f N e w Yo r k th e Hugu e n ot So c i e ty a n d th e
, ,

S c ot c h I r i s h So c i e ty o f A m e r i c a T h e o n e l a s t n a m e d h e l d an a n n u a l c o n
-
.

gr e s s e a c h y e ar fr o m 1 889 to 1 89 7 a n d pub l i s h e d n i n e vo l u m e s o f its Coll ec

,

tion s . T h e i r c o n t e n t s a r e c h i e fly m a d e u p fr o m th e a dd r e ss e s d e l i v e r e d a t
th e a n n u a l m e e ti n g s ; h e n c e t h e r e is c o n si d e r a b l e d i ff e r e n c e in th e i r d e g r e e s

o f m e r it .

No n e o f t h e s e w o r k s c o m p ar e in t h o r oug h n e s s o r s c op e w it h th e
pub l i c a t io n s o f th e N e w E n g l an d St a t e gov e r n m e n t s an d o f th e i r v ar ious
h i s to r i c a l a n d an tiq u ar i a n s o c i e ti e s T h e r e is n ot h i n g in th e Mi d dl e St a t e s
.

e q u a l to th e P lym ou tlz o r Suf ol k R ec or ds o f M a s s ac h u s e tt s fo r i n s t a n c e ; ,

o r th e P r ovin c ia l Sta te o r T ow n P ape r s o f N e w H a m p s hi r e ; o r th e N ew

, ,

E ngl a n d H is tor ica l a nd Genea l ogic a l R egis ter .

As an ot h e r r e s u l t o f th e f e c u n d ity a n d o n e
i d e d n e s s o f th e N e w E n gl an d
-
s

w ri t e rs b e fo r e
1 87 0 it h a s b e e n l o n g c u sto m a r y to a s c r ib e to th e E n gl i s h
,

e l e m e n t in th e A m e r i c an pop u l a tio n th e c r e d it n o t o n l y fo r a ll th e e a r l y

a c h i e v e m e n t s o f th e n a tio n in w a r a n d p e a c e b u t a l s o f o r h avi n g f u r n is h e d
2
,

p r a c ti c a lly al l th e c o l o n i s t s w h o s e tt l e d in th e c o u n t r y b e fo r e th e R e vo l u
tio n A s a m att e r o f fac t n othi n g c o u l d b e m o r e e r r o n e o u s T h e pop u l a tio n
.
’
,
.

o f th e N e w E n g l an d St a t e s a t th e d a t e o f th e fi r s t g e n e r a l c e n s u s ( 1 7 9 0 ) w a s

an d th e tot a l w h it e pop u l a ti o n o f th e c o u n t r y B an c r o ft ,

e s ti m a t e d th e w h it e pop u l a tio n o f th e c o l o n i e s in 1 7 7 to h v b bo t
5 a e e e n a u

an d a s it is p r ob a b l e t h a t th e N e w E n g l a n d pop u l a tio n d id n o t

i n c r e as e s o r api dl y b e t w e e n 1 7 7 5 an d 1 7 90 a s t h a t o f th e oth e r St at e s w e ,

m ay s a fe l y e s ti m a t e it a t o n e t h i r d o f th e tot a l pop u l a tio n in 1 7 7 5

-
.

O f th e tot a l w hit e p op u l a tio n a t th e o u tb r e a k o f th e R e vo l u tio n t h e r e is

a bu n d a n t e vi d e n c e to Sh o w th a t a t l e a s t o n e t h i r d w a s n o t o f E n g l i s h d e s c e n t
-

o r s y m p a t h i e s a t a ll b u t c o n s i s t e d o f a v a r i e ty o f n a tio n a l iti e s i n c l u d i n g th e
, ,

G e r m an s F r e n c h Ho l lan d e r s S w e d e s an d o t h e r s T h e G e r m a n s an d S w i s s
, , , ,
.

c o m p r i s e d n e ar l y a t h i r d o f th e pop u l a ti o n o f P e n n s y l v a n i a in an d t h e y

l ik e w i s e h a d f o r m e d m an y c o m m u n iti e s in w e s t e rn M a r y l a n d a n d n o r t h e r n
Vi r gi n i a as w e ll a s in th e l o w e r c o u n t r y o f So u t h C ar o l i n a T h e S w e d e s
, .

m a d e th e fi r s t s e tt l e m e n t s in P e n n s y l v an i a a n d D e l a w a r e b u t t h e s e w e r e
;
a ft e r w a r d s ov e r r u n by th e D u t c h w h o a c q u i r e d m o s t o f th e t e r r ito r y a l o n g
,

th e D e l a w ar e Riv e r a s w e ll a s t h a t o f th e H u d s o n a n d M o h a w k v a l l e y s in
,

N e w Y o r k an d a c o n s i d e r a b l e po r tio n o f N e w J e r s e y
, T h e W e lsh h a d l ar ge .

g r an t s o f l a n d an d n u m e r ou s s e t t l e m e n t s in D e l aw ar e a n d s out h e as t e r n
P e n n s y l v an i a T h e F r e n c h u s u all y Hugu e n ot r e fu g e e s fr o m th e G e r m a n
.
,

P al a ti n e o r fr o m Ho l l an d o r I r e l an d w e r e l ik e w i s e a m o n g th e e a r l y c o l o
, ,

n iz e r s o f P e n n s y l v an i a an d th e s a m e p e op l e f o r m e d a l a r g e p ar t o f th e fi r s t
,

E u r op e an pop u l a tio n o f th e C ar o l i n a s B u t th e s e tt l e m e n t s o f all t h e s e dif

.

f e r e n t n a tio n al iti e s t a k e n tog e th e r d id n o t b e gi n to e q u al in n u m b e r o r

i m po r t an c e t h os e o f an ot h e r c l a ss o f p e op l e w ith w h i c h w e n o w h av e to d e al
—a c l as s th a t w a s a s d isti n c t l y n on E n gl is h as m an y o f t h os e j ust n a m e d
-

6
an d o n e th a t h a d i n fi n it e l y g r e a t e r r e as o n t h a n a n y o f th e oth e r s fo r r e s e n ti n g
th e c o u r s e o f i n j u s ti c e a n d opp r e s s io n s o l o n g p u r s u e d in th e a dm i n i s t ra tio n
o f th e B r iti s h Gov e r n m e n t
“
.

T h e s e w e r e th e S c ot s o f No r th B r it a i n an d No r th I r e l an d a c o m po s it e ,

r a c e e v e n a t t h a t ti m e h a vi n g in th e o r g a n i c m a k e u p o f e a c h i n d ivi d u l a
a
-
,

c o m bi n a tio n o f th e s e v e r a l r a c i a l e l e m e n t s w h i c h w e r e a l m o s t id e n tic a l w ith ,

t h o s e n o w fo r m i n g th e p r e s e n t c o l l e c tiv e pop u l a tio n o f A m e r i c a an d fr o m ,

w h i c h th e A m e r i c an o f th e fu t u r e is g r a d u a ll y b e i n g e vo l v e d T h e i r s w a s th e .

o n e r e p r e s e n t a tiv e a n d typi c a l r a c e in A m e r i c a w i t h w hi c h a l l oth e r s a r e c o m

in g m o r e a n d m o r e to c o n fo r m T h a t is to s ay t h e s e A tta c o t Goi d e l i c Cym r o

.
,
- -

A n g l o No r s e D an i s h S c ot s o f c o l o n i a l ti m e s t h e s e C e l to T e uto n i c e m ig r an t s
- -
,
-

to A m e r i c a o f th e e ig h t e e n th c e n t u r y c o m bi n e d in th e i r i n d ivi d u a l bo d i e s
,

th e p h ys i c a l a tt r ib u t e s o f th e A n g l e th e G a e l th e No r s e an d th e B r yt h o n
, , , .

I n t h e i r v e i n s w as a l r e a d y b l e n d e d th e b l oo d o f th e v a r io u s p e op l e s w h i c h in
th e p a s t h u n d r e d y e a r s h a v e b e e n po u r i n g m i ll io n s o f i n d ivi d u al s i n to th e
r a c e a l e m bi c c a ll e d A m e r i c a a n d to a f a r g r e a t e r e xt e n t t h an a n y o f t h e i r

n e igh bo r s w e r e t h e s e S c otti s h e m ig r a n t s o f th e e igh t e e n th c e n tu r y th e t r u e

p r o t otyp e s o f th e typi c al A m e r i c an o f th e t w e n ti e t h .
“

T h e i r s e ttl e m e n t s in A m e r i c a b e g an in th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n t u r y b u t w e r e
m a d e c h i e fly in th e e ig h t e e n t h At th e ti m e o f th e R e vo l u tio n t h e s e
.

p e op l e c o m p r i s e d fu ll y fo r ty pe r c e n t o f th e p a t r ioti c popu l atio n o f th e

.

c ou n t r y s o u t h o f N e w E n g l an d .

T h e Co n ti n e n t al Co n g r e s s o f 1 7 7 6 m a d e a n e s ti m a t e o f th e popu l a tio n o f
th e t h i r t e e n o r igi n a l c o l o n i e s a s a b a s i s f r o m w h i c h to a ppo r tio n th e e xp e n s e
T h e fig u r e s o f t h i s c o n j e c t u r a l c e n s u s o f Co n gr e s s ar e a s
7
o f th e w a r .

fo l l o w s
Ne w H a m p s h i r e .

M a s s a c h u s e tt s ( i n c l u d i n g M a i n e )
R h o d e I s l an d .

Co n n e c ti c u t
N e w Yo r k ( i n c l u d i n g V e r m o n t )
Ne w J e rse y .

P e n n s y l v an i a
D e l aw a r e .

M a y l an d
r

Vi r gi n i a ( i n c l ud i n g K e n t u c ky )
No r t h C a r o l i n a ( i n c l u d i n g T e n n e s s e e )
S o u t h C ar ol i n a .

G e o r gi a
Tot a l w h it e
S l av e

T h is ti m a t e is n o w g e n e r all y c o n c e d e d to h av e b e e n to o l a r g e s i n c e th e
es ,

c e n s u s o f 1 7 0 sho w e d a tot a l w h it e popu l a tio n o f o n l y an d as

9
th e a v e r a g e n o r m a l r a t e o f i n c r e as e o f pop u l a tio n in A m e r i c a e v e r s i n c e w e

h a v e h a d an y d a t a to e n ab l e us to s t r ik e a n a v e r a g e h as b e e n about th r e e
pe r c e n t .y e ar th e popu l a tio n d oub l i n g about e v e r y t w e n ty t h r e e y e ar s it
a ,
-
,

w o u l d a pp e a r t h a t th e ac tu a l pop u l a tio n o f th e c o l o n i e s in 1 7 7 6 w a s a bout

te n pe r c e n t l e s s t h an th e c o n g r e s s io n a l e s ti m a t e
. F o r th e p u r po s e o f .

l e s s e n i n g its p r opo r tio n o f th e g e n e r a l ta x N e w H a m ps h i r e c a u s e d a St a t e

,

c e n s u s to b e t a k e n in 1 7 82 a n d a s a r e s u l t o f t h a t c e n s u s r e po r t e d its po pu
,

l a tio n a t b u t t h i s fi g u r e w as in a l l p r ob a bi l ity as f a r b e l o w th e t r u e
n u m b e r as t h a t o f th e c o n g r e s s io n a l e s ti m a t e w as a bov e it P e n n s y l van i a .

h a d n o t q u it e t a x ab l e s in 1 7 7 0 Cou n ti n g s ix p e r s o n s to o n e t a xp a y e r
.
,

th e pop u l a tio n t h e n w o u l d h a v e b e e n a bo u t a n d w it h a n a n n u a l
.
,

i n c r e a s e o f t h r e e pe r c e n t a bo u t .
,
in 1 7 7 6 T h e r e w a s ho w e v e r a
.
, ,

v e r y l a r g e i m m ig r a tio n o f U l s t e r S c o t s i n to thi s p r ovi n c e in 1 7 7 3 a n d it is

p r ob ab l e th e r e p o r t m a d e by Gov e r n o r P e n n to Lo r d D ar t m o u t h J an u a r y ,

3 0 1 77
,
fixi n g th e w h it e p o pu l a tio n a t w a s n o t fa r fr o m th e t r u th .

B an c r o ft as s t a t e d b e f o r e e s ti m a t e d th e tot al w hit e popu l a tio n o f th e c o l o n i e s

, ,

in 1 7 7 5 to h a v e b e e n 2 1 0 0 0 00 I t w ou l d s e e m th a t w e c an s a fe l y f o l l o w
lo
.
, ,

thi s e s ti m a t e an d as s ig n
,
o r o n e t h i r d to th e t e r r ito r y e a s t o f th e
-
,

H u ds o n .
“
O f th e w e s t o f th e H u d s o n a n d so u th o f th e St L aw .

ren c e ,
th e f o ll o w i n g is p r ob a b l y a s c l o s e a n d a c c u r a t e a n e s ti m a t e as c a n b e
m a d e fr o m th e d a t a n o w a v a i l a b l e th e e sti m a t e d ,
o f i n h a bit an t s

b e i n g a ppo r tio n e d am o n g th e n i n e St a t e s in a c c o r d an c e w ith th e i r r e l ativ e

popu l atio n s in I 7 9 0
Ne w Yo r k ( e x c l u d i n g V e r m o n t ) 2 0 2 000

Ne w J e rse y .

P e n n s y l v an i a
D e law a r e .

M a r y l an d
Vi r gi n i a ( in c l il d in gK e n t u c ky )
.

No r t h C a r o l i n a ( i n c l u d i n g
So u t h C ar o l i n a
G e o r gi a
Tot a l
No w , we m y e s ti m a t e th e p r opo r ti o n o f i n h a bit an t s o f S c otti s h
a y s a fe l

b l oo d o r d e s c e n t to h a v e b e e n o n e e ig h t h o f th e w ho l e w h it e pop u l a t io n in
-

N e w Yo r k ; o n e fi fth to o n e fo u r t h in th e St a t e s o f N e w J e r s e y M a r y l a n d , ,

a n d Vi r gi n i a ; m o r e th a n o n e t h i r d In P e n n s y l v an i a D e l a w ar e
-
No r t h C a r o , ,

l i n a an d G e o r gi a ; a n d o n e h al f In So u th C a r o l i n a
,
-
.

U s i n g th e c e n s u s o f 1 7 9 0 a s a b a s i s o n w h i c h to a ppo r ti o n th e popu l a tio n

in 1 7 7 5 w e fin d fr o m th e fo r e goi n g e s ti m a t e s t h a t th e n u m b e r o f i n h a bit an t s
,

o f S c otti s h an c e s t r y a t t h a t ti m e in th e n i n e c o l o n i e s s o u t h o f N e w E n g l a n d

( t h e r e w e r e p r ob a b l y in Ne w E n g l an d) w a s c l o s e to as

fo l l o w s
 D e la w ar e
M ar yl an d
V I r gI n I a
No r t h C a r o l i n a
So u t h C a r o l i n a
G e o r gi a
Tot a l
Of th e tot al w hit e popu l a tio n o f t h e s e St a t e s it is p r ob a b l e th a t
n e a r l y o n e t h i r d w e r e in op e n o r s e c r e t s y m p a t h y w it h th e C r o w n d u r i n g th e
-

R e vo l u tio n an d d id n o t vo l u n t ar i l y c o n t r ibut e e it h e r m e n o r m e an s to th e
,

A m e r i c a n c a us e M an y o f t h e s e w e r e e n g a g e d in a c tiv e h osti l iti e s a g a i n st

.

th e p a t r ioti c p ar ty p ar ti c u l a r l y in N e w Yo r k an d No r th an d So u t h C ar o l i n a
, ,

in th e l a t t e r o f w hi c h St a t e s a t ti m e s m o r e th an h al f th e pop u l a tio n is s a i d to
h a v e b e e n o n th e E n g l i s h s i d e Joh n A d am s e sti m a t e d t h a t about o n e t h i r d
.
-

o f th e A m e r i c an s w e r e Loy a l i s ts in th e fi r s t y e ar s o f th e s t r ugg l e t h o u g h h e ,

s o m e ti m e s r e d u c e d t h i s figu r e c o n s i d e r a b l y I t w o u l d p e r h a ps b e n o t a n
"
.

e x a gg e r a tio n to s ay t h a t in M ar y l a n d an d Vi r gi n i a in 1 7 7 6 o n e s ixt h o f th e -

w h it e pop u l a tio n w a s oppo s e d to th e w a r a n d to i n d e p e n d e n c e an d w a s to a ,

g r e a t e r o r l e s s e xt e n t Loy al ist in Ne w J e r s e y P e n n s y l v an i a a n d D e l aw ar e
, , ,

o n e t h i r d ; a n d in N e w Yo r k G e o r gi a an d th e C a r o l i n as tw o fifth s “
-
, ,
If ,
-
.

t h e s e figu r e s m ay b e t a k e n a s fa i r l y a c c u r at e in th e a gg r e g a t e th e y w ou l d ,

r e d u c e th e p a t r ioti c popu l a tio n to s o m e w h a t b e l o w a m i ll io n out s i d e o f N e w ,

E n gl an d ; an d o f th a t n u m b e r it is a l tog e t h e r l ik e l y t h a t l e s s t h an h al f w e r e
o f E n g l i s h e xt r a c tio n .

Co n c e r n i n g th e p at r ioti s m o f th e S c ot c h I r i sh th e g e n e ra l t e s ti m o n y o f
-
,

c o n t e m po r a r y a n d l a t e r w r it e r s is to th e e ff e c t t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o To r i e s

a m o n g th e m a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e fo u n d u n i fo r m l y a r r a y e d a g a i n st th e B r iti s h
,

b u t it is p r ob a b l e t h i s s t a t e m e n t c a n b e t a k e n a s a pp l i c a b l e o n l y in a g e n e r a l
w a y an d o n e to w h i c h m an y i n d ivi d u al e x c e ptio n s m ay b e n ot e d On e o f .

t h e s e e x c e ptio n s w a s t h a t o f th e n oto r io u s r e n e ga d e Si m o n Gi r ty ,

an d h is b r ot h e r s w h o w e r e p r ob a b l y S c ot c h I r i s h o n t h e i r m ot h e r s s i d e
’
-
.
,

T h e S c o t c h ( J a c o bit e ) Hig h l an d e r s o f No r th C a r o l i n a p r i n c ip al l y s e tt l e d
a lo n g th e C a p e F e ar Riv e r w e r e n e a r l y a ll a c tiv e To r y p a r ti s an s
,
as w e re ,

a l s o the S c o t c h C a t h o l i c s o f N e w Yo r k M an y S c otti s h n a m e s app e a r in

.

S abi n e 5 l i s t o f Lo yal i s t s p r i n c ip al l y fr o m t h e s e tw o St a t e s ; a n d so m e a l s o
’

,
”
f r o m P e n n s y l v a n i a a m o n g w h i c h m ay b e m e n tio n e d th a t o f G a l l o w a y
,
.

A m o n g th e B r i t is h a n d To r y l e a d e r s in th e So u t h d u r i n g th e R e vo l u
tio n a r y Wa r m ay b e m e n tio n e d Co l o n e l P a t r i c k F e r g u s o n M aj o r J a m e s ,

D un l a p C a pt a i n s P a t r i c k a d Jo h n Moo r e C a pt a i n P e t e r C a m pb e l l C a pt a i n
,
n
, ,

Cu n n i n gh a m M aj o r F r a s e r Li e u t e n an t Jo h n M c G in n is C a pt a i W a l t e r G il
, , ,
n

ke y C a pt a i n G r i m e s C a pt a i n Wi l s o n Li e u t e n an t L a ffe r ty C apt a i n A l e x an
, , , ,

d e r C a m e r o n C a p t a i n J a m e s K e r r Li e u t e n a n t Co l o n e l A l e x an d e r I n n e s a l l
, ,
-
,

a pp ar e n t l y o f S c ot c h o r S c ot c h I r i s h o igi n an d m a n y o f t h e m bo r n in
-
r
,

A m e r i c a I n th e W e s t w e r e Gov e rn o r H am i l to n Dr Jo h n Co n n o l l y th e
.
,
.
,
 T h e Am e r ic a n P e o pl e 85

Gi r ty b r oth e r s M c K e e E l l iott an d ot h e r s ; w h i l e w ith Ho w e

, , ,
’
s n or th e rn
a r m y u n d oubt e d l y th e g r e a t e s t s o l d i e r w as G e n e r a l J a m e s G r a n t .

N O T E S TO CHAPT E R VI .

A g p i w e xp e e d t th C g [f th e S t c h I i h S i e ty o f
o od d e al o f s ur r se as r ss a e on re ss o co - r s oc

Am i h l d i 1 889] t h t h i t y f th S t h I i h h d v b e tt pt d b ut w
er c a, e n a a s or o e co c - r s a ne er e n a em e e

d o n ot h v t k f f th
a e o se e T h e i m p l m t i l f m w h i h to s p k i
ar or e r e as o n . er s a e a er a ro c ea n a

g e n eral w y f th i i gi
a od f th i xi t
e r i I l
or d b ut w h
n an ow m t th i
e r e s ence n r e an , en e co e o e r

e m ig ti o t A m i e x pti g th u w h i h l d t it it i
ra n o er c a, ce n g i th xt e m e ca ses c e o ,
s m ea re n e e r e .

C mi g f m
o n p t f G t B it i t
ro on e ar th o d h re a b p r v d f th i
a n o an o er , n o re c or as een reser e o e r

a rr iv l w ul d h v b
a s as th o e h ad t h y ba e f li een igi d ll w k
e c as w i th t e een o a e n or n an a e no s a

w h il l g m j ity
e a ar m e t P y lv i t h
a or ttl d i Vi gi i
ca e o d th C
en n s li an a, o e rs s e e n r n a an e aro n as .

Th u t y l
e co g th A t l ti
n r a on t w th m pe tiv l y th i kl y ttl d d th S t h
an c c oas as en c o ar a e c se e ,
an e co c

I i h t
r s k up th i b d
oo th u t ki t
e r f ivi l i ti
a o es Th i won et b o u th s r s o C z a on . s as no eca se e

Q k ua t t h m th
e rs s e n h b e t d t p t t th i w
e r e , as as tt l m t f
een th ass e r e ,
o ro e c e r o n se e en s r om e

I di
n b u th S t h I i h did t w i h t l iv
an s , o r eca se e co c th Qu k-
r s wh w no s o e n e ar e a e rs , o er e c on

ti u l ly fi d i g f ul t w ith t h
n a n n b ut f a th t h t w t k th m ig t t th
em or e s am e r e a s o n a no a es e e r an s o e

W t —i b u th g d l d i h p d l g f m i l i
,

es , . e eca se ere oo b pp t d t m ll
an s c ea ,
an ar e a e s c an e su or e a a s a

e xp e n se T h y t o k w ith th t h i l igi
. e o d th i h l em d th i P e r re y lv i on an e r sc oo s , an ose n enns an a

e xt d e d th i s e tt l m
en t e r th m u t i
e d d wen s th v l l y i t M yl d d
a c r o ss e o n a ns an o n e a e n o ar an an

Vi gi i T h th y m t w ith th i b th f m Vi gi i
r n a. e re e e d C li e rd p t td re re n ro r n a an aro n a, an e n e ra e

i t th
n o u t y e w i
co l u d d i th St t
n r no f K t u ky d T
nc e n E x pti g i
e a es o en c an en n essee . ce n n a

g en era l w y th e d a f th i m ig
e rti c or difli ul t t t
s o d
s e l y f u d by
ra on ar e c o r ac e , an are on o n

e x m i i g l d d d w i ll
a n n o d i f ee i l y t d iti
s, s , an n am ra on .

It m u t l b m s b d th t ia so w y i
e th
re m
em ere f th w d did th a n no a ,
n e sa e se n se o e or ,
e

S t h I i h P
co c -
byt i
r s ttl res l y th P it e r an s s e ttl d M h
e a c o on tt th Q u k as e ur an s se e as s a c us e s, e a e rs

P e ylva i th C th l i M yl d
nn s n a, e th E pi
a p l i Vi gi i T h y b l g d t
o cs ar an ,
or e sc o a an s r n a . e e on e o

a l t a erw v f m ig ti
a e oth y e f th b vra d w h
on t h y an an i d t h i i d f th
o e a o e , an en e a r r ve on s s e o e

A tl ti g v m t w fi m l y t b l i h d T h
an c, o ern en s e requ i th t t h
r es a ly s e . e c o n se ence s a e r e ar e n o e a r

g v m tl
o e rn d th t
en a be qu t d
r e c or givi g xp i t th i vi w B i d th i
s a c an o e as n e ress on o e r e s . es es s,

th w l dl y
e or diti f m y f th e m ig t w
c on on o t u h an w l d p m it th m t t k
o e r an s as n o s c as ou er e o a e

an tive p t i p l iti l ff i
ac ar n th l ti
o f hi
ca w a th l i it d by p p ty
a r s , as e e ec ve ran c se as en m e a ro er

qu l ifi ti
a ca d m on f th ,
anwh m igh t h v
so l i m d th
e o igh t t v t w t d pl y
ose o a e c a e e r o o e ere oo ee

en g g d i p v i d i g f th e i f m i l i t t k
a e n ro n tiv p t i p l iti
or r a It w es t th o a e an a c e ar n o cs . as n o , e re

fore , ti l t h y g i d f th l d d by th i th i ft
un e a ne a gy d t p i
oo o , an d th i e r r , ener , an en er r se m a e e r

se ttl m t i p t t th t th y x i d y i fl
e en s m o r an , i a l i l fl i
e e W h th i
erc se an n ue n c e n c o on a a a rs . en s

p i t w g i d t h y b u gh t i t p u b l i l i f
o n as a ne e l t d i t l y t g i ti t th t b
ro n o c e an e e m e n re c an a on s c o e es a

li h d
s e d f th i g
or d o
er o d y th t th y w
n s , an i t um t l i b i gi g b u t
n o n e c an en a e e re ns r en a n r n n a o

th W e f I d p
ar d or w h i h t h y l y ll y u pp t d
n e en enc e, W h t th c ul t f th i i fl
e o a s or e . a e res o e r n uen c e

w ul d h v b
o i K
a et u ky d T een n wh th e y w pi
en c an ttl h d it t
e n n e ss e e , ere e re on e er se e rs , a no

b een f th R e v l u ti w
or e ly o m i A ft
on , th t ivi l d l igi l ib ty w e
e c an o n s ur se . er a , c an re o us er er

suc h d i l p i ip l
c ar naf g v m t t h t it i t f t tt ib u t th t y
r nc es o o ern en ,
l a s no sa e o a r e em o an o n e c as s .

Th e t i l f th h i t y f th S t h I i h i th i
m a er a or e s or u t y w o f h e b l g ly
co c -
r s n s co n r e e ar as een ar e

d t yed
es ro S m p ti
. f it m y y t xi t i p i t l tt
o e or on o i h h a d e d i e s n r va e e e rs , n c urc recor s , an n

th d i i
e t h t m e f th i m i i t w t w h i l t v l l i g f
ar e s a so o e r tt l m t t
n s e rs ro e e ra e n rom one se e en o an

o th e M h r. l buc pl i h d by p p i g m
c an a so e i ac c om f ul l f igi l m t e i al
s e re ar n em o rs , as o or na a r

as p ibl f l y ttl e i v i u p t f th u t y —F d i k D St
o ss e, o e ar se rs n ar o s i Tb ar s o e co n r .
”
re er c . on e , n c

P y v
en n s l i M g i an a J u y 1 890 a az n e, an ar , .

T h t ub l e w ith th h i t i l w it wh h v t k up t h m lve th d f e f
9
e ro e s or c a r e rs o a e a en on e se s e e en c o

th f u d
e o nf M as h u tt i th t th y h v t i d t
e rs o s ac ph i ti t w y th e f t I
se s s a e a e r e o so s ca e a a ac s . n so
 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s of
”

86 -
Am e r ic a

do i g th y h v f
n e ity h d
a e o u t lin e c e ssf g m t w h i h th y w ul d t f an
a re c o rse o nes o ar u en c e o no or

i t t
n s an pt i d f
ac c e xt n ti f th
e ence or wh i th O ld W l d p ue e n ua d th p l i y on o os e o n e or r sue e o c

w it h w h i h t h y fi d t h mc lv e f t d i th
n ly e d f th N w
se B u t th
e s c o n r on e th t n e e ar re c or o e e . e re a

re c or d i : d it w i l l
s an t t R g Wi ll i m J h Wh l w igh t d A
no ou . H ut h i
o er a s, o n ee r ,
an nne c n son

c om e b k f m th i b a i h m t d t d th
ac ro e r w it n s th Q u k en d B pti t
,
an s an e r e as n e ss es e a e rs an a s s,

w it h y t h t f v gl
e es a w i g f m th
ore g ll w
er t u b t t th
ar e , s t t il I
n ro e a o s or rn a ou a e c ar
’
s a .
’

Sp i it w
a n th d g
as th ek d th f g t i M
un e on ,
h tt it w b i h m t th
e r ac , an e a o n assac u se s as an s en , e

w h ip d th gibb t
an I e ith th
e d b b l it t d B tw
n ne th m it i
e r c a s e c an e r e c or s e o era e e een e s
—
. .
,

on l y qa ti ue sf d g on o m yi l be
e d k d b w h i l th
re e , on e th i m i t k b l y
a n c o or a ar ra , e e o er s un s a a

a j tty bl k T h d i ffi ul ty i w ith th w h w h i l xp ti ti g w ith g e t f

e ac . e c s f l ose o, e e a a n r a orc e o an

g g ua th
e on ty p t f th e soo tu d t w i t th
as ec th i th l igh t d th
o e on e , l m ly rn an s e o er n e , an en so e n

as se v t it e ra e bl t d ive
s resem w U f t an c e t l y f th w h dv t th i vi w
o r n sn o . n o r un a e or ose o a oc a e s e

o f th p tiv Ol d d N w W l d
e res ec e d th f t d an tj ti fy it O th
e or t y re c or s, e ac s o no us . n e c o n r ar ,

w h i l th e u i th m tt e
e co f p
rse n u ti p e d by th a i u th
r o ity i th O l d W l d
ers e c on ur s u e ose n a or n e or

w as l gi l o d d
ca d it f d f
an th e
oe s a u e pu md by th f u d o f M as
e en ce , h u tt co rs r su e e o n e rs o s ac se s

w as i ll gi l o d d e
ca t
,
dm it
an f m th p ti l xt u ti —C h l F
o s no a o i ore an ar a e en a on . ar e s r an c s

Ad m a M s, / u tt It H i t i
as s ac z sed I t H i t y p 34
s s s or ans an s s or , . .

S N w E gl d M g i
3
ee e v l
n pp 3 9 3 4 1 4 f
an er l b a t x m pl f th i
az ne , o . x. , .
-
,
or an e a o ra e e a e o s

f l
a se e n u ti m era on .

P d H i t y f P yl v i
4
rou , s or l p 273 o en n s an a , vo . II .
, . .

D iv f m th i d pt d h
5
r en ro i th e th f I l d by E g l i h p se u ti th e
e r a o e om e n n or o r e an n s er c on , er

w as b u d i t th i v y l th bitt
rn e n o e r l l ti erf E g l i h i g tit d
s ou s d E gl i h
e er re c o ec on o n s n ra u e an n s

b k f ith T h y w
ro en a E gl i h i th i e igi d th y
ere un - m t A n i —w h i h s n e r or n an e ca e o m er ca c

th i l y u t y —h ti g E gl d h Ch u h d h r
. ,

th y h v l w y l k d up
e a e a a s oo e o n as e r on co n r a n n an ,
er rc ,
an e

f orm f g vo m t w ith th i t
o ern t h t d T h y t ib t d l ittl w h i h w
en e n e n se s igi l a re . e c on r u e as e c as o r na

t Am
o i i tit uti
e r c an d id th e P it
ns f N w E g l d b u t th y w
on s as l w i ll i g
ur an s o e n an e e re a s o as n

to ac c e pt w i d f m th q t ne e as d th y ro t ib u t d l m t t Am i th ugh t
o er u ar e r s , a n e c on r e e e en s o e r c an o

an d l i f w ith u t w h i h th U it d St t
e o f t d ywc l d b im p
e ibl e By th e m Am i
n e a es o o a ou e o ss . e r c an

i dp d
n e en w fi t p l y dv t d d b t f th i ff t
e nc e as rs o en di g th
a f th e
oc a e ,
an u or e r e or s , se c on n ose o

N w E gl d P u it
e n an th t i d p d r w u ld
an s , th v b a cu nd C m pb ll T b
e en ence o no a e e en se re . a e , c

P it ur i H ll d E gl d
an n o d Aan i ,
o l ii p 47 1
n an ,
an m er c a , v . .
, . .

6
T h b kw de u t iac oo w ll
s m o t i th e m e m ul d d
n a n e e rs m bl e d ere a c as n sa o , an rese

e ac h th o m u h er th y f t h m did th i i
c m ore di tan a n igh b f th p l i
o The e r m m e a e ne o rs o e a ns . e

b kw d
ac oo f P ylv i h d l ittl i m m w ith th p ful p p ul ti f Q u k
sm e n o enns an a a e n co on e e ac e o a on o a e rs

an d G w h l iv d b t w
e r m an s th D l wo d th Su q h
e e een d th i ki m
e e a ar e a n e s ue an n a an e r n e ar ns en

o f th B l e R i dg ue d th G t Sm ky M u t i w
e an p t d by
e rea q u l l y w i d g ul f
o o n a ns e r e se ar a e an e a e

fro m th i t ti p l t
e ar s o c ra m m u iti th t fl u i h d i th ti d w t
c an e r c o gi f Vi gi i
n es a o r s e n e e- a e r re ons o r n a

an d th C e li ar o n as .

T h b kw e d m w
ac A i oo by bi th d p
s en t g ere d f m ix d b ut
m e r c an s r an ar e n a e , an o e r ac e

th d e i t t i i th i b l d w th t f th e P byt i I i h —th S t h I i h
om n an s ra n n e r oo as a o re s e r an r s e co c -
r s as

th y w
e ft
ere o ll d en ca Mi gl d w ith th d e . d t f m y th th y v
n e e esc e n an s o an o e r r ac e s , e ne

er th l f
e e ss d th k or m e l f th d i ti tiv l y e d i t e rn e ly Am i
o t k w h w th
e s nc e an n e n se e r c an s o c o e re e

pi o n e e rs o f p pl i th i m h w t w d th v g d f th m y f figh ti g ttl
o ur eo e n e r ar c es ar ,
e an ua r o e ar o n se ers ,

wh w it h
o d ifl w
a xe a n th i w y f m th Al l gh i t th Ri G d d th P ifi
r e on e r a ro e e an e s o e o ra n e an e ac c .

Th P byt i I i h t k fu i h d A d w J k
e res e r an r s S mu l H u t s oc D vi d rn s e n re ac son , a e o s on , a

C ro ck tt J m R b t
e , a L w i th l d f th b k w d h t i t h i fi t g t
es o e r s on , e s, e ea er o e ac oo s os s n e r rs re a

i t y v th
v c or o erth w t I d i e n or d C m pb ll th i es ern m m d i th i fi t g
n an s , a n t a e ,
e r co an er n e r rs rea

i t y v th B iti h
v c or o er e r s .

T h t th I i h P
a byt i w
ese b l d d h dy
r s res i p v d by th i e r an s t e re a o an ar rac e s ro e e r a on c e

p h i g p t th ttl d e gi
us n as d pl
e se gi g i t th w i l d
e r th l
on s , an d f th w h it un n n o e e r n e ss a s e ea e rs o e e

a dv an c e . Th y w th fi t d l t t f i ig t t d th i
e e re e rs l l th
an h v m as ly se o m m r an s o o s a o e rs a e ere

f ll w d i th w k e f t h e i p d
o o e n e a B t i d d th y w
o r fitt d t b A i re e c e ss o r s . u n ee ,
e e re e o e m e r c an s
fr o m th e v y t t th y w k i f l k f th C v
er s ar t th y d
e d it ere l igi d ty ns o o e o e n a n e rs e eem e a re o us u

t i t p t th i
o n er w Bib l
re d h ld f e r o d i vi igh t th l ti
n f th i e , an w l gy e or a ne r e e ec on o e r o n c er .

F or g ti th i w h l
e n e ra l i ti
on s d h l ti e r yt h d b o e f d t lly
e c c e s as c an sc o as c s s em s a een un am e n a

d em oc ra ti — R c v l t Wi i g f tb W t l i pp
.
0
o os e
— 06 e ,
nn n o c es ,
vo . .
,
. 1 2 1 .

P itki St ti ti p 5 83 ; H p M g in s
’
a s l H p 3 99
cs , . ar er s
’
a az n e , vo . .
, . .

J h Ad 8
ogiv th f ll w i g ti t
n am s d by C
es g i 1 7 74
e o I o n es m a e as on e m a e on r e ss n n

th y e 7 74 t
e arh w 1 h p i v t v ti
e re g
as th b m uc f C g r a e c on e rs a on am on e m em e rs o on re ss c on

i g th
c ern n b f l i e n um h l y Th d l g t f h w
er o s ou s lt d
n e ac d th c o on . e e e a es o e ac e re c on su e ,
an e

es ti t d by th
m a es m a w t k d w e f ll w N w H
em p hi ere M a en o n as o o s : e am s re , as s a

ch tt
us e s, Rh d I l d C ti t o N w Y k
e s an ,
on n e c cu , e or ,

N w J e y P y lv i
e rs e ,
d D l w M yl d en ns Vi an a an e a are , ar an ,
r

gi i n a, N th C l i S th C or li t tl
ar o n a, ou ar o n a, ,
o a ,

W k or l vii p 3 0
s , vo G v P w l l th i k th t 2 w ld o tt ern or o na n s a ou c om e n e ar e s o

—
. . .
.
,

th l
e rea t [ f w h it ]
a m o un i 1 bi d o l ii p 3 4 S l
es H l n A l .
,
vo . v .
, . 0 . ee , a so , o m es s
’
n na s ,

vo l .p 533 t
II .
,
A .
ti t f th w h it p p l ti
,
e c . f th St t
n es d i 7 83 f
m a e o e e o u a on o e a es m a e n 1 or

p p ur f oses o t giv th b
as s e s sm e n (A i R bes 7 83 p t
e n um e r as m e r ca n e m em r a n c er ,
1 ,
ar

ii p.
,
—M M t H i t y f tb U it d St t
. c as e r , l i p 9 s or o c n e a es , v o . .
, . .

P 9
y l i A l i
en n s Fi t S i
va n a l iv p 5 9 7 r c z ves , rs e r e s , vo . .
, . .

H i t y f tb U i t d St t
‘0
s or o ol i v p 6
c n e a es v . .
, . 2 .

T h p p l ti
n f th N w E gl
e o d St t
u a i 7 90 w
on o e l itt l l e th n an a es n 1 as or a e e ss an

on e -th i d f th t t l w h it p p l ti
r o e f o a It i bl t e o th t th
u a on o s r e as o n a e o a s s um e a e

p p l ti
o u a f th w on o i d dl l i i e ne d by i ig ti b tw
er m 7 76
e c o on esd n c r e as e m ore m m ra on e een 1 an

1 7 90 t h th t f N w E g l d d w k w t h t
an a o e y N w E gl d p p l n an vdi t ,
an e no a m an e n an eo e m o e n o

th w t
e l i p ti l l y t N w Y k d Oh i I t i t h f p b b l th t
es e rn c o on e s , ar c u ar o e or an o . s e re ore ro a e a

an e s ti t f N w E gl d p p l ti i 1 7 7 6 fixi g it t
m a e o e n th i d f th w h l
an
’
s o t u a on n n a o n e- r o e o e c an n o

b e fa r o u t o f th e w ay .

19i g ti t f th w h it p p l ti i 1 7 7 5 w h i h d
T h e fo ll o w n es m a e o t ymu hf e e o u a on n , c oes n o va r c rom

th t giv i th t b l qu t d i f u d i S m
a en n e a E y e tb P g o e f N ti s N w o n n ea an s
’
ss a s on c ro r es s o a on s , e

Y k 1 85 2 pp 5 7 9—
,

or , 5 83 M i , . N w H p hi V t a ne, M e am s re , e rm on , as

sa h u ctt se Rh d I l ds, C ti u t [t o t l ef N w E gl d
s an ,
on nec c ,
o a or e n an ,

N w Y k N w Je y or P y lv i
,
Dl w e e rse ,
enns an a , e a are ,

M yl d Vi gi i
ar an N th C l i
, S th C li
r n a, or aro n a, ou ar o n a,

; G gi 2 5 000 [.t t le or u t i d f N
a, w E g l d t t l f
o a th ,
t h ito s e o e n an ,
o a or e r een

l i
c o on e s , M S m ti t f th p p l ti f M y l d i p h p b d r. ea an s e s
’
m a e o e o u a on o ar an s er a s as e

on a c ens u t k i 1 7 5 5 givi g it s a w h it i h bit

en n t b ut th w b t ,
n e n a an s as ere e re u

w h it i 1 7 90 th p p l ti
es n ld t h v i
, e d o pi dl y d i g th i t i
u a o n c ou i no a e n c re as e as ra ur n e n er m as n

th th St t w h it u u l l y d b l d i f m t w ty t t w ty fi y
e o er a es, e re s a H it i ou e n ro en o en -
ve e ar s . en ce , s

p b bl th t
ro a i t e l g a ti t f th p p l ti f M y l d i 1 7 7 5 d
s oo ar e an e s m a e or e o u a on o ar an n ,
an , on

th th h d
e o (
er b u t 6
an 4 p ,t f t h p p u l ti i 1 7 9 )
0 a m o
y b w h t er c en . o e o a on n a e s om e a

b l w th t fi gu
e o I N w J
e r ue y i 830 ut f t t l w h it p p l ti
re s . n e f e rse n 1 ,
o o a o a e o u a on o

th e w re b t e re m u i a t i th v i
ou hu h p c om ti g w ith t h i n c an s n e ar o us c rc es, re resen n e r

f ili p h p
am es p er O f th
a s w P byt i ; e r so n s M th . ese , ere res er an s e o

di t ; s s Qu k ; D th R f d ;
a e rs B pti t ; d 9 00 E pi p l i u c e orm e a s s an ,
sco a an s .

It i f t s y thsa e P byt io w sa h i fly S tti h ; d l ik w i

e res id bl p
e r an s e re c e co s an e se a c ons e ra e ro

p tior f th M th d i t
on o d B pti t b e u e i th S u th f
o i t
s s an th m ae s s, eca se n e o ,
or n s an c e , e r e are or

p f th t b l d i th e tw
e r s on s o ah h th i th w h l
oo n m b h ip f th P
os by o c ur c es an n e o e m e e rs o e r es

t i Ch h S ith i h i H i t y f ti P vi
e r an ur c . m
f N w , y y n p b l i
s h d i 1 7 6 5
s or o re ro n ce o e er s e ,
u s e n ,

giv s i f m ti
e p ti g th e m b f th v i u
n or a on r e s g e g ti i th p vi
ec n f m nu er o e ar o s c on r a ons n e ro nce, ro

w h i h th f ll w i g t b l is
c e m pi l d : E pi
o o p li
n 21 a P byt i e 65 co Q k 39 ; e sc o a an s , res er an s, ua e rs ,

B pti t 20 ; S v th D y B pti t 2 ; L w D u t h C lvi i t

a s s, e en - aR f d 21 ; D t h
a s s, o c a n s s, or e orm e , u c

L u th 4 ; Sw d i h L th
e ran s , 4 ; M vi e1 ; G s L th u 2 ; S p a ti t
e ran s , 1 ; or a an s , e r m an u e ran s , e ar s s.

R g i o 1 L th
e r an s , 1 t t l 1 7 9 I n P ylv i a i 1 7 60 t h w e re
u e r an s , o a t x bl s , . e nn s an n e re a a e
 p bit t t t tim e ge p t of th e fr o n ti i
'

( Col on ia l R ecor ds , vol . xiv. , . At ha a l ar ar er nh a an s

w e re t not ed th e t
en er l i t ( e e P ud s H i t y f P
on y
a x-l v i s s v l s p 2 75 ro
’
s or o en n s an a , o . II .
, .
,

n o t e) D l w f rm d p t f P s ylv i p i t 1 7 7 6 d w l g l y v u by
. e a ar e o e ar o en n an a r or o , an as ar e o e rr n

th e S t ch I i h b f
co - th y r s h d th S q h e o re a v ll y e A i d b l p t o f w te rn
re a c e e us ue an n a e . c on s e ra e ar es

M yl d w e tt le d by S tti h m ig t
ar an as s w ll C il d S m
co s t u ti e ran s , as e as ec an o e r se co n es on

th e E t Sh
as e r n d m y d i t i t ou d B l ti m
or e , an
Jefl an st t i h i A ut
s r c s ar n a or e . e rs o n a es n s o

bi g pk
o ra y ( p t h t i 1 7 7
. 6 m j ity f tha i h bit n t f Vi gi i aw D i
a or t e o e n a an s o r n a e re sse n rs

(a t t h t ti m a h i fl y P e byt
e c i s d e B pti t ) r d s f u th f
e r anth t o t l w
an h it p pu a s s ,
an as o n e - o r o e a e o

l ti
a won i th u pp as u t y
n d w t f th
e er c o t i ( Vi gi i Mi l iti a t u i
n r an es o e m oun a n s see r n a re rns n

1 7 82 ,
x d t h pte ix J ff
an n e e o N t
c a Vi gi i ) d th t f th l m t to
r .
,
e e rson s
’
o es on r n a , an a o ur a os a

m an o f S tti h a co t y w e m y f ly s n c es rl u d th t f th w h l e w h it p p l ti
,
a sa e th os c on c e a o e o e o u a on e

p eop l p i
e c om ed e l y f
r s u th Wi ll
n i m ar (H i t y f N
one- o t/ C l i r v l . p 68) a son s or o or I aro na , o . II . , .

sa y th t th S tti h
s a e w s th e m co t um e ou in th e th w e t p t f C l i ; d
s rac e a os n r s n or s e rn ar o ar o na an

w k e w th t th y
no pi d a l y th w h l
e c om f th p p u l ti r se f T n e ar
( th e p t f e o e o e o a on o e n n e ss e e n ar o

N th C l i ) R m y y th y w m
or ar o na . a um sa u th sa y th s i S uth C
e ere ore n ero s an a n o er rac e n o a ro

li na (H i t y f S tk C li s or o l i p ou d th y l ik e w i
ar o f m d if
n a , vo t m j o ity at
. .
, . an e se or e ,
no a a r ,

le as t t ll i g l m t i th p p ul ti
a c on ro n e ef G gi T d y th i d e d t s i th e
en n e o a on o eor a. o- a e r esc n an n

C ar oli G gi T e
n as , ee K
e or t u ky d W t Vi gi i f m th m t i fl u ti l d
a, n n e ss , en c ,
an es r n a or e os n en a an

p um b l y th
res a t um u l m e t i th w h it p p ul ti f th St t ; d i l l p
e m os n e ro s e e n n e e o a on o os e a es an n a ro

h bi l ity th
a m th i g i t u f th
e sa e tive b p p ul ti
n s f Oh i
r e o I di d I ll i
e na i -
or n o a on o o, n an a , an no s.

Wh th fi t C ti t l C g b g it itti g th l y f ti m w e t f th e
en e rs on nen a on re ss e an s s n s, e on ron e rs en s o

m ou t i d b y
n a n s , an d th l i m it f ti u u ttl m t w ith i th l d th i t
e on e s o l
c on ie n o s se e en n e o r e e n c o on s,

w e re th tw th h u d d iti
e o or f th l itt l W t u g
re e n m m re w l th
c T h i qu l i
z ens o e e a a a co on ea . s a

fi ti ca i put i b
on s u th e w n l dyeca f w f m ilise th e M er g h l [th i i i
ere a rea a e a es o n on on a e a s s n

c o rr e c t b u th e w 7 5 00 t
, eca se s tt l
er i W e tm e re el d Co ty P b f o e e rs n s or an un ,
a e ore

th h e d f th K
ea o wh d th Upp
e H l t
an a b ut t h y w
a , an i l t u h w it h th
e er o s on e ere n c os e o c e

p p l b h i d th m W h p
eo e e n w as d l
e . d w ith G t B it i th b kw d m e h d
en e ac e e c ar e rea r a n, e ac oo s n a

s p d w tw d i g up l t t th Mi i ippi d th y h d i
re a es ar n ro s , a m os d i um b e
o to e ss s s ,
an e a n c r e as e n n r

s m o t w ty fi th
e en d ul
-
vef wh m f w h u d d d w l t i th b d f th Cu m b
o us an so s, o o a e n re e n e en o e er

l and w h i l th
,
tw e b u t qu l l y d ivi de d b t w
e re s e re K t u ky d H l t
a o e aTh e e een en c an o s on . se

fi gu i m p ly ti m t b t th y b d
re s a r e s es ful t u dy
a es d m pu i e d t h u gh
ar e as e o n c ar e s an co ar s o n , a n , o

th y m u t b m h u d d
e s e d m yb
so e m th u d ut f th w y a quit
n re s , an a e so e o s an s, o o e a re e n e ar

p ti l p u p se —R v l t Wi i g f tb W t l
,

u gh f p 3 70
"
eno or r ac ca r o s. oos e e nn n o c es vo II . ,

l y d ivi d d —if th i p p
, , . . .

‘
N w Y k
3
d Pe
e ylv i w or an nns an a ity w s t e re s o n e ar e e r ro ens a no

a g i t — th t if N w E gl d
a ns us a i d d Vi gi i e thn th h d t k pt th e m
an on on e s e an r n a on e o er a no e

i n a w th y w l d h v j i d th B iti h
e ,
e ou W k f 7 1 m A d m v l x p 6 3 Th is
a e o ne e r s . or s o 0 a s, o . .
, . .

O pi i f J h Ad
n on o w hi h h
o n fli m d m th
am s , i th l tt c p t f h i l i fe w as
e a r e ore an o n c e n e a er ar o s ,

o n o n e o c c as o n i m ti d by h im i l e tt t h i l d m p t i t T h s M K
en on e n a Ch i e f er o s o co a r o ,
om a c e an ,

J u ti s f Pce ylv i
o ig e f th D l ti
enns an a , a f I d pe d s n d r m m b
o of e e c ara on o n e n e n c e , an a e er

v yA i g f m th t f 1 7 6 5 t th f th R v l u ti
”
e er Cm e r c an on ress l ro a Y u o y o e c os e o e e o on . o sa ,

w t MK
ro e i c p l y th t e an n b u t a t h i d f th e p pl f th
re ,
“
a l i w a o r o eo e o e c o on es e re

a g i t th R v l uti o I t q i d m u h fl ti b f I uld fi x m y pi i
a ns e e o n . re u re th i c re ec on e o re co O n on on s

s ubj t bu t m t u d l ib ti I
ec on l d y u
a re igh t d th t m e th
e e ra on th i d f c on c u e o ar e r an a or an a r o

—Sp rk W k
,

i fl u ti l c h t w
n en a g i t it (Ad a
ar a c e r s W k v l x pp 6 3
e re a a ns m s s
’
or s, o . .
, .
,
a s, as

i gtn v ol ii
on , p 4 96 . .
, . .

J h A d m s w as f th pi i th t l y b u t th i d f th e pe pl e w
o n a o e O n on v t th a on a o a r o o e re a e rs e o e

R v l u ti b ut i 1 7 80 i h is l tt t C l k w i tt t e u D u t h ym p th y h fl tl y
e o on ,
n n e e rs o a oe n ,
r en o s c re c s a ,
e a

a ffi m t h t th e T i e
r s a tit u t d t tw ti th f th e p pul ti w h i h m y m
or s c on s e no th t a en e o o a on ,
c a e an a

h e th ugh t th e F o h ll i c d th p g ess f th e w
re n c a h d d i m i i h e d t th t ti m
an e an e ro r o ar a n s a a e

th b d y f its pp e t s —Wi o N
e o o o tiv on d C i ti l H i t y f A m i
n ns v l m
r, ar r a e an r ca s or o er c a , o .

p 1 87
. .

I t is p b bl y b l o w th e t u th t say th t a ful l h l f f th m
ro a e h r bl d p t d o a a o e o re on ora e an re s ec e
 i
A m e r c an s it h p
e r O enl y w as se e t
e l y h o ti l e t th e R e v o l u ti n — L e c k y E gl d i tbc
or cr s o o .
,
n an n

E igkt tk C tu y v l i v
ee n p 1 53
en r , o . .
, . .

O f th e N w E gl d
14
l ie C e ti u t h d th e g t e t um b o f T o i e s d
n an c o on s on nec c a re a s n er r ,
an

ne xt i p p ti t p p ul ti w th di t i t w h i h w
n ro or on o o ft e w d k o wa on th e as e s r c c as a r ar s n n as

St t f V m
a e o t er on .

I Vi gi i p i ll y ft e h til iti b g th T o i w d i de dl y l e in
n r n a, es ec a a r os es e an , e r es e re ec ss

n um b th th Wh ig I N th C l i th tw p ti w
er an e s. b t v l y d iv i d d
n or ar o n a, e o ar es e re a ou e en e .

I nS u th C oli th T i w e e th um e u p ty ; w h i l i G gi th i r m j ity
ar o n a, e or es r e n ro s ar e n e or a e a or

w as g e t th t i 1 7 81 th e y w e p p i g t d t h t h t ol y f m th e g e e l
so r a a , n ,
er re ar n o e ac a c on ro n ra

m ve mo t f th e e b e ll i o
en o d p b b l y w uld h ve d
r n,h d it an t b f r th e ro a o a on e so, a no een o

e m b i g i de t w h i h h pp e d t C w ll i t Y k t w i th l tt p t o f th t
arr as s n ac c n c a ne o or n a s a or o n n e a er ar a

y e ar—M .
”
C it T yl e i A m i
os e s o H i t i l R vi w v l i p 2 8 (O t b
r, n er c a n s or c a e e ,
o . .
, . c o er,

C o i de b l i f m ti eg d t th e L y l i s t m y b f u d i Wi N
’
ns i ra e n or a on n r tiv ar o o a s a e o n n n sor s ar ra e

l vii pp 1 85 2 1 4 a d i S bi
’
an d C iti l H i t y f A m
r ca i s or o L y l i t f tbc
e r ca , vo . .
, .
-
, n n a ne s o a s s o

‘5
A t to th e p l iti c l p t h y f t h w th y m [th e G m
t
s ron g c o n r as t f S u th o a a a o ese or en er an s o o

C li ] w
ar o to b fo u d i th r ugg d p p u l ti
na as e f th e up l d o u ti
n H
n th ll
e e o a on o an c n es . ere , e sm a

f m ar f S t h I i h de s
e rs o twco c ve ry m
- f th m Wh ig b u i g w ith
r s cen p t i ti e re , e an o e ,
s, rn n a a r o c

ar d th t p r t oo k o f th t u f l igi u f ti i m ; w h i l
or a a e nath th h d th [H igh
re o re o s an a c s e on e o er an e

lan d] S t m e w h h d co s m v i n C ull do w m a tly T i co d h d by e o er s nce o en e re os or es , an a no

m e an s a s y t t fl th t h l f v g typ f H igh l d h
e c as o
'
at w h i h w fi d vivi dl y
a -
sa a e e o an c ara c e r c e n so

p t y d i th W v l e y ov l —Fi k A m i R v l u ti
or ra e n e a er l ii p 1 6 5
n e s . s e, er ca n e o on ,
vo . .
, . .

T h e i gl e x pti w
s n th t f m f th e H igh l d i N th C l i
e ce on as t th e a o so e o an e rs n or ar o na a

b gi i g f th e R v l u ti
e nn n o B i h d f m S o tl d f t ki g p a m f th P t d
e o on . an s e ro c an or a n u r s or e re e n er ,

th i p d w
e r ar d iti ed
on l
as c o n th f ll gi t th ion v ig Su h b l i on a so em n oa o a e an c e o e r so e re n . c o

g tia th y g d d w ith p l i
on s e re ard d th y h d
e q i d th ki g t w t ecu a r s ac r e n e s s , an e a re u re e n o s e ar o

th e S l m L gu d C v
o e n t N t f l i g to y g t d g th vi l m pl i d f
ea e an o e n an . o ee n an re a e re e e e s co a ne o

by th th e l i t th y w sl w t
o er c o on s s , g g i th t t S m f th m t fi s t
e ere o o en a e n e c on es . o e o e a r

s y m p th i d w ith
a d i d d th
ze oy l i t but w h
an th m a hi l g v
e m e t m t a
e r a s s en e o n ar c ca o e rn n ca e o n

e d th y b
n , m eth f t f i d
eca d u pp t
e fe p b l i i tit ti
as W m y p t
r en s an s o r e rs o re u c an ns u on s . e a res ec

th i m l p i ipl e w h i l w d p l t h i
e r or a r nc f j udg m
s, t t h t l d th m t fi t t
e e e o re e r e rr o r o en a e e a rs o

igh t —C igh d S t k d [ i k
,

b ttl w ith f m w h w
a e ly d m
re e di g th i
en o ere on e an n e r r s . ra ea , co c an r s

S d i A
ee s i n S il p 3 1 5 S
m e r ca n l C l i l R o d f N tk C
, . li v l v pp. ee a so o on a ec or s o or ar o na, o . .
, .

1 1 94 9 8
-
.

'6
Se e A PPc a d ix E Par l iam e n ta I I E xam i ti o na n of ose Ph Gall o w aY M ar c h ,
 C H APTE R VI I

A M E R I C AN I D E A L S M O R E S COTT I S H T H AN E N G L IS H

T is d i ffic u l t to u n d e r s t an d th e g r ou n d s fo r c l a i m i n g th a t th e c r e d it fo r th e
c o n c e ptio n o r d e v e l op m e n t o f th e p r i n c ip l e o f m an s e qu a l ity b e l o n g s to
’

th e E n g l i s h. So fa r a s histo r y an d th e ob s e r v a tio n o f l i fe r e v e al t h at p r in ,

c ipl e is n o t e s t a b l i s h e d in E n g l a n d to d a y n o r e v e n r e c og n iz e d by an
y
-
,

m o r e t h an a s m a l l p a r t o f its pop u l a tio n . Sti ll l e s s w as it th e c as e m o r e

t h a n a h u n d r e d y e ar s a go e ith e r in E n g l an d o r in E n gl i s h c o l o n i e s T h e
, .

d i s ti n c tio n s o f c as t e r e m a i n e d l o n g e r a s bitt e r r e al iti e s in M a s s a c h u s e tt s t h a n

th e y d id in Vi r gi n i a a n d s o fa r fr o m e it h e r o f thos e St a t e s b e i n g th e fi r s t to
i n t r o d u c e th e p r i n c ip l e s o f d e m o c r a c y it d o e s n o t s e e m to b e ov e r s t a ti n g it
,

to s ay t h a t Q u a k e r P e n n s yl v a n i a w i t h tw o t h i r d s o f its pop u l a tio n n o n E ng

,
- -

gl i s h h a d m o r e r e al fr e e d o m an d po l iti c a l e qu a l ity t w e n ty y e ar s b e fo r e 1 7 87
, ,

th an M a s s a c h u s e tt s o r Vi r gi n i a h a d t w e n ty y e ar s a ft e r t h a t d a t e N e it h e r .

c a n it b e c o n s i d e r e d a n e x a gg e r a tio n to s a y t h a t tho s e e m b r yo n i c p r i n c ip l e s

o f c ivi l l ib e r ty w hi c h fi r st w e r e b r o u g h t to N e w E n g l an d by th e P i l g r i m s

fr o m Ho l l a n d t h e n fo r o n e h u n d r e d a n d thi r ty y e ar s bu r i e d an d f o r gott e n
,

in th e s t e r i l e s oi l o f l a t e r N e w E n g l an d P u r it a n i s m a n d w h i c h fi n al l y s e e m e d
,

to g e r m i n a t e s po n t a n e ou s l y an d p r o d u c e s u c h a bu n d an t fr u it d u r i n g th e
R e vo l u tio n ar y p e r io d did n o t c o m e c hi e fl y fr o m E n gl an d but c am e r at h e r
, ,

f r o m th e i n fl u e n c e o f th e F r e n c h w r it e r s an d fr o m S w itz e r l an d an d th e
,

D ut c h R e p u bli c .

P r io r to 1 85 0 M a s s ac h u s e tt s r e m a i n e d e s s e n ti a ll y E n gl i s h an d w o u l d b e
,

so to d ay w e r e it n o t fo r th e l a r ge i n fl u x o f fo r e ign pop u l a tio n d u r i n g th e

-

p as t fi fty y e a r s I f t h e r e is an y o n e c h ar a c t e r i s ti c th a t d i s ti n gu i s h e s
th e E n g l i s h m a n m o r e t h a n a n ot h e r it is h is p e r s i s t e n t a s s e r tio n — a n d
.

, ,

w h e r e h e is a b l e th e m a i n t e n an c e
,
o f h is o w n r ig h t s . T h is is d o u bt l e s s a
c o n s e q u e n c e o f h is T e uto n i c n a tu r e . I t c o m e s fr o m th e r e a l iz a tio n o f h is
o w n i n t r i n s i c e x c e ll e n c e a n d f r o m t h a t s pi r it w hi c h p r o m pt s h im to go o u t
,

a n d s u b d u e th e e a r t h . U n l e s s c o n s t an t l y h e l d in C h e c k ho w e v e r it is v e r y
, ,

e as y fo r h im to o v e r s t e p th e l i n e b e t w e e n h is o w n r igh t s a n d th e r igh ts o f
ot h e r s an d so far a s h e is fr e e to ac t u po n h is o w n r a c i al i n s ti n c ts h e d o e s ,

ov e r s t e p t h is l i n e T h i s is s t r i c t l y in a c c o r d an c e w it h th e th e o r y o f e vo l u
.

tio n If th e E n gl i s h m an d id n o t d o s o u n to ot h e r s it m ight b e s o d o n e u n t o
.

h im . We s e e m an i fe s t a tio n s o f t h i s e n c r o a c hi n g s pi r it in al l a s p e c t s o f
,

E n g l i s h l i fe o r histo r y fr o m th e ti m e o f H e n gi s t a n d Ho r s a d o w n to th e
,

ti m e o f J a m e s o n s R a i d an d fr o m th e d ay s o f Joh n S m ith a n d Jo h n Win

’

th r o p d o w n to th e d a ys o f th e y e a r 1 9 0 1 . I t is t h is a gg r e ssiv e s pi r it w h i c h
p r o u d l y poi n t s th e w ay to th e u n iv e r s al d o m i n io n o f th e s o c al le d A n g l o -

S axo n r a c e ; an d it is th e o n e att r ib u t e w ithout w hi c h th e A n gl o S a xo n s -

’

90
 Am e r ic a n I de a l s 9 1

fu r t h e r i
p r og r e ss a c c o rd i n g to h is o w n V i e w w ou l d b e i m possibl e
r a c al , , .

H e n c e to r e p e a t th e E n gl i s h m an h as a g r e a t e r r e g ar d fo r h is o w n r ig h t s t h an
, ,

fo r t h o s e o f oth e r s So t r u ly is thi s th e c a s e t h a t th e r igh t s o f h is w e a k e r

.
,

n e ig h bo r a r e i n v ar i a b l y s a c r ifi c e d w h e n e v e r th e tw o c l a s h tog e t h e r
,
As a .

r e s u l t t h e r e c a n b e n o r e a l e q u a l ity a m o n g th e E n g l i s h
,
T h e r e is n o t s u c h .

a thi n g in E n g l an d to d a y n o r i n d e e d a n y p r e t e n c e o f it
-
,
So c i a l l y th e d is .
,

tin c tio n s o f c a s t e a n d r an k a r e p e r h a ps n o t s o s t r o n g l y m a r k e d t h e r e b e t w e e n

th e v a r iou s c l a s s e s a s w e r e t h o s e b e t w e e n m a s t e r an d s l a v e in e a r l y A m e r i c a ,

b u t th e d i s t an c e b e t w e e n th e h ig h a n d th e l o w is a l m o s t a s g r e a t an d th e ,

a bj e c t w r e t c h e d n e s s o f th e poo r e s t c l a s s in E n gl a n d is f a r m o r e n oti c e a b l e .

T h e oppo r tu n iti e s o f th e i n d ivi d u a l a r e l ik e w i s e r e s t r i c t e d w h o ll y to t h o s e o f

h is p ar ti c u l ar c l a s s an d it is o n l y by a m i r a c l e t h a t h e c a n e v e r h op e to b r e a k
,

t h r o u gh i n to a h igh e r a n d b e tt e r a s s o c i a tio n .

Do w n to a fe w y e ar s b e fo r e th e R e vo l utio n a r y Wa r th e E n gl i s h m an o f ,

N e w E n g l a n d d id n o t d i ff e r g r e a t l y fr o m h is ki n s m e n a t ho m e H e h a d th e .

s a m e a gg re s s iv e an d i n d e p e n d e n t n a t u r e th e s a m e r e v e r e n c e fo r e c c l e s i a sti c a l
,

an d po l iti c a l po w e r th e s a m e s u s pi c io n j e a l ou s y a n d h a t r e d o f thi n g s n o t
, , ,

E n g l i s h an d th e s a m e bitt e r i n to l e r an c e an d p e r s e c u ti n g s pi r it fo r al l opi n io n s
,

n o t i d e n ti c a l w it h h is o w n T h e P u r it an s w h o c a m e to M a s s a c h u s e tt s b e fo r e
.

1 6 4 0 s oo n f o r got th e l e s s o n s o f f o r b e a ran c e an d j u s ti c e t h e y h a d l e a r n e d a t

h o m e w h e n p e r s e c u t e d fo r c o n s c i e n c e s a k e T h e y an d t h e i r c h i l d r e n r e
’
.

ta in e d th e p r i d e o f c a st e th e a r r og an c e th e n a r r o w m i n d e d n e s s a n d th e
, ,
-
,

bigot r y o f th e r u l i n g c l a s s a t h o m e T h e y m a d e l aw s p r o h ibiti n g p e op l e o f
.

th e poo r e r c l a s s e s fr o m w e ar i n g as goo d c l ot h i n g as t h e i r s up e r io r s in w e al t h
a n d po s itio n T h e y e s t a b l i s h e d a St a t e c h ur c h a n d e n fo r c e d c o n fo r m ity to
.
,

its w o r s h ip a n d u n iv e r s al c o n t r ib u tio n s to its s u ppo r t by m e an s o f th e ,

w h ippi n g po s t th e j a i l s a n d th e gibb e t T h e y l i m it e d s u ff ra g e to th e m e m
l
-
.
, ,

b e r s o f th e E s t ab l i s h e d C h u r c h a n d d u r i n g m o s t o f th e ti m e t h e y r e q u i r e d
qu al ifi c a tio n s fo r c h u r c h m e m b e r s h ip w h i c h w e r e w h o ll y s e c u l ar a n d w h i c h
-

h a d n o c o n n e c tio n w h a t e v e r w i t h r e l igio n 2
.

I n al l r e sp e c t s t h e i r gov e r n m e n t p r io r to 1 7 6 0 p a r took o n l y o f th e n a t u r e
,

o f an e c c l e s i as ti c a l a n d a r i s to c r a ti c o l ig a r c h y a n d it w a s m o r e t h a n s i x ty ,

y e a r s a ft e r t h a t ti m e b e fo r e th e p r i n c ip l e o f e q u a l r ight s b e c a m e fu ll y e s t a b
l is h e d in M a s s a c h u s e tt s
’
.

I n A m e r i c a a s in e v e r y ot h e r c o u n t r y th e fi r s t to app r e c i a t e th e n e c e s s ity
, ,

fo r m a n s e q u a l ity b e fo r e th e l a w w e r e t h o s e w h o h a d s u ff e r e d m o s t fr o m
’

th e p e r v e r sio n s o f j u s ti c e T h e s e w e r e th e e a r l y P i l g r i m s th e Q ua k e r s th e
.
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d e f e r e n c e to th e r ig h t s o f t h e i r fe ll o w m e n .

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s t r e n gt h to r e s i s t an d to b r i n g a bout r e f o r m s
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w hi c h it w a s c r e a t e d to d e s t r oy h a d b e e n w e ll n ig h st am p e d o u t it g a v e t h os e
e vi l s a n e w l e a s e o n l i fe by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e i r s pi r i t i n to its o w n r e l igiou s po l

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t r e e o f h u m an l ib e r ty w h i c h g r e w up an d flou r i s h e d u n d e r h is f ost e r i n g c ar e ;
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f o r a l l m an ki n d th e t h r e a t e n e d h e r it a g e o f g r an t e d l ib e r ti e s
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t h o s e w h o h a d s u ff e r e d fr o m p e r s e c utio n At an e ar l y d ay b e c o m i n g th e .

h a r bo r a n d h o m e o f th e O pp r e s s e d o f a ll n a tio n s its s h o r e s e v e r r e c e i v e d th e ,

e xi l e s th e r e f u g e e s an d th e p r o s c r ib e d o f th e m o n a r c h i e s o f E u r op e
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s o c a ll e d C a v a l i e r s w h o w e r e E pi s c op a l i a n c o n fo r m i s t s a n d di s s e n t o f a n
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w a s es t ab l i s h e d th e r e b e f o r e th e e xp u l s io n o f th e St u a r ts fr o m E n g l a n d an d ,

th e s l a v e t r a d e w a s e n c ou ra g e d an d m a i n t a i n e d by B r iti s h a d v e n tu r e r s an d
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l ib e r a l vi e w s w e r e f o r c e d to r e m ov e fr o m M a s s a c h u s e tts to Co n n e c ti c u t a n d
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M a r y l an d a n d th e ot h e r s w e r e d r i v e n i n to R h o d e I s l an d an d Ne w J e r s e y
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fir s t in M a r y l an d but l a t e r c hi e fly in P e n n s y l v an i a a n d N e w J e r s e y
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w h e r e th e Qu a k e r s h a d e a r l y s e tt l e d an d w h e r e a f t e r w a r d s c a m e th e M o
r a v ia n s th e L u t h e r an s th e H u g u e n ot s th e C a t h o l i c s a n d th e Cov e n an t e r s
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Th e s e tw o c o l o n i e s b e c a m e th e o n l y s e c u r e r e t r e a t s fo r all th e p e r s e c u t e d o f
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P r ot e s t an t e m igr an t s fro m I r e l an d an d h e r e t h e y l iv e d i n c r e a s e d s p r e a d
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o u t ov e r th e s out h a n d w e s t a n d c a r r i e d i n to M a r y l a n d Vi r gi n i a a n d th e
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C ar o l i n as th e i r d e m o c r a ti c p r i n c ip l e s o f h u m an e q u a l ity o f th e r e s po n s ibi l ity ,

o f th e gov e r n o r to th e gov e r n e d a n d o f th e s u p r e m a c y o f c o n s c i e n c e o v e r
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a l l e s t a b l i s h e d f o r m s o f t h o u ght gov e r n m e n t o r w o r s h ip , ,
.

I t w a s n o t u n ti l a l o n g ti m e a ft e r th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y
th a t fr e e d o m o f w o r s h ip p r e v a i l e d in M a s s a c h us e t t s U p to th e m i d d l e o f .

th e p r e c e d i n g o n e it w a s n o t s a fe fo r a vi s iti n g P r e s byt e r i an m i n i s t e r to
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p r e a c h in t h a t c o l o n y o r in Co n n e c ti c u t I n 1 7 4 0 a fe w S c ot c h I r i s h .
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f a m i l i e s l iv e d in Wo rc e st e r Aft e r i n fi n it e l abo r an d p a i n s an d w i t h c o n
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s id e r a b l e s a c r ifi c e o n th e i r p a r t t h e y b e g an th e e r e c tio n o f a s m a l l m e e ti n g
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h o u s e w ithi n th e c o nfin e s o f t h a t vi l l a g e T h e f r a m e w o r k o f th e b u i l d i n g .

h a d b e e n r e a r e d an d th e s t r u c tu r e w a s b e i n g p u s h e d to c o m p l e t io n w h e n
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a n d b e fo r e m o rn i n g h a d r a z e d it to th e g r o u n d T h e o ff e n s iv e P r e s byt e .

r i an s w e r e n o t p e r m itt e d to r e b u i l d b u t w e r e ob l ig e d to r e m ov e to th e ,

fr o n ti e r s .T h e s e S c ot s a n d t h e i r fe ll o w c o l o n i s t s in Lo n d o n d e r r y N e w
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H a m p s h i r e g a v e to A m e r i c a M a tt h e w T h o r n to n H u g h M c Cu l lo c h S a l m o n
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w ho m W a s h i n gto n s o high l y ho n o r e d R e v e r e n d S a m u e l Fi n l e y a S c ot c h.
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a n d i m p r i s o n e d in Co n n e c ti c ut in 1 7 4 2 — 4 3 b e c a u s e h e v e n t u r e d to p r e a c h ,

in th a t c o l o n y w ithout a n i n vit a tio n fr o m a m i n i s t e r o f o n e o f th e e st a b l ish e d

c h urc h e s . F r an c i s Ma ke m ie th e fa th e r o f A m e r i c a n P r e s byt e r i an i s m
, ,

w as l ik e w i s e ar r e s t e d a n d i m p r i s o n e d in N e w Y o r k in 1 7 0 7 b e c a u s e h e , ,

h e l d s e r vi c e s in th e c ity o f t h a t n a m e as a P r e s byt e r i an m i n i s t e r N e w .

J e rs e y Rh o d e I s l a n d P e n n s y l v an i a an d M ar y l an d w e r e th e o n l y c o l on i e s
, , ,

in w h i c h t h e r e w a s a n y a pp r o a c h to f r e e d o m o f w o r s h ip d u r i n g th e fi r s t h a l f
o f th e e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r y Do w n to th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e R e v o l u tio n ar y
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p e r io d Vi r gi n i a w as if an yt h i n g m o r e i n to l e r a n t t h an M a s s a c h us e tt s Dis
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s e n ti n g m i n ist e r s w e r e i m p r i s o n e d th e r e a ft e r th e y e a r 1 7 6 0 a c c o r d i n g ,

to P a t r i c k H e n r y s r e a d i n g o f t h e i r bi l l o f i n d i c t m e n t fo r p r e a c h i n g th e
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go s p e l o f J e s u s C h r ist T h a t St a t e w a s th e fi r s t ho w e v e r to a d opt a
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s t a t u t e book s
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I n c o n t r a s ti n g th e N e w E n g l an d an d th e So u t h e r n c o l o n i e s
.
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M r Do u gl a s C a m pb e ll poi n t s o u t th e r a c i a l d i ff e r e n c e s in t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e
.

p o p ul a t i o n s a n d t h u s r e v e al s th e t r u e r e a so n fo r th e d i ffe r e n c e s in th e i r
,

tr e a t m e n t o f th e m a tt e r o f r e l igio u s l ib e r ty H e s a ys .

T h e N e w E n gl an d Co l o n i e s w e r e r e p u b l i c s , but n o t d e m o c r a c i e s Mo s t .

o f the m h a d s t a t e C hu r c h e s ; t h e i r s u ff r a g e , tho u g h b r o a d , w a s r e s t r i c t e d ,
a n d a m o n g t h e i r p e op l e s o c i a l d i s ti n c tio n s w e r e v e r y m ar k e d Wh e n t h e s e .

c o l o n i e s b e c a m e St a t e s t h e y c l u n g , w ith t r u e E n g l i s h t e n a c ity , to t h e i r o l d

t r a d i t io n s , a n d l ook e d w it h h o r r o r u po n th e l e v e l l i n g d e m o c r a ti c t h e o r i e s
a d v a n c e d in ot h e r q u ar t e r s I n th e S o ut h , o n th e ot h e r h an d, w it h its l a r g e
.

an d i n fl u e n ti a l S c ot c h I r i s h pop u l a tio n , th e n a t u r a l t e n d e n c y w a s to ge t a s f a r
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a s po s s ib l e fr o m th e p as t T h e s e m e n h a t e d E n gl an d a s th e N e w E n g l a n d
.

e r s n e v e r d id, a n d t h e y a l s o h a t e d a ll h e r i n s tit u tio n s T h e i r r e l igio n h ad

.

t au gh t t h e m th e a b s o l u t e e q u al ity o f m an , a n d o n t h i s poi n t t h e y w e r e in
f u ll a c c o r d w i t h m e n l ik e J e ff e r s o n , w h o h a d l e ar n e d th e s a m e p r i n c ip l e
f r o m th e p h i l o s op h e r s o f F r a n c e H e r e , t h e n , in t h i s d i ff e r e n c e o f r ac e w e
.

m ay p e r h a p s fi n d a n e xp l an a tio n o f th e f ac t t h a t Vi r gi n i a , f o r m e r l y th e m ost

a r i s t o c r a t i c , b e c a m e th e m o s t d e m o c r a ti c i n t h e o r y o f a l l th e St a t e s ; w h i l e

M as s a c h u s e t t s , s t an d i n g o n o l d c o n s e r v a tiv e w a y s , b e c a m e th e C h i e f e xpo
n e n t o f th e oppo s i n g t h e o r i e s O n e t h i n g is v e ry c l e a r
.
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e l e m e n t o f th e p o p u l a t io n e x c e pt th e S e p a r a ti s t s w o u l d h a v e c o m e th e i d e a s
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o f h u m a n e q u a l ity , f r e e d o m o f r e l igio n s e p a ra tio n o f Ch u r c h a n d St a t e , a n d

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u n iv e r s a l s u ff r a g e .

P e c u l i a r l y a pp r op r i a t e to th e c o n s i de r a tio n o f t h e s e q u e s tio n s a r e th e
l e c t u r e s d e l iv e r e d by C h a r l e s F r an c i s A d a m s a t C a m b r i d g e in 1 89 3 w h i c h
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h a v e s i n c e b e e n p u b l i s h e d in a n e n l ar g e d fo r m u n d e r th e tit l e o f M a ss a ,

c lz u se tts I ts H i s tor ia n s a n d I ts H is tory S o m e o f Mr Ad am s s ob s e r v a tio n s

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So fa r a s th e p r i n c ip l e s o f c ivi l l ib e r ty an d h u m an r igh t a re c o n c e r n e d ,
M as s a c h u s e tt s h a s a l w a y s b e e n a t th e fr o n t T h e b a c kbo n e o f th e
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m o v e m e n t w h i c h p r e c e d e d th e F r e n c h R e vo l utio n s h e i n s pi r e d th e a git a tio n

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w h i c h e n d e d I n th e f a l l o f A fr i c an s l a v e r y .
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.
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m a k e h e r s e lf f e l t b u t h e r r e c o r d a s a w h o l e an d u n ti l a c o m p ar a tiv e l y r e c e n t
, ,

p e r io d h a s b e e n s c ar c e l y e v e n c r e d it a b l e T h i s too w a s th e c as e fr o m th e
,
.
, ,

b e gi n n i n g .

T h e s to r y op e n s w it h th e c o n t e s t e d c h a r t e r e l e c tio n o f 1 6 3 7 as a r e s u l t ,

o f w h i c h Gov e r n o r Jo h n Wi n t h r op r e p l a c e d G o ve r n o r Sir H a r r y V an e a s
c h i e f e x e c u tiv e o f th e c o l o n y T h is e l e c t io n t ook p l a c e . o n th e 2 7 th
d ay o f M a y Fo u r m o n t h s l a t e r it w a s fo ll o w e d by th e g a t h e r i n g o f th e fi r s t
.

Sy n o d o f M a s s ac h u s e t ts c hu r c h e s T h e Sy n o d s a t t h r o u g h t w e n ty .

f o u r d a y s d u r i n g w h i c h it b u s i e d it s e l f u n e a r thi n g h e t e r o d ox op i n io n s a n d
,

m a ki n g th e situ a ti o n u n c o m f o r t a b l e fo r t h o s e s u s p e c t e d o f h e r e s y .

F in ally took p la c e th e t r i al o f th e a rc h h e r e ti c Mist r e s s A n n e ,

H ut c hi n so n an d o n th e 1 8th o f Nov e m b e r 1 6 3 7 s h e w a s c o n d e m n e d to , ,

b an i s h m e n t .

As th e t w ig is b e n t th e t r e e i n c l i n e s T h e M as s a c h u s e tt s t w ig w as h e r e
,
.

an d th e n b e n t ; a n d a s it w as b e n t it d u r i n g h a r d upo n tw o c e n t u r i e s
, ,

i n c l i n e d T h e q u e stio n o f R e l igiou s To l e r a tio n w as so fa r a s M as s a c h u s e tts

.
,

c ou l d d e c i de it d e c i d e d in 1 6 3 7 in th e n e g a tiv e
, On th a t i s s u e M a s s a .

c h u s e tts t h e n d e fi n it e l y an d fi n a ll y r e n ou n c e d a l l c l a i m o r d e si r e to h e a d th e

a d v an c i n g c o l u m n o r e v e n to b e n e a r th e h e a d o f th e c o l u m n
,
it d id n o t go
to th e r e ar but it w e n t w e ll to w ar d s it an d t h e r e it r e m a i n e d u n ti l th e i s s u e
, ,

w as d e c i d e d But it is c u r iou s to n ot e fr o m th a t d ay to t h i s h o w th e e xpo n e n t s

.

o f M a s s ac h u s e tt s po l ity a n d t h oug h t w h e t h e r r e l igio u s o r h i s to r i c a l h a v e , , ,

s o to s p e a k w r igg l e d a n d squi r m e d in th e p r e s e n c e o f th e r e c o r d
, .

T h e y d id s o in 1 6 3 7 w h e n t h e y w e r e m aki n g th e r e c o r d u p t h e y h av e d o n e
,

s o e v e r s in c e T h e r e w as al m ost n o f o r m o f s op h i s t r y to w h i c h th e fo u n d e r s
—
.

o f M as s ac h u s e tts d id n o t h a v e r e c o u r s e t h e n fo r t h e y si n n e d a g a i n s t l ig h t , ,

though t h e y d e c e iv e d t h e m s e l v e s w hi l e s i n n i n g ; a n d t h e r e is a l m o s t n o fo r m
o f s ophi s t r y to w h i c h th e h i s to r i an s o f M a s s a c h u s e tt s h a v e n o t h a d r e c o u r s e

,
—
si n c e r e a ll y d e c e ivi n g t h e m s e l v e s in th e i r a tt e m pt to d e c e iv e ot h e r s .

T h e fi r s t d e c isio n a n d th e p o l i c y s u b s e q u e n t l y p u r s u e d in a c c o r d a n c e
—
,

w ith it w e r e d i s ti n c t a ut h o r it a tiv e a n d fin a l
, ,
a g a i n s t r e l igio u s to l e r a tio n
, , .

T h e o ff e n c e a s w e ll a s th e po l i c y to b e p u r s u e d by th e gov e r n m e n t
, ,

w a s e xp l i c it l y an d u n m i s t a k a b l y s e t fo r t h by th e c h i e f e x e c u t iv e a n d th e
p r e s i d i n g o ffi c i al a t th e t r i a l o f Mr s Hut c h i n s o n w h e n Gov e r n o r Wi n t h r o p .
,

s ai d to h e r You r c ou r s e i s n o t to b e s u ffe r e d ; w e s e e n o t t h a t an y
.

s h ou l d h av e a u t h o r ity to s e t u p an y ot h e r e x e r c i s e s b e s i d e s w h a t a u t h o r ity
h ath a lr e ady s e t up .
’

I h a v e c it e d U r i an O a k e s P r e s i d e n t o f H a r v a r d Co l l e g e fr o m 1 6 7 5 to
,

1 6 81 . H e w a s s u c c e e d e d by I n c r e a s e M a t h e r w h o w a s P r e s i d e n t f r o m 1 6 85 ,

to 1 7 0 1 an d in 1 6 85 I n c r e a s e M a th e r t h us d e l iv e r e d hi m s e l f o n th e s ubj e c t
o f r e l igio u s l ib e r ty
M o r e ov e r s i n fu l To l e r a tio n is a n e vi l o f e x c e e d i n g d a n g e r o u s c o n s e
,

q u e n c e M e n o f Co r r upt m i n d s t h o u g h t h e y m a y p l e a d f o r To l e r a ti o n an d ,

C ry u p Lib e r ty o f Co n s c i e n c e e tc ye t if o n c e t h e y s h o u l d b e c o m e n u m e r o u s
,
.
,

a n d ge t p o w e r i n to t h e i r h a n d s n o n e w ou l d p e r s e c u t e m o r e t h a n t h e y ,
.

A n d i n d e e d th e To l e r a tio n o f a ll R e l i i o n s an d Pe r s w a s io n s is th e w a y to ,

h a v e n o t r u e R e l igio n a t al l l e ft d o b e l i e v e t h a t A n ti c h r i s t h a t h n o t
.

a t t h i s da
y a m o r e p r o b a b le w a
y to a d v a n c e h is Ki
n
g d o m o f D a r k n e s s t h an ,

by a To l e r a tio n o f a l l R e l igio n s an d Pe r s w as io n s ( A C a ll to tlz e R is i ng .

”

Gen e a tion 1 6 85 pp 1 0 7
r
, ,
.
,
 So fa r as A m e r i c a is c o n c e r n e d it is g r e a t l y to b e f e a r e d t h a t w e in th e
,

m a tt e r o f hi s to r i c a l w o r k a r e ye t in th e fil io pi e ti s t i c a n d p a t r ioti c st a g e o f
-

d e v e l op m e n t A n c e sto r w o r s h ip is th e r u l e an d an e x c e l l e n t i l l u s t r a tio n
”
.
,

o f th e r e s u l t s to w h i c h t h a t w o r s h ip l e a d s tho s e giv e n to it is a ff o r d e d in th e
t r e a t m e n t w h i c h h as b e e n a c c o r d e d to t h a t po r tio n o f th e M as s ac h u s e t t s
r e c o r d w hi c h r e l a t e s to r e l igi o us to l e r a tio n I t is n o t t oo m u c h to s a y t h a t .

th e r e s ou r c e s o f s ophist r y a n d s p e c i a l p l e a d i n g h a v e b e e n e xh a ust e d in th e
a tt e m pt to e xt e n u a t e o r e xp l a i n it a w a y O n its f a c e it p r e s e n t s d i ffi c ul ti e s
.

o f a n obviou s n a tu r e w h o l e s a l e p r os c r ipti o n ; fr e qu e n t b an i s h m e n t u n d e r
p e n al t y o f d e a th in c as e o f r e tu r n th e i n fli c tio n o f p un is h m e n ts bot h c r u e l
a n d d e g r a d i n g a m ou n ti n g to to r tu r e a n d th a t r e g ar d l e s s o f th e s e x o f t h o s e
, ,

p un i s h e d ; th e s y s t e m ati c e n fo r c e m e n t o f r igi d c o n fo r m ity t h r o u gh l o n g

p e r io d s o f ti m e a l l t h e s e t h i n g s a r e p a r t o f th e r e c o r d
— a n d in t h e s e

b a d r e s p e c t s it is n o t a t o n c e a pp a r e n t h o w th e M a s s a c h u s s e ts r e c o r d di ff e r s
f r o m t h o s e o f Sp a i n o r F r an c e o r E n gl an d But th e M a s s a c h u s e tt s s c h oo l
.

o f h i s to r i a n s u n d i s m a y e d by th e d i ffic u l ti e s w h i c h c o n fr o n t e d it
,
h as a d ,

d r e s s e d i t s e l f to th e t a sk in s u c h a b l i n d s e n s e o f fi l i a l d e v o t io n th a t th e
s e l f d e c e ptio n o f m an y a n d n o t th e l e a st e m i n e n t o f thos e c o m po s i n g th e
-
,

s c h oo l h as b e e n c o m p le t e
,
I t is n o t p l e a s a n t to h a v e s u c h r e m a r k s m a d e
.
,

but t h e r e is a c e r t a i n j u s ti c e in Sir H e n r y M a i n e s r e fe r e n c e to th e n au s e o u s ’

g r an d i l oqu e n c e o f th e A m e r i c an p an e gy r i c a l h i s to r i an ( Popul a r Gover n

m en t p 2 2 2 )
,
. an d J A Doy l e m ig h t h a v e e xt e n d e d h is c r iti c i s m
. . o f th e

e a r l y N e w E n g l an d c h r o n i c l e r s t h a t in r e a d i n g t h e i r w r iti n g s w e a r e “

r e a d i n g n o t a hi s to r y but a h a gio l ogy — s o as to i n c l u d e n o t a fe w l a t e r

,

i n v e s t ig a to rs .

Ag a i n app r o a c h i n g a ye t l ar g e r qu e s tio n th e q u e s tio n o f To l e r a tio n

, ,
.

Co n fr o n t e d w it h th e r e c o r d o n t h a t m a tt e r th e M a s s a c h u s e tt s h i s to r i a n s o , ,

fr e e a n d fr an k in h is d e n u n c i a tio n o f E n gl i s h a n d I t a l i a n a n d Sp a n i s h
e c c l e s i a sti c a l bigot r y a n d i n to l e ran c e p r o c e e d s to a r g u e t h a t a f t e r a l l
,
re , ,

l igio u s i n to l e r a n c e l ik e e v e r y o t h e r pub l i c r e s t r a i n t is c r i m i n a l w h e r e v e r it
, ,

is n o t n e e d fu l fo r th e p u b l i c s a f e ty : it is s i m p l y s e l f d e fe n c e w h e n e v e r -

tol e r a tio n w ou l d b e pub l i c r u i n ( P a l f r e y H is tory f

.o
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N e w E n g l a n d 1 86 ,4 , ,

i.
,
T h e s e w o r d s fr o m th e l a t e st a n d m o s t e l a bo r a t e h i s t o r y o f Ne w
E n gl an d s o un d l ik e a n e c h o l o u d r e v e r b e r a ti n g c l o s e a t h an d o f th e
, , , ,

utt e r an c e o f tw o c e n t u r i e s b e fo r e T h u s I n c r e a s e M a th e r l at e r p r e si d e n t o f
.
,

H ar v ar d Co ll e g e e xp r e s s e d h i m s e l f in 1 6 81 : T h e p l a c e m ay s o m e ti m e s
,
“

m a k e a g r e a t a l t e r a tio n as to i n d u l g e n c e to b e e xp e c t e d
,
I t is e vi d e n t t h a t .
,

t h a t To l e r a tio n is in o n e p l a c e n o t o n l y l aw fu l b u t a n e c e s s a r y d u ty , ,

w h i c h in an ot h e r p l a c e w o u l d b e d e s t r u c tiv e a n d th e e xp e c t a tio n o f it ,

i r r a t i o n al .

T h e s t r o n g e r a n d m o r e s ti m u l a ti n g th e f oo d th e s oo n e r an y u n d u e qu an ,

tity o f it is fe l t ; u n ti l in th e c a s e o f w i n e w h i l e a c a r e ful l y m e a su r e d u s e
, ,

m a y s ti m u l a t e th e h e a l t h y an d n o u r i s h th e si c k e x c e s s b r i n g s o n f e v e r a n d ,

d e li r i um R h o d e I s l an d w e n t t h r o u g h t h i s e xp e r i e n c e in its e a r l y d ay s I t
. .

w as s o to s p e a k th e d u m pi n g g r o u n d fo r th e s u r p l u s i n t e l l e c tu a l a c tivi t y o f
, ,
-

Ne w E n g l an d T h u s w h a t w a s a goo d an d m o s t n e c e s s a r y e l e m e n t
.

in th e e c o n o m y o f n a t u r e an d th e p r o c e s s o f h u m a n d e v e l op m e n t w as a n
e x c e s s in Rho de I s l an d ; an d t e n a t ur al r e s u l t fo l l o w e d
h — a d i so r d e re d ,

c o m m u n ity B u t it by n o m e a n s fo ll o w e d t h a t w h a t d i s o r d e r e d i n fan t
.

R h o d e I s l an d w ou l d h av e p r ov e d m o r e t h an a h e al t h y sti m u l an t fo r l ar g e r
a n d m o r e m a t u r e d M as s ac h u s e tt s I n its Spi r it o f r igi d c o n fo r m i t y M a s s a
.
,

c h u s e tts r e j e c t e d a n d e xp e ll e d w h a t e v e r d id n o t i m m e d i a t e l y as s i m i l a t e ;

a n d s o d id Sp a i n I n d e e d Sp a i n r e g a r d e d Ho l l an d m u c h a s M a ss a c h us e tt s
.
,
 Am e r ic a n I de a l s 97

re g ar d e d R h o d e I s l an d th e o n l y t r o u b l e w a s th a t w hi l e M as s a c h u s e tts
d id n o t h a v e e n o u g h o f th e s ti m u l a n t R h o d e I s l an d h a d t oo m u c h
, .

B u t a s I h a v e obs e r v e d t h i s f ac t th e i n h a bit an t s o f M a s s a c h u s e tt s c o u l d
, ,

n o t s e e t h e n a n d th e M a s s a c h u s e tt s s c h oo l o f h i s to r i an s h a s r e fu s e d to s e e
,

it si n c e T h o s e c o m po s i n g t h a t s c h oo l h a v e s y s t e m a ti c al l y n a r r o w e d t h e i r
.

visio n ; an d d e n ou n c i n g th e r ul e r s o f Sp a i n an d F r an c e a n d E n g l an d fo r
bigot r y i n to l e r an c e a n d c r u e l ty —Sh u tti n g t h e i r e y e s to Ho ll an d
, , ,
the y
h a v e poi n t e d to R h o de I s l an d a s an e x a m p l e o f w h a t m u st i n e vit a b l y h av e
e n su e d h a d th e r u l e r s o f M as s ac h u s e tt s in its f o r m a tiv e p e r io d n o t p u r s u e d
t h a t po l i c y o f w h i c h P h i l ip I I w as th e g r e a t a n d o n l y w h o l l y s u c c e s s fu l e x
.

po s ito r I n ot h e r w o r d s t h e y i n s i s t t h a t in th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y to l e r a tion
.
,

m e a n t c h a os ,
h a d o u r e a r l y a n c e s to r s p l a c e d t h e i r gov e r n m e n t o n
th e b as i s o f l ib e r ty fo r a l l s o r t s o f c o n s c i e n c e s it w o u l d h a v e b e e n I n t h a t ,

a ge a c e r t a i n i n t r o d u c tio n o f a n a r c h y ( E ll i s M e m o
”
r i al s tor y of B ,
os ton .
,

an d I n p r oo f o f this th e y po i n t to R h o d e I s l a n d .

I t w as n o t u n ti l a f t e r th e a d optio n o f th e F e d e r a l C o n s tItu tI o n In 1 7 87
th a t th e po l iti c a l a git a tio n w hi c h fo r M a s s ac h u s e tt s b e gan in 1 7 6 0 c an b e
s a i d to h av e p r ac t i c all y subsi d e d D u r i n g t h a t p e r io d n e ar l y th e l i fe
.
,

ti m e o f a g e n e r a tio n th e gl a c i al m as s o f s u p e r s titio n an d t e r r o r i s m h a d b e e n
,

g r a d u al l y b u t i m p e r c e ptib l y r e c e d i n g a n d d i s a pp e a r i n g I t w a s s ti ll pot e n t .
,

but in a n i n e r t so r t o f w ay W h e n th e c o n s tit u tio n o f 1 7 80 w as fr a m e d

.
,

it yi e l d e d a g r u d gi n g an d r e l u c t a n t c o n s e n t to l i m it e d c o n c e s s io n s o f n o n
c o n f o r m ity ; b u t it w a s t h e n so pot e n t a n d s o r i f e t h a t th e f r a m e r o f th e

i n s t r u m e n t a b an d o n e d in d e s p a i r th e a tt e m pt to pu t h is i d e a o f r e l igious
fr e e d o m In an y f o r m o f w o r d s l ik e l y to p r ov e a c c e pt a b l e to t h o s e w h o w e r e
to p a ss upo n h is w o r k ( Wor ks of 7 okn A da m s iv p 2 2 2 n . .

In t h a t fi e l d
, ,

T h e p h a s e o f po l iti c a l a c tivity h a s al r e a d y b e e n a l l u d e d to .

M a s s a c h us e tt s w a s al w a ys a t h o m e it e n j oy e d an e a s y A m e r i c a n s u p r e m ac y
w hi c h e v e n its ic e a ge d id n o t w h o l l y a r r e s t A n d n o w w h e n th e s t r u gg l e
.
,

a g a i n st s u p e r s titio n h a d d ra w n to a c l o s e t h a t a g a i n s t c a s t e c a m e a a i n to
,
g
th e fr o n t w ith M a s s a c h u s e tts sti l l I n th e v an
,
I n d e e d o n t h i s I s s u e i n 1 83 7
.
, ,

a s in 1 6 3
5 th e
,
p r op e r a n d n a t u r a l p l a c e fo r th e P u r it a n c o m m o n w e a l th w a s

in th e van I t s t oo d t h e r e ; i n d e e d it w a s th e v an
. .

T h e r e c o r d op e n e d a t P l y m o u t h in D e c e m b e r 1 6 2 0 C l o s e d a s a d i s ti n c t
, , ,

a n d i n d e p e n d e n t r e c o r d in Ap r i l 1 86 5 T h a t l o n g s t r u gg l e fo r th e r e c og
,
.

n itio n o f th e e q u a l ity o f m a n b e f o r e th e l a w o f w h i c h M as s ac h u s e tt s w a s th e
,

p e c u l i ar an d a c k n o w l e d g e d c h a m pio n c a m e to its C l o s e a t Appo m attox

,
.

F r an k an d n ov e l i n d e e d a r e t h e s e c o n f e s s io n s o f P u r it a n s h o r tc o m
, ,

in g f r o m a s c io n o f o n e o f N e w E n g l an d s m o s t n ot e d f a m i l i e s Wh i l e
’
.

o n e c an n ot but f e e l t h a t Mr A d a m s h as r e n d e r e d a n i n e s ti m a b l e s e r vi c e to
.

th e c a u s e o f t r u th it is ye t to b e q u e s tio n e d w h e t h e r in h is c o n c l u d i n g
,

s e n t e n c e s h e d o e s n o t h i m s e l f f a ll u n d e r th e fi l io pi e tisti c i n fl u e n c e w h e n -

sp e aki n g o f th e M as s a c h u s e tts m o n opo l y o f th e p r i n c ip l e s o f c ivi l l ib e r ty .

C l a i m i n g d e s c e n t fr o m Jo h n Cotto n a s M r A da m s d o e s it is n o t s t r a n g e
, .
,

th a t th e i n q u i r y a r is e s w h e t h e r th e fa c t o f t h a t d e s c e n t an d th e d e s i r e to ,

c o n d o n e th e bigot r y o f t h a t an c e s to r m a y n o t h a v e l e d h im to t a k e a b r o a d e r
,

a n d m o r e phi l o s op h i c a l su r v e y o f th e s ubj e c t o f r e l igi o u s l ib e r ty in N e w

E n gl an d t h an h a s b e e n t ak e n by a n y o f h is p r e d e c e s s o r s I t m ay a l so b e .

qu e stio n e d w h e th e r h is e s ti m a t e a s to th e p e r n i c io u s n e ss o f th e e ar ly P u r it a n
 i ti c al s y s t e m m ay n o t h a v e b e e n r e a c h e d t h r ough a r e al iz a tio n o f
e c c l e s as

th e i n a d e qu a c y o f a n y ot h e r c o n c l u s io n to r ig h t l y e xp l a i n th e J e s u iti c al
po l ity d e v e l op e d an d p r ac ti s e d by t h a t P u r it an a n c e s to r Jo h n Cotto n w a s .

a m an w h o a r gu e d t h a t to e x c o m m u n i c a t e an H e r e ti c k is n o t to p e r s e
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c ut e t h a t is it is n o t to pu n i s h an i n n o c e n t b u t a c u l p ab l e an d d a m n a bl e
, ,

r o n a n d t h a t n o t f o r c o n s c i e n c e b u t f o r p e r s i s ti n g in e r r o r a g a i n s t l igh t
p e s , ,

o f c o n s c i e n c e w h e r e o f it h a t h b e e n c o n vi n c e d
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.
,

Wo u l d t h a t s o m e e qu all y w o r th y d e s c e n d an t o f J o h n Wi n t h r op o r E d
m u n d A n d r o s m ig h t giv e u s a l ik e d e m a g n e tiz e d a n d i m p a r ti a l a c c o u n t o f

th e histo r y o f c ivi l l ib e r ty in M a s s a c h u s e tt s .

L ac ki n g t h is w e h a v e h o w e v e r fr o m a n o u t s i d e s ou r c e a v e r y c l e a r
, , , ,

a n d f o r c e f u l c r iti c i s m o f t h o s e po r tio n s o f M r A d a m s s a d d r e s s e s w h i c h
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.

p ar t a k e o f t e n d e n c i e s th e oppo s it e o f th e l ib e r a l o n e s j u s t i n d i c a t e d T h is .

c r iti c i s m is to b e fo u n d in O l iv e r P e r r y T e m p l e s l itt l e vo l IIm e o n T bc

’

Coven a n te r Ca va l ier a n d P u r ita n a n d is a s f o ll o w s

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T h e t r uth is , f r o m th e b e gIn n In g c as t e w as in high e r f a v o r an d m o r e

r e g a r d e d in t h i s [ M a s s a c h u s e t t s] t h an in a n y o f th e Co l o n i e s , e x c e pt p o s s ib l y
in Vi r gi n i a T h e d i s ti n c ti o n b e t w e e n t eh b e tt er c l a ss — t h ose a bov e th e
—
.

o r d i n ar y d e g r e e an d th ose o f
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m e an c o n d i t io n ,
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w a s e x p r e s s l y poi n t e d
ou t an d d e c l a r e d by th e G e n e r a l Co u r t in 1 6 5 1 U n d e r th e l aw e n ac t e d by
.

it , r e g u l a ti n g th e ki n d o f d r e s s to b e w o r n , a n d ot h e r t h i n g s , m a gi s t r a t e s ,
c ivi l a n d m i l i t ar y o ffi c e r s , p e r s o n s o f e d u c a t io n an d e m p l oy m e n t a bov e th e

o r d i n ar y d e g r e e , t h o s e w h o w e r e w o r t h tw o h u n d r e d po un d s , a n d t h o s e
—
W h o s e e s t a t e s h a d b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e , b u t h a d d e c a y e d, a ll t h o s e in a w o r d
c a l l e d th e b e tt e r c l a s s , w e r e e x e m pt f r o m th e O p e r a tio n o f t h e s e s u m pt u a r y
l aw s . B u t th e c o u r t d e c l a r e d m o s t e a r n e s t l y , a l m o s t p a t h e ti c a ll y , its u tt e r
d e t e s t a tio n a n d d i s l ik e t h a t m e n o r w o m e n o f m e a n c o n d iti o n , e d u c a tio n s ,
an d c a ll i n g s , Sh o u l d t a k e u po n t h e m th e g a r b e o f g e n t l e m e n by th e w e a r i n g
,

o f go l d o r s i l v e r l a c e , o r b u tt o n s o r p o y n t s a t t h e i r k n e e s , to w a l k e in g r e a t

bo o t e s ; o r w o m e n o f th e s am e r an k e to w e a r e s i l k o r ti ff an y h o o d e s o r
s c a r f e s , w h i c h , t h o u g h a l l o w a b l e to p e r s o n s o f g r e a t e r e s t a t e s o r m o r e l ib
,

e r a l e d u c a tio n , ye t w e c a n n o t b u t j u d g e it i n to l e r a b l e in p e r s o n s o f s u c h l ik e

c o n d itio n B y t
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.
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v o l ii ,
6 . .

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“

a n y o f th e h o n o r s s h e s o g r a c e f ul l y an d c o m p l a c e n t l y w e ar s w o n in th e l o n g
,

c o n t e s t ov e r th e a bo l itio n o f s l a v e r y b u t th e t r u t h o f h i s to r y c o m p e l s m
, y
d oi n g s o T h a t S t a t e w a s n o t in th e va n m uc h l e s s
“
.
w a s s h e th e v a n
o n t h a t q u e s tio n u n ti l a f t e r 1 8 6 T h l d i g m f Vi gi i o n d e m n e d
3 . e e a n e n o r n a c

th e i n s ti t u tio n o f s l a v e r y b o t h b e fo r e an d i m m e d i a t e l y a ft e r th e R e vo l u tio n .

I n 1 80 4 a n u m b e r o f B a pti s t m i n i s t e r s in K e n t u c ky s t a r t e d a c r u s a d e
a g a i n s t th e i n s tit u tio n , w h i c h r e s u l t e d in a h o t c o n t e s t in th e d e n o m i n a t i o n ,

a n d th e o r g an iz a tio n o f th e B a pti s t Li c ki n g Lo c u s t A s s o c i a tio n F r i e n d s o f

H um an ity ”
. I n 1 80 6 C h ar l e s O s bo r n e b e g an to p r e a c h “
i m m e d i at e e m an
c ipa tio n in T e n n e s s e e T e n y e a r s l a t e r h e s t a r t e d a p a p e r in O h io , c a l l e d
.

th e P/z il a n tkr opis t, d e vot e d to th e g e n e r a l c a u s e o f h u m an ity I n 1 82 2 a

.

p a p e r w a s s t a r t e d a t S h e l byvi l l e ( n o St a t e m e n tio n e d , p r ob ab l y K e n tu c ky ) ,
c all e d th e A bol ition I n te l l i en c er
g .

O s bo rn e p r ob a b l y w e n t fr o m J e ffe r s o n Co u n ty , e a st e r n T e n n e s s e e , th e
 s am e c ou n ty fr o m w hi c h Joh n R an ki n th e n o t e d a bo l itio n ist w e n t s i n c e ,
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h is w a s th e fi r s t n a m e o n th e r o ll o f th e Lo s t C r e e k M a n u m i s s io n So c i e ty
o f t h a t c o u n ty in 1 8 1
5 .

T w e n t y y e a r s b e fo r e M a s s a c h u s e tt s took h e r st a n d a t a l l o n t h i s s u bj e c t ,

th e re w e r e e igh t e e n m an u m i s s io n o r e m a n c ip a tio n s o c i e ti e s in e a s t e r n T e n , ,

n e s s e e o r g an iz e d by th e Cov e n a n t e r s th e M e t h o d i s t s a n d th e Q u a k e r s o f
, , ,

t h a t r e gi o n w h i c h h e l d r e g ul ar m e e ti n g s fo r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s in th e i n t e r
,

e s t o f e m a n c ip a tio n o r a bo l itio n i s m I n 1 82 2 t h e r e w e r e fiv e o r s ix a bo l itio n .

s o c i e ti e s in K e n t u c ky I n 1 81 9 th e fi r s t d i s ti n c tiv e l y e m a n c ip a ti o n p a p e r in
.

th e U n it e d S t a t e s w a s p u b l i s h e d in Jo n e s bo r o u g h e a s t e r n T e n n e s s e e by , ,
E l i h u E m b r e e a Qu a k e r c al l e d th e M a n u m iss ion I n tell igen c er
, , I n 1 82 1 .

B e n j a m i n L u n d y p u r c h a s e d t h i s pa p e r a n d p u b l i s h e d it fo r tw o y e ar s in ,

G r e e n vi l l e E a s t T e n n e s s e e u n d e r th e tit l e o f th e Gen ius of Un ive s a l E m a n

, ,
r

c ipa tion L u n d y w a s m e r e l y th e s u c c e s s o r o f E m b r e e At a n d p r e vious

. .

to thi s ti m e th e M e t h o d ist C h u r c h in T e n n e s s e e a t its c o n f e r e n c e s w a s

, , ,

m a ki n g it h o t f o r its m e m b e r s w h o h e l d o r w h o bo u g h t o r s o l d s l a v e s by
,

s i l e n c i n g o r e xp e l l i n g t h e m .

O n th e ot h e r h a n d as l a t e a s 1 83 5 Wi ll i a m L l o y d G a r r i s o n w a s m o bb e d
, ,

in th e s t r e e t s o f Bo s t o n b e c a u s e h e w a s a n a b o l iti o n i s t,
Abo u t 1 8 7 B e n . 2 ,

j a m i n L u n d y c o ul d n o t fin d a n abo l itio n i s t in t h a t c i t y I n 1 8 6 o f th e . 2
,

o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r ty t h r e e e m a n c ip a t io n s o c i e t i e s in th e U n it e d St a t e s
-
,

o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h r e e w e r e in th e So u t h a n d n o t o n e s o f a r a s I k n o w in , , ,

M as s a c h u s e t t s J o h n R an ki n th e n ot e d a bo l iti o n i s t o f O h i o w h o w e n t
f r o m E a s t T e n n e s s e e in 1 81 5 o r 1 8 1 6 — a C o v e n an t e r a n d fr o m a C o v e n a n t e r
.
, ,

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n e ig h bo r h oo d d e c l a r e d in th e l a t t e r p a r t o f h is l i f e t h a t it w a s s a f e r in 81 6
,
1

to 1 82 0 to m a k e a bo l iti o n s p e e c h e s in T e n n e s s e e o r K e n t u c ky t h a n it w a s in
th e No r t h .

I n 1 83 3 th e p o e t W h itti e r a n d G e o r g e T h o m p s o n th e c e l e b r a t e d E n g
, ,

l i s h a bo l i t io n i s t w e r e m obb e d a n d n r o w l y e s c p e d w i t h t h e i r l iv e s in a t
,
ar a
,

t e m pti n g to m a k e a bo l iti o n s p e e c h e s in o n e o f th e t o w n s o f M as s a c h u s e tts f

I n 1 83 3 Gov e r n o r E v e r e t t o f M a s s ac h u s e tt s s u gg e s t e d th e e xp e d i e n c y
, , ,

o f p r o s e c u ti n g a b o l iti o n i s t s M r G a r r i s o n s a i d in th e fi r s t n u m b e r o f th e
. .
,

l ibe r a tor t h a t h e fo u n d in th e No r t h c o n t e m pt m o r e bi t t e r p rej udic e “

, ,

m o r e s t u bbo rn a n d a p a t h y m o r e fr o z e n t h an
,
am on g sl ave o w n e rs t h e m -

s e lve s I t w a s e s t i m a t e d in 1 82 8 t h a t in T e n n e s s e e t h r e e fifth s o f th e
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.
, ,

p e op l e w e r e fa vo r a b l y d i s po s e d t o w a r d th e p r i n c ip l e o f e m an c ip atio n .

I n th e C o n s tit u tio n a l c o n v e ti o n o f T e n n e s s e e in 1 83 4 a p r o p o s i t i o n n , ,

w a s m a d e to e m an c ip a t e th e s l a v e s o f th e St a t e an d it r e c e iv e d ov e r o n e ,

t h i r d o f th e v o t e s o f th e m e m b e r s an d th e fa vo r a b l e i n d o r s e m e n t o f all , ,

t h o s e oppo s i n g it a pp r ovi n g th e p r i n c ip l e b u t i n s i s ti n g t h a t th e ti m e fo r ,

t h a t s t e p h a d n o t ye t a rr iv e d .

I t is w e ll k n o w n th a t H e n r y C l a y c o m m e n c e d h is po l iti c l c a r e e r in a

K e n t u c ky by an e ffo r t to s e c u r e th e e m an c ip a t io n o f th e s l a v e s o f t h a t
St a t e T h e fa c t is th e e m a n c ip a t i o n m ov e m e n t s e e m s to h a v e got t e n its
.
,

fi r s t s t a r t an d s t r e n gth in Vi r gi n i a T e n n e s s e e a n d K e n t u c ky t h o u g h th e , , ,

Q u ak e r s o f P e n n s y l v an i a m a d e fe e b l e e ffo r ts in t h a t d i r e c tio n b e fo r e th e
R e v o l utio n .

I t t h u s a pp e a r s th a t M a s s a c h u s e tt s w a s a l o n g w ay b e h i n d e v e n s o m e o f

* J oh n R ki an n s
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t
fa h e r w a s a P
ylv i enns a n an a n d w as in th e R v
e olu ti on ar yW ar . J oh n

w a s th e f o u n d e r of th e F re e P byt i Ch
res e r an ur c h an d or g i an z e d th e fi t
rs
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un de r g r o un d

ra il w ya in O h i o .

{ T h i s is l ik e w i t se ru e o f B j e n am i L u dy
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I t w as .

n o t u n ti l 1 83 6 t h a t s h e l e d in th e a bo l itio n m ov e m e n t .

F r o m th e v e r y b e gi n n i n g a s w e h a v e s e e n t h e r e h a s a l w a y s b e e n a te n
, ,

d e n c y to w ar d c a s t e in M a s s ac h u s e tt s H e r p e op l e w e r e E n g l i s h m e n
. The y .

h ad E n gl i sh i de as I d e a s o f c a s t e w e r e a p a r t o f th e n h e r it a g e
. I h av e al .

r e a d y q u ot e d o n e o f t h e i r e ar l y s t a t u t e s s h o w i n g t h a t a c l e a r d is tI n c tio n w a s

d r aw n b e t w e e n th e b e tt e r c l as s t h o s e a bov e th e o r d i n ar y d e g r e e an d
” ”
, ,

t h o s e o f m e an c o n d itio n T h os e o f th e l a tt e r c l a s s w e r e n o t to w e a r th e
.
”

s a m e c l ot h i n g t h a t th e f o r m e r d id .

I r e fe r to o n e m o r e f ac t o n t h i s s u bj e c t I n th e d i s c us s io n ov e r th e f o r
.

m a tio n o f th e F e d e r a l Co n s tit u tio n a n d d u r i n g th e t w e l v e y e a r s f o ll o w i n g

,

its a d optio n th e F e d e r al a n d th e A n ti F e d e r a l p a r ti e s w e r e f o r m e d a n d c a m e
,
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i n to b e i n g ; th e o n e t h o r ough l y d e m o c r a ti c w a s l e d by M r J e ffe r s o n th e
.

, ,
.

ot h e r l e d by M r H a m i l to n an d Jo h n A da m s l e an e d to w a r d a s t r o n g c e n
,
.
,

t ral gov e r n m e n t M as s a c h u s e tt s an d N e w E n gl a n d fo ll o w i n g th e l e a d o f
.
,

M r A d a m s r a n g e d t h e m s e l v e s o n th e F e d e r a l s i d e w h i l e th e So u th e r n
.
, ,

St a t e s fo ll o w e d th e l e a d e r s h ip o f M r J e ffe r s o n M as s a c h u s e tt s b e c a m e a
. .

F e d e r a l St a t e w h i l e Vi r gi n i a b e c am e t h o r o u gh l y D e m o c r a ti c
, .

A s th e l ogi c a l c o n c l u s io n o f th e d i s c u s s io n s in th e l a s t fo u r c h a pt e r s a n d ,

th e u n d e r l yi n g t h o u g h t r u n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e m a l l it is a ffi r m e d a s a l m o s t a n ,

u n d e n i a b l e p r opo s itio n t h a t th e a d v an c e d t h e o r i e s a n d th e l ib e r a l i d e a s in ,

r e fe r e n c e to bot h po l i t i c a l an d r e l igio u s l ib e r t y w h i c h l ik e t h r e a d s o f go l d , , ,

w e r e w ov e n i n to th e i n s tit u tio n s o f th e c o un t r y a n d th e l i fe o f th e p e op l e ,

a n d w h i c h g a v e t h e m t h e i r c h i e f g l o r y w e r e o f Cov e n a n t e r a n d n o t o f P u r i
, ,

ta n o r C a v a l i e r o r igi n T h is is s o m an i fe s t l y t r u e a s to r e l igio u s l ib e r ty
,
.

t h a t th e r e a d e r h a s o n l y to r e c al l th e fac ts a l r e a d y giv e n in o r d e r to c o m
m an d h is r e a d y a s s e n t to th e t r u t h o f th e p r opositio n F o r it w i l l b e r e .

m e m b e r e d t h a t u n ti l a f t e r th e c o m i n g o f th e Cov e n a n t e r s t h e r e w a s n o t o n e

g l e a m o f l ig h t in a ll th e d r e a r y r e gio n s d o m i n a t e d by th e P u r it an s an d th e
C a v a l i e r s T h e d e s poti s m a n d th e g l oo m o f i n to l e r an c e r e ign e d s u p r e m e
. .

A n rr o w bigot r y an d s u p e r s titio n c a s t t h e i r b l ig h ti n g s h ad o w s ov e r th e
a

m i n ds o f m e n Not w it h s t a n d i n g th e b o l d an d n e v e r c e as i n g t e a c h i n g s o f
.
-

th e Cov e n an t e r s f r o m th e d a y o f t h e i r a r r iv a l in th e c o u n t r y u n ti l t h e y h a d
,

a ro u s e d th e s to r m o f th e R e vo l u tio n s o d i ffic u l t w a s it to i n d u c e th e P u r i
,

t a n s a n d th e C a v a l i e r s to r e l a x t h e i r d e a d l y g ra s p o n th e c o n s c i e n c e s o f
m e n t h a t e l e v e n y e ar s p a s s e d a w a y a ft e r th e i n a u g u r a tio n o f h o s ti l iti e s in
th e c o l o n i e s b e fo r e u n iv e r s a l r e l igio u s l ib e r ty p r e v a i l e d in th e C a v al i e r
S t a t e an d n e a r l y s ixty y e a r s b e fo r e c o m p l e t e r e l igiou s e m an c ip a tio n w a s ac
,

c o m p l i s h e d in M a s s a c h u s e tt s .

T h e s t r u ggl e s fo r p o l iti c a l a n d p e r so n a l l ib e r ty a r e a l w a y s e a s i l y r e m e m
b e r e d T h e g l ar e a n d th e t h u n d e r s o f w a r a r e n e v e r f o r gott e n B u t th e
.
.

q u i e t th e p e r s i s t e n t an d th e c o u r a g e o u s w a r far e w a g e d by th e Cov e n an t
, ,

e rs,
e v e r y w h e r e a n d a t a l l ti m e s fo r th e r ight o f c o n s c i e n c e w h i l e it w as
, ,
e ffe c t i n g a r e vo l utio n a s i m p o r t an t fo r th e h a ppi n e s s o f m an ki n d as th e

g r e a t o n e s e tt l e d by a r m s d id n o t a pp e al to th e s e n s e s a n d th e i m a gi
,

n a ti o n o f m e n a n d h e n c e it h a s b e e n b u t l itt l e n ot e d by s p e a k e r s o r by
,

h i s to r i an s .

To p r o v e th e c o r r e c t n e s s o f th e ot h e r b r an c h o f m y s u m m ar y o r p r opo ,

s itio n in r e f e r e n c e to po l iti c a l f r e e d o m it is o n l y n e c e s s a r y to r e fe r to th e
, ,

fa c t s a l r e a d y giv e n to s h o w th e d e e p l y r oot e d i d e a s o f c as t e an d s o c i al d is
,

t i n c t i o n e xi s ti n g in th e m i n d s o f th e r u l i n g c l a s s e s a n d in th e so c i e ty o f ,

Vi r gi n i a a n d M a s s a c h u s e tt s p r e vio u s t o an d a t th e d a t e o f th e R e vo l u tio n
, .

T h e s e c a s t e i d e a s a n d s o c i al d i s ti n c tio n s d id n o t p r e v e n t t h o s e fa v o r ab l e to
 I nd e p e n d e n c e fr o m doi n g th e i r d uty In th e g r e a t c o n t e st o f a r m s b u t t h e y ,

d id h av e a m o s t i m po r t an t i n fl u e n c e in s h a pi n g th e i n s tit u tio n s o f th e
c ou n t r y a n d I n g i vi n g to n e an d c o l o r i n g to its t h oug h t a ft e r w a r d
.

, A n d In .

t h i s s e c o n d st a g e o f th e R e vo l u tio n t h e s e Cov e n an t e r s d w e l l i n g in l ar g e , ,

n u m b e r s I n a l l th e St a t e s s o u t h o f N e w E n g l a n d w it h t h e i r l ib e r a l a n d a d ,

v a n c e d i d e a s l e a r n e d I n t h e i r bitt e r e xp e r i e n c e o f n e ar l y tw o c e n t u r i e s a n d
, ,

w ith t h e i r c r e e d o f r e p u b l i c a n i s m w e r e r e a d y to i n f u s e t h e i r s pi r it a n d I n ,

j e c t t h e i r i d e a s o f e q u a l ity i n to th e c o n s titutio n s th e i n s tit u tio n s an d i n t o , ,

th e l i fe o f t h a t v a s t r e gio n U n d e r t h i s i n fl u e n c e e v e n a r i s to c r a t i c C a v a l i e r
.

Vi r gi n i a b e c a m e as w e h a v e s e e n th e m o s t d e m o c ra ti c o f a ll th e St a t e s
, , .

U n d e r t h i s i n flu e n c e a l s o th e c o n s titutio n o f T e n n e s s e e w a s fr a m e d , , ,

w h i c h w as p r o n o u n c e d by M r J e ffe r s o n th e m o s t r e p u b l i c a n in its s pi r it o f .

a l l th e A m e r i c a n c o n s tit u tio n s A n d t h i s s a m e s pi r it p e r v a d e d th e in s titu .

tio n s o f all th e So u t h e r n St a t e s ex c e pti n g So u t h C a r o l i n a I d o n o t w it h , .

h o l d fr o m M r J e ff e r s o n th e h ig h m e e d o f p r a i s e h e s o r i c hl y m e r its fo r h is
.

m a g n ifi c e n t w o r k in b e h a l f o f l ib e r a l i d e a s an d r e pub l i c a n i n s tit u ti o n s in
Vi r gi n i a Bu t M r J e ff e r s o n w a s a l w ay s a Cov e n a n t e r in h is O pi n io n s a s to
. .

po l iti c al a n d r e l igio u s l ib e r ty B e s i d e s t h i s w e h a v e s e e n t h a t h e w o u l d . »
,

h a v e f a i l e d in h is g r e a t r e fo r m s e x c e pt fo r th e po w e r fu l a id h e r e c e iv e d ,

fr o m th e Cov e n a n t e r s .

N o r d o I ig n o r e th e t e a c hi n gs o f Rog e r Wi l l i a m s n o r th e l ib e r a l i d e a s o f ,

th e D u t c h o f N e w Yo r k n o r th e c o n s e r v a tiv e O pi n io n s o f th e Qu a k e r s n o r , ,

th e to l e r a n t s pi r it o f th e C a t h o l i c s o f M a r y l an d in a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e s e g r e a t ,

r e s u l t s b u t t h e s e w e r e i n s ig n ifi c an t in t h e i r i n fl u e n c e in c o m p ar iso n w it h th e
,

w i d e l y e xt e n d e d po w e r o f th e g r e a t Co v e n an t e r r ac e .

NOTE S TO C H A P T E R V II .

x de J h t H i t y f P ti
”
1
Se e Al e i N d C it H i t y f A m
’
an r o n s on s i s or o ar es, n ar . an r . s or o er ca ,

v l v ii d B y t H i t y f tb U it d St t Mi i t f th G p l w ld h v
’
o . .
,
an r an s s or o c n e a es . n s e rs o e os e ou a e a

p o ti m f it if th y m u t l y
or e o f t ib ti f th p p l f
e s th i m i t
re on a re e c o n r u on o e eo e or e r a n e n an c e .

Th l w f th p v i e [M a h u tt ] h vi g h d th
s o e y l pp b ti t ti fy
ro nce as s a c se s a n a e ro a a ro a on o ra

th ki g By t h l w it i t d th t th h ll b p b l i w h ip f
’
th m th y
e ,
e l w ar e e n s a s. ese a s s e n ac e a e re s a e u c ors o

G dio v y p l t ti
n e er th t th p l t d by th
an a j ity f i h bit t t b
on a h ll
e e rs on e e c e e m a or o n a an s o e so, s a

b l k d p
e oo e th m i i t
u f th p l
o n as d th t th e l y f h im w h i h t h y h l l
n s er o e ac e an a e s a ar or ,
c e s a

a g p
re e u h ll b l i d by
on ,
t up
s a ll th i h bit
e t I ev e q f th i
a ra e th on a e n a an s . n c on s e ue n c e o s, e

m i i t th u h by th e p pl i ( t l y C h i t b ut l ) i l ity th ki g ’ ’
n s er s c ose n eo i e s no on r s s, a so n re a e n s m n

it
s e r , an d th l y i d f h i i i d i th ki g
e s a ar ra se d i th ki g or ll w m s ra se n e n
’
s n am e ,
an s e n
’
s a o an c e

u t n o h im C tt M th R ti D i ipl i
. o on F i t/f u l A u t f t/ D i ipl i
a er, aP o sc ne or ,
a z c co n o ze sc ne ro

f d
es s e d P anti d i tb Ck / f
r ac N w E g l
se d p 20 n c u r c z es o e n an , . .

9
Th t y f th Qu k u d th i ff i g b g t pity d t
e c o n s an c o e f th i
a e rs n er e r su er n s e o a an es e em or e r

p d
e rs on s , a n pp b ti f th i d t i
an ; th i p
a l yt
ro i a on d ; th Q k
o e r oc r n es e r r os e es n c re as e e ua e rs

re tu d f t th y w b i h d
rn e as as d th fu y f th e u l i g p ty w
as e e re i dt uh
an s e an e r o r n ar as r a s e o s c

a h igh t th t th y p
e d d t th m
a t g ui y xt m iti
e roc ee Up th l w t h y h d
e o e os s an n ar e re es . on e a e a

m d a t h y i d t d i ff t ti m u p fiv f th w h h d t u d f m b i h
e, e se z e a ere n tes on e o ose o a re rn e ro an s m en ,

c on d m de d hne g d th m I t i u k w h w f t h i m d
,
an an e h d xt d d if
e . s n no n o ar e r a n e ss a e en e ,
an

or d f m th Ki g
er ro d C u i l i E gl e d b u t th y
n 1 66 1 h d
an ti t p
o d t
nc n n an a o e e ar a no n er os e o re

t i th m
s ra n e .

It i t k tv y g bl t i i t up
s a as no h tt b t i
er a l ity th i g
re e a f th i e o ns s o n s uc m a e rs u ,
n re a ,
n s o s

na t u f m th g t t p t o f th h i t y f N w E gl d f
re or e re a es l g ti m
ar Th y p e s or o e n an ,
or a on e . e er

s u t d th A
ec e b pti t w h w
e i na i d b l b dy
a s s,g t th w ith l m t o q l
e re n o nc ons e ra e o am o n s em ,
a os an e ua

se v ity I sh t th i s p e p le w h i E gl d ul d t b b i g h ti d w ith d
er . n or ,
o ,
o n n an co no e ar e n c as se ro s,
h ad n o s o on e r t h i f tt th th y o u g d th i f l l w fug e w ith
go t fr e e fr o m e r e e rs an e sc r e e r e o re es s e o r.

pi on s th gh th b u d ity w l l th i j ti f h p
ou e a s r d i g i t h m m igh t
as e as e n us ce o suc a ro c ee n n e

—B u k E u p S ttl
, ,

t t h i th f
s ar e em n e ac e t i Am
.
”
i v l ii r p 1 51
e, r o ea n e em e n s n er ca , o . .
, . .

M t f th St t [t th ti
3 os o f J ffe i gu ti ] h d h d p p ty q u lifi
a es a e m e o e e rson s
’
n au ra on a a ro er a ca

ti l i it ti
o n s as ith m th igh t f u ff g
a on s e th m p
er on iti f th l gi l t e r o s ra e o r on e co os on o e e s a ur e .

Th R p bl i
e p li y h d b
e u tc an m v oh l i m it ti
c i th St t
a w h i h th y
een o re o e suc a on s n e a es c e c on

t ll d d t d i m i i h th ti
ro e ,
an f o i d e qu i d f n s t u l i ti e T h b ul k f th
m e o r es en c re re or na ra z a on . e o e

ne w v t th f o e rs ,w t to th m d th e y w
er e ore , ti l l y m ki g th i h l d t g
en e ,
an e r e c on n ua a n e r o s ron er

on th St t whi h h d
e m
a es u d th i c t l N w E gl d d D l w
a co e m i
n er d e r c on r o . e n an an e a ar e re a ne

F d l i t d M y l d w d ubt f l ; th th St t
e e ra s ,
an ar an ld b u t d
as lm t
o u e o er a es c ou e co n e on a os c er

t i ly
a n R p ub l i as U d e th N w E gl d y t c an . g v m t l p w w p
n er e e n an s s em , o e rn en a o ers ere rac

ti ll y d ivi d d
ca g m ul tit d f l ittl t w
e am o n p bl i a d t i ti uth igh t f
e o e o n re u cs an res r c on on e r o

s ufl g
'

i
ra t h d
e, i t h n t wre n c h d t b
e q n d i t h ese d u iov t g
ns, a o e c on ue r e n a o u s an s c c ess e s ron

h ld o Th s t w
. t ffi i
e t t th m l v
o n s, d l itt l
oo, f th
su x lu ic en f m o e se es, c ar e e or e e c s on ro

na ti l l i f i v lve d i th i y t ; d f
on a e n o l y t w e ty yn N w E gl d w s
e r s s em an or n e ar n e a rs e n an a

e x mmu i t d f
co ti l p l iti
n ca e It w r om t u ti l th na i f m uf t
on a d f
o cs . as no n e r se o an ac u r e s an o

di ti g t h d i f d
ssen n se c s ti u u git ti th t th R p ub l i
a re n orc e v l uti p c on n o s a a on a e e c an re o on en e

t t d N e w E gl
ra e d d v m th tn i an it an fh o p pl Al x
erc a d J h
e e e n ac o u s r e s s a n c e o er eo e . e an er o n

t H i t y f P ti ii p 2 7 2
”
s on ,
i N
s or ti v o d C i ti l H i t y f A m
ar es , i v l
n ar ra e an r ca s or o er ca ,
o . v .
, . .

K x u d G d m d th S t h d th S t h I i h
4
no ,
n er o ,
a e e co c an e co c -
r s .

Ob v w l l th i fl ser f t h i p p h ti c p t i t w
e e ,
e f lt m
n t t St A d w
ue n c e o s ro e a r o as e os a . n re s,

t h gh th l g St th l y d i th d i t i t f A y D m f i
rou e on ra c d G l l w y th L th i s
e, n e s r c s o r, u r e s , an a o a , e o an

a d R
n f w Th e n re x tl y l u t d th h. ere w h i h t h i ll d t th
e ac h ld v i
c f
s e re e om e s c r e o e e ra o ce o

P t i k H m i l t ; th w e th h m w h i h d k i th t g w i f K x ; th e
a r c a on e re er e o es c r an n e s ron ne o no er

w th
ere h m f t e i u o i es d o t fi i d t l k ; th w
e n ac o s th h m
m e m or e s an e ar n e s res e a e re e re e o es

whi h c t f th sen d g i th
or lm h wd i
on c e v d p t i t wh p
an a a n d e ca s re r on - n e r e a r o s o s ur n e as

—m k it w e ll —w th h m
, ,

d vi l li th d t i f p i it d th
’
e s e e oc r n e o a s s ve r e s s an c e an ere ar ere e o es

th t t th i b t d b v t t fil l d h g Ul t
a se n e r es an th ra i tu
es th S t h o an c an e s er e n c e c am e n rn e co c

I i h f th E gl w i g ; th
r s o e th
a ettl f P
n ylv i Vi gi i th C l i
en ce c am e e se e rs o enns an a , r n a, e ar o n as ,

T d K
e n n e ss e e , a n t u ky ; d th f th en b l h t th y t d b i d th
c an e son s o ese m en us no as e s an es e e

c h i ld f th M yfl w
re n o th h il d
e f th B th l m w m
a o er ty or I k w wh e c f ren o e ar o o e ar rs . no ere o

I ffi m a My p l i du ti
r . d wh t i g l
ecu ar e w k pl t d m A i b
ca on an s om e a s n u ar or an e e, m e r c am or n ,

i th v y h
n e t f th er ld t l
e ar o d f m p i hi
ese o w h h l d w ith d
an c e s r a th sc en es an ro ar s o n e rs o e ea

l e ssg ip th v y w d f P d W l h d C m
r e er or f m h
s o y h d d w it
e en i th
,
e s ,
an a e ron , ro o ar -
ea e n e s se s n e

R t f A t i m d th h i ll f D w h v I ft e h d f th l d w h w t t t
ou e o n r an on e s o o n ,
a e o n e ar o e a s o en ou o

b l d t V ll y F g
ee a t di a e it Ki g M u t i — d t d i th i l t
or e, o e as v c ors on n
’
s o n a n ,
an s an n e s en

t i u ph f Y kt w
r m oW h or t th o k K x f th i m
n . e ly t ld t d y
a ve m o r e o an no or an s co m on o o- a .

H w h Wlh
ere d With
e r e ac p u T
o ur t d T yl e s u C lh u
e s an e rs o on s , o r e n n e n s an a o rs , o r a o ns

an d Cl k C ar i gh m s , our d C l d w ll u P ll
un n n k P lk a d P tt s an u S tt a e s, o r o oc s, o s , an a er son s , o r co s

an d G y d K ra dy s an u R y ld d R bi
en n e M C k M H
s, o r
y e M P noh s e s an o n s o n s , o ur c oo s, c en r s, c er

s on s , a n d M c D o w e ll s .

K x W ul d y u
B u t th e hi m
m an um b hi
t? L k e dn d is
Y no . o o see s on en oo ar o u n . es

T th i o u w l d m s, o th y t hr o I m v i nd m t
anw l k ,f th f l
or e
u l t an an o er, a c on nce us e oo or e es

t m
ou c o d th y t l l u p e t f an f th i m th e y l l d th i m t f l d
e a ns en orc e o s ore an ro a ea er, s as e r u an

m l di g
ou ul C l yl h
n i d S t h l it t
so . d th gh t S t h i d u t y ; ar e as s a : co c e r a ur e a n ou ,
co c n s r

J m W tt D vi d H m W l t S tt R b t B
a es a , I fi d K
a x d th R f m
u e, a er co , o er urn s . n no an e e or a

ti t th e h t f v y f th p d ph ; I fi d th t w ith t
’
on a e ar s c or e o e er on e o ose e r s on s an e n om e n a n a ou

K x d th R f m ti th y w ul d t h v b
no an e 0 w h t f S tl d ?
e or a Y v ily
on , e o no a e een . 1 a o co an
’
e a, er

no K x W tt no B S tl d
, no w k w d l v
a , d th kG df
no A dur n s , n o co an , as e no an o e an an o or : n

m tw us t y m e f th C v
no t; msa f A t im no d D w f D en y d o e o e n an no en o n r an o n, o e rr an

E i ki l l
nn s f th C m b l en d ll y f th Vi gi i
n o m en o h i ll m f e u e r an va e s n o m en o e r n an s no en o

th Oh i e t t h f th G gi gl d
o s re c d th T , R i dg ;
o l ly t Se ; e or an a es an e e n n esse e e n o ra a cone no
th u de rs i St G i l ;
n n t s ti m y f m P h i l de l ph i Sy o d ; no M e c kl b u g d e l
. es no e on ro a an n en r c ar a

ti on m m i l f om H v P byt e y ;
no e or a r T e t ti i g th C l i an o er res r no enn n s rr n e ar o n as no

C igh d
ra w i g thea d so f th e ni g v l u ti ; e With p o pl di g f th e
s ee s o c om n re o on no e rs o n ea n or

s ig i g f ou g t h t
n n o r d u h drea l ti c d
ar e r u h tit u ti as
an u no s c e c ar a on an no s c c on s on are o rs ,

th g t T i l gh m h i l f b i g w it
e re a i th e l
an w d
m se v by u t b e l t di e n n e ss n es c e ar or s, n e er s o e e

Th f e f th C r am e r s otit ti f th U it d St t e w e on s g tl y i d bt d t th s t d d
u on o e n e a s ere rea n e e o e an ar s

f th P byt i Ch u h f S t l d i m d ll i g th t dm i b l e d um e t Re v J h ’
o e re s e r an rc o co an n o e n a a ra oc n o n

pp 1 99—
. .

S M I t h P
. c di g S t b I i k S i ty f A m
n os , r oc ee i n v l i
s co c201 -
r s oc e o er c a , o . .
, . .

I th e h i t y f S t ln d t I s or fi d p p ly b t
o co p h w e m y y it
an ,
oo , c an n ro er u on e e oc : a sa ,

t i
c on a n s n o th i g o f w l d w i d i t t t l l b ut th i R f m ti by K x A p
n or - e n eres b a a s e or a on no . o or , ar

r e n u t y full
co fn r ti u l b i l d i
,
o i m s
c on i g ; n p pl i th l t t t f
a ro s, sse n s on s , a sac r n s a eo e n e as s a e o

r u de d d tit u ti
n e ss a n l itt l e b tt esp h p th I l d t th i d y H u g y fi
on ,
e b er er a s an r e an a s a . n r , erc e ar

o ns, n o t
’
m h bl t f m y
so uc g e m e t w ith h th b w t di id w h t t h y
as a e o or an ar r an n e ac o er o o v e a e

fl eece d f m th e p d u dg b ut b l ig d s th C l m bi R p ub l i
ro se o or r est th i d y to o e ,
a e o u an e c s are a s a ,

m k a f ve y l t
e o ti e vol u ti ;
r a w y f h
era gi g m i i t y b t by h gi g th e
on a re on no a o c an n a n s r u an n

o l d m i i te gibb t : th i i
n s rs on hi t i l p t l e s f o v y i gul ig ifi s s a s or c a s e c ac e o n er s n ar s n c an c e
‘
B ve y ra gh I d ubt t ; fi
r
’
e n ou figh ti g i b u d
,
o but t b v
no fi r erc e n n a n an c e : no ra er or erc e

th th t f th i l d S di vi Se ki g
an a o e r o t ; w k xp l it w h v t f d
c an na an a- n a n c e s ors os e e o s e a e no oun

w orth dw e ll i g It i u t y
n y t
on w it h t u l th i g d v l p d i it b t w h t
s a co n r as e ou a so no n e e o e n u a

i u d e xt
s r l
e, m i i m l A d w t th R f m ti th i t l l i f i ki dl e d
e rn a ,
se -
an a . n no a e e or a on ,
e n ern a e s n ,
as

it w u d th e ib f th i u t w d m t i l d th A u th
e re , n er r s o b l t f u e ki dl
s o ar a er a ea ca se , e no es o ca s s, n es

E th —w h e e by th
.

it l f l ik e a b
se ,
t h igh h ighe ac on s e H ve y t tt i bl f on as ea n ,
e a a na e r om ar r e

m tm b m
e an e s ot anC iti l y b ut
ec o M mb
es n f Ch i t vi ib l Ch u h ; ve
a z en on ,
a e er o r s
’
s s e rc a r

itab l e H if h p v ero , tu m e ro e a r e an

T h i th t K x did f h i s a ti I y w m y l l y ll
no or ti f m
s na on , sa ,
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4 20 (by p i ie rm f M ss on o H p B th ) e s srs . ar er ro e rs .

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l igi f d or re o us t t f whi h h w ree om p d th t h an e n ac m e n o c e as so rou a e

h d a t t
a s a em en t f th f t th t h w it th o e ac g v d p hi t m b t a e as T h p ti s au or e n ra e u on s o s on e . e e

ti i p i t d h i
on s r n e A pp d ix F
e r e n as en .

Tb P
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ur an n d A io l an p 50 , n an , an m e r c a , vo . II .
, . 2 .

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l
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S A pp d ix L ( T ith
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p d d i th P yl v i M g i v l xiii pp 2 6 5 7 0
ro uc e n e en n s an a a az ne, o . .
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 C H A P T E R V II I

T H E SC O TT I S H K I R K AND H UM A N L IB E RTY

T m ay s e e m a r e it e r atio n o f th e w o r d s o f M r H e n r y Tho m as B u c k l e to
.

s a y t h a t th e hi s to r y o f S c ot l an d d u r i n g th e c e n tu r y a n d a h a l f fr o m 1 5 5 0

to 1 7 00 is a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y m e r g e d in th e h i s to r y o f th e S c otti s h C h u r c h .
1

H e w h o w o u l d fo r m a j u s t c o n c e ptio n o f th e fo r c e s in op e r a tio n in th a t
c ou n t r y d u r i n g th e p e r iod w h e n th e Mi ddl e Ag e s p a s s e d a w a y a n d th e m o d
,

e r n e r a b e g a n m u s t s t u d y t h e m c h i e fl y in c o n n e c tio n w it h th e i r b e a r i n g o n
,

r e l igio n. B u t it w i l l n o t s u ffic e in su c h an i n v e s tig a tio n to as s u m e th a t

e c c l e s i as ti c i s m m e a n s r e l igi o n . I n his e l a bo r a t e an d in so m e r e s p e c ts high l y
, ,

p h i l o s op h i c al a n al y s i s o f c ivi l iz a tio n in Sc o tl an d it s e e m s to th e w r it e r th a t
,
it

M r Bu c k l e h a s fa i l e d to r e a c h a w ho ll y t r u e a n d s a ti s fa c to r y e s ti m a t e o f
.

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,

in t h i s r e g a r d .I t is t r u e h e a pp r o a c h e s th e s ubj e c t fr o m th e l ogi c al E n gl is h
poi n t o f V i e w L ooki n g upo n th e i n s titutio n o f th e C h u r c h w ith s t r i c t l y u ti l i
.

t ar i an e y e s h e f a i l s to p e r c e iv e th e s pi r it u al l i fe o f its p e op l e o f w hi c h th e
, ,

Chu r c h in S c ot l a n d m ay in all s e r io u s n e s s b e c o n s i d e r e d m e r e l y th e m e d i u m
o f e xp r e s s io n . Lo n g ac c u s to m e d by h e r e d ity t r a i n i n g a n d e xp e r i e n c e to
, ,

th e ec c l e s i a s ti c a l s y s t e m a t ho m e w hi c h e v e n d o w n to h is o w n ti m e w as w o n t
, , ,

to a d m i n ist e r to its a dh e r e n t s o n l y s u c h t h e o l ogi c al p a b u l u m a s w ou l d n ou r

ish d o c t r i n e s a c c o r d i n g w it h th e vi e w s an d vi c e s o f its r e ig n i n g h e a d it is a t ,

l e a s t n o t s u r p r i s i n g th a t th e g r e a t m i n d w h i c h p r o d u c e d th e I n t r o d u c tio n to
th e H is tory of Civil iz a tion in E ngl a n d s h o u l d f a i l to s t r ik e th e k e y n ot e o f
t h a t p ar t o f its th e m e w h i c h r e l a t e s to No r t h B r it a i n No r c an it b e g r e a t l y
.

w o n d e r e d a t in vi e w o f th e h i s to r y o f th e E n g l i s h C h u r c h e s t a b l is h m e n t
, ,

t h a t o n e o f its n a tiv e ob s e r v e r s s h o u l d fo r m u l a t e a j u d g m e n t a ga i n s t th e r e
l igio u s s yst e m o f th e n e ig h bo r i n g c o u n t r y fi n d i n g e vi d e n c e s in it o f th e s am e
,

s pi r it w hi c h d o m i n a t e d th e C h u r c h a t h o m e a n d d e n o u n c i n g it a s th e c hi e f
,

hi n d r an c e to its c ou n t ry s p r o g r e s s ; e v e n t h o u gh in so d oi n g h is g r av e s t
’

c h a r g e a g a i n s t th e S c otti s h Chu r c h is t h a t its vot ar i e s h a v e too m u c h s u p e r

,

s titio u s r e v e r e n c e fo r G o d a n d th e Bib l e .

I t w i ll e v e r b e a m a tt e r o f r e g r e t t h a t M r B u c k l e p a s s e d a w a y j u s t a s h e
.

h a d f a i r l y e n t e r e d upo n th e p r o s e c u tio n o f h is g r e a t w o r k Sti ll m o r e is it to

.

b e r e g r e tt e d t h a t h e d i e d b e fo r e th e f u l l p r o m u l g a tio n o f o u r m o d e r n t h e o r i e s
o f s c i e n c e an d phi l o s op h y . H a d h e l i v e d to d a y it is n o t u n l ik e l y t h a t h is
-

n a m e w ou l d h a v e b e e n l i n k e d w it h t h a t o f H e r b e r t Sp e n c e r a n d h is m e t h ,

o d s in hi s to r i c al a n a l y s is b e c o m e a n a l ogou s in n a t u r e an d m e r it to t h os e o f

t h a t m a s t e r t h i n k e r in m a tt e r s o f s p e c u l ativ e p h i l o s op h y H e m ight in
-
.
,

so m e r e s p e c t s h av e e x c e l l e d th at p h i l osoph e r h a d h e e n j oy e d th e fu l l e r
,

k n o w l e d g e o f th e p r e s e n t d ay i n s t e ad o f b e gi n n i n g to u n fo l d a n d d e v e l op
his th e o r i e s o f th e phi l o s ophy o f hi s to r y by th e l ight o f th e fi rs t fitfu l an d
 Mr . B u c k l e h a s f a i l e d to g r a s p th e o n e s al i e n t poi n t n e c e s s a r y fo r a r igh t
u n d e r s t an d i n g o f th e h i s to r y o f r e l igio n an d its e ff e c t s in S c ot l an d .Or ,

n oti n g th e r e s u l t s o f a c e r t a i n m ovi n g c a u s e h e h a s s o c l ou d e d a n d d i s t o r t e d
,

th e e vi d e n c e s o f its p r e s e n c e t h t w e c a n o n l y r e a c h a t r u e a pp r e h e n s io n o f
a
.

th e c a u s e by r e a s o n i n g b ac k w ar d fr o m h is l u m i n o u s a n d e u l ogi s t i c s u m m ar y

o f its e ffe c t .

T h i s c a u s e o r p r i n c ip l e o f a c tio n in th e S c otti sh p e o p l e th e w o r ki n g s o f
,

w h i c h h a v e b e e n s o b e n e fi c i a l to th e g r o w t h o f h u m an l ib e r ty a n d to m a n s
’

p r og r e s s t h i s d ivi n e afll atu s w h i c h M r B u c k l e s e e k s to s tigm a tiz e by th e u s e

,
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.

o f t h a t m u c h ab u s e d t e r m s u p e r s titio n a n d t o c l a s s i fy a s an e m an a tio n
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-
,

fr o m th e c a v e r n s o f d a r k n e s s a n d ig n o r a n c e is th e p r i n c ip l e o f c o n s c i e n c e
,
.

I t is t h i s w h i c h is th e g u i d i n g l ig h t o f th e S c otti s h s o u l an d i n t e ll e c t .Wit h
ou t th e fu l l a n d j u s t r e c ogn i t i o n o f its p e r v a d i n g i n fl u e n c e a m o n g t h a t p e op l e ,

it w e r e v a i n fo r u s to a tt e m pt to r e a d a r ig h t th e l e s s o n s o f S c otti s h h i s to r y
a n d i d l e to s e e k fo r e x p l an a ti o n o f th e r e as o n s fo r S c otti s h r e e m in e n c e of
p
-
,

w h i c h w e s e e s o m an y p r oo fs in th e m e n t a l an d m a t e r i a l s u bj u g a tio n o f th e
e a r th.

P r ob ab l y th e m o s t n oti c e a b l e i n s t an c e o f th e b l i n dn e s s o f th e a u t h o r o f
th e H is tory of Civil iz a tion in E ngl a n d is a ffo r d e d in th e c o n c l u s io n r e a c h e d

by h im in th e fo l l o w i n g p a s s a g e
By t h i s u n io n o f ig n o r an c e w it h d an g e r th e c l e r gy h ad in th e fi
, ,
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obt a i n e d m o r e i n fl u e n c e in S c ot l a n d t h an in a n y o t h e r E u r o
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, .

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t e s t a ft e r l a s ti n g a bo u t o n e h un d r e d an d s ixty y e a r s w a s b r o u g h t to a c l o s e
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c l e r gy , h as i n c r e a s e d to l e r a tio n , a n d , i n a w o r d , h as s e c u r e d th e t r i u m p h o f

s e c u l a r i n t e r e s t s ov e r e c c l e s i a s ti c a l o n e s , i t s r e s u l t in S c o t l an d h a s b e e n

e n t i r e l y d i ff e r e n t ; a n d t h a t in t h a t c o u n t r y th e C h u r c h , C h a n g n g its fo r m
i
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h a ppi l y r e t a i n e d its a n c i e n t po w e r ; a n d t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h a t po w e r is n o w
d w i n d l i n g aw a y , th e S c ot c h p r e a c h e r s s ti ll e x h ibit , w h e n e v e r t h e y d ar e , an
i n s o l e n t an d d o m i n e e r i n g s pi r it , w hi c h s ho w s h o w m u c h r e al w e a k n e s s t h e r e
y e t l u r ks i n th e n a tio n , w h e r e s u c h e xt r a v a g a n t c l a i m s a r e n o t i m m e d i a t e l y

si l e n c e d by th e voi c e o f l o u d an d g e n e ral r i d i c u l e .

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.
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r e a l b e a r i n g o f r e l igio n u po n th e n a tio n a l l i f e a n d c h a a c t e r o f th e S c otti s h r

p e op l e c an n ot p e r h a p s b e b e tt e r s h o w n t h an by s u c h a d i s i n g e n u o u s s t a t e
m e n t a s thi s I n it h e d e l ib e r a t e l y ig n o r e d th e f a c t s a n d fa l s ifi e d a n d r e v e r s e d
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th e v e r d i c t o f m o d e rn h i s to r y M e s s r s F r e e m a n an d G a r d i n e r in t h e i r
. .
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sk e t c h o f E n gl i s h h i s to r y c on t a i n e d in a r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f th e s t a n d a r d r e f
e r e n c e m a n u a l o f G r e a t B r it a i n o n l y voi c e th e opi n io n o f a ll h o n e s t s tu
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d e n t s w h e n th e y s a y

T h e E n gl i s h R e f o r m a tio n t h e n , i n c l u d i n g in t h a t n am e th e m e r e l y e c c l e s i
a s tic a l c h a n g e s o f H e n r a s w e l l a s th e m o r e s t r i c t l y r e l igio u s c h an g e s o f
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th e n e xt r e i g n , w a s n o t i n its b e gi n n i n g e it h e r a pop u l ar o r a t h e o l o gi c a l
m ov e m e n t I n t h i s it d i ff e r s fr o m th e R e fo r m a tio n i n m a n y c o n ti n e n t a l
.

c o u n t r i e s , an d e s p e c i a l l y f r o m th e R e f o r m a tio n in th e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f
B r it a i n T h e S c o t t i s h R e fo r m a ti o n b e g an m u c h l a t e r b u t, w h e n it b e g a n ,
.

its c o u r s e w a s f a r s w i ft e r a n d fie r c e r T h a t is to s a y, it w a s e s s e n ti a ll y p o p u l a r
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t h r e w o ff th e d o m i n io n o f th e Ro m an Se e , E n gl an d , o n th e w h o l e , m a d e th e
l e a st c h an g e , w h i l e S c ot l an d u n d o u b t e d l y m a d e th e m o s t ( O n th e w h o l e, .

b e c a u s e , in s o m e poi n t s o f s a c r a m e n t a l d o c t r i n e a n d r i t u a l , th e L u t h e r a n
c h u r c h e s , e s p e c i a ll y in S w e d e n , h a v e m a d e l e s s c h a n g e t h a n th e C h u r c h o f

E n g l an d h a s But n o w h e r e d id th e g e n e r al e c c l e s i a s t i c a l s y s t e m go o n w i t h
.

s o l itt l e c h a n g e a s i t d id in E n g l an d ) I n E n g l an d c h an g e b e g a n fr o m
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a bov e . T h e s m a ll p a r t y o f t h e o l ogi c a l r e fo r m u n d o u b t e d l y w e l c o m e d
th e c h an g e s o f H e n r y , a s b e i n g l ik e l y in th e e n d to a d v a n c e t h e i r o w n c a u s e
b u t th e m a s s o f th e n a tio n w a s u n d oubt e d l y fa vo r a b l e to H e n r y s s yst e m o f
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P op e r y w it h o u t th e P op e .
 On th e s a m e su bj e c t G r e e n
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Kn o x h a d b e e n o n e o f th e fo l l o w e r s o f Wi s h ar t h e h a d a c t e d a s p as to r
to th e P r ot e s t an t s w h o a ft e r B e a to n s m u r d e r h e l d th e C a s t l e o f St A n d r e w s
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[a n d h a d b e e n c ap t u r e d w it h t h e m by a F r e n c h fo r c e in th e s u m m e r o f 1 5 4 7
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in o n e o f t h e i r v e s s e l s t h a t K n ox n e xt s a w h is n a t iv e s h o r e s Re .

l e a s e d a t th e O p e n i n g o f 1 5 4 9 K n ox fo u n d s h e l t e r in E n gl an d w h e r e h e
, ,

b e c a m e o n e o f th e m o s t s t i r r i n g a m o n g th e p r e ac h e r s o f th e d a y a n d w a s ,

o ffe r e d a bi s h op r i c by No r t h u m b e r l a n d M ar y s a c c e s s io n d r ov e h im a g a i n
.
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to F r an c e B u t th e n e w po l i c y o f th e R e g e n t n o w op e n e d S c ot l a n d to th e
.

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,

h is o w n c ou n t r y A l th o u g h h e s o o n w it h d r e w to t a k e c h a r g e o f th e E n g l i s h
.

c o n g r e g a tio n s a t F r an k f o r t an d G e n e v a h is e n e r gy h a d a l r e a d y giv e n a d e c i
,

siv e i m p u l s e to th e n e w m ov e m e n t I n a g a t h e r i n g a t th e h o u s e o f Lo r d
.

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bi n d t h e m s e l v e s to th e u tt e r m o s t o f t h e i r p o w e r to m a i n t a i n th e t r u e p r e a c h
in g o f th e E va n gil e a s G o d s h o u l d o ff e r to t h e i r p r e a c h e r s a n oppo r t u n ity
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t io n r e viv e d But so m e o f th e g r e a t e s t n ob l e s n o w j o i n e d th e r e fo r m i n g
.

c au s e . T h e E ar l o f Mo r to n th e h e a d o f th e h o u s e o f D o u gl a s th e E a r l o f
, ,

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l a t e Ki n g Lo r d J a m e s St u a r t w h o b o r e as ye t th e ti t l e o f P r io r o f St
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p l ac e d t h e m s e l v e s a t th e h e a d o f th e m ov e m e n t T h e r e m o n s t r a n c e s o f .

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p e r s e c u t e d P r ot e s t an t s ; an d a t th e c l o s e o f 1 5 5 7 th e s e n ob l e s u n it e d w it h
th e r e s t o f th e P r ot e s t a n t l e a d e r s in a n e n g a g e m e n t w h i c h b e c a m e m e m o r
a b l e a s th e fi r s t a m o n g t h o s e Cov e n a t s w h i c h w e r e to giv e s h a p e a n d c o l o r
n

to S c o t c h r e l igio n .

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, ,

o u r b o u n d e n d u ty to s t r iv e in o u r M as t e r s c a u s e e v e n u n to th e d e a t h b e i n g
’

c e r t a i n o f o u r vi c t o r y in H im T h e w h i c h o u r d u ty b e i n g w e ll c o n s i d e r e d
.
,

w e d o p r o m i s e b e fo r e th e M aj e s ty o f G o d an d h is Co n g r e g a tio n t h a t w e by ,

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, ,

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b l e s s e d Wo r d o f G o d a n d H is Co n g r e g a tio n an d s h a ll l a b o r a t o ur po s s i ,

b il ity t o h a v e fa it h fu l m i n i s t e r s p u r e l y an d t r u l y to m i n i s t e r C h r i s t s E v a n g e l
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a n d S ac r a m e n t s to h is p e op l e We s h a l l m a i n t a i n t h e m n o u r i s h t h e m a n d
.
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a t o u r w h o l e po w e r a n d w e a r i n g o f o u r l iv e s a g a i n s t S a t a n a n d a l l w i c k e d
,

p o w e r t h a t d o e s i n t e n d ty r an n y o r t r o u b l e a g a i n s t th e fo r e s a i d Co n gr e ga tio n .

U n to th e w h i c h Ho l y Wo r d an d Co n g r e g a tio n w e d o j o i n us a n d a l s o d o ,

f o r s a k e an d r e n o u n c e th e c o n g r e g a tio n o f S a t a n w ith a l l th e s u p e r s titio u s

a bo m i n a tio n a n d i d o l a t r y t h e r e o f : an d m o r e ov e r s h a l l d e c l a r e o ur s e lv e s
m an i f e s t l y e n e m i e s t h e r e t o by t h i s o u r f a it h fu l p r o m i s e b e f o r e G o d t e s tifi e d
,
to H is C o n g r e g a tio n by o u r s u b s c r iptio n a t t h e s e p r e s e n t s
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.

T h e Co v e n a n t o f th e S c ot c h n ob l e s m a r k e d a n e w e p o c h in th e s t r i fe o f
r e l igio n s Ti l l n o w th e r e fo rm e r s h a d opp o s e d th e d o c t r i n e o f n a tio n a l ity to
.

th e d o c t r i n e o f C at h o l i c i s m I n th e t e e t h o f th e p r e t e n s io n s w h i c h th e
.

C h u r c h a d v a n c e d to a u n i fo r m ity o f r e l igi o n in e v e r y l an d w h a t e v e r m ig h t ,
b e its d i ff e r e n c e s o f r a c e o r gov e r n m e n t th e fi r s t P r ot e s t an t s h a d a d v an c e d
,
th e p r i n c ip l e th a t e ac h p r i n c e o r p e op l e h a d a l o n e th e r ight to d e t e rm i n e its
fo r m o f fa it h an d w o r s h ip C uj u s r e gio r a n th e f am o u s p h r as e w h i c h
”
.

e m b o di e d th e ir th e ory ej
,
u s r e l igio I t w a s th e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f t h i s
.

p r i n c ip l e t h a t th e Lut h e r an p r i n c e s obt a i n e d a t th e Di e t o f Spi r e s ; it w as o n

t h i s p r i n c ip l e t h a t H e n r y b a s e d h is A c t o f S u p r e m a c y I ts s t r e n gt h l ay in .

th e c o r r e s po n d e n c e o f s u c h a d o c t r i n e w it h th e po l iti c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f
th e t i m e . I t w a s th e g r o w i n g f e e l i n g o f n a tio n a l ity w h i c h c o m bi n e d w it h th e
g r o w i n g d e v e l op m e n t o f m o n ar c h i c al po w e r to e s t a b l i s h th e th e o r y t h a t th e
po l iti c a l a n d r e l igio u s l i fe o f e a c h n a tio n s h o u l d b e o n e an d t h a t th e r e l igio n ,

o f th e p e op l e s h o u l d f o ll o w th e f a ith o f th e p r i n c e H a d P r o t e s t a n ti s m a s
.
,

s e e m e d a t o n e ti m e po s s ib l e s e c u r e d th e ,
a d h e s io n o f a l l th e E u r op e a n

p r i n c e s su c h a t h e o r y m igh t w e l l h a v e l e d e v e r yw h e r e a s it l e d In E n g l a n d
,

to th e e s t ab l i s h m e n t o f th e w o r s t o f ty r an n i e s a ty r a n n y t h a t c l a i m s to l o r d
,

a l ik e ov e r bot h bo d y a n d s ou l T h e w o r l d w a s s a v e d fr o m thi s d a n g e r by
.

th e t e n ac ity w ith w hi c h th e o l d r e l igio n sti l l h e l d its po w e r I n h a l f th e .

c o u n t r i e s o f E u r op e th e d i s c ip l e s o f th e n e w op i n i o n s h a d s oo n to c h o o s e

b e t w e e n s ub m i s s io n to t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e a n d s u b m i s s io n to t h e i r p r i n c e an d
a m ov e m e n t w hi c h b e g a n in c o n t e n d i n g f o r th e r e l igio u s s u p r e m a c y o f

ki n gs e n d e d in t h o s e w ar s o f r e l igio n w h i c h a r r a y e d n a tio n a ft e r n a t io n
a g ai n s t t h e i r sov e r e ig n s I n t h i s r e l igio u s r e vo l u tio n S c ot l an d l e d th e w a y
. .

H e r P r ot e s t a n ti s m w a s th e fi r s t to d r a w th e s w o r d a g a i n s t e a r t h l y r u l e r s .

T h e s ole m n Co v e n a n t w h i c h bo un d tog e t h e r h e r Co n g r e g a tio n in th e “

f ac e o f th e r e g e n c y w h i c h p l e d g e d its m e m b e r s to w i t h d r a w fr o m a l l s u b
,

m i s s i o n to th e r e l igio n o f th e St a t e a n d to m a i n t a i n in th e f a c e o f th e St a t e
t h e i r l ib e r ty o f c o n s c i e n c e O p e n e d t h a t v a s t s e r i e s o f s t r uggl e s w h i c h e n d e d
,

in G e r m a n y w it h th e P e a c e o f W e s tp h a l i a an d in E n gl an d w it h th e To l e r a tio n
A c t o f Wi ll i am th e T h i r d .

T he Cov e n an t o f th e l o r d s s o u n d e d a bo l d d e fi an c e to th e C a th o l i c
r e a c tio n ac r o s s th e bo r d e r W h i l e M a r y r e p l a c e d th e P r a y e r book by th e
.
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M a s s th e S c ot c h l o r d s r e s o l v e d t h a t w h e r e v e r t h e i r po w e r e xt e n d e d th e
,

Co m m o n P r a y e r s h o u l d b e r e a d I n a ll c h u r c h e s W h i l e h u n d r e d s w e r e goi n g
.

to th e st a k e In E n gl an d th e S c o t c h n ob l e s bo l d l y m e t th e b u r n i n g o f t h e i r
,

p r e a c h e r s by a t h r e a t o f w ar T h e y t r o ub l e o u r p r e a c h e r s r an t h e i r b o l d
.
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,
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r e m o n s t r a n c e a g a i n s t th e b i s h op s in th e Q u e e n m ot h e r s p r e s e n c e ; th e y
’ “

w ould m u rde r t h e m an d u s s h a l l w e s u ff e r t h i s an y l o n g e r ? No m a d am , ,

it s h all n o t b e an d th e r e w i t h e v e r y m a n put o n h is s t e e l bo n n e t .

T h e t e s ti m o n y o f F r o u d e is l ik e w i s e e q u a l l y d i r e c t a n d po s itiv e
7

B u t in E n gl an d th e R e fo r m a tio n w as m o r e t h an h a l f po l iti c a l T he .

h a t r e d o f p r i e s t s an d pop e s w a s m o r e a p r e d o m i n an t p r i n c ip l e t h an s p e c i a l t y o f
do c tr in e . W h a t ki n gs an d P a r l i a m e n t h a d d o n e in E n g l a n d in S c ot ,

l an d h a d to b e d o n e by th e p e o l e an d w as a c c o m p an i e d t h e r e fo r e w i t h th e
p ,

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l is h m e n t o f th e R e fo r m a tio n in S c ot l a n d is th e o ft r e p e a t e d a s s e r tio n th a t th e
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S c otti s h C h u r c h w a s a s r e l e n tl e ss a n d u n c e a si n g a p e r s e c u to r o f d i s s e n t e r s a s
w e r e t h os e o f th e P a p a c y o r E pis c op ac y T h i s a s s e r tio n l ik e w i s e is n o t
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w it h th e a pp r ov al o f th e Ki r k w a s t h a t o f T h o m as A ike n h e a d w h o w a s
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h a n g e d in 1 6 9 7 o n th e c h a r g e o f a t h e i s m an d b l a s p h e m y a g a i n s t G o d .

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h a r dl y b e c l a s s e d w ith t h o s e p e r s e c u tio n s fr o m w h i c h th e P r e s byt e r i a n s h a d

s u ffe r e d . I t w ou l d s e e m to b e l o n g r a t h e r to th a t c l as s o f r e l igiou s p e r v e r si
ti e s o f w h i c h th e m o s t f a m i l i a r e x am p l e w as th e b u r n i n g o f w it c h e s I n .

t h is l a tt e r d i a bo l i s m S c ot l a n d en g a g e d w ith p e r h a p s g r e a t e r z e s t t h an e it h e r
E n g l a n d o r M a s s a c h u s e tt s T h e d i s ti n c tio n b e t w e e n th e c r i m e o f th e
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l a tt e r c a s e s th e s u ff e r e r s h a d d e n i e d th e a u t h o r ity o f th e bi s h op s
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p r e l a t e s a i m e d a t p r e fe r m e n t by m ixi n g po l iti c s w it h r e l igio n an d c ou l d n o t ,

b e w h o l l y s i n c e r e o r d i s i n t e r e st e d G e o r g e Wi s h ar t an d M a r g a r e t Wi l so n w e r e
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m o tiv e s l I f s u c h a d i s ti n c tio n s h o u l d a t fi r s t a pp e ar to o fi n e l y d r a w n an e x
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b e t w e e n th e tw o c h u r c h e s o f No r th an d Sout h B r it a i n ; a n d th e d i v e r g e n c e o f
th e i r e n d s b u t l itt l e s h o r t o f t h a t w h i c h m a r k s th e tw o oppo s it e p r i n c ip l e s o f
d e m o c r ac y a n d d e s p o ti s m I II N e w E n g l a n d w h e r e th e C a l vi n i s ti c t h e o r y
.
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o f th e s up r e m ac y o f G o d a n d th e Bib l e ov e r m a n s c o n s c i e n c e w a s a t fi rs t a s
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f u ll y c ar r i e d o u t a s in S c o t l a n d a s y s t e m o f d e m o c r a c y w a s i n a ug u r a t e d
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w h i c h u n ti l its p r og r e s s b e c a m e r e t ar d e d by th e u n io n o f C h u r c h a n d St a t e
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r e a c h e d a h igh e r d e g r e e o f p e r fe c ti o n t h an h a d b e e n th e c a s e in a n y ot h e r

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p r e s e n c e o f th e fa t all y d e fe c tiv e pol i c y o f e c c l e s i as ti c al u s u r p a t io n in s e c u l a r

a ff a i r s m ig h t h a v e d e v e l op e d i n to a n i d e a l f o r m
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o f gov e r n m e n t In Old .

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s c i e n c e w a s e v e r m a i n t a i n e d a n d th e t h e o r y f u ll y d e v e l op e d by L a u d a n d

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r e vo l utio n s o f 1 6 3 8 an d 1 6 88 T h e o n l y s i m i la r ity a pp ar e n t in th e u l ti m a t e
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f r o m th e ot h e r .

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d u a l r e l a tio n s e c u l ar a n d s pi it u a l w it h out d e t e r io r a ti n g an d th e h isto r y
r

o f th e P r e s byt e r i a n C h u r c h in S c ot l a n d a f t e r 1 6 9 0 w h e n it b e c a m e th e e s t a b ,

l is h e d C h u r c h o f th e St a t e m a r ks a r a pi d c h a n g e in s pi r it an d a s t e a d y
,

d e c a d e n c e in s pi r itu al po w e r an d i n fl u e n c e o n l y p a r a l l e l e d p e r h a ps by t h a t
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o f th e ki n d r e d Ch u r c h o f N e w E n g l an d a f t e r 1 6 4 0 .

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p l e d g e h i m s e l f by o a t h to r e g a r d an d p r e s e r v e th e i r P r e s byt e r i an f o r m o f
Ch u r c h gov e r n m e n t To t h i s h e a s s e n t e d W h e n h e a r r iv e d in th e ki n g d o m
. .

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s t a n c e s o f m u c h m o r e th a n u s u a l s o l e m n ity h e s w o r e to p r e s e r v e it i n vio l a t e
, .

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, ,

s e l v e s a n d l e d by a g e n e r a l v e r y u n fit to c op e w ith C r o m w e l l t h e y w e r e s oo n
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d e fe a t e d a n d Ch a r l e s w a s a g a i n d r iv e n to th e Co n ti n e n t
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in 1 66 0 h e v o l u n t a r i l y r e n e w e d h is p r o m i s e to th e S c ot c h by w h o m h is r e s
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to r a tio n h a d b e e n g r e a t l y p r o m ot e d n o t to i n t e r f e r e w ith th e l ib e r ty o f t h e i r
,

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, ,

t h e s e o a t h s a n d p r o m i s e s w e r e fo r gott e n P r e s byt e r i an i s m w a s a t o n c e
.

a bo l i s h e d a n d E pi s c op ac y e s t a b l i s h e d ; n o t s u c h a s it w a s u n d e r J a m e s I
, .

w h e n bi s h op s w e r e l itt l e m o r e t h an s t a n d i n g m o d e r a t o r s o f th e P r e s byt e r i e s ,

b u t i n v e s t e d by th e a r bit r a r y m an d a t e o f th e Ki n g w i t h th e fu l n e s s o f pr e
, ,

l a tic a l po w e r . A n ac t w a s p a s s e d m a ki n g it p e n al e v e n to s p e a k p u b l i c l y o r
p r iv a t e l y a g a i n st th e Ki n g s s up r e m ac y o r th e g o v e r n m e n t o f th e C h u r c h by
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a r c h bi s h op s an d bi s h op s A c o u r t o f h igh c o m m i s s io n o f w h i c h a ll th e pr e
.
,

l a t e s w e r e m e m b e r s w a s e r e c t e d an d a r m e d w i t h i n q u i s ito r i a l p o w e r s
,
M u l ti .

t u d e s o f l e arn e d an d pio u s m i n i s t e r s w e r e e j e c t e d fr o m t h e i r p a r i s h e s a n d ,

i gn o r an t a n d u n go dl y m e n fo r th e m o s t p a r t i n t r o d u c e d in t h e i r s t e a d Y e t
, ,
.

th e p e o p l e w e r e f o r c e d u n d e r s e v e r e p e n a l ti e s to a tt e n d th e m i n i s t r a tio n s o f
, ,

t h e s e u n w o r t h y m e n All e j e c t e d m i n i s t e r s w e r e p r o h ibit e d p r e a c h i n g o r
.

p r a yi n g e x c e pt in t h e i r o w n fa m i l i e s an d p r e a c h i n g o r p r a yi n g in th e fi e l d s
w as m a d e p u n i s h a b l e w it h d e a th A n y o n e t h ough th e n e a r e s t r e l a tiv e w h o
.
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sho u l d s h e l t e r a id o r in an y w a y m i n i s t e r to th e w an t s o f t h o s e d e n o u n c e d
, , ,

w a s h e ld l i a b l e to th e s a m e p e n al ty a s th e p e r s o n a s s i s t e d A l l l an d h o l d e rs .

w e r e r e q u i r e d to gi v e bo n d t h a t t h e i r fa m i l i e s an d d e p e n d an t s s h o u l d a b s t a i n
f r o m a tt e n d i n g a n y c o n v e n t i c l e To e n fo r c e t h e s e w i c k e d l aw s t o r t u r e w a s
.

f r e e l y u s e d to e xto r t e vi d e n c e o r c o n fe s s io n f a m i l i e s w e r e r e d u c e d to r u i n
by e xo r bit an t fi n e s th e p r i s o n s w e r e fi l l e d w ith vi c ti m s o f opp r e s s io n m u l
titu d e s w e r e b an i s h e d an d so l d a s s l a v e s ; w o m e n a n d e v e n c hi l d r e n w e r e
 T he c h iefp e r io d o f th e s o c al l e d P r e s byt e r i a n p e r s e c utio n in S c o t l an d
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w as t h a t i m m e d i a t e l y s u c c e e d i n g th e R e vo l u t io n o f 1 6 88 w h e n w e d o fin d,

a w h o l e s a l e e xp u l s io n o f th e E pi s c op al c l e r gy an d s o f a r a s it c o u l d b e d o n e
, ,

w it h o u t th e u s e o f m e a s u r e s i n vo l vi n g th e l o s s o f l i fe an d l i m b an e ar n e s t ,

a tt e m pt to s u pp r e s s E pis c op a c y in S c ot l a n d T h i s it s h o u l d b e r e m e m
.
,

b e r e d w a s i m m e d i a t e l y a t th e c l o s e o f a r e ig n o f t e rr o r w h i c h h a d e xi s t e d in
,

t h a t c ou n t r y fo r t w e n ty five o r t h i r ty y e a r s an d w a s but th e f ul l e r c ar r y
-
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in g out fo r S c o t l an d o f th e w o r k o f th e R e vo l u tio n A s th e c a ll i n g o f th e
.

P r i n c e o f O r an ge an d th e e xp ul s io n o f J a m e s I I w a s fi r s t m a d e po s s ib l e
.

t h r o u gh th e fe ar o f P a p a c y o n th e p ar t o f th e E n gl i s h s o th e p r ogr e s s a n d
,

s u c c e s s o f th e R e vo l u tio n w a s fi n a l l y a s s u r e d o n l y by th e fix e d d e t e r m i n a tio n

o f th e S c ot s to r id t h e m s e l v e s o f E pi s c op a c y a n d to r e e s t a b l i s h th e pop u l ar
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r e l igio n w h i c h h a d b e e n ov e r t h r o w n by C h a r l e s T h e y h a d i n fi n it e l y g r e a t e r
.

c a u s e to f e a r th e bi s h op s o f th e A n g l i c an C h u r c h t h a n t h e i r s out h e rn n e ig h

bo r s h a d to f e a r tho s e o f St P e t e r s T h e y h a d s u ff e r e d t e n fo l d m o r e fr o m
.
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.

th e opp r e s s io n s o f th e B r i t i s h p o p e a n d h is bi s h op s t h a n h a d th e E n gl i s h
fr o m t h o s e o f th e po n ti ff o f Ro m e . I n th e a n n al s o f r e l igiou s p e r s e c u tio n in
th e B r iti s h I s l an d s th e c r i m e s o f th e Ro m a n C a t h o l i c C h u rc h w e r e but
,

v e n i al c o m p a r e d w it h th e e n o r m iti es p e r p e t r a t e d t h r ough th e am bitio n an d

m al ig n a n c y o f th e p r e l a t e s a n d h e a d s o f th e E s t ab l i s h e d C h u r c h o f E n g l an d ,

by w hi c h th e S c ots w e r e th e c h i e f s u ff e r e r s .

So far a s S c ot l an d w a s c o n c e r n e d t h e r e fo r e th e b e n e fit s o f th e R e vo l u
, ,

t ion th e s u c c e s s o f w hi c h t h a t c o u n t r y h a d r e n de r e d po s s ib l e w o u l d h a v e
, ,

b e e n w h o ll y l o s t to it h ad th e c h i e f p r ovoki n g c a u s e b e e n l e ft u n m o l e s t e d
,
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an d e n r e n c h e d in a positio n fo r w o r ki n g fu r th e r h ar m to th e c aus e O f hu m an
l ib e r ty . A ll th e l e giti m a t e a r gu m e n t s w h i c h m ay b e m a d e to j usti fy th e
ov e r th r o w o f p ap al a ut h o r ity in E n g l an d a pp l y w it h t h r i c e a ug m e n t e d f o r c e
,
-

to s u st a i n th e a c tio n o f th e S c otti s h p e op l e in b r e aki n g th e w i n g s o f thos e

e c c l e s i as ti c a l v a m pi r e s w h o h a d b e e n d r a i n i n g th e l i f e b l oo d O f S c ot l an d -
.

N ay th e w h o l e fo r c e o f th e a r gu m e n t in fa vo r o f th e P r ot e st an t R e fo r m a tio n
,

o f C h r ist e n d o m m ust b e b r ok e n b e f o r e it c an s u c c e ss f u ll y b e m a i n t a i n e d t h a t

th e a c tio n o f th e S c ottis h p e op l e in up r ooti n g th e E pi s c op a l s y s t e m w a s in

c o n s i s t e n t w ith th e i r p r o fe s s e d d e v otio n to th e c a u s e o f r e l igio u s l ib e r ty
"
.

T h e e xt e n t to w h i c h th e c a u s e o f th e Co v e n an t e r s w a s bo u n d up w ith
t h at o f h u m an l ib e r ty a n d O ppo s e d to th e u n it e d d e s poti s m Of ki n g an d
p r e l a t e m ay b e s h o w n by th e r e p r odu c t io n O f th e c e l e b r a t e d Qu e e n s fe rr y
P ap e r fo r t h e i r a pp r ov al o f th e r e vo l utio n a r y s e n ti m e n t s o f w h i c h s o m an y
,

o f th e S c otti s h m ar ty r s s u ff e r e d d e a t h T h e s u b s t an c e o f th e c o n t e n t s o f this
.

d o c u m e n t a n d th e a c c o m p an yi n g ac c o u n t o f its o r igi n a r e C opi e d fr o m th e

, ,

a pp e n d ix to th e Cl o ud of Witn ess es ( 1 sth e d itio n pp 3 4 3 a s f o ll o w s

,
.

A b r i e f r e l a tio n o f th e p e r s e c u tio n s an d d e a t h o f th a t w o r t h y g e n t l e m an ,
H e n r y H all of H a u gh h e a d , w h o su ffe r e d m ar tyr d o m a t Qu e e n s f e r r y ,
Ju n e 3 ,

H e n r y H all o f H au gh h e ad h avi n g h a d r e l igious e du c atio n b e g an e arl y

, ,

to m i n d a l i fe o f ho l i n e ss ; an d w a s o f a p io u s c o n v e r s atio n fr o m h is yout h ;
h e w as a z e a l o u s oppos e r o f th e p u b l i c r e s o l u tio n s i n s o m u c h t h a t w h e n th e ,

m i n i s t e r o f th e p a r i s h w h e r e h e l iv e d c o m p l i e d w it h t h a t c o u r s e h e r e f us e d ,

to h e a r h im an d w e n t to An c r u m to h e ar M r Jo h n Livi n gsto n B e i n g o p
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f o r h is n o n c o n f o r m ity w it h th e p r o f a n e c o u r s e s o f a bo m i n a tio n t h a t c o m ,

m e n c e d a t th e u n h a ppy r e s to r a tio n o f th a t m ost w i c k e d ty r a n t C h a r l e s I I .

h e w as ob l ig e d to d e p ar t h is n a tiv e c o un t r y a n d go ov e r th e bo r d e r i n to E n g
,

l an d I n th e e ar 1 6 6 5 w h e r e h e w as s o m u c h r e n o w n e d fo r h is s i n gu l a r z e a l
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,

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p i e ty a ft e r I n th e y e a r 1 6 6 6 h e w a s t a k e n in h is w ay to P e n t l an d c o m i n g
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, ,

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fo r h is c o n c e r n in p r op a g a t i n g th e k n o w l e d g e O f C h r i s t I n t h a t c o u n t r y
s o m u c h t h a t h is b l am e l e s s an d s h i n i n g c h r i s ti a n c o n v e r s a tio n d r e w r e v e r e n c e ,

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N o r t h u m b e rl an d a n d ot h e r p l a c e s o n e c o l o n e l St r ut h e r s i n t e n d e d to s e iz e
a n y S c ot s m a n h e c o u l d fin d in t h os e p a r t s an d m e e ti n g w it h T h o m a s K e r

O f H ayh o pe o n e o f H e n r y H a l l s n e a r e s t i n ti m a t e s h e w a s e n g a g e d in t h a t
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, ,

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.
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t h e y w o ul d n o t s uff e r t h e i r d e a d b o d i e s to b e d e c e n t l y pu t in g r a v e s .

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m u t u a l e n g a g e m e n t to s t an d t o th e n e c e s s a r y d u ty o f th e d a a g a i n s t its
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t h e r e it w as s e iz e d by th e e n e m i e s Thi s p a p e r Divi n e P r ovi d e n c e s e e m s to .

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m an a n d th e e n e m i e s m a d e it o n e o f th e c a ptio u s an d e n s n a r i n g q u e s tio n s .

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,

m en ts n o r d id th e s u ff e r e r s f o r m o s t p a r t a d h e r e t o it w it h o u t th e l i m it a t io n ,

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a n d in s o f a r a s it s e e m s to i m p o r t a p u r p o s e o f a s s u m i n g to t h e m s e l v e s a

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, ,

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e x e c u t e r ig h t e o u s n e s s a n d j u d g m e n t i m p a r ti a l l y a c c o r d i n g to th e Wo r d O f ,

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,

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,

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, , ,

if n o t in s o m e r e g ar d a bov e it ) w h i c h is n o t a n e n g a g e m e n t t o m o r a l t h i n g s
t h e y c o u l d o n l y bi n d to t h a t gov e r n m e n t w hi c h t h e y e s t e e m e d th e b e s t fo r ,

c o m m o n go o d w h i c h r e a s o n c e a si n g w e a r e fr e e to c h oo s e an o t h e r if w e, ,

fin d it m o r e c o n d u c ib l e fo r t h a t e n d S e c o n d O f th e c ov e n an t bi n d i n g to
.
,

d e f e n d th e ki n g t h a t t h a t ob l ig a tio n is o n l y in h is m a i n t e n a n c e o f th e t r u e
c ov e n a n t e d r e f o r m a tio n w h i c h ho m a g e t h e y c a n n ot n o w r e q u i r e u po n th e
-
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a c c o u n t o f th e c ov e n a n t w h i c h t h e y h a v e r e n o u n c e d a n d d i s c l a i m e d ; an d

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— th e c r o w n n o t b e i n g a n in
h e r it a n c e t h a t p a s s e t h fr o m f a t h e r to s o n w it h o u t th e c o n s e n t o f t e n an t s
, ,
.

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, ,

n o n e s e e i n g t h e y h a v e s o o f t e n d e c l ar e d t h e i r p u r po s e s o f p e r s e v e r i n g in
,

t h e m A n d s uppo s e t h e y s h o ul d d i ss e b e e p e t
.
m l a r n a n c e — s u ppo s i n g a l so t h e y ,

m ig h t b e p ar d o n e d f o r t h a t w h i c h is d o n e fr o m w h o s e g u i l ti n e s s th e l a n d
c a n n ot b e c l e a n s e d b u t by e x e c u ti n g Go d s r ig h t e o u s j u d g m e n t s u po n t h e m
’

—ye t t h e y c an n ot n o w b e b e l i e v e d a ft e r t h e y h a v e vio l a t e d a l l th a t hu m an
, ,

w i s d o m c ou l d d e vi s e to bi n d t h e m .

U po n t h e s e a c c o u n t s t h e y r e j e c t t h a t ki n g a n d tho s e a s so c i a t e w ith h im
—
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in th e g o v e r n m e n t an d d e c l ar e t h e m h e n c e f o r th n o l a w fu l r u l e r s a s t h e y
'

, ,

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,
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e s t a b l i s h e d r e l igio n o v e r t u r n e d th e f u n d a m e n t a l l a w s o f th e ki n g d o m
,
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r -
, ,

n o n e a r e as s o c i a t e in p a r t a ki n g o f th e gov e r n m e n t b u t o n l y t h o s e w h o w i l l
—
,

b e f o u n d by j u sti c e g u i ty a s c r i m i n a l s
l A n d d e c l a r e t h e y s h a ll G o d ,

givi n g t h e m po w e r s e t u p gov e r n m e n t a n d gov e r n o r s a c c o r d i n g to th e

Wo d o f G o d an d th e q u a l ifi c a t i o n s r e q u i r e d E x o d u s xviii a o —A n d s h a l l
,

r , ,
.

n o t c o m m it th e gov e n m e n t t o a n y s i n g l e p e r s o n o r l i n e a l s u c c e s s io n
r b e in g
—
,

n o t t y e d a s th e J e w s w e e to o e s i n g e f a m i l y
r n l a n d t h a t ki n d b e i n g l i a b l e
—
,

to m o s t i n c o v n e n ie n c e s a n d pt t t o d e g e e t e t y r an n y
a e s ,
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t h a t t h e s e m e n s e t o v e r t h e m s h al l b e e n g a g e d to g o v e r n p r i n c ip al l y by th a t
, ,

c ivi l an d j u d i c i a l l a w ( n o t t h a t w h i c h is an y w a y typi c a l ) giv e n by G o d to

h is p e op l e I s ae r l — a s t e b e s t so
h f a r
,

a s it go e s b e i n g giv e n by G o d
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—
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a r e c o n s i s t e n t w it h c h r i s ti a n l ib e r t y e x e m pti n g d ivo r c e s an d po l yg a m y & c ,

.

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in g a g a i n s t th e r u l e r s fo r o v e r t h r o w i n g r e l igio n —b u t h i n d e r e d ot h e r s a l s o
,

w h o w e r e w i l l i n g a n d c e n s u r e d s o m e t h a t d id it
,
— an d h a v e vot e d fo r a c c e p

ta tio n o f t h a t l ib e r ty fo u n d e d u po n a n d giv e n by vi r t u e o f t h a t b l a s ph e
m o u s l y a r r og a t e an d u s u r p e d po w e r —a n d a pp e a r e d b e fo r e t h e i r c o u r t s to
, ,

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,

t h e y h a v e b e c o m e m i n i s t e r s o f m e n an d bo u n d to b e a n s w e r a b l e to t h e m a s
—
,

t h e y w i l l A n d h av e p r e a c h e d fo r th e l aw ful n e s s o f p a yi n g t h a t t r ib u t e d e ,

c l ar e d t o b e i m po s e d f o r th e b e ar i n g d o w n o f th e t r u e w o r s h ip o f G o d
—
.

A n d a d vi s e d poo r p r i s o n e r s to s u b s c r ib e t h a t bo n d w h i c h if it w e r e u n i ,

v e r s al l y s ub s c r ib e d t h e y s h o u l d c l o s e t h a t d oo r w h i c h th e Lo r d h a t h m a d e
,
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u s e o f in a ll th e c h u r c h e s o f E u r o p e f o r c a s ti n g O ff th e yok e o f th e w h o r e
—an d s t op a l l r e gr e s s o f m e n w h e n o n c e b r o u gh t u n d e r ty r an n y to r ec ov e r
,
,

,
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t h e i r l ib e r ty a ga i n T h e y d e c l ar e t h e y n e it h e r c an n o r w i l l h e ar t h e m & c
-
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 T h e S c o ttis h K ir k 1 1 7

n or an y o u r a g e d a n d s t r e n gth e n e d th e i r h an ds an d p l e a d e d fo r
who e n c ,

t h e m a n d t r affic k e d fo r u n io n w ith th e m 7 th T h a t t h e y a r e fo r a s t an d i n g
—
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, ,

go s p e l m i n i s t r y r ig h t l y c h o s e n an d r ig h t l y o r d a i n e d an d t h a t n o n e s h a l l t a k e
, ,

upo n t h e m th e p r e a c hi n g o f th e w o r d & c u n l e s s c a ll e d an d o r d a i n e d ,
.
,

t h e r e u n to .

A n d w h e r e a s s e p a r a tio n m ight b e i m put e d to t h e m th e y r e p e l both th e

— ,

m a l i c e a n d th e ig n o r an c e o f th a t c a l u m n y
,
F o r if t h e r e b e a s e p a r a tio n it .
,

m u st b e w h e r e th e c h an g e is ; an d th a t w a s n o t to b e f o u n d in th e m who ,

w e r e n o t s e a r a ti n g fr o m th e c o m m u n io n o f th e t r u e c h u r c h n o r s e t t in g u
p
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p ,

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,

f o r m e r l y t h e y fo l l o w e d w h e n ot h e r s h a v e fl e d to n e w w a ys a n d a n e w , ,

a u t h o r ity w hi c h is l ik e th e o l d pi e c e in th e n e w g ar m e n t 8th T h a t t h e y .
, ,

sh al l d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s I n th e i r c i v i l n a tu r a l an d d ivi n e r igh t s an d l ib e r ti e s , .

A n d if a n y a s s a u l t t h e m t h e y s h a l l l ook o n it a s a d e c l ar i n g a w a r a n d
-

t k e all adv a t ge t t o
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, ,

n o n e but t h os e t h a t I n j u r e t h e m
, .

N OT E S TO CH A P T E R V I I I .

D i g th fi t fi fty y f th i ti
ur n th S tti h Ki k w p ti ll y p
e rs e ars o s m e, e co s r as rac ca su rem e .

Wh t it th d id t
a t dh p g M B kl w l d
en y i b t d o re ar um a n ro re ss , as r . uc e ou sa ,
s es s um m e

up i th w d nf it y Ki g J e VI p k wh h fi t w t d w i t
or s o s en em ,
n am e s .
,
s o en en e rs en o n n o

E gln d d p i d d t th H m pt C t C f
an ,
an h ld i J y 6 4 S pp
res e a e a on o ur on e r e n c e , e n an u ar , 1 0 . ee .

4 34 3 6 -
.

z a tion in E n gl a n d , vo l h
f
9
H is tory o Ci v ili 11 c II . . .
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v .

Wh t m 3 a ay b e e r m e d , in its t
r o a de s s e n s e , th e b t til it i tu ar an e n de n c y o f m o de r n re

l igi u t h gh t
o s ou ,
m ay be n o ed t in s om e o f th e p p ul o ar w iti g r f A lf n s o red R us s e l l W al l a ce, S .

L i g A J B
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o n s e , e tc .

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, .

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9
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a n a e o or a ea e re s e e s , r e c an e s

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l gy f th
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e c a e e r o ce or s ea e a e n s an

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.

i t ke
n o f hi h n o s c an e o pp n . nn n a ,
re z s or o co an , . II .
, .

H od g e, H is tory o f tbe P r e s byte r i a n Cb u r c /z i n A m er ic a , pp .

4 7 50
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T he th i d t t b l g v m t
e n o rm iti es of f t um u s e ve i pe i
e es a e o ern en ar e ar oo n ero s, n n s c es ,

t b
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en e ra e n s s f u l ty h ve s t e c an o co rse , os n s an c e s o cr e a no

b een d d T h p ivy
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co nc as cc s o e o e or c on e ss o n s or re a

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e rs , an th u i t e e rs , s c n ro a n s o e ac n a n e en s as ,

i h p
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o es a so e m ifi f t h vi ti m
er ec a tl
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w t th x ti Of th p
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an d j t f m th h d w h i h ff d it F
re ec ro e ft l l it i
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su p i ity v P byt —H l l
e r or o er C ti t ti
res l Hi t y l iii pp 4 3 5 44 2
ers . a Th am ,
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w ond f ul b vi y d d g d ti
er su ser f th S tti h p l i m
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e ra a on o e co s ar a en r n s er o s

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e rs as on s m en i . s ac s ar a e a ne ,
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e wec r o s c on s on . e c n r n o er as

vi t l ly i th h d f th bi h p w h w th
r ua n e an s o tu d of ou e th e v
s t f
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or s om m itt h by th p l i
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th m tt g d t h t th bi h p s h os igh t p th p igh t bi h p ; d
“
e a e r s o ar r an e ,
a e s o c e e e e rs , e e e rs e s o s an

th pp i t d ixt
ese a m m i
o n e i sf hi e d b
een c o u gh T h u th w h l p ow w ss o n e rs o S r s an or o s . s e o e er as

d v lv d p
e o th bi h p
e u thon l v d y ph
e t f th
s o w s, T h p li m e t it l f
s a e s an s co an s o e c ro n . e ar a en se

m t e ly tw d y
on th fi t
on d l t f th i p t d d
o a s, i th o ti to h o o
e rs an as o e r re e n e s e ss o n e ne m e c se

ti l th th t ti fy w h t th y p p o d —H ll m v l iii p 4 2 8
,

”
th l ed f th
or s o e ar c es, e o er o ra a e ro se . a a ,
o . .
, . .

Th is g m tw
a rr a n w d ft
e th
en t o ti o f C h l I I
as r e n e e a er e res ra n o ar e s .

S 13
it w k w i S tl d th t Wi l l i m f O g h ad l d d t T b y
o s o o n as as no n n co an a a o r an e an e a or a

th t h w l w l y dv i g t w d L d o th t th E gl i h bi l ity w fl ki g t h im
a e as s o a an c n o ar on n a e n s no ere oc n o

th t th y l m y w d ti g t h i th t th b w i l d d J m h d tt e m pt d t fl
a e ro a ar as eser n o m ,
a e e ere a es a a e o ee

th eu t y th
co p p l b g t h w h w dy t h y w t
n r ,
e eo e eu w ith th
an pi oi s o o rea e e re o c on c r e r nce n

s h ki g ff th e b u d
a n O d w h i h th y h d g r d
e n s un er c e a r o an e .

M w h i l e th w e w i l d u
e an fl t f e re rm y f I i h P pi t th t h d l
re d d r m o rs a oa o an a o r s a s s a a an e ,

or w b ut t l d
as a o th t f G ll w y S m
o an ,
i d it w l dy t Ki k u db igh t
on e c oas o a o a . o e sa as a r e a a r c r

an d h d bu d it
a I
rn e u h ti m m. if P p l b g t d d n s c es ru or s ar e r e . eo e e an o re a a

m as s a c r e Th C . i l h d d i lv d T h e i l it y h d b
e oun c ah d i t E gl d
ss o e . m ar a een m ar c e n o n an .
 ti l g
c o ll e c n wd arm d w ith
e c ro h w p th y ul d p
s, ar e d t t k th l w s uc ea o n s as e co r o c u r e , an o a e e a

i t th i w h d T h i w t h
n o e r o n t d it l f th u h ppy u t
an s. e r Th yra l v d to ve n e se on e n a c ra e s . e reso e

p g th t pl f t h w ith ou t w iti g fo th d i i
ur e e em e o em f th l gi l t u Th y b g a n r e e c s on o e e s a re . e e an

t h i w k u p o Ch i t
e r or w hi h s nm to h v b t h gh t
r s m as , pp p i t d y I c ee s a e een ou an a ro r a e a . n s om e

c ase s th t v d th e m lv s f om i l t by tim l y fligh t I th c

e c ur a e s sa e se th y w
e r n su e . n o er ase s e ere

l i d h ol d o f by th
a bb l i d b t i m o k p o i o h d th i g w t
e ra e , c ar r e v th i
a ou n c r c e ss n ,
a e r o ns orn o er e r

h d th i P y
ea s, B ook b u d b fo e t h i y
e r ra e r- d th w s t l d to b ff d
rn e e r e r e e s , an en e re o e o ,
an n e ve r

to h o w t h m e l v
s i th p i h g i
e s Wh d w ith th m i i t th m b f qu t l y
es n e ar s a a n . en on e e n s er , e o re en

en t d th mere t m b l d th f it o ut t th w i d w m h d th i
e an s e , u e e t t thur n ur e a e n o s, ar c e e n m a es o e

d o or ,t oo k p o i o o f th k y ssess d xt Su d y p h w h h d ti l l l t l y b
n e e s an on n e n a a re ac er o a a e een

s k ul ki g m o g th h i ll w f u d i th p l pit th d i g g i t p
n a n e s, as u ti g p
o n l ti t n e u un er n a a ns e rse c n re a s s .

T h e bbl i g w t
es ra f twn t h m th ; v y w d th
s en on or i t o w or ree on s e er no an en an n s an c e as

oc c u i g ti ll l m t v y p i h i th
rr n a uth os d w t w
e ler d f it E pi
ar s p li n e so an es as c e an e o s sco a n

c um b t Up w d f tw h u d e d l gy m w th
en . ar s o bb l d ut f th i m
o n r th i r c er en ere us ra e o o e r an s e s , e

p ih d t h i l iv i g ( S m l l iii l iv p 1 3 3 f th E pi
’
ar s e s , an T e r t n s o C e rs s r ac s, co . .
, vo . .
, . . a se o e s

co p l Cl gy i S tl d T u l y R p
a er n t dco C an f th A ffli t e d C l e gy
r t e B ts
rese n e .
”
as e o e c r ,
”
e c ur n e
’

Hi t y s or l p
,
vo . II .
, .

T h w iv d f m i l i e o f th e e m
e e s an h d i th i m i f t u
a M y u th v b
s s en s a re n e r s or n es . an m s a e een

r d
en d h om l
e re om du d te e ssb l t b gg y s Sti l l
e re l if w ce l t Th o a so u e e ar . no e as os . e

on ly m ty do t h m u d w t w
ar r m l ittl
ese u gh u ge f men ig n t bb l
er d
en as a e ro sa ro an n or a n ra e , an

th l o e f th i l iv i g
ss o A d it m u t b
e r m b n d th t i th d i t i t
s . n f th u t y s e rem e ere a n e s r c s o e co n r

wh th th i g h pp d th u t O u pi d th i p u l pit i Opp iti t th w i l l f

ere e se n s a en e e c ra e s cc e e r s n os on o e o

th p op l
e e d j oy d tip d o f w h i h th h d b ty
e , an en e si l l y d p iv d T h y h d
en s c o e rs a een r an n c a e r e . e a

n o ro ot i th oi l n th y w li
e s i th i o w p ih e Wh t i m e re th y w
a en s n e r n ar s es . a s ore , e e r e s us

p t
ec e d o f h v i g b tt d tha p n u ti f a t h wh
e p f d th i ld P byt i
e e e rse c on o ose o re e rr e e r o res e r an

m i i t n s e rsto t h m T h y h d th i l l f b t
e . f m hu h t h
e a d t th m i l it y
e r ro o a sen e es ro c rc o an o e ar

o ffi om m
c e rs c d i g i th e d i t i t an n n s r c .

F o tw ty five l g y
r enth P byt i h d b
-
on u l l y pp ed
e ars , d ye t w h e res er ans a een cr e o ress an en

ti m o f evol ti o m th e y d id t i
es r u d m
n ca d th i ppe, Ev th bb l i g s
no r s e an ur er e r o r e s sor s . en e ra n

w o d u t e d h i fly by th
e re c n c C m i c d th l w t f th p p l
e e d m a y f th ee ron ans an e o es o e eo e , an an o

P e byt i
r s t gl y d m d th m —Cu i gh am Cbu / H i t y f S tl d v l ii
e r an s s r o n c on e ne e .
”
nn n ,
rc z s or o co an , o .

PP 1 51 53 1
-
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‘
4
Se e A ppe d ix R n (T h e Sc o tti sh M ty ar rs . )
 C H A PT E R I X

R E LI G IO N IN E A R L Y SCOT LAND AN D E ARLY E N G L AN D

H E r e al d i ffe r e n c e s b e t w e e n th e r e l igiou s l i fe o f S c ot l an d a n d th a t o f
E n g l an d ar e n o t w h o ll y t h os e o f c r e e d an d po l ity b r ought about by ,

th e R e f o r m a tio n o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu r y T h e y w ou l d s e e m to go b ac k
.

m u c h f ar th e r th an t h a t p e r io d a n d to h a v e giv e n e vi d e n c e o f e xist e n c e
,

m o r e t h an n i n e h u n d r e d y e a r s b e fo r e T h e y m ay h a v e o r igi n at e d fr o m th e
.

r a d i c al d i ff e r e n c e s b e t w e e n th e a n c i e n t p a g a n m yt h o l ogy o f th e D r ui d s a n d

th at o f th e T e uto n s T h e r e l igiou s g e n iu s o f e ar l y S c ot l an d w as o f c ou r s e
.
, ,

l a r g e l y C e l ti c a n d t h e r e is n o r e as o n fo r b e l i e vi n g th a t th e m o r e o r l e ss
,

c o m p l e t e but v e r y g ra d u a l a m a l g a m a tio n o f th e e a r l y r a c e w ith t h a t o f th e

No r s e an d th e A n g l e h a s e s s e n ti all y al t e r e d th e i n h e r e n t r ac i al t e n d e n c y to
w a r d e m otio n a l f e r v o r an d i n t e n sity Goi n g fr o m a w a r m e r c l i m a t e i n to
.

th e c o m p a r a tiv e l y b l e a k an d n o r t h e r n c o u n t r y o f C al e d o n i a th e e a r l y C e l t ,

d oubt l e s s b e c a m e m o r e a n d l ost m u c h o f t h a t e xub e r an c e

”
h ar d h e a d e d
-
,

o f e m otio n w h i c h to d a y is s o c h ar a c t e r i s ti c o f his c ou si n s in F r an c e an d
-

I re l an d a n d p e r h a p s a l s o in W a l e s
, , ,
H is p e c u l i a r t r a it s w e r e m o d ifi e d l a t e r
.

by th e c o m m i n gl i n g o f h is b l oo d w it h t h a t o f th e N o r th m e n B u t h is e a r l y .

r a c i a l poi n t o f vi e w w a s f a r d i s t an t f r o m t h a t o f th e p a g a n s w h o b r ou g h t th e

w o r s h ip o f Wo d e n i n to B r it a i n an d th e a s s i m i l a ti n g i n fl u e n c e s o f c l i m a t e
,

a n d i n t e r m a r r i a g e e ve n to t h is d a y h a v e n o t s u ffi c e d to b r e a k d o w n th e b a r
, ,

r i e r b e t w e e n th e tw o c u l t s C h r i s ti an ity w a s p r ob ab l y p l an t e d in G r e a t
.

B r it a i n l o n g b e fo r e th e Ro m an s l e ft T h e fi r s t n ativ e ac c ou n t w e h av e o f
.

its e ar l y hi s to r y t h e r e is t h a t o f B e d e in h is a ll u sio n s to th e c o n v e r s io n
—
,

( 7
1 6 1 9 )
0 O f L u c i u s Ki n g ,
o f th e B r ito n s a n d to t h e e
,
s t a b l i s h m e n t by Ni n i a n

o f th e C h u r c h o f C a n d i d a C a s a a t W h it h o r n in G a ll o w a y ,
Thi s fou n d a tio n .

is s uppo s e d to h av e b e e n m a d e a bout th e y e ar 3 9 7 an d N i n i an ( w h o d i e d ,

a bout 4 3 2 ) w a s t h e r e f o r e th e p r e c u r s o r a n d c o n t e m po r a r y o f St P a t r i c k ( 3 9 6 .

4 96 Mo r e t h a n a h u n d r e d a n d sixty y e a r s l a t e r Co l u m b a th e S c ot c a m e
, , ,

fr o m th e i s l an d o f I o n a to No r t h B r it a i n an d c o n v e r t e d th e P i c t s a s B e d e
, ,

t e l l s u s in th e fo l l o w i n g p as s a g e ( E cc l f f is t bk iii c h iv )
. .
,
. .
, . .

I n th e y e ar o f o u r Lo r d 5 6 5 w h e n Ju s ti n th e you n g e r th e su c c e sso r o f
, , ,

Ju s ti n i an h ad th e gov e r n m e n t o f th e Ro m an E m pi r e t h e r e c am e i n to B r it
, ,

a in a fa m ou s p r i e s t a n d a bb a t a m o n k by h abit an d l i f e w hos e n a m e w a s
, ,

Co l u m b a to p r e a c h th e w o r d o f G o d to th e p r o v i n c e s o f th e n o r t h e r n P i c t s
, ,

w h o a r e s e p a r a t e d fr o m th e sout h e r n p ar ts by st e e p an d r ugg e d m o u n t a i n s ,

fo r th e s out h e r n P i c t s w h o d w e l l o n t h i s s i d e o f t h o s e m ou n t a i n s h a d l o n g
, ,

b e fo r e a s is r e po r t e d fo r s ak e n th e e r r o r s o f i d o l a t r y a n d e m b rac e d th e
, , ,

t r u t h by th e p r e a c h i n g o f N i n i a s a m o s t r e v e r e n d bi s h op an d h o l y m a n o f
, ,

th e B r itis h n a tio n w h o h a d b e e n r e gu l a r l y i n s t r u c t e d a t Ro m e in th e f a it h
, ,

a n d m yst e r i e s o f th e t r uth w hos e e pi s c op al s e e n a m e d a ft e r St M ar ti n th e .

,

1 20
bishop an d f am ous fo r a st a t e l y c hu r c h ( wh e r e i n h e an d m an y ot h e r s a i n ts
, ,

r e s t in th e bo d y ) 1 5 s ti ll I n e xi s t e n c e a m o n g th e E n g l ish n a t i o n
,
Th e p l a c e .

b e l o n g s to th e p r ovi n c e o f th e B e rn ic ian s an d I s g e n e r al l y c all e d th e W h it e ,

Hous e b e c a u s e h e th e r e bui l t a c h u r c h o f sto n e w h i c h w a s n o t us u al a m o n g

, ,

th e B r ito n s .

Co l u m b a c a m e i n to B r it a i n in th e n i n th y e a r o f th e r e ign o f B r id iu s w h o ,

w as th e s o n o f M e il o c h o n a n d th e p o w e r f u l ki n g o f th e P i c ti s h n a tio n an d
'

, ,

h e c o n v e r t e d th a t n a t i o n to th e fa it h o f Ch r i s t by h is p r e a c h i n g an d e x a m ,

p l e
,
w h e r e upo n h e a l s o r e c e iv e d o f th e m t h e a f o r e s a i d i s l an d f o r a m o n a s

te r y fo r it is n o t v e ry l a r g e but c o n t a i n s a bout five fa m i l i e s ac c o r d i n g to

, , ,

th e E n g l i s h c o m put a tio n H is su c c e s so r s ho l d th e i s l an d to t h i s d ay ; h e
.

w as a l s o bu r i e d t h e r e i n h av i n g d i e d at th e a ge o f s e v e n ty s e v e n about
, ,

t h i r ty tw o y e ar s a ft e r h e c a m e i n to B r it a i n to p r e a c h B e fo r e h e p a s s e d .

ov e r i n to B r it a i n h e h ad b u i l t a n ob l e m o n a s t e r y in I r e l an d w hi c h fr o m
—
, , ,

th e g r ea nt u m b e r o f o a ks is in th e S c otti s h to n gu e c a ll e d B,
e a r m ac h T he
Fi e l d o f O ak s [n o w D e r r y ] F r o m both w hi c h m o n a s t e r i e s m a n y ot h e r s h a d .
,

th e i r b e gi n n i n g th r ough h is d is c ip l e s both In B r it a i n an d I r e l an d ; bu t th e ,

m o n as t e r y in th e i s l an d w h e r e h is bo d y l i e s is th e p r i n c ip a l o f t h e m a ll , .

Co l u m b a s r e l igion w as th e s a m e as th a t o f St P a t r i c k I t h ad b e e n
’
. .

b r ou ght fr o m th e E a s t a t a ti m e w h e n th e e ar l y C h u r c h r e t a i n e d its p r i m itiv e

s i m p l i c ity an d b e f o r e it h a d b e c o m e c o r r upt e d t h r ough th e a c q u i s itio n o f
,

t h a t t e m po r al pow e r w hi c h c am e to it upo n th e d is s o l u tio n o f th e Ro m an

E m pi r e .
1

T h e E n g l ish w e r e c o n v e r t e d by St Au gu s ti n e w h o c a m e fr o m Ro m e to .
,

B r it a i n in H e w a s f o ll o w e d in 6 2 5 by P a u l i n us T h e s uc c e s s o f .

th e i r m i s sio n s is r e l a t e d by B e d e in his E c c le s ia s tic a l fl is tory bk i c h ,

. .
,
.

xx v an d bk ii c h ix
.
,
. .
,
. .

T h e fi r st c o n fli c t b e t w e e n th e p r i m itiv e C h r i s ti an ity o f th e C e l t s a n d th e
m o r e s e c u l ar iz e d e c c l e s i a s ti c i s m o f Ro m e o c c u r r e d in E n g l an d a bo u t th e

y e ar 6 04 an d in a ll its a sp e c t s is typi c a l o f th e s t r uggl e w h i c h took p l a c e in

,

No r t h B r it a i n b e t w e e n th e l a tt e r d ay r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s o f th e tw o s y s t e m s in -

th e ti m e o f th e Stu ar ts B e d e s n a r r a tiv e t h e r e fo r e n e e d s n o c o m m e n t ar y
’ 3
.
, ,

I n th e m e a n ti m e Augusti n e w it h th e as si s t an c e o f Ki n g E t h e l b e r t d r e w
, , ,

tog e t h e r to a c o n fe r e n c e th e bi s hop s o r d o c t o r s o f th e n e x t p r ovi n c e o f th e , ,

B r ito n s at a p l a c e w h i c h is to t h i s d a y c a ll e d A u g u s ti n e s A c t h a t is A u
,
’

, ,

g u s ti n e s O ak o n th e bo r d e r s o f th e Wic c ii an d W e s t S axo n s ; a n d b e g an
’

by b r ot h e r l y a d m o n itio n s to p e r s u a d e t h e m th a t p r e s e r vi n g C a t h o l i c u n ity ,

w it h h im t h e y s h o u l d u n d e r t a k e th e c o m m o n l a bo u r o f p r e a c h i n g th e G o s
,

p e l to t h e G e n ti l e s F o r th e y d id n o t k e.e p E a st e r Su n d a y a t th e p r op e r

ti m e but fr o m th e f o u r t e e n t h to th e t w e n ti e th m oo n ; w h i c h c o m p u t a t io n is
,

c o n t a i n e d in a r e vo l u tio n o f e ig h ty f o u r y e a r s B e s i d e s t h e y d id s e v e r a l .
,

ot h e r t h i n g s w h i c h w e r e a g a i n s t th e u n ity o f th e c h u r c h W h e n a ft e r a .
‘
,

l o n g d i s put a tio n t h e y d id n o t c o m p l y w it h th e e n t r e a ti e s e x h o r t a t io n s o r
, , ,

r e b u k e s o f A u gu s ti n e a n d h is c o m p a n io n s b u t r e f e r r e d t h e i r o w n t r a d itio n s
p ,

b e fo r e a l l th e c hu r c h e s in th e w o r l d w h i c h i n C h r i s t a g r e e a m o n g th e m ,

s e l v e s th e ho l y f a th e r Aug u s ti n e put a n e n d to t h i s t r o u b l e s o m e a n d t e d io u s
, , ,

c o n t e n tio n s a yi n g L e t u s b e g o f G o d w h o c au s e s t h o s e w h o a r e o f o n e
“
, , ,

m i n d to l i v e I n h is F a t h e r s h o u s e t h a t h e w i l l vou c h s a fe by h is h e a v e n l y to , ,

k e n s to d e c l ar e to us w hi c h t r a d itio n is to b e fo l l o w e d an d by w h a t m e an s
, ,
we ar eto fin d o u r w a y to h is h e av e n l y ki n gdo m L e t s o m e i n fi r m p e r so n b e .

b r o u gh t a n d l e t th e fa it h a n d p r a c ti c e o f t h o s e by w h o s e p r a y e r s h e s h all
, ,

b e h e a l e d b e l ook e d u po n a s a c c e pt a b l e to G o d a n d b e a d o p t e d by a ll
, , .

T h e a d v e r s e p ar t y u n w i l l i n g l y c o n s e n ti n g a b l i n d m a n o f th e E n g l i s h r a c e ,

w a s b r o u g h t w h o h a v i n g b e e n p r e s e n t e d to th e p r i e s t s o f th e B r i t o n s fo u n d
, ,

n o b e n e fit o r c u r e f r o m t h e i r m i n i s t r y a t l e n gt h A u g u s ti n e c o m p e l l e d by , ,

r e a l n e c e s s ity bo w e d h is k n e e s to th e F a th e r o f o u r Lo r d J e s u s C h r i s t p r a y
, ,

in g t h a t th e l o s t s ig h t m igh t b e r e sto r e d to th e b l i n d m a n n d by th e c o r po ,
a

r e a l e n l ig h t e n i n g o f o n e m a n th e l igh t o f s pi r it u a l g r ac e m ig h t b e ki n d l e d
,

in th e h e a r t s o f m a n y o f th e f a it h fu l I m m e d i a t e l y th e b l i n d m an r e c e iv e d.

s ig h t a n d Au g u s ti n e w a s by a l l d e c l ar e d th e p r e a c h e r o f th e Divi n e t r u t h
,
.

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,

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w it h o u t th e c o n s e n t a n d l e a v e o f t h e i r p e op l e T h e y t h e r e fo r e d e s i r e d t h a t .

a s e c o n d s y n o d m igh t b e a ppoi n t e d a t w h i c h m o r e o f t h e i r n u m b e r w o u l d ,

be pre sen t .

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, ,

a n d m an y m o s t l e arn e d m e n p ar ti c u l a r l y fr o m t h e i r m o s t n ob l e m o n as t e r y
, ,

w h i c h in th e E n g l i s h to n g u e is c al l e d B a n c o r n b u r g [
,
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, ,

th e Abb a t D un o o th is s a i d to h a v e p r e s i d e d a t t h a t ti m e T h e y th at w e r e .

to go to th e a fo r e s a i d c o u n c i l r e p a i r e d fi r s t to a c e r t a i n h o l y a n d d i s c r e e t
,

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,
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.

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u po n yo u B u t if h e is s t e r n an d h a u gh ty it a pp e a r s t h a t h e is n o t o f
.
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,

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h e l d a n d if a t yo u r a pp r o a c h h e s h al l r i s e u p to yo u h e ar h im s u b m i s s iv e l y , ,

b e i n g a s s u r e d t h a t h e is th e s e r v a n t o f C h r i s t ; b u t if h e s h all d e s pi s e yo u ,

a n d n o t r i s e u p to o u w h e r e as o u a r e m o r e in n u m b e r l e t h im a l s o b e d e
y y , ,

s pis e d by yo u .

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ti n e w a s s itti n g o n a c h a i r w h i c h t h e y ob s e r vi n g w e r e in a p a s s io n a n d
, , ,

c h ar gi n g h im w it h p r i d e e n d e a vo u r e d to c o n t r a d i c t a l l h e s a i d H e s a i d to .
,

t h e m Yo u a c t in m a n y p a r ti c u l a r s c o n t r a r y to o u r c u s to m o r r a t h e r th e
,
“

c u s to m o f th e u n iv e r s a l c h u r c h an d ye t if you w i ll c o m p l y w ith m e in , ,

t h e s e t h r e e poi n t s viz to k e e p E as t e r a t th e d u e ti m e ; to a d m i n i s t e r b ap
,
.
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tis m by w h i c h w e a r e a g a i n bo r n to G o d a c c o r d i n g to th e c u s to m o f th e
, ,

ho l y Ro m a n A po s to l i c C h u r c h an d j oi n t l y w it h u s to p r e ac h th e w o r d o f
G o d to th e E n gl i s h n a tio n w e w i l l r e a d i l y tol e a te a l l th e oth e r t h i n gs you
, r

d o t h ough c o n t r ar y to o u c u s to m s T h e y an s w e r e d t h e y w ould do n on e ”
,
r .

o f t h o s e t h i n g s nor r e c e ive bim a s t/ , ze ir a r c /z bis/zop; fo r t h e y a l l e g e d a m o n g

t h e m s e l v e s t h a t if h e w o u l d n o t n o w r i s e u p to u s h o w m u c h m o r e w i l l h e
,
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,
c on t e m n u s as o f n o w o r t h To
, if w e s /z a ll begin to be u n de r bis s ubjec tion
,

w h o m th e m an o f G o d Aug u s ti n e is s a i d in a t h r e a t e n i n g m an n e r to h a v e
, , , ,

f o r e to l d t h a t in c a s e t h e y w o u l d n o t j oi n in u n ity w it h t h e i r b r e t h r e n t h e y
, ,

s ho u l d b e w ar r e d u p o n by t h e i r e n e m i e s
; a n d if t h e y w ou l d n o t p r e a c h ,

th e w ay o f l i fe to th e E n g l i s h n a tio n t h e y s h o u l d a t t h e i r h an d s u n d e r go th e ,
 R e l igio n 1 23

v e n g e an c e d e ath A ll w hi c h t h r o u gh th e di s p e n s atio n o f th e D i v i n e
of .
,

j u dgm e n t ,
f e ll o u t e x a c t l y a s h e h a d p r e d i c t e d .

F o r a ft e r w a r d s th e w a r l ik e ki n g o f th e E n gl i s h E th e l fr id o f w ho m w e , ,

h a v e a l r e a d y s pok e n h a vi n g r a i s e d a m igh ty a r m y m a d e a v e r y g r e a t
, ,

s l a u g h t e r o f t h a t pe r fi d io u s n a t io n a t th e City o f L e gio n s w h i c h by th e
, ,

E n g l i s h is c a l l e d L e ga c e s tir but by th e B r ito n s m o r e r igh t l y C a r l e gio n

,

[ C h e s t e.r ] B e i n g a bo u t to giv e b a t t l e h e ob s e r v e d t h e
, i r p r i e s t s w h o w e re ,

c o m e t og e th e r to o ff e r u p t h e i r p r a y e r s t o G o d f o r th e so l d i e r s s t a n d i n g ,

a p ar t in a p l a c e o f m o r e s a f e ty h e i n q u i r e d w h o t h e y w e r e ? o r w h at t h e y
c a m e tog e t h e r to d o in t h a t p l a c e ? Mo s t o f t h e m w e r e o f th e m o n a s t e r y o f
B an go r in w h i c h it is r e po r t e d t h e r e w a s so g r e a t a n u m b e r o f m o n k s t h a t
, , ,

th e m o n a st e r y b e i n g d ivi d e d i n to s e v e n p a r t s w ith a r u l e r ov e r e a c h n o n e , ,

o f t h o s e p ar t s c o n t a i n e d l e s s t h a n th r e e h u n d r e d m e n w h o a ll l iv e d by th e ,

l a bo u r o f t h e i r h a n d s M an y o f t h e s e h a vi n g ob s e r v e d a fa s t o f t h r e e d ays
.
, ,

r e s o r t e d a m o n g oth e r s to p r a y a t th e a f o r e s a i d b a tt l e h a vi n g o n e B r o c m a il ,

a ppoi n t e d fo r t h e i r p r ot e c to r to d e f e n d t h e m w h i l st t h e y w e r e i n t e n t u po n
,

t h e i r p r a y e r s a g a i n s t th e s w o r d s o f th e b ar b a r i an s
,
Ki n g E th e l fr id b e i n g .

i n fo r m e d o f th e o c c a s io n o f th e i r c o m i n g s a i d I f t h e n t h e y c r y to t h e i r
, ,
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, , ,

a g a i n st u s b e c a u s e t h e y oppo s e u s by t h e i r p r a y e r s H e t h e r e fo r e c o m
”
.
, , ,

m a n d e d t h e m to b e a tt a c k e d fi r s t a n d t h e n d e s t r oy e d th e r e s t o f th e i m pio u s
,

a r m y n o t w it h out c o n si d e r a b l e l o s s o f h is o w n f o r c e s
,
Abo u t t w e l v e h u n .

d r e d o f t h o s e th a t c a m e to p r a y a r e s a i d to h a v e b e e n ki l l e d a n d o n l y fi f ty ,

to h a v e e s c a p e d by flig h t B r o c m a il tu r n i n g h is b a c k w it h h is m e n a t th e
.
,

fi r s t a pp r o a c h o f th e e n e m y l e ft t h o s e w h o m h e oug h t to h av e d e fe n d e d u n
, ,

a r m e d a n d e xpos e d to th e s w o r d s o f th e e n e m i e s T h u s w a s fu l fi l l e d th e
.

p r e d i c tio n o f th e h o l y Bi s h op Aug u s ti n e t h o u gh h e h i m s e l f h a d b e e n l o n g
,

b e fo r e t a k e n up i n to th e h e a v e n l y ki n g d o m ; t h at t h o s e pe r fid io u s m e n
s h ou l d f e e l th e v e n g e a n c e o f t e m po r a l d e a t h a l s o b e c a u s e t h e y h a d d e s pi s e d
,

th e O ff e r o f e t e rn al s al v a tio n .

In No r t h u m b r i a ,
o
o m e o f th e S c otti s h m i s s io n a r i e s l a t e r h ad
al s ,
s , ,

l a bo r e d an d m a d e c o n v e r t s Wh e n Ki n g O s w y w a s a s k e d to j oi n th e c o m
.

m u n io n o f Ro m e th e S c ot s so u ght to h a v e h im c o n ti n u e in t h e i r o w n a s b e i n g
,

t h a t o f th e m o r e an c i e n t B r itish C h u r c h H e ac c o r d i n gl y a ppoi n t e d a
.

sy n o d to b e h e l d a t W h itby in th e y e a r 6 6 4 a n d th e r e l ik e J a m e s I a t th e , , .

H am pto n Cou rt Co n fe r e n c e 9 4 0 y e a r s l at e r th e ki n g w a s w o n ov e r by th e ,

s u p e r io r ar gu m e n ts o f th e bis h op s a n d d e c i d e d to a c c e pt th e i r i n n ov a

tio n s an d to gi v e up th e l e s s f o rm al a n d m o r e p r i m itiv e c h u r c h s y s t e m o f
,

th e S c ot s . F o r th e a c c ou n t o f t h is c o n f e r e n c e l e t u s a g a i n h a v e r e c o u r s e
to B e de
I n th e m e an ti m e , Bishop Ai d an b e i n g d e a d , Fi n a n , w h o w a s o r d a i n e d an d
s e n t by th e S c ot s , s uc c e e d e d h im in th e bi s h op r i c , an d b u i l t a c h u r c h in th e
I s le o f Li n d i s fa r n e , th e e pis c op a l s e e ; n e v e r t h e l e s s , a ft e r th e m a n n e r o f th e
S c ots , h e m a d e it , n o t o f sto n e , b u t o f h e w n o ak, an d c ov e r e d it wit h r e e d s ;
a n d th e s a m e w as a ft e r w a r d s d e d i c a t e d in ho n o u r o f St P e t e r th e Apost l e , by .

th e r e v e r e n d A rc h bi s h op T h e o d o r e E a d b e r t, a l s o bi s h op o f t h a t p l a c e ,
.

took o ff th e th a t c h , an d c o ve r e d it , b o t h r o o f an d w a l l s , w it h p l a t e s o f l e ad .

At t h i s ti m e , a g re a t a n d fr e q u e n t c o n t r ov e r s y h a pp e n e d a b o u t th e o h
s e r v a n c e o f E as t e r , t h os e t h a t c a m e fr o m K e n t o r F r a n c e a ffi r m i n g , t h a t th e
S c ots k e pt E as t e r Su n d a y c o n t r ar y to th e c usto m o f th e u n iv e r s al c hu r c h .

A m o n g t h e m w as a m o s t z e al ous d e fe n de r o f th e t r u e E as t e r w h o s e n am e ,

w as Ro n an a S c ot by n a tio n b u t i n s t r u c t e d in e c c l e s i a s ti c al t r uth e it h e r
, , ,

i n F ra n c e o r I t a l y w h o d i s puti n g w ith Fi n an c o n vi n c e d m a n y o r a t l e a s t
, , , ,

i n d u c e d t h e m to m a ke a m o r e st r i c t i n qui r y a ft e r th e t r uth ; ye t h e c ou l d
n o t p r e v a i l upo n Fi n a n b u t o n th e c o n t r a r y m a d e h im th e m o r e i n v e t e r a t e
, , ,

by r e p r oo f a n d a p r o fe s s e d O ppo se r o f th e t r u t h b e i n g o f a hot an d viol e n t

, ,

t e m p e r J a m e s fo rm e rl y th e d e a c o n o f th e v e n e ra b l e A r c hbi s h op P a ul i n u s
.
, ,

a s h a s b e e n s a i d a bov e k e pt th e t r u e an d C a thol i c E a st e r w it h all tho s e

, ,

t h a t h e c o ul d p e rs u a d e to a d opt th e r ight w ay Q ue e n E an fl e d a an d h e r .

f o ll o w e r s al s o O b s e r v e d th e s a m e a s s h e h a d s e e n p r a c ti s e d in K e n t h a v i n g ,

w it h h e r a K e n ti s h p r i e s t th a t f o ll o w e d th e C a t h o l i c m o d e w ho s e n a m e w a s ,

Ro m an us T h u s it is s a i d to h a v e h a pp e n e d in t h o s e ti m e s t h a t E a st e r w as
.

t w i c e k e pt in o n e y e a r ; an d t h a t w h e n th e ki n g h a vi n g e n d e d th e ti m e o f
fas ti n g k e pt h is E a s t e r th e q u e e n an d h e r f o ll o w e r s w e r e s ti l l fa s ti n g an d
, ,

c e l e b r a ti n g P a l m S u n d a y T h is d i ff e r e n c e a bout th e ob s e r v an c e o f E a st e r
.
,

w h i l s t Ai d an l iv e d w a s p a ti e n t l y to l e r a t e d by al l m e n
,
a s b e i n g s e n s ib l e , ,

t h a t t h ough h e c o ul d n o t k e e p E a s t e r c o n t r ar y to th e c u s to m o f tho s e w h o
h a d s e n t h im ye t h e i n d u s t r iou s l y l a bou r e d to p ra c ti s e a ll w o r k s o f fa it h
, ,

p i e ty ,
a n d l ov e a c c o r d i n g to th e,
c u s to m o f a ll h o l y m e n ; f o r w h i c h r e a s o n

h e w a s d e s e rv e dl y b e l ov e d by a l l e v e n by t h o s e w h o d i ffe r e d in opi n io n ,

c o n c e rn i n g E a s t e r an d w a s h e l d in v e n e r a tio n
,
n o t o n l y by i n d i ff e r e n t pe r ,

s on s ,
b u t e v e n by th e bi s h op s Ho n o r i u s o f C an t e r bu r y a n d F e l ix o f th e , ,

E a s t A n gl e s .

B u t a f t e r th e d e a t h o f Fi n an w h o s u c c e e d e d h im w h e n Co l m an w h o , , ,

w a s al s o s e n t out o f S c o t l a n d c a m e to b e bi s h op a g re a t e r c o n t r ov e r s y ar o s e
, ,

a bo u t th e ob s e r v an c e o f E a s t e r a n d th e r u l e s o f e c c l e s i as ti c a l l i fe
,
Wh e r e .

u po n t h i s d i s p u t e b e g a n n a t u r a l l y to i n fl u e n c e th e t h oug h t s a n d h e a r ts o f
m a n y w h o fe a r e d l e s t h a vi n g r e c e iv e d th e n a m e o f C h r i s ti a n s t h e y m ig h t
, , ,

h a pp e n to r un o r to h a v e r u n in v a i n ,
T h i s r e a c h e d th e e ar s o f Ki n g
,
.

O s w y an d h is s o n A lfr id ; f o r O s w y h a vi n g b e e n i n s t r u c t e d a n d b a ptiz e d ,

by th e S c ot s a n d b e i n g v e r y p e r fe c t l y s ki ll e d in th e i r l a n g u a g e t h o u gh t
, ,

n ot h i n g b e tt e r t h a n w h a t t h e y t a u g h t B u t A l fr id h a vi n g b e e n i n st r u c t e d .
,

in C h r i s ti an ity by Wi l fr i d a m o s t l e ar n e d m a n w h o h a d fi r s t go n e to, ,

Ro m e to l e ar n th e e c c l e s i a s ti c al d o c t r i n e a n d s p e n t m u c h ti m e a t Lyo n s ,

w it h D al fin a r c h bi s h op o f F r a n c e
,
f r o m w h o m a l s o h e h a d r e c e iv e d th e ,

e c c l e s i a s t i c al t o n s u r e r igh t l y tho u g h t t h i s m a n s d o c t r i n e oug h t to b e

’

, p er
f e rr e d b e f o r e al l th e t r a d itio n s o f th e S c ot s F o r t h is r e a so n h e h a d a l s o .

giv e n h im a m o n a s t e r y O f f o r ty f a m i l i e s a t a p l a c e c a ll e d R h ypu m ; w h i c h ,

p l a c e n o t l o n g b e fo r e h e h ad giv e n to tho s e th at fo l l o w e d th e s y s t e m o f
, ,

th e S c ots fo r a m o n a s t e r y ; b u t f o r as m u c h a s t h e y a ft e rw ar d s b e i n g l e ft to ,

t h e i r c h oi c e pr epa r ed to q uit t/z e pl a c e r a t/z er t/za n a l ter tbeir opin ion h e g a v e

, ,

th e p l a c e to h im w h o s e l i fe an d d o c t r i n e w e r e w o r t hy o f it
, .

A gil b e r t bi s h op o f th e W e s t S a xo n s abov e m e n tio n e d a fr i e n d to Ki n g

, ,
-
,

Al fr id a n d to Abb a t Wi lfr i d h a d a t t h a t ti m e c o m e i n to th e p r ovi n c e o f th e

,

No r t h u m b r i an s an d w as m a ki n g so m e s t a y am o n g t h e m ; a t th e r e qu e s t o f
,

A l fr id m a d e Wi l fr i d a p r i e s t in h is m o n as t e r y
, H e h a d in h is c o m p an y a .

p r i e s t w h o s e n a m e w a s Ag at h o T h e c o n t r ov e rs y b e i n g t h e r e s t ar t e d c o n
, .
,

c e rn i n g E a s t e r o r th e to n s u r e o r o th e r e c c l e si a s ti c a l a ff a i r s it w a s a g r e e d
,
, , ,

t h a t a s yn o d s h o ul d b e h e ld in th e m o n as t e r y o f Str e a n e h al c h w h i c h s ign i ,

fie s th e B ay o f th e Light h ous e w h e r e th e Abb e s s Hi l d a a w o m an d e vot e d , ,

to G o d t h e n p r e s i d e d ; an d t h a t th e r e t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y s h ou l d b e d e c i d e d
, .

T h e ki n g s bot h fa th e r an d s o n c a m e t h ith e r Bishop Co l m an w ith h is

, , ,
 R e l igio n 25

S c otti s h c l e r k s an d A gilb e rt w ith th e p r i e s t s Ag a t h o an d Wi l fr i d ; J am e s

,

a n d Ro m a n u s w e r e o n t h e i r s i d e ; b ut th e Abb e s s H i l d a a n d h e r f o l l o w e r s

w e r e fo r th e S c ot s a s w a s al s o th e v e n e r a b l e Bi s h op C e d d l o n g b e f o r e
, ,

o r d a i n e d by th e S c ot s a s h a s b e e n s a i d abov e a n d h e w a s in t h a t c ou n c i l a
, ,
.

m o s t c ar e fu l i n t e r p r e t e r fo r bot h p a r ti e s .

Ki n g O s w y fi r s t ob s e r v e d t h a t it b e hov e d t h o s e w h o s e r v e d o n e G o d
,

to obs e r v e th e s a m e r u l e o f l i fe ; an d as th e y a l l e xp e c t e d th e s am e ki n g d o m
in h e a v e n so t h e y o u g h t n o t to d i ff e r in th e c e l e b ra tio n o f th e Divi n e m ys
,

te r ie s ; b u t r a t h e r to i n q u i r e w h i c h w a s th e t r u e s t t r a d itio n th a t th e s am e ,

m ig h t b e f o ll o w e d by a l l ; h e t h e n c o m m a n d e d h is bi s h op Co l m an fi r s t to , ,

d e c l a r e w h a t th e c usto m w a s w h i c h h e ob s e r v e d a n d w h e n c e it d e r iv e d its ,
«

o r igi n T h e n Co l m an s a i d : T h e E a s t e r w h i c h I k e e p I r e c e iv e d fr o m
.
,

m y e l d e r s w h o s e n t m e bi s hop h it h e r ; a l l o u r f o r e f a t h e r s m e n b e l ov e d o f
, ,

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,

m ay n o t s e e m to an y c o n t e m ptib l e o r w o r t h y to b e r e j e c t e d it is th e s a m e ,

w h i c h St Jo h n th e E v an g e l i s t th e d i s c ip l e b e l ov e d o f o u r Lo r d w it h a ll
.
,

th e c h u r c h e s ov e r w hi c h h e p re s i d e d is r e c o r d e d to h a v e ob s e r v e d ,
H av .

in g s a i d th u s m u c h an d m o r e to th e l ik e e ffe c t th e ki n g c o m m a n d e d Agi l
, ,

b e r t to s h o w w h e n c e h is c u s to m o f k e e pi n g E a s t e r w a s d e r iv e d o r o n w h at ,

a ut h o r ity it w a s g r o u n d e d A gil b e r t a n s w e r e d
. I d e s i r e t h a t m y d i s c ip l e ,

th e p r i e s t Wi lfr i d m a y s p e a k in m y s t e a d ; b e c a u s e w e both c o n c u r w it h
,

th e ot h e r f o ll o w e r s o f th e e c c l e s i a s ti c a l t r a d itio n t h a t ar e h e r e p r e s e n t an d ,

h e c an b e tt e r e xp l a i n o ur O pi n io n in th e E n g l i s h l an g u a g e t h an I c a n by a n ,

i n t e rp r e t e r .

T h e n Wi lfr i d b e i n g o r de r e d by th e ki n g to Sp e a k d e l i v e r e d hi m s e lf
, ,

th u s : T h e E a s t e r w h i c h w e ob s e r v e w e s a w c e l e b r a t e d by a l l a t Ro m e , ,

w h e r e th e b l e ss e d a po s t l e s P e t e r a n d P a u l l iv e d t a u gh t s u ffe r e d a n d
, , , , ,

w e r e b u r i e d ; w e s a w th e s am e d o n e in I t a l y a n d in F r an c e w h e n w e t r a v ,

e l l e d t h r oug h tho s e c ou n t r i e s fo r pi l g r i m a g e a n d p r a y e r We fo un d th e .

s a m e p rac ti s e d in A fr i c a A s i a E gypt G r e e c e an d a l l th e w o r l d w h e r e v e r
, , , , ,

th e c h u r c h o f C h r i s t is s p r e a d a b r o a d t h r o u g h s e v e r a l n a tio n s a n d to n g u e s ,

a t o n e a n d th e s a m e ti m e ; e x c e pt o n l y t h e s e a n d t h e i r a c c o m p l i c e s in o b s ti

n a c y I m e a n th e P i c t s an d th e B r i to n s w h o f oo l i s h l y in t h e s e tw o r e m ot e
, , ,

i sl a n d s o f th e w o r l d a n d o n l y in p ar t e v e n o f t h e m oppo s e all th e r e s t o f
, ,

th e u n iv e r s e .

B u t a s fo r you Co l m an a n d yo u r c o m p a n io n s you c e r t a i n l y s in if h av
, , , , ,

in g h e a r d th e d e c r e e s o f th e Apost o l i c Se e a n d o f th e u n iv e r s a l c h u r c h a n d , ,

t h a t th e s a m e is c o n fi r m e d by h o l y w r it you r e fu s e to fo ll o w t h e m ; fo r t h ough , ,

yo u r fa th e r s w e r e h o l y d o you t h i n k th a t t h e i r s m al l n u m b e r in a c o r n e r o f
, ,

th e r e m ot e s t i s l an d is to b e p r e fe r r e d b e fo r e th e u n i v e r s a l c h u r c h o f C h r i s t
,

t h r ough o u t th e w o r l d A n d if t h a t C o l u m b a o f yo u r s ( an d I m ay s ay o u r s , , ,

a l so if h e w a s C h r i s t s s e r v an t ) w a s a h o l y m an a n d p o w e r ful in m i r a c l e s
’

, , ,

y e t c o u l d h e b e p r e f e r r e d b e f o r e t h e m o s t b l e s s e d p r i n c e o f th e a po s t l e s to ,

w ho m o u r Lo r d s a i d T h ou a r t P e t e r a n d u po n t h i s r o c k I w i ll b u i l d m y
, ,

c h ur c h a n d th e g a t e s o f h e l l s h a l l n o t p r e v a i l a g a i n s t it
, a n d to t h e e I w i l l ,

giv e th e k e y s o f th e ki n g d o m o f h e a v e n
W h e n Wi lfr i d h a d s pok e n t h u s th e ki n g s a i d I s it t r u e C o l m an t h a t: , , , ,

t h e s e w o r d s w e r e spok e n to P e t e r by o u r Lo r d ? H e an s w e r e d I t is t r u e , ,

O ki n g ! ”
Th e n s ay s h e C a n yo u s h o w an y s u c h po w e r giv e n to y o u r
,

Co l um b a ? Co l m an a n s w e r e d No n e T h e n a d d e d th e ki n g
,
Do .
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,

yo u bot h a g r e e t h a t t h e s e w o r d s w e r e p r i n c ip a ll y d i r e c t e d to P e t e r a n d t h a t ,

th e k e y s o f h e a v e n w e r e giv e n to h im by o u r Lo r d T h e y bot h an s w e r e d ,

We d o . Th e n th e ki n g c o n c l u d e d A n d I a l s o s ay u n to you t h at h e
”
, ,
is th e d oo r k e e p e r , w h o m I w i l l n o t c o n t r a d i c t , but w i l l , a s fa r a s I k n o w
-

a n d a m a b l e , in a l l t h i n g s ob e y h is d e c r e e s , l e s t , w h e n I c o m e to th e g a t e s

o f th e ki n g d o m o f h e a v e n , t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o n e to op e n t h e m , h e b e i n gm y
a d ve r s a r y w h o is p r ov e d to h a v e th e k e y s T h e ki n g h a vi n g s a i d t h i s , a l l
”
.

p r e s e n t , bot h g r e a t a n d s m a l l , g a v e th e i r a s s e n t , a n d r e n o u n c i n g th e m o r e
i m p e r fe c t i n s titutio n r e s o l v e d to c o n fo r m to t h a t w h i c h t h e y fo un d to b e
,

b e tte r .

T h e d i s p u t a tio n b e i n g e n d e d a n d th e c o m p an y b r ok e n u p A gil b e r t , ,

r e t u rn e d h om e Co l m an p e r c e ivi n g t h a t h is d o c t r i n e w a s r e j e c t e d an d h is
.
,
.

s e c t d e s pi s e d took w it h h im
,
s u c h a s w o u l d n o t c o m p l y w it h th e C a t h o l i c
E a s t e r a n d th e t o n s ur e ( fo r th e r e w a s m u c h c o n t r ov e r s y a bo u t th a t a l s o )
, ,

a n d w e n t b a c k i n to S c ot l a n d to c o n s u l t w it h h is p e op l e w h a t w as to b e d o n e
,

in thi s c a s e C e dd f o r s a ki n g th e p r a c ti c e s o f th e S c ot s r e t ur n e d to h is
.
, ,

bi s h op r i c h a vi n g s ub m itt e d to th e C at h o l i c ob s e r v an c e o f E as t e r T h i s
,
.

d i s p u t a tio n h a pp e n e d in th e y e a r o f o u r Lo r d s i n c a r n a t io n 6 6 4 w h i c h w as
’

th e t w e n ty s e c o n d y e a r o f th e r e ig n o f Ki n g O s w y a n d th e t h i r ti e t h o f th e
-
,

e pi s c op ac y o f th e S c ot s a m o n g th e E n g l is h ; f o r Ai d a n w as bi s hop s e v e n t e e n

y e a rs ,
Fi n a n te n a n d Co l m a n t
,
h r e e .

T he m a tt e r
igio n c am e u p a g ai n in No r th B r it a i n in 7 1 7 w h e n
of re l ,

N e c h ta n ,
Ki n g
o f th e P i c t s yi e l d i n g to th e s o u t h e r n i n flu e n c e t h e n b e c o m
,

in g p o w e r f ul a t h is c ou r t a c c e pt e d th e to n s u r e a n d r e p l a c e d th e S c otti s h
, ,

c l e r gy w it h t h a t o f Ro m e ( B e d e bk v c h , . .
,
.

At t h a t ti m e [7 1 6 ] Na itan ki n g o f th e P i c ts I n h abiti n g th e n o r th e r n
, ,

p a r t s o f B r it a i n t a u g h t by f r e q u e n t m e d it a ti o n o n th e e c c l e s i a s ti c a l w r iti n g s
, ,

r e n o u n c e d th e e r r o r w h i c h h e a n d h is n a tio n h a d ti l l t h e n b e e n u n d e r in ,

r e l a ti o n to th e O b s e r v a n c e o f E a s t e r a n d s u b m itt e d tog e t h e r w it h his pe o

.

, ,

p l e
,
to c e l e b r a t e th e C a t h o l i c ti m e o f o u r Lo r d s r e s u r r e c tio n F o r p e r
’
.

f o r m i n g t h i s w it h th e m o r e e a s e an d g r e a t e r a u t h o r ity h e s o u g h t a s s i s t a n c e ,

f r o m th e E n g l i s h w h o m h e k n e w to h a v e l o n g s i n c e fo r m e d t h e i r r e l igio n
,

a f t e r th e e x a m p l e o f th e h o l y Ro m a n Apo s t o l i c C h u r c h A c c o r d in gl y h e .

s e n t m e s s e n g e r s to th e v e n e r a b l e C e o lf r id a bb a t o f th e m o n a s t e r y o f th e ,

b l e s s e d a p o s t l e s P e t e r an d P a ul w h i c h s t an d s a t th e m o u t h o f th e r i ve r
, ,

W e a r a n d n e a r th e r iv e r Ty n e a t th e p l ac e c all e d J a r r o w w h i c h h e gl o r i
, , ,

o u s l y go v e r n e d aft e r B e n e d ic t o f w h o m w e h a v e b e fo r e s pok e n ; d e s i r i n g
,

th a t h e w o u l d w r i t e h im a l e tt e r c o n t a i n i n g a r g u m e n t s by th e h e l p o f w h i c h ,

h e m ig h t th e b e tt e r c o n fu t e t h o s e t h a t p r e s u m e d to k e e p E a s t e r o u t o f th e d u e
ti m e ; a s a l s o c o n c e r n i n g th e fo r m a n d m an n e r o f to n s u r e fo r d i s ti n g u i s h i n g
th e c l e r gy ; n o t to m e n tio n t h a t h e h i m s e lf po s s e s s e d m u c h i n fo r m a tio n in
t h e s e p a r ti c ul a r s H e al s o p r a y e d to h a v e a r c h it e c t s s e n t h im to b u i l d a
.

c h u r c h in h is n a t i o n a f t e r th e Ro m an m a n n e r p r o m i s i n g to d e d i c a t e th e ,

s a m e in h o n o u r o f St P e t e r th e p r i n c e o f th e a po s t l e s a n d t h a t h e a n d a ll
.
, ,

h is p e o p l e w o u l d a l w a y s fo ll o w th e c u sto m o f th e h o l y R o m an Apo s to l i c
C h u r c h a s far a s t h e i r r e m ot e n e s s fr o m th e Ro m an l an g u a g e a n d n a tio n
,

w o u l d a ll o w T h e r e v e r e n d Abb a t C e o l fr id c o m p l yi n g w it h h is d e s i r e s an d
.
,

r e que s t ,
s e n t th e a r c h it e c t s h e d e s i r e d .

Th is t io n o f Ne c h ta n a s w e s h all s e e in a l a t e r c h a pt e r h a d a g r e a t d e a l
ac , ,

to d o in b r i n gi n g a bo u t th e u l ti m a t e ov e r t h r o w o f th e P i c ti s h d y n a s ty by

K e n n e t h M c A l pin e a n d th e r e i n s t all a tio n o f th e S c otti s h fo r m s o f w o r s h ip

,
-
.
“

T h e Ro m a n C h u r c h w a s s e t up in S c ot l a n d a g a i n a f t e r 1 0 6 8 th r o u g h th e ,
 i n flu e n c e o f Qu e e n M ar g ar e t an d d u r i n g th e fe ud al p e r io d o f B r it a i n it
'

r e m a i n e d in th e as c e n d an c y a l tho u g h fo r s o m e ti m e b e f o r e its fi n al ov e r
,

t h r o w th e c l e r gy s e e m to h a v e l ost t h e i r i n flu e n c e w it h th e m a s s e s .
°

S u r e l y it is m o r e r e a s o n a b l e to a c c o un t fo r th e g r e a t e r i n fl u e n c e o f th e
e a r l y S c otti s h c l e r gy ov e r th e p e op l e by as c r ibi n g it to t h e i r l e s s a u to c r a ti c

m a n n e r s a n d s i m p l e r l i v e s r a t h e r t h a n to S c ottish s up e r s titio n ”
.
,

I n e x am i n i n g i n to th e d i ff e r e n c e s b e t w e e n th e S c o ttish a n d E n g l i s h
v i e w s o f t h i n g s r e l igio u s w e s h al l fin d a l s o t h a t t h e y h a v e e v e r b e e n in fl u
,

e n c e d a n d c o n t r o ll e d by th e d iv e r s e f o r c e s o ri gi n a ti n g fr o m d i ff e r e n c e s o f
r ac e ,
c l im ate an d p h y s i c a l e n vi r o n m e n t
,
St a t e d b r o a dl y th e tw o c o n t r a r y
.
,

so c i al s y s t e m s in w h i c h t h e y a r e e m bo d i e d m ay b e s ai d to s y m bo l iz e th e
O p e r a tio n o f tw o i m po r t a n t but oppo s i n g i n flu e n c e s o f n a t u r e both c o n ,

s tan tl y w o r ki n g fo r th e d e v e l op m e n t a n d b e tt e rm e n t o f th e r a c e o f m an .

Th e s e i n fl u e n c e s m ay b e d e n o m i n a t e d fo r l a c k o f b e tt e r t e r m s k n o w l e d g e
, ,

a n d e n vi r o n m e n t ; th e fi r s t p e r h a p s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to o r e v e n g e n e r a t e d
, ,

by th e s e c o n d ye t n e v e r t h e l e s s c e a s e l e s s l y e x e r c i s i n g it s e l f a g a i n s t it an d
, , , ,

s e e ki n g to s e c u r e its s ub o r d i n a tio n a n d c o n t r o l T h e se c on d as c on s t an tl y
.
,

p ur s ui n g its b l i n d c o u r s e a n d e x c e pt in s o fa r a s it is g ui d e d an d r e s t r a i n e d
,

by th e fi r s t w h o l l y i m p as s iv e a s to w h e t h e r its c a s u al ti e s e l e v a t e o r r ui n
, .

O n e c o m p r e h e n d s a l l th e out w ar d m a t e r i al f o r c e s o f n a t u r e ; th e ot h e r th e ,

i n h e r e n t c o n s c io u s n e s s o f o r g an i c e xi s t e n c e O n e w i e l d s th e fa t e h am m e r
.
-

o f l i fe u n d e r w h o s e b l o w s i n d ivi d u a l c h a r a c te r is e it h e r s h a p e d i n to a n obl e
,

a n d b e a uti f u l f o r m o r b e a t e n i n to a b a s e an d ig n ob l e c o u n t e r f e it
,
T he .

oth e r s e r v e s bot h a s a d ie an d a b u ff e r by w h i c h th e c r u s h i n g po w e r o f th e
,

h am m e r is at th e s am e ti m e m o d e r a t e d a n d r igh t l y d i r e c t e d T h e s e tw o .

i n flu e n c e s c o n s ti t ut e th e m a i n s p r i n g s o f a c tio n in m a n ki n d a n d w o r ki n g to ,

g e t h e r t h e y h a v e r a i s e d m a n s o far a bov e th e l e v e l o f th e fi r s t c r e a t e d b e i n g a s
to l e a d u s to i n fe r t h a t t h e i r u l ti m a t e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t m ay s o m e d a y r e al iz e
a l l th e l a t e n t a s pi r a tio n s o f th e h u m an s o u l T h e s o c i a l o r g an i s m o f E n g l an d
.
,

w it h r e fe r e n c e to th e i n d ivi d u al is n o t u n l ik e th e p h e n o m e n a o f n a t u r a l e n
,

v ir o n m e n t w it h r e l a tio n to its e ff e c t s o n o r g a n i c l i fe T h e op e r a tio n o f th e

.

f o r c e s o f bot h p r o c e e d s w it h l itt l e r e g a r d to th e v a l u e o f th e u n it N e ith e r .

t a k e s a c c o u n t o f th e i n d ivi d u al a s s u c h b u t o n l y t h r o u gh h is r e l a tio n to th e
,

w h o l e an d t h e n u n d e r c e r t a i n fix e d a n d i m m u t a b l e l a w s gov e r n i n g h is s t a t u s
,

w i t h r e s p e c t to h is su r r o u n d i n g s a n y i n fr a c tio n o f w h i c h i n vo l v e s i m m e d i a t e
,

p un i s h m e n t I n both c a s e s th e c o n t r o l l i n g fo r c e is fr o m w it h o u t I n S c o t
. .

l a n d o n th e ot h e r h an d th e i n d i v i d u a l is e v e r yt h i n g
, ,
T h e u n it i n s ti n c t iv e l y
.

s e e k s to st an d a l o n e a n d to s t an d u p a s a u n it w h e r e v e r it m a y b e p l a c e d
,
.

V e r i l y e ac h m an is a l aw u n to h i m s e l f ; al t h o u g h in m ost c as e s h e e xe r
, , ,

c i s e s s u ffi c i e n t s e l f c o n t r o l to m ak e h im m i n d fu l o f th e r ig h t s o f h is n e ig h ;
-

bor . I n t h a t w a y th e S c ot p r a c ti c a ll y r i s e s a bov e th e r e s t r i c tio n s o f s e t

,

f o r m s o f l a w o r s tip u l a t e d r u l e s o f c o n d u c t
,
I n h is c a s e t h e re is l itt l e
.

n e c e s s ity fo r t h e s e r e s t r i c tio n s I n e xp r e s s t e r m s h e gov e r n s h i m s e l f a n d is

.
,

n o l o n g e r th e s l a v e to h is po l iti c a l o r s o c i al e n vi r o n m e n t b u t i n d e p e n d e n t o f
,
1 28 T h e S c o tc h -
I r is h F a m il ie s of Am e r ic a

it ,
if n ot itsst e r Co n s c i e n c e h as b e c o m e th e tou c h s to n e to c h arac t e r
m a .
,

a n d th e c o n t r o l l i n g f o r c e is fr o m w it h i n .

I n a b r o a d e r s e n s e t h e s e d i s ti n c tio n s a pp l y to th e w h o l e s c h e m e o f m a n s
’

d e v e l op m e n t I n th e e vo l utio n o f h um an s o c i e ty th e j oi n t w o r k o f t h is in
.

w a r d a n d o u t w ar d f o r c e m ay w e ll b e t r ac e d in th e p h e n o m e n a o f w a r a n d
l a bo r .

Wa r is th e n a tu r al e n vi r o n m e n t o f s o c i e ty e v e r t h r e a t e n i n g its d e s tru c ,

tio n i n d u s t r i al a c ti v ity o r l abo r is th e i n h e r e n t s a fe gu a r d o f s o c i e ty an d its

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h e r i t a g e f r o m th e s l a v e T h e t r a n s itio n o f th e E u r op e an p r o l e t ar i a t fr o m a
.

s t a t e o f s a v a g e r y to o n e o f c ivi l iz e d i n d u s t r y b e g a n w it h th e s u bj e c tio n o f c o n

q u e r e d p e op l e s by G r e c i an a n d Ro m an w arr io r s an d h a d it n o t b e e n fo r th e
u n iv e r s a l s p r e a d o f s l a v e r y w h i c h took p l a c e u n d e r th e Ro m an E m pi r e th e ,

c ivi l iz a t io n o f th e C a u c a s i a n to d ay m ig h t d i ff e r b u t l itt l e f r o m t h a t o f h is
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d ar k e r s ki n n e d b r ot h e r s th e w o r l d ov e r
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I t w as t h r o u g h s l a v e r y t h a t n a t u r a l
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m an c o n s t r a i n e d fi r s t l e a r n e d to t o i l a n d s o b e g a n to w o r k o u t th e s a l v a tio n
, , ,

o f h is r a c e T h e t w i n s u ppo r ti n g pi ll ar s o f an c i e n t s o c i e ty w e r e p r e d a to r y
.

w ar fa r e a n d th e e n s l a v e m e n t o r r obb e r y o f l a bo r O n t h e s e th e f a b r i c o f
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.

Ro m an po w e r an d c ivi l iz atio n m ai n l y r e s t e d T a k e n tog e t h e r t h e y l ik e w i s e .

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f o r m e d th e c h i e f c o rn e r s to n e o f th e i n s t it u ti o n o f f e u d a l i s m
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N at u r al l y t h e r e .
,

f o r e t h e y b e c a m e in p a r t th e i n h e r it an c e o f Ro m e s c h i e f l e g a t e e a n d f e u d a l
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i s m s g r e a t al l y m a s t e r an d s u c c e s s o r th e C h u r c h o f th e Mi dd l e A g e s I n
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th e c h i l d h oo d o f th e w o r l d m a n s i n s ti n c t b e gott e n o f e xp e r i e n c e b e c a m e
’

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s u ffi c i e n t l y d e v e l op e d to e n a b l e h im to g u a r d a g a i n s t th e o r d i n a r y d e s t r u c tiv e

f o r c e s o f n a t ur e B u t i n s ti n c t a l o n e w a s po w e r l e s s to s a v e h is r a c e fr o m th e
.

t e rr ib l e a g e n c y i n vok e d w h e n s o m e d e s i r i n g to r e a p w h e r e t h e y h a d n o t s o w n
, ,

m a d e w a r o n t h e i r f e ll o w m e n I t t h e n b e c a m e n e c e s s ar y f o r m e n to b a tt l e
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an d th e v i c to r y a l w a y s w e n t to th e s t r o n g e r T h e ki l l i n g o f th e v a n q u i s h e d .
,

w h i c h in th e e ar l y d a y s o f th e r a c e w o u l d a pp e ar to h a v e b e e n c o m m o n

bot h in p l un d e r i n g a n d in b ull yi n g w a r fa r e w o ul d l ar g e l y t e n d to p r e v e n t ,

pop ul a tio n f ro m i n c r e a s i n g b e yo n d a poi n t w h e r e th e n a t u r al p r o d u c t s o f th e

e a r t h a n d th e p r e y o f th e h u n t e r we r e s u ffic i e n t to s u s t a i n it I n th e o c c a .

s io n al sp a r i n g o f f e m a l e l iv e s a n d th e c a r r yi n g o ff a n d s u b s e q u e n t d e b a s e

m e n t o f an e n e m y s w o m e n f o l k d o u bt l e s s is to b e f o u n d th e o r igi n o f
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h u m an s l a v e r y A ft e r t h a t m e n s l iv e s c am e a t ti m e s to b e s p ar e d an d ’
.
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d o m e s ti c s l a v e r y w a s i n s tit u t e d F r o m t h i s it w as but a fe w s t e p s to in
.
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d u s tr ial s l a v e r y a n d t h e n b e g a n th e O p e r a tio n o f t h o s e i n fl u e n c e s w h i c h
,

h a v e s i n c e p r o d uc e d o u r m o d e r n c ivi l iz a tio n A s m e n w e r e c o n qu e r e d a n d .

e n s l a v e d th e n e c e s s ity fo r w a r g r e w l e s s i m p e r a tiv e an d as m e n b e g an to
;
l abo r a n d to r e a p th e v a l u e o f a m an s l i fe b e c a m e g r e a t e r an d l i fe s p r ob ’ ’

l e m s took o n a n e w m e a n i n g H u n d r e d s o f y e a r s a ft e r th e bui l d i n g o f th e
.

py r am i d s m an w a s s ti ll l e ar n i n g th e l e s s o n o f p a ti e n c e a n d e n d u r an c e o f ,

l a bo r a n d o f hop e o f r igh t an d o f w r o n g u n d e r th e l a s h o f th e t as k m a s t e r
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a t th e o a r o f th e g all e y o r in th e r a n ks o f h is l o r d s a r m y I n ti m e w a rr io r s
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c a m e to s e e th e s up e r io r a d v a n t a g e s o f p e a c e a n d i n d is c r i m i n a t e w a r fa r e ,
 s
Ce a e d .C o n s c i e n c e w as bo rn an d fr e e l abo r i n a ugu r a t e d As th e m o r al .

s e n s e d e v e l op e d th e l o t o f th e s l a v e b e c a m e l e s s h ar d
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L a w s w e r e m a d e to .

m itig a t e th e s u ff e r i n g o f th e opp r e s s e d G ra d u a ll y th e fo r m o f s l av e r y w a s
.

m o d ifi e d a n d u l ti m a t e l y it w a s c h an g e d to s e r fd o m
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v a s s a l a g e a n d t e n an t r y
, , .

F i n al l y its m ost obj e c tio n ab l e f e a tu r e s w e r e d o n e aw a y w ith a n d to d ay t h e y ,

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p rac ti c all y c e a s e to e xist .

B ut th e fo r c e o f d e s poti c a utho r ity w hi c h e st a b l i s h e d s l a v e r y a s a n in

s titu tio n s ti l l r e m a i n s a n d its b u r d e n s h a v e n o t ye t b e e n c o m p l e t e l y r e m ov e d
,

f r o m th e s hou l d e r s o f m an ki n d I n fe u d al E u r op e th e fitti n g c o m p l e m e n t
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g u i d e an d a c c e sso r y to t h is fo r c e w as th e po w e r o f th e m e d i ae v al C h u r c h
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s e r v in g as a c h e c k it is t r u e upo n c e r t a i n e x c e ss e s o f ty r an n y ye t w it h ou t
, , ,

w h i c h it w ou l d h a v e b e e n i m pos s ib l e fo r ab s o l uti s m to h a v e r e s t r a i n e d s o
o g
l n th e r s i i n g po w e r o f c o n s c i e n c e I n E n g l a n d — is .it u n f a i r to s a y it — th e
C h u r c h E s t ab l i s h m e n t d u r i n g th e p a st t h r e e hu n d r e d an d s ixty y e ar s h a s
s too d in a l ik e r e l a tio n to ki n gl y a u t h o r ity a n d is to d a y th e e m b l e m a n d ,
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m e m o r i al o f a o n c e all po w e r ful but n o w i m pot e n t an d fa st d i s a pp e a r i n g

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i n s titutio n o f m o n a r c h y j u s t a s th e Ro m an Ch u r c h sy s t e m is a s u r vivi n g r e l i c
,

o f th e d r a w n s w o r d a n d th e m a i l e d h a n d o f th e a ge o f i r o n Bot h a l ik e b e .

l o n g to d e s poti s m fe u d al i s m
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a n d tho s e ot h e r e a r l y s t a g e s o f d e v e l op m e n t
,

w h i c h E u r op e an c ivi l iz a tio n h as p a s s e d t h r ough an d l e ft b e h i n d .

On th e ot h e r h an d c an it b e t r u th ful l y d e n i e d th a t th e t h e o l ogi c a l s y s t e m
,

w hi c h in m a tt e r s r e l igiou s t a k e s a s its c h i e f t e n e t th e t h e o r y o f th e s u p r e m
,

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m a k e s m a n s a c c ou n t a bi l ity to a G o d a m o r e i m p e r a ti ve ob l ig a tio n t h an h is
’

a c c ou n t a bi l ity to a p r i n c e a n d c o n t ov e t s th e d ivi n e r ig h t o f ki n g s
r
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r — c a n it

b e d e n i e d t h a t t h i s s y s t e m o n w h i c h th e po l ity o f E n gl a n d h a s e v e r so u gh t
to c as t o d iu m by th e u s e in p ul pit a n d s t a t u t e o f s u c h i n vi d ious t e r m s a s
disse n t n o n c o n f o r m ity to l e r a tio n h ere sy m e r e l y e m bo d i e s
” ” ”
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th e a c c u m u l a t e d p r ot e s t o f m an s c o n s c i e n c e a g a i n s t th e opp r e ssio n s o f
’

ty r an n y ; a n d th a t it c o n s tit u t e d th e fi rs t an d o n l y e ffe c ti v e b a r r i e r t h a t h a s
e v e r b e e n e r e c t e d to s a v e th e r a c e f r o m th e e n c r o a c h m e n t s o f t h a t f o r c e

m o s t a n t a go n i s ti c to h u m an l
we a e f r — m a n s u n r e s t r i c t e d e x e r c i s e o f ar bi
’

tr a r y po w e r
V e r i l y th e c h i e f d i s ti n c tio n b e t w e e n th e S c otti s h a n d E n gl i s h c h ar a c t e r
,

is t h a t a r isi n g fr o m th e tw o d i ffe r e n t c o n c e ptio n s o f r e l igio n T h e S c ot c h .

m a k e o f r e l igio n th e i r m a i n gui d i n g s t an d a r d o f l i fe a n d r u l e o f c o n d u c t .

I ts r e q u i r e m e n ts ar e s up r e m e o v e r t h os e o f an y t e m po r a l o r po l iti c a l c o n
s i d e r a tio n I ts f u n c tio n s a n d ob l ig a tio n s a r e s u p e r io r to t h o s e o f a n y s e c u l a r
.

a u t h o r ity o ft e n i n d e e d m o r e s ac re dl y r e g ar d e d t h a n th e bo n d w h i c h h ol d s
, , ,

toge th e r th e s o c i al fab r i c A m o n g th e E n gl i s h o n th e c o n t r a r y r e l igio n

.
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h as e v e r b e e n o f s e c o n d ar y i m po r t a n c e a n d s u bo r d i n a t e to th e s e c u l ar St a t e
, ,

a n d to th e n e e d s a n d r e qui r e m e n t s o f th e e xi s ti n g o r g a n iz a tio n o f so c i e ty
,

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tu tio n al .T h e p r o m pti n gs hop e s a spi r a tio n s a n d a d v an c e m e n t s o f th e

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1 3 0 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

i n di v idu al E n gl i s h c o n s c i e n c e th e r e fo r e a r e e n ti r e l y l i m it e d by c o n s i d e ra
, ,

tio n s fo r th e r ights o f e xisti n g so c i e ty as a w ho l e ho w e v e r i rr a tio n al l y c o n ,

stitut e d T h e goo d o f th e i n d ivi d u al is s e t a s id e fo r th e goo d o f th e st a t e

. .

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r an k o r p r i v i l e g e
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a r e to b e su s t a i n e d a n d t h e i r c l a i m s d e m a n d a n d r e c e iv e
, ,

a t l e a st e qu al c o n sid e ra tio n w ith th e hig h e s t c l a i m s o f hu m an ity Hen c e .

ar is e s th e n e c e s sity fo r c o m p r o m is e ; c o n c e s sio n s h a v e to b e m a d e o n both

si d e s T h e st r o n g m u s t yi e l d a l itt l e o f h is s ubst a n c e to th e w e ak His

. .

v e st e d r igh ts m ust su ff e r th a t th e i r oppo r tu n iti e s m ay b e e n l ar g e d But th e .

w e a k c a n n e v e r e xp e c t f u ll j u s ti c e fr o m th e s t r o n g Th e y m ust al w a y s ac t .

o n th e r u l e th a t h alf a l o a f is b e tt e r th an n o b r e a d H e n c e th e histo r y o f .
,

c i v i l iz a tio n a n d hu m a n p r og r e s s in E n g l an d f r o m th e ti m e w h e n th e l a n d ,

w a s s e iz e d by th e s t r o n g h a n d o f th e No r m an h a s b e e n m e r e l y a sto r y o f ,

c o n ti n u a ll y g r o w i n g d e m a n d s o n th e p a r t o f th e i n c r e a s i n g m a s s e s ; c o n

tin u al r e pu l s e an d r e j e c tio n o n th e p ar t o f th e po w e r h o l d i n g c l as s e s ; a n d -

fin al c o n c e s s io n s an d m utu a l c o m p r o m i s e o n th e p ar t o f bot h T h e bo dy .

o f E n gl i s h l aw s in c o n s e qu e n c e is c h i e fly th e r e c o r d o f h a lf a c q u i re d d e
, ,
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m a n d s o n th e p a r t o f th e p e op l e an d h a lf g r a n t e d c o n c e s s io n s o n th e p ar t o f
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th e i r l o r d s By fa r th e g r e a t e r po r tio n o f th e po w e r s ti ll r e m a i n s in th e
.

h an d s o f th e r e p r e s e n t ativ e s o f t h o s e w h o fi r s t s e iz e d it an d th e p a r t r e c e i v e d ,

by th e p e op l e is but a fra c tio n o f w h a t w o ul d r e s u l t fr o m a j u s t l y p r opo r

tio n e d d i v i s io n .

We fin d t h e r e fo r e th at th e w o r d c o m p r o m is e is w r itt e n c r o s s w r it
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te n an d u n d e r w r itt e n o n al m ost e v e r y p a g e o f th e r e c o r d o f E n g l i s h hi s to r y
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E n gl i s h l e gi s l a tio n a n d E n gl i sh st at e s m an s h ip T h e E n gl i s h s ta t u t e book
,
.
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is o n e l o n g u n v a r yi n g r e p e titio n o f th e s to r y o f e vi l s p a r ti all y c ur e d o f
, ,

w r o n g s h al f r ig h t e d an d o f th e a tt e m pts o f th e f r a m e r s o f l aw s to p l e a s e all
-
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p ar ti e s c o n c e r n e d T h e B r itis h Co n s titutio n is p r ov e r bi all y a p at c h w o r k

.

c o m po s itio n in w hi c h e v e r y m a n c an c l a i m t h a t h is r ights ar e giv e n r e c og

,

n itio n an d n o tw o m e n c a n t e ll al ik e j u s t w h a t thos e r ights ar e

, .

T h e g e r m i n atio n a n d g r o w th o f E n g l i s h l ib e r ty m ay b e l ik e n e d to th a t o f
a h ar d y o a k p l a n t e d w it h i n th e w a l l s o f a st r o n g to w e r
, I n th e c ou r s e o f .

ti m e it g r e w an d fi l l e d th e w h o l e o f th e to w e r al though e v e r c i r c u m s c r ib e d ,

a n d p r e v e n t e d fr o m r e a c h i n g its f ull st a tu r e a n d e xt e n t b th e i m p a ss a b l e
y
w a l l s o f s to n e A d ay m ay c o m e w h e n it w i ll fo r c e th e fou n da tio n s fr o m
.

th e g r ou n d a n d r e ac h th e fr e e d o m o f th e op e n a ir by b r e a ki n g a s u n d e r th e
,

c o n fi n i n g w a ll s o f its p r iso n Or po s s ib l y si n c e th e e c c l e s i a sti c al m o r t a r

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m o n arc h y in E n gl a n d s t a n d s m u c h l ik e ot h e r o f th e c r u m b l i n g a n d ivy
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.

c o ve r e d r ui s o u d po e
n f f e a l w r an d g r an d e u r s l o w l y but su r e l y d isi n t e g r a ti n g
a n d p a s s i n g aw a y .

I n A m e r i c a o f c ou r s e th e c o n d itio n s w e r e v a s t l y d i ffe r e n t
, , H e re w as .

a p r i m e v al s t a t e o f n a tu r e H e r e b e g an th e c h i l d h oo d o f a n e w w o rl d
. .

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 tyr an n y ; n o bu r d e n s o f bishops N a tu r all y th e p l an t o f l ib e r ty
of .
,

flou r i s h e d fr o m th e s t a r t ; an d th e e n e m i e s it h a s h ad si n c e h a v e
b e e n tho s e o f p ar a s iti c al g r o w t h s u c h a s b e c o m e th r e a t e n i n g o n l y w h e n ,

s u ff e r e d fo r too l o n g a ti m e to r e m a i n u n d i s tu r b e d .

I n S c ot l an d al s o th e l ib e r ty t r e e h a d a m o r e fa v o r a b l e soi l an d l e s s
, ,

bu r de n s o m e bo n d s t h an in E n g l an d a n d it w as w a t e r e d an d n ou r ish e d by th e ,

b l oo d o f m an y m a r ty r s T h e po w e r o f th e n ob l e s w as m o re fr e qu e n tl y
.

oppo s e d to t h a t o f th e ki n g an d a s a r e s u l t th e r e w as o ft e n a d i v isio n an d ,

s o m e ti m e s a d i s r e g ar d o f a ut h o r ity U n d e r t h e s e c o n d itio n s th e r ight s o f .

,

th e p e op l e w e r e m o r e f ul l y r e g a r d e d T h e n w h e n J o h n K n ox sti rr e d th e .
,

soi l a n d fe r ti l iz e d th e r oot s w ith his C al v i n isti c d o c t r i n e s o f e qu al ity a n d

l ib e r ty th e r e s ul t w as a r api d g r o w th an d a c o m p l e t e bu r sti n g o f r e s t r i c ti n g
,

bo n d s .

Th u s w e m ay c o n c l u de th at th e d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n S c ottish an d E n gl i s h
c h ar a c t e r in its u l ti m a t e an a l ysis
,
is this : th e fo r m e r h as b e e n d e v e l op e d ,

c hi e fly by th e e x e r c is e o f s e lf c o n t r o l gui d e d by th e i n d i v i d u a l c o n s c i e n c e ;
-
,

th e l a tt e r by th e d is c ip l i n e o f a ut h o r ity i m po s e d by fe u d al an d m o n ar c h i c al
, ,

po w e r Whi l e it is so m e ti m e s c o n t e n d e d t h a t m o n arc h y is m o r e fa v o r ab l e
.

to th e e x c e ptio n al f e w an d o ffe r s b e tt e r p r o m i s e to a m bitio u s m e n it is g e n e r

, ,

al l y a d m itt e d th a t d e m o c r a c y a ff o r d s m o r e oppo r t u n ity fo r p r og r e s s to th e

a v e ra g e m an a n d is th e r e f o r e b e tt e r in its r e s ul t s fo r th e m a s s e s
,
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,

th e hi s to r y o f A m e r i c a s ho w s t h a t m o r e o f h e r l e a de r s h a v e c o m e fr o m th e
d e m o c ra ti c S c ot c h in p r opo r tio n to t h e i r n u m b e r t h an fr o m th e ki n g l ovi n g
, ,
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E n gl is h H e n c e it is to b e i n fe r r e d t h a t th a t s y s t e m o f go v e r n m e n t is
.
,

b e tt e r both fo r l e ade r s a n d fo ll o w e r s w h i c h giv e s th e g r e at e s t po s s ib l e am ou n t

o f i n d ivi d u al l ib e r ty n o t i n c o n s i s t e n t w ith th e r ig h t s o f ot h e r s
,
T h i s i n s ur e s .

p e r fe c t e qu al ity o f r an k an d oppo r tu n ity w it h o u t o ffe r i n g u n d u e i n c e n tiv e ,

to th e am bitio n o f its l e a d i n g c itiz e n s Co n s e q u e n t l y s u c h a sy s t e m is n o t .

,

o n l y th e m ost d e s i r ab l e fo r th e c o m m o n p e op l e but by e l e v ati n g th e a v e r a g e , ,

st an d ard o f hu m an ity s e r v e s al s o to o ffe r b r o ade r a n d high e r a i m s fo r th e

,

w o r thy e ff o r ts o f th e am bitious .

NOT E S TO C HA P T E R IX .

Se e A ix G (Ch i ti ity i E l y B it i )
pp en d r s an n ar r a n .

9
It i u u l f s tiv w it e
s a E gl i h C h u h h i t y w h
or na ek t m i i m i th e i
r rs on n s rc s or ,
o se e o n ze n

flu en c e of R th i l igi t
om e on ib th v i f th A gl
e r re d S xon ,
l t
o as c r e e c on e rs o n o e n e s an a on s a m os

w h l l y t th l b
o o f th S tti h m i i
e a o rs oi d th C h i ti i d B it w h m i d
e co s s s o n ar e s an e r s an z e r on s o re a ne

a l ive ft a th e A gl i
er qu t O th th h d i
n an t y
c on F m es d th
. n e o er an , n recen e ar s , ree an an o er

na tiv w it o E gl i h
e r ers l h i t y tt m pt t h w th t p
n n s ti ll y f th
s e c u ar t s or a e o s o a r ac ca n on e o e e as

e rn B it r u vi v d th
on s s xt m i ti g w
r e f th E g l i h i v d
e e Wh i l th tw th
er na n ar s o e n s n a ers . e ese o e

i
o r e s are w h l ly i i t t w ith
o th th e vi d e sh ow th f m t b
n con s s en l s
o n e an o er, e en c s e or er o e no es

e rron eo th th e l tt
us an a er .

B k ii h ii
3
oo c . .

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ou e e an o d o t v
er r is e rs a e os en on o e s e s an c n ro e rs e

res p e ti g th e c el e b ati
c n f E te d th p ul i r f m f l i l t
on o u e a d as u h l ik r , an e ec ar or o c er c a on s r ,
n s c e
 t t ifli g
m os r n i ti ti s b tw e th Cul d [C l m b ] d th i A gl
an d u n e s s e n ti al d s nc on e en e e es o u an s an e r n o

R m o pp an ts ; y t l
o x m i ti m y b l u t d i v
on e n e a c ose r e th t th e y a na on a en a e s o sc o er a

d ifl d i ere m p i t f vit l i p t
n so e o n s oF m i i d t l ti a m it o r an c e . ro nc en a no c es

m yb a g th d th t th e C ul d w
e a ere pp o d t th Ch u h f R m i u h
a eesti l ere o se o e rc o o e n s c e ss e n a

d t i th
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e o u i ul
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a u th it tiv b l uti
or a e a t ub t ti ti so on th w h ip f gl i ts r an s s an a on e ors o an e s , sa n ,

an d li re p yi g to i t f th i i t
cs , i p y e f th d d
ra n sa n s or e r n e r c e ss o n ra rs or e ea

—
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w kor f u e p s o g ti s rero fi m ti H th i gt
a on H i t y f tb C/
,
li f c on r a on . e er n on , s or o c zur c o

S tl d pp 1 5 1 6
co an ,
T h v it l p i t f th i d i ff
.
, .
s t t d by th i
e p a t o n o e r eren c e , as a e e r re r esen a

ti ve st th W h itby a f e i 66 4 w i l l b f u d i th xt
c on eren c e , e di g xt t f m n ,
e o n n e ne suc c e n e r ac ro

B e de I t w as th t th y w ul d t e pt Aug u ti a th e i s up e i
. a e o no ac c s ne s r r or .

Bk iii h xxv
5
. .
, c . .

S p 2 1 8 N t 43
5
ee .
,
o e .

S p 3 05
7
ee . .

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’
d n an s n en c e n a r e r c a s s o s r nc o

l d m
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or e an c e n d
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us t t om i t l y th u
r ac e i v v t w h i h l d t th i d i t
nu e e s lt ;
c c ess h th e e en s c e o s s a s r o us r e su suc as e

re id s f en c eti m i E gl d f or a f u m et p w ful ki g p i l l y M l l m
n n an o s om e o o r os o er n s, es ec a a co

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an m or e a n t i g t S t l d w ith th i m i d fi ll d w ith p j u di
a o , r e ur n n o co an e r n s e re ces

i b h l f f th p m p
n e a d pl e d
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o an s t d v n or e n s r e ac ,
a e e r os en ea or

t o erec t b u il d i g d g i e nd d w h i n s an h y w h i h m ig h t i i d ig ity
or an z d ga d en o a e r ar c c v e n n an r an

e u w ith t h
r f th e i m e w
os e o l th y igh b Th i r fl t we or pp ea t ne o rs . e r u n ous e ec s re s o on a ar e n .

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n a n e sth i v ti
o th i m
e com biti u s s c er O o se ese nno a on s e r or e a o

b th w b u t t
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o

sa v th e lv f m th
em se u p ti es f th A h bi h p f C
ro t bu y w h t v t
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su p m y v th S tti h h u h th y yi l d d p th i pi it l l ib ty t th R m
re ac o er e co s c rc e e e u e r s r ua er o e o an

1 7 6 —H th
,

p tifi
on i t h y 1 n e i gt H i
e ar t y f tb C/ u / f S tl d p 1 4
. e er n on , s or o c z rc z o co an , . .

S e K 8
x H i t y f tb R f m ti bk i ’
e no s s or o c e or a on , . .

Sl v y u d9
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er x
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o m an e m re a s c ar r e on o an e c e ss n e er no n e se r ,

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. ti g d r s u pti g anv y d om i f h u oun er ea n an c orr n e er a n o m an

li f di
e , an i t i f fli t u d d i du i g it t th i g
n s x c e n ur e s o c on C h i ti ity
c s c cee e n re c n o no n . r s an

i th
n ly g e e ar v d d l v y
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er g d p itt d th e
e n o un c e s a er as a cr e, ne er e n c o ur a e or erm e

l
s ave s t i g i t th i m t
o r se a d th w ff th y k
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as e rs and f ro o e o e e s e er ea e e m n s o

b th m to d l v w ith i d
a s e r s an u tt ly i i t e t w ith th pi it f l ve y With i
s a es e as er n c on s s n e s r o s a r n

b l u t e e qu l ity —W R B w l w L tu
.

th Ch u h m
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on Sl v y d S f d m i E u p l tu
a er an 1 2er o n r o e, ec re , .

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o en s o n a s a er as n ro ce ro o es o

m y t p v t
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en c on
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ro d n e r r s on rs . en c e e s n an c o an

l
a so St A g u ti ( D Ciu D xix 1 5) de iv d vu f m
s ne e v t p e ve b
p e s e ve d h is p i s on e s al ive —Le c k y H is t y f E u p M a l vol
. v . . ez .
, r e s er s ro s er ar e, o res r , e

ca u s e th e vi t c or r r r r . , or o r o ea n or s, .

i pp 1 01 1 02
.
, .
, .
 C H A PT E R X

SCOTT I S H AC H I E V E M E NT

I T H th e S c o tc h
xp r e s s io n o f th e s pi r it u a l h as e v e r b e e n th r ough
,
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r e l igio n I n a r t a n d l it e r a t u r e t h e y h a v e p r o d u c e d l e s s r e l a ti v e l y
—
.

t h a n th e E n gl i s h in th e No r t h o f I r e l an d a l m o s t n ot h i n g Ye t it is fa r , .

fr o m th e t r u th to s a y th a t C e l ti c g e n i u s h a s n o t f ou n d e xp r e s s io n in l it
e r a tu r e o r a r t Mo r e t h an o n c e it h a s b e e n poi n t e d o ut t h a t S h ak e s p e ar e
.

h i m s e lf w a s bo rn n e a r th e f o r e s t o f A r d e n c l o s e to th e bo r d e r l i n e b e t w e e n ,
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E n gl a n d a n d W a l e s T h e p e op l e o f th e W e s t o f E n gl a n d to d ay a r e p r ob
.
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a b l y a s m u c h C e l ti c a s T e u to n i c a n d it w ou l d s e e m t h a t t h e r e ar e at l e a s t
,

n o b e tt e r g r ou n d s fo r c l a i m i n g t h e i r g r e a t e s t g e n i u s a s a S a x o n t h an f o r a s

s u m in g t h a t h e m a y h a v e b e e n a B r ito n H e is a s l ik e l y to h a v e b e e n th e .

o n e a s th e ot h e r ; t h o u gh if th e t r u t h c o ul d b e k n o w n it w o u l d p r ob a b l y b e ,

f ou n d t h a t h e h a d r e c e i v e d an i n fu s i o n o f th e b l oo d a n d th e s pi r it o f bot h
1
.

O f th e s e c o n d g r e a t e s t p o e t o f B r i ta i n it m ay b e s a i d t h e r e is v a s t l y m o r e ,

r e as o n fo r b e l i e vi n g h im to h a v e b e e n o f p u r e l y C e l ti c e x t r a c t io n t h a n t h e r e

is fo r a s s e r ti n g S h ak e s p e ar e s g e n iu s to h a v e b e e n w h o ll y T e u to n i c I t is
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po s s ib l e h o w e v e r t h at B u r n s al s o w a s o f m ix e d d e s c e n t R a r e B e n J o n
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l ik e w i s e a l t h o u g h h i m s e l f bo r n in E n gl an d w a s th e g r a n d s o n o f a n
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Wi l l i am B l ac k a r e w r i t e r s o f S c otti s h b l o o d w h o h a v e b e e n giv e n a h ig h
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, .

d a y s B u c h a n a n Rob e r t s o n H u m e a n d M a c a u l a y w e r e p e r h a p s th e g r e a t e s t
, , , ,

h i s to r i a n s B r i t a i n h a d p r o d u c e d T h o s e S c ot s h a v e s i n c e b e e n e c l ip s e d by
.

ot h e r w r i t e r s o f a m o r e E n gl i s h o r igi n ; b ut th e l a t t e r in t u r n h a v e b e e n , ,

o u t d o n e by a C e t l — o n e w h os e w o rk s o fa r a s it h a s go n e s h o w s th e m o s t
, ,

p h i l o s op h i c al j u d i c io u s an d e n l igh t e n e d t r e a t m e n t o f th e s u bj e c t o f E g l i s h
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n

h i s to r y t h a t it h as ye t r e c e iv e d T h i s h i s t o r i an is M r W E H L e c ky
. . . . . .

Oth e r S c otti s h w r it e r s w h o h a v e h e l p e d to m a k e th e fam e o f E n gl i s h

l it e r a tu r e w o r l d w i d e a re Tobi a s S m o ll e tt Wi l l i a m E A yto u n
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, , , , . . .
 A m o n g th e g r e a t t h i n k e r s in th e fi e l d s o f po l iti c al a n d p r a c ti c al s c i e n c e
S c ot l an d h a s giv e n to th e w o r ld J am e s W a tt ( th e i n v e n t o r o f th e st e am
e n gi n e ) A d a m S m it h Hug h Mi l l e r Wi l l i a m T h o m s o n ( Lo r d K e l vi n ) Jo s e p h
, , , ,

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, , , , ,

b e s i d e s a l e gio n o f A m e r i c an s c i e n ti s ts o f th e fi r s t r a n k Wi ll i a m E w ar t .

G l a d st o n e w as o f pu r e l y S c otti s h p ar e n t a g e H is fa th e r bo r n in L e it h w as .
, ,

d e sc e n d e d fr o m a L an a r k s h i r e far m e r a n d h is m ot h e r A n n R o b e r t s o n b e , , ,

l o n g e d to th e Ro s s s h i r e Rob e r t s o n s J a m e s B ry c e l ik e w i s e is o f S c otti s h ‘
-
.

de sc e n t I n A m e r i c a d u r i n g th e p a s t te n y e a r s t h e s e tw o m e n w e r e th e
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b e s t k n o w n an d m o s t pop ul ar B r ito n s o f th e d e c a d e a n d G l a d s to n e s d e a t h ,
’

w a s m o u rn e d as g e n e r a l l y o n t h i s s i d e o f th e At l an ti c a s in G r e a t B r it a i n .

Lo r d Ro s e b e r y th e p r e s e n t l e a d e r o f th e Lib e r a l p ar ty in G r e a t B r it ai n is
, ,

a l s o a S c ot c h m an .

U l s t e r c an bo as t o f th e n am e s o f s o m e o f th e b e s t o f th e c a pt a i n s w h o
s e r v e d u n d e r W e ll i n gto n ; a n d s h e g a v e to I n d i a tw o m e n wh o h el p e d
m a t e r i a l l y to s a v e t h a t e pi e
m r f o r E g
n l a n d d i g t e g e t m uti n y H e n r y
u r n h r a —
a n d Jo h n L a w r e n c e O f th e b l oo d o f th e U l s t e r s e tt l e r s s p r a n g Lo r d C a s
.

tl e r e a gh G e o r g e C an n i n g Sir H e n r y P otti n g e r an d L o r d C a i rn s ; a n d al so
, , ,

o n e o f th e m o s t b r i l l i a n t an d s u c c e s s ful o f m o d e r n a d m i n i s t r a to r s Lo r d ,

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,

tl e r s J a m e s H a m i l to n Lo r d C l an n ab o ye a n d th e po s s e s s o r o f p a r t o f th e
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o l d S c otti s h s e tt l e m e n t o n th e s o u t h s h o r e o f B e l fa s t Lo u gh
‘
.

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,

a pp l i e s w it h e q u a l fo r c e to E n g l an d B r iti s h a r t a s a r ul e is bui l t o n fou n .

, ,

d a tio n s o f c o n v e n tio n al ity r a t h e r th a n i n s pi r a tio n H e re a s in s o m e c e r t a i n .

,

ot h e r a tt r ib u t e s o f a r e fi n e d c ivi l iz a tio n th e b e s t e x am p l e s a r e p r o d u c e d by ,

C e l ti c F r a n c e N e v e r th e l e s s c r iti c s to d ay a r e c o m i n g to c l as s th e S c otti s h
.
,
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a r ti s t H e n r y R a e b u r n w it h th e w o rl d s g r e a t e s t po r t ra it p a i n t e r s G e o r g e ’

, , .

C r u ik s h an k al s o w a s th e s o n o f a fa t h e r bo rn n o r th o f th e T w e e d To
, , .

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, , ,

in m o d e r n a r t A s a c o n s e q u e n c e A m e r i c an a r ti s t s o f S c o tti s h a n d E n g
.
,

l i s h a n c e st r y a r e p r o d u c i n g m o r e e x c e ll e n t w o r k t h a n t h e i r B r iti s h c ou s i n s o f
n a ti v e s to c k
“
.

I n c o n n e c tio n w it h th e s u bj e c t o f S c otti s h a c h i e v e m e n t it w i ll b e a pp r o ,

p r ia te to giv e in c o n d e n s e d f o r m th e r e s ul t s o f an i n v e s tig a ti o n m a d e by M r .

Wi l l i am H Hu n t e r a d i l ig e n t an d p ai n st aki n g s t u d e n t w h o p r e s e n t e d th e
.
, ,

f o l l o w i n g fac ts in a n a dd re s s d e l iv e r e d b e fo r e th e W e st F l o r i d a P io n e e r
S c ot c h So c i e ty o n J an u ar y 2 5 1 89 5 ,

b e e n s a i d th at oppo r tu n ity is th e fat h e r o f g r e at n e s s ; b u t th e

I t h as
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o r tu n ity a n d g ras p e d it a n d r e vo l u tio n iz e d th e f o r c e s in th e h a n d s o f m an

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( Cy r us M c C o r m ic k ) i n v e n t e d th e m o w i n g m ac h in e Jo h n Si n c l a i r a S c ot c h -
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m an o f w o n d e r fu l p e r c e ptio n o r g a n iz e d th e B r iti s h Bo ar d o f Ag r i c u l tu r e ,
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Joh n C a i r d s w riti n g s a d d e d n o t a l itt l e to th e a d v an c e m e n t o f a g r i c u l tu r e

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H e n r y B u r d e n i n v e n t e d th e c u l tiv a to r a n d Tho m a s J e ffe rs on g a v e u s th e ,

m o d e r n p l ough I a m a l s o to l d t h a t Lo n gst r e e t w h o i m p r ov e d th e c otto n

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g i n ,
an d m a d e po s s ib l e its O p e ra tio n by m e a n s o f s t e a m po w e r w a s o f S c ot ,

tish b l oo d I t a k e it t h a t t h e r e a r e m e n h e r e to d ay w h o r e m e m b e r th e
.
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r e vo l utio n m a d e in A m e r i c a n f ar m i n g by th e i n t r o d u c tio n o f th e d oub l e

S c ot c h h arr o w .

Wh e n Mi c h ae l M e n zi e s an d A n d r e w M e ik l e i n v e n t e d th e t h r e s h i n g m a
c h i n e in 1 7 88 th e y m a d e it so n e a r l y p e r fe c t I n a l l its w o r ki n g s t h a t l itt l e
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r oo m fo r i m p r o v e m e n t w a s l e f t fo r l a tt e r d ay g e n i u s T h e i m p r ov e d r o a d s -
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in m o s t g e n e r a l u s e a r e m a d e a f t e r th e s y s t e m s i n t r o d u c e d by th e e m i n e n t
S c ot c h e n gi n e e r s M ac A d am an d T e l fo r d ,
.

W a tt m a d e th e fir st e l e c t r i c al app a r a tu s a n d w ou l d h av e c o n ti n u e d e x ,

e r i m e n ts a l o n g t h i s l i n e b u t d r opp e d e l e c t r i c ity to giv e h is w h o l e ti m e to

p ,

p e r fe c t i n g th e s t e am e n gi n e T h e h o n o r fo r h arn e s s i n g l ight n i n g
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to s e r v e m an a s a s w i ft m e ss e n g e r b e l o n gs to o n e th r ough w h o s e v e i n s
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c ur e d s S c ot c h b l oo d — S am u e l Fi n l e y B re e s e Mo r s e T he o ld .

ti m e t e l e g r a p h e r s J am e s D R e i d A n d r e w C a rn e gi e Rob e r t P it c a i r n K e n
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h is syst e m su c c e s s ful ar e o f S c ot c h b l oo d ,
T h e Wiz a r d o f M e n l o P a r k 1 5 o f .

th e s am e b l oo d [ E d iso n s m ot h e r w a s M ar y E l l io tt ] Sir Wi l l i am Tho m s o n

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a n a tiv e o f S c ot c h I r e l a n d m a d e po s s ib l e th e s u c c e s s f u l O p e r a tio n o f th e
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o c e a n el e c t r i c c a b l e s by i n v e n tio n o f th e m i r r o r g al v a n o m e t e r w h i c h r e fl e c t s -
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th e w o r d s n ot e d by th e e l e c t r i c s p a r k s a s t h e y fl a s h u n d e r th e s e a T he .

t e l e pho n e w a s i n v e n t e d by A l e x a n d e r G r a h am B e l l a S c ot c h m a n w h i l e , ,

E l i s h a G r a y o f th e s am e b l oo d is a t w o r k p e r fe c ti n g a te l o to graph
, , .

Jo h n E r i c s so n w a s bo r n a S w e d e b ut h is biog r a p h e r s ay s o f h im t h a t h e ,

got h is g e n i u s fr o m h is m ot h e r w h o w a s o f S c otti s h d e s c e n t ,
In .

sp e aki n g o f th e s t e am s h ip h o w m an y S c ot c h n am e s c o m e to m i n d ! Ne w ,

c om e n ,
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f r o m A m e r i c a w a s b u i l t by a S c ot c h m an T h e G r e a t Wes te r n c o n s t r u c t e d .
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by H e n r y B u r d e n w as th e fi r s t s t e am s h ip to c r o s s th e o c e a n fr o m E u r o p e to
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A m e r i c a T h e m o d e rn m a r i n e r s c o m p as s w a s i n v e n t e d by Sir Wi l l i am
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T h om so n .

T h e po s s ibi l ity o f a r a i l w a y w a s fir s t s u gg e s t e d by W a tt H e n r y B ur de n .

fi r s t m a d e th e p e c ul i a r s pik e u s e d to t h i s d ay to fa s t e n th e r a i l to th e c r o s s
,

tie . P e t e r Coop e r bui l t th e fi r s t l o c o m otiv e I n A m e r i c a T h e P e n n s y l v a n i a .

R a i l r o a d Co m p an y th e g r e a t e s t a n d m o s t po w e r ful r a i l r o ad c o r po r a t io n in
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th e w o r l d w as b r o u g h t to its p r e s e n t s t a g e by th e s ki l l e d e ffo r t s o f s u c h
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S c ot c h m e n a s T h o m a s A S c ott Wi ll i am Th a w J N M c C ull o u gh J a m e s .
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M c Cr e a an d Rob e r t P it c ai rn [
, to t h e s e n am e s s h o u l d n o w b e a d d e d t h o s e o f
F r an k Tho m so n an d A J C a s s att] ; w h i l e G e n e ra l C am pb e l l th e m a n a g e r
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o f th e B a l ti m o r e Ohio s y s t e m is a l s o a S c ot c h m an [l a t e r Joh n K Co w e n , .
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a l s o o f S c o tti s h b l oo d D i g e l a t e w ar b e t w e e n th e St a t e s th e F e d e r a l
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r a i l r o a d m i l it a r y s e r vi c e w a s u n d e r th e g e n e r a l s h ip o f D C M c c u l lu m . . .

T h e C an a d i a n P ac ifi c R a i l r o a d w a s bui l t by a S c ot c h m a n .
 It is a fac t th a t P u r it an l a d i e s w e re t au gh t to s pi n o n Bo s to n Co m m o n , ,

by S c otti s h im m igr an ts fr o m No r t h e rn I r e l an d ; a n d th e g r e a t t e xti l e i n d u s t r y

w a s giv e n i m p e t u s by th e i n v e n tio n o f c a r d i n g an d Spi n n i n g m a c h i n e s by
A l e x an d e r an d Rob e r t B a r r w h i c h m a c h i n e s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d by a M r O r r
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a l so a N e w E n gl a n d S c ot c h m a n A n d th e i n v e n to r o f th e m u l e s pi n n i n g
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m a c h i n e w a s a S c ot Go r d o n M c K ay i n v e n t e d th e so l e s tit c h i n g t h a t r e vo -
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l utio n iz e d s h o e m a ki n g in N e w E n gl an d .

T h e fi r s t i r o n fu rn a c e w e s t o f th e A l l e g h an y Mo u n t a i n s w a s e r e c t e d by a
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S c ot c h m an n am e d G r an t in 1 7 9 4 At t h i s m i l l th e c an n o n b al l s u s e d by
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P e r r y in th e b a tt l e o f L ake E r i e w e r e m a d e Jo h n C am pb e ll a s t al w ar t .
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O h io S c ot fi r s t e m p l oy e d th e h o t b l a s t in m aki n g pig i r o n
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T h e S c ot c h a u t h o r is e m i n e n t in e v e r y l i n e o f l it e r a r y p r o d u c tio n We .

c ou l d r e s t o u r ho n o r s w ith Hu m e C a r l y l e S c ott a n d B u r n s an d h o l d a h ig h , , , ,

p l a c e in th e w o r l d o f l e tt e r s A d am S m ith w a s th e fi r s t p e r s o n to w r it e o f
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pol iti c al e c o n o m y a s a s c i e n c e w h i c h th e m e h as b e e n a l s o t r e a t e d by S am u e l
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w o r l d B a r bo u r B l i n d H a r r y G a vi n Do u gl as Wyn to un D u n b a r M c K e n z ie
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S c ot l an d g a v e to Am e r i c a W a s h i n gto n I r vi n g M r s M a r g a r e t Wil . .

s o n O l ip h a n t is o f o u r b l oo d an d a l s o Rob e r t Loui s St e v e n s o n
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W h a t a uth o r .

o f fi c tio n h as r e c e iv e d fu l l e r a tt e n tio n t h a n Jo h n M a c l ar e n W a t s o n
T h e S c ot h a s b e e n a vo l um i n o u s w r it e r o f t h e o l ogy f r o m th e d a ys o f Jo h n
Kn ox th e r e al h e r o o f th e R e fo rm a tio n You a ll k n o w t h a t o f th e s ix
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r s h se r m o iz e s A l i s o n I r vi n g C h al m e r s Rob e r t s o n Rob e r t
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Hugh Mi ll e r to ld u s th e s to r y o f th e r o c k s To S c otl an d w e a r e in .

d e bt e d fo r Wi l l i am M c L u c e th e fa t h e r o f A m e r i c an g e o l ogy u n d e r t a ki n g
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a s h e d id a s a p r iv a t e e n t e r p r i s e th e g e o l ogi c a l s u r v e y o f th e U n it e d St a t e s
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v i s iti n g e a c h St a t e an d T e r r ito r y a n d pub l i s h i n g h is m a p s six y e a r s p r io r to

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pub l i c a tio n o f th e S m it h g e ol ogi c a l m ap o f E n gl a n d T h e O w e n s D a vi d .

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Ri c h ar d a n d Rob e r t D al e w e r e m e n o f th e h igh e s t a tt a i n m e n t s in th e fi e l d
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o f A m e r i c a n g e o l ogy th e l a tt e r a t h is d e a t h h a vi n g th e fi n e s t m u s e u m a n d
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l abo r a to r y o n th e W e s t e r n Co n ti n e n t A n d r e w R a m s e y w h o w a s th e d i r e c to r .
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g e n e r al o f th e G e o l o gi c al S ur v e y o f G r e a t B r it a i n w a s a S c ot ,
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Mit c h e ll . M ar i a Mit c h e l l a n ot h e r S c ot c h A m e r i c a n a s t r o n o m e r ,
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h a d th e d i s ti n c tio n o f r e c e ivi n g a m e d a l f r o m th e Ki n g o f D e n m a r k .

No ot h e r r a c e h a s p r o d u c e d a g r e a t e r m a t h e m a t i c i an t h an J o h n N a pi e r ,

th e m o s t d i s ti n g u i s h e d o f th e B r iti s h w r it e r s o n th e s c i e n c e o f n u m b e r s .

H a s G e m a n y p r o d u c e d m e n o f l a r g e r g r a s p o f t h oug h t a l o n g t h i s l i n e t h an
r

J am e s B e a tti e o r A n d r e w Ba xt e r t h an Sir Wi l l i a m H am i l t o n o r Do c to r ,

Ab e r c ro m bi e N e i l A r n o tt w a s th e fi r s t p e r s o n to i ll us t r a t e s c i e n tifi c p r i n
c ipl e s in th e l a n g u a g e o f c o m m o n l i f e h is w o r k b e i n g s o pop u l ar t h a t it r an ,

t h r o u g h five e d itio n s in s ix y e a r s Rob e r t a n d J am e s H o l d am s th e p h i l o s .

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O ph e r s Sp e n c e r Fu l l e r to n B a i r d th e m o s t n ot e d A m e r i c a n n a t u ra l i s t A l e x
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a n d e r Wi l s o n th e o r n it h o l ogi s t
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s c i e n tifi c p e r io d i c al in th e U n it e d St a t e s Li n dl e y M u r r a y th e p h i l ol ogist , ,

a l l w e r e S c ot s a n d a ll a u t h o r iti e s in t h e i r r e sp e c tiv e fi e l d s o f r e s e a rc h Dr . .
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J a p a n Wh o h a s w r itt e n o n th e s c i e n c e o f bot a n y w it h g r e a t e r c l e ar n e s s
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th an Joh n H B alfou r ? Was t h e r e e v e r a s c hol ar o f w i de r di s ti n c tio n fo r

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c o m p r e h e n si v e t re at m e n t o f bot an y th an A s a G r a y th e d e s c e n d a n t o f a ,

N e w E n gl an d S c ot c h fa m i l y ? W R S m it h a S c ot c h m an h a s b e e n fo r . .
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y e ar s s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f th e Go ve r n m e n t Bot a n i c al G ar d e n s .

T h a t d i s ti n g u i s h e d S c ot c h a n a to m i s t Jo h n Ab e r n e t h y th e fa t h e r o f , ,

m o d e r n su r g e r y r e vo l utio n iz e d t h i s s c i e n c e
,
Dr J Y Si m p s o n w a s th e . . . .

fi r s t p e r so n to u s e c h l o r o fo r m a s a n a n ae st h e ti c in th e p ra c t i c e o f su r g e r y .

E p h r ai m M c Do w e ll s s ki ll fo un d n e w fi e l d s in op e r a tiv e s u r g e r y a n d h e
’

b e c am e n ot e d in E u r op e a s w e ll as in A m e r i c a No r a c e h a s giv e n to .

m e d i c i n e th e s up e r io r s o f Wi l l i a m a n d Jo h n H u n t e r o f M a tt h e w B a i l i e or , ,

Jo h n B ar c l a y I f o n e w e r e to a s kw h o h a v e b e e n th e fou r m o s t n ot e d s u r
.

g e o n s an d m e d i c al d o c to r s in A m e r i c a th e a n s w e r w o ul d b e H am i l to n , .
,

H a m m o n d H a y s Ag n e w an d W e i r Mit c h e ll a ll o f S c ot c h b l o o d
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As e arl y a s 1 7 9 5 Dr T h o r n to n c al l e d a t t e n tio n to th e po s s ibi l ity o f t e ac h

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in g th e d e a f a n d d u m b to t a l k a n d A l e x an d e r B e ll i n t r o d u c e d th e s y s t e m fo r
,

i n s t r u c ti n g th e d e a f a n d d um b i n v e n t e d by h is S c ot c h fa t h e r J o h n A l s to n
, .

w a s th e i n v e n to r o f th e b l i n d a l p h a b e t a n d Jo h n G a l l p r i n t e d I n E n g l i s h th e ,

fi r s t book fo r th e b l i n d .

G e d d th e i n v e n to r o f s t e re otypi n g w a s a S c ot c h m an T h e S c ot al s o
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g a v e us th e l igh t n i n g p r e s s e s S c ott Go r d o n an d C am pb e l l a r e o f o u r
.
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b l oo d D a vi d B r u c e th e pio n e e r typ e m a k e r th e i n v e n to r o f th e typ e

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c as ti n g m a c h i n e i n t r o d u c e d th e G e d d p r o c e s s in A m e r i c a A r c h ib al d .

Bi n n e y an d J arne s Ro n a l d so n e s t a b l i s h e d th e fi r s t typ e fo u n d r y in P h i l a
,

d e lp h i a To B r u c e a n d th e M c K e ll ar s w e a re g r e a t l y i n d e bt e d fo r th e a d
.

v an c e d po s itio n o u r c ou n t r y h o l d s to d a y in t h i s g r e a t i n d u s t r y T he fi rst -
.

A m e r i c an n e w s p ap e r th e N ew s L ette r w a s p u bl i s h e d in Bo s to n by J o h n
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C a m pb e ll Wi ll i a m M a x w e ll a S c ot c h m an p u b l i s h e d a t Ci n c i n n a ti th e fi r s t
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n e w s p a p e r in th e No r t h w e s t T e r r ito r y ; a n d th e fi r s t r e l igio u s p a p e r in th e

U n it e d St at e s w a s pub l i s h e d a t C h i l l i c oth e O h io by a S c o t c h m an , ,
.

I n s c u l pt u r e S c ot l a n d h as giv e n to E n g l a n d a n d A m e r i c a t h e i r fi n e s t
,

a r ti s t s Wi l l i am C ald e r M ar s h a ll an d n o t a n E n g l i s h m a n w o n th e p r iz e
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o ffe r e d by th e B r iti s h gov e rn m e n t fo r a d e s ig n fo r th e We ll i n gto n m o n u m e n t .

Sir Jo h n St e e l e e x e c u t e d th e c o l o s s a l s t a t u e o f B u r n s t h a t a d o r n s N e w
Yo r k s b e a uti ful p ar k Jo h n C Ki n g th e N e w E n gl a n d s c u l pto r w h o s e
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b us t s o f A d am s a n d E m e r s o n a r e m a s t e r pi e c e s o f p l as ti c a r t an d w h o s e ,

c a m e o s o f W e b s t e r a n d Li n c o l n a r e m a g n ifi c e n t g e m s w a s a S c ot ; a s w a s ,

Jo e l H ar t w h o s e s t a t u e s o f C l a y a t Ri c h m o n d an d N e w O rl e a n s a r e e xt e n
,

s ive l y a d m i r e d C r aw fo r d an d W a r d ar e o f o u r b l oo d ; a n d w h e r e I S t h e r e
.

a S c ot w h o s e h e a r t d o e s n o t b e a t w it h p r i d e I n th e k n o w l e d g e t h a t S c o t c h

b l o o d c o u r s e s in th e v e i n s o f F r e d e r i c k M a c m o n n ie s T h e r e is n o e n d to
S c ot c h p a i n t e r s Sir D a vi d Wi l ki e w a s p e r h a p s th e m o s t n ot e d o f B r iti s h
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a r ti s t s T h e n t h e r e w e r e F r an c i s B r an t a n d Wi ll i am H a r t So m e o f th e
. .

w o r k s o f A l e x an d e r Jo h n s to n a r e a m o n g th e w o r l d s m a s t e r pi e c e s D a vi d ’
.

A ll a n s pe n dr e w th e fa m i l i a r i l l u s t r a ti o n s to B u r n s s l y r i c s T h e r e w a s a n
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a c a d e m y o f a r t in G l a s go w b e fo r e t h e r e w a s o n e in Lo n d o n G u t h r i e M ac .
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s on ,
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fi r s t A m e r i c an w oo d e n g r a v e r i n v e n ti n g a s h e d id th e too l s u s e d by t h o s e
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p ur s u i n g t h i s a r t .

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b u i l d i n g h is o w n s h ip s o n th e b an k o f th e l a k e P e rr y s m ot h e r w as a n .
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P e r r y s vi c to r y by n e igh bo r s o f th e fa m i l y in R h o d e I s l an d
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.

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w it h th e M e r r im a c w a s o f th e s am e b l oo d ,
A l e x an d e r Mu rr ay c o m m an d e d .

th e Con s titution a n d Wi ll i a m Ki d d th e d a r i n g pi r a t e w as a l s o a S c ot c h m a n
, ,
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I n th e A m e r i c a n Civi l War th e S c ot c h A m e r i c an g e n e r a l s o f th e F e d e r al -

A r m y fr o m Ohio al o n e m a d e o u r r a c e c o n s pi c u o u s in s ki ll o f a r m s G r an t .

w a s a S c ot c h m a n H is [ fa t h e r s ] p e op l e c a m e d i r e c t to A m e r i c a an d fi r s t
’

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s e tt l e d in Co n n e c ti c u t [ h is m ot h e r s p e op l e w e r e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a Sc o tc h f
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s ( tw o f a m i l i e s h a vi n g n i n e g e n e r a l O ffi c e r s in th e

fi e l d ) th e Gib s o n s th e H a ye s e s th e Gi lm o r e s a ll w e re O h io S c ot s G e n e r a l
, , , , .

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tI o n a r y p e r io d w e r e S c ot c h m e n a n d S c ot c h I r i s h m e n w h os e a c hi e v e m e n ts -
,

a r e h i s to r y T h e M c C ul l o c h S th e L e w i s e s th e M c K e e s th e C r a w fo r d s
.
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th e P a tt e r s o n s th e Jo h n s to n s a n d t h e i r fe l l o w S c ot s w o n th e W e s t
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e rn m e n t fi ve g r e a t St a t e s t h a t o t h e r w i s e w o ul d h a v e b e e n u n d e r th e B r iti s h
fl ag . T h e t r ut h a bo u t O h io is it h a s b e e n S c ot c h fr o m its fi rs t gov e r n o r
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,
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o f t r uth : T h e t r iu m ph o f J a m e s Wo l fe a n d h is Hig hl an d e r s o n th e H e ight s

o f Ab r a h a m a n d n o t th e e m b a tt l e d fa r m e r s o f L e xi n gto n
,
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to r y o f th e A m e r i c an R e v o l utio n A n d d id it c o m e by m e r e c h an c e th a t
.
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s am e ti m e l e d th e E n g l ish fo r c e s t h a t r e d u c e d Fo r t Duq u e s n e a t th e c o n
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fl u e n c e o f th e th r e e r iv e r s an d op e n e d th e g a t e w a y to th e bo u n dl e s s w e s t fo r
,

th e f o r w a r d m ar c h o f A n g l o S a xo n c ivi l iz a tio n ? D id it c o m e by c h an c e
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t h a t J a m e s G ran t w a s th e c o m m a n d e r in th e r e l i e f o f Lu c k n o w ; t h a t th e
u n m a t c h e d H av e l o c k l e d S c otti s h s o l d i e r s in h is A s i a ti c c a m p aig n s w h i c h
b r o u ght su c h l ust r e to B r iti s h arm s We h a v e a r ight to m an i fe s t p r i d e in
th e f ac t t h a t o f th e f o u r fi e l d c o m m a n d e r s in c h i e f in th e Civi l Wa r t h re e - -

—
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w e r e S c ot c h S c ott M c Cl e ll a n an d G r a n t C h i n e s e Go r d o n w a s a S c ot
, , . .

T h r oug h th e v e i n s o f Rob e r t E L e e flo w e d th e b l oo d o f Rob e r t B r u c e . .

U l yss e s S G r an t an d J e ffe r s o n D av is w e r e d e s c e n d a n ts o f th e s a m e S c ot c h
.

f am i l y o f Si m p s o n .

St a t e s m e n ? I f S c otl an d h a d giv e n to c ivi l gov e rn m e n t o n l y th e n am e

o f G l a d sto n e Sh e m ig h t e v e r g l o w w it h a m ot h e r s p r i d e E r ski n e too w a s ’

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,

o f th e l o n g l i n e o f B r i tish j u r i s t s w hos e i n fl u e n c e w a s m o s t pot e n t in givi n g

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,

tu tio n al l ib e r ty bo rn o n B r itish soi l J e ffe r s o n th e a u tho r o f th e D e c l ara tio n

.
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o f I n d e p e n d e n c e a n d o f th e l a w p r ovi d i n g f o r r e l igio u s to l e r an c e ; M a d i s o n
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th e fa t h e r o f th e Co n s tit u tio n Mo n r o e [ J ac k s o n ] P o l k [T a y l o r] Bu c h an an
, , , , , ,

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, , , , , ,

r a c e h a s giv e n to th e U n it e d St a t e s D an i e l W e b s t e r w a s o f S c otti s h b l oo d ;
.

s o w e r e th e i n t e ll e c tu al gi an t s B e n j a m i n W a d e a n d J o s h u a Gi d d i n gs Wade s ’
.
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_

h is S c ot c h P r e s byt e r i a n m ot h e r M c L e a n an d Bu r n e t tw o o f th e a b l e s t
.
,

l aw y e rs a n d s t a t e s m e n o f th e W e st w e r e S c ots Wit h o n e e x c e ptio n al l th e

,
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m e m b e r s o f W a s h i n gto n s C a bi n e t w e r e o f th e s a m e vi r i l e b l oo d ; a s w e r e l ik e
’

w is e t h r e e out o f f ou r o f th e fi r st j u s ti c e s o f th e U n it e d St at e s S u p r e m e Cou r t .

I n fi n a n c e th e S c ot c h a r e n o l e s s d i s ti n g u is h e d t h an in ot h e r l i n e s o f
,

e n d e a vo r . Wi l l i am P a t e r s o n w as th e fo u n d e r o f th e B a n k o f E n gl an d an d ,

A l e xa n d e r H am i l to n e s t ab l is h e d th e A m e r i c an sy s t e m o f fi n a n c e Bot h w e r e .

S c ot s.

T h e a c c e pte d n otio n t h a t al l th e S c ot c h ge t th e i r t h e o l ogy fr o m C al vi n is

i n c o rr e c t C h arl e s P e ttit M c I l va in e p e r h ap s th e ab l e s t bi s h op o f th e P r ot
.
,

e s ta n t E pis c op al C h u r c h in A m e r i c a an d c e r t a i n l y o n e o f th e m o s t p r o fo u n d
,

e d u c a to r s o n t h i s c o n ti n e n t w a s a S c ot c h m a n by d e s c e n t
,
Bi s h op M a tt h e w .

Si m p s o n w as w itho u t q u e stio n th e a b l e s t p r e l a t e o f th e M e t h o d i s t E pi s c op al
C h u r c h in A m e r i c a J am e s D e m pst e r w h o m Jo h n W e s l e y s e n t to A m e r i c a
.
,

a s a m i s s io n a r y
w a s a S c ot c h m a n
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a n d h is s o n Jo h n D e m p s t e r w a s th e
, ,
,

f o u n d e r o f th e s c hoo l o f t h e o l ogy o f th e Bo s to n U n iv e r s ity F ath e r .

M c C o r m ic k a s h e w as c a l l e d o r g a n iz e d th e fi r s t M e t h o d i s t E pi s c op a l
, ,

c h u r c h in th e No r th w e s t T e r r ito r y Joh n R an ki n w a s th e fo u n d e r o f th e
.

F r e e P r e s byt e r i an an d A l e x an d e r C am pb e ll o f th e C h r i s ti an Dis c i pl e s
,
’

C h ur c h Rob e r t T u r n bu ll w a s th e m o s t s c h ol ar l y d ivi n e o f th e N e w E n g
.

l a n d B apti s t Chu rc h E d war d Robi n s o n o f th e P u r it a n C h u r c h w as r e c og

.
, ,

n iz e d a s th e a b l e s t A m e r i c an bib l i c a l s c ho l ar W h i l e r e fe r r i n g to s c h o l a r s . ,
I u s t n o t n e gl e c t to m e n tio n th e fac t t h a t J am e s B l a i r fou n de d Wi ll i am an d
m
M a r y Co ll e g e In Vi r gi n i a ; t h a t P r i n c e to n is a S c ot c h i n s tit u tio n ; t h a t Do c to r
Al e x an d e r fou n d e d A u g u s t a A c ad e m y n o w th e g r e a t W a s h i n gto n a n d L e e ,

U n iv e r s ity ; t h a t J e ffe rs o n g av e th e So u t h th e U n iv e r s ity o f Vi r gi n i a ; t h a t

Do c to r J o h n M c Mil l an an d th e Fi n l e ys e s t a b l is h e d m o r e t h an a d oz e n c o l
l e g e s in th e W e s t an d So u t h t h a t Do c to r C h a r l e s C B e a tty e s t a b l i s h e d th e ,
.

fi r s t w o m an s c o ll e ge w e s t o f th e A ll e gh an y Mou n t a i n s ; a n d t h a t Jo s e p h R ay
’

Wi l l i a m H M c G uff e y a n d Li n dl e y Mu r r a y w e r e t h r e e o f A m e r i c a S m o s t
.
,
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p r om i n e n t e du c a to r s .

N O T E S TO CHA P T E R X .

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e l i d Ul t i th v t th
ec es a s ur r o u n . am e s c o on z e s er n e se en e en cen

t y t wi th th G l i S t w h igh t h v
ur ,
no l e d w ith th i ki d d C l t i I l
ae c co s , d o m a e c oa esc e e r n re e s n r e an ,

b t w ith t h t L w l
u d l p p l ti
a wh f o th v y fi t fix d th
an r ur a l d l igi o u a on o rom e er rs e e m or a an re o us

t ti p i th l l d th b k d f G t B it i ’
on e o f th I l
e en d w re rov n c e . d
re a n as en ca e e ac o or o re a r a n an
J am e s . xi u to pl e ga i
I w as an th e th t w ul d b bl t o l y t sh t th d
o s ac a rr son re a o e a e no n o u e oor,

b ut t k p it sh ut i th e f o f h is F h Sp i h e m i d a o di gl y w h
i n w th —th dv d
o ee ,
n ac e a r en c or an s ne es an , cc r n , en n

a tt m pt w m de t th e R v l ti t f
e as a th da th e g e o u on o orc e e oor, ar r s o as e re e a an c e

o u tp t f E gl i h p w —t h t it i th e f e f th p l t g d
os o n s o er o s d t s v th
u n ac o e an e r s
’
r an s o n , an so o a e e

l ib ti s o f E gl
er e d t th e m t iti l m t i it h i t y O m y ( H ugh Mi ll
n an a os cr ca m o en n s s or . ne a see as er

did) i th n i d m it bl fi m s f th e b i g d t D y th pi it f th i
e n o a e r n es t su d
o es e e a er r e S r o e r an c e s o r n er

W al l d B u e
ac e an d r g i i th e g ll t e xpl it f th E i sk ill m e n u de
r c , an eco n z e n a an o s o e nn en n r

Gu t vu s H m i l t ro u ti g tw f th f e d p t h d t tt k th m
s a a on , n d c om p ll i g
o o e or c s es a c e o a ac e ,
an e n a

th i d t ti
r o re p titi f th t h i
re , a r e f u gh t d th i
e w b ttl f R l i
on o e r c e- o an r c e- on a e o os n.

I t is w ti m t noti th h t d w y
e f th
o Ul t m
no ce t th e C l t f
e c a r a c e r an a s o e s er an , n o e o

U l t w h o gi ve
s er, th i g d i ti tiv t it s no i ty — f h i thn wh t h i i M u t
s nc e o o s soc e , or e s ere a e s n n s er r

C on n a g
u h t y
l w ith l ,
on d g f vi v ity d w it a— b t th S t h I i h
e ss e i h iti g
ree o ac an ,
u e co c -
r s m an , n er n

f m S o t l d th t N
ro c e
an t u e ft C a d o d ubt w ith C l ti c b l
or s na d th r e givi g
o en r o ss e n o e oo , e on n

hi m h i p i s t y th e th
s ers t u h f i m p ul i v
en c ,
t whi h Ul t
o er aw m o h f itc o s e n e ss o c s er o es so uc o s

p ogr a d p p ity H p s t th
r e ss n ro s er whi h h s b . d ib e d a th e v r t e b l
e re re en s e ra c e c a een escr s e ra

co l um f U l t e gi vi g it at
n o s e it s t
r, gth d u p igh t n —a e m c ul i
on c l ik i s ren an r n e ss
’
rac as ne a e n

it vi t u
s r d f ul t —ol i d s d t e
es an d p l dd i g— d d i ti gu i h d b th
a s s ,
et h a e d ,
an o n an s n s e o a om an

a b d by h e w d
ro a f h d th
S r ug h g i g w y
n e ss o dm l t ity T h Ul t m n i
ea , or o o n a s , an or a e n ac . e s er a s,

b v l l th i g b l t t d l d t t dfi ly f t H is c ll d th
‘
a o e a n s, a e hi
o s an w a on e , an o s an rm on s o n ee . e a e e

t u dy N th f m h is fi m e s d i d p d e to t u th
’
s r or ern , ro d hi dh r n d p
s an n e en e n c e an s a er e n c r an ro

bity H i th ugh l y p ti l H e tu di e u s p t m
. e s oro rac th i g ca d ul tiv t
. s s se , res ec s co m on n s , an c a es

th e p e f h um
ros l if
o Th E gl i h d pi an th I i h e. i m l b t t th e m e n f s es se e r s as a e ss , u no an o

Ul s t wh
er , h s p em e ey t f t a d i l k d d b l t d t
o a a su r lte Th io ac s , n s
‘
oc e an o e o resu s .
’
ere s a

b i us n e ss- l ik e t i h i m th d f p ki g on e n He ver w as t a w d y t on
s e o o i h s ea n . ne es or , e o c c as o n e

c an Sp k w ith v l bi l ity H e i s d u d d gg d
ea o u c i S t hm w ith h w
s a o r an o e on o c as o n a s a co c an , o

— p ul i l y S t h —w h i h i
.
,

e v g er, ll y l
e n e ra f th t i f i f t
e ss o a n us o n l l y th o s ern n e ss so ec ar co c c s re a e

res ul t f t g h bit l r l ti b tw
o a s r on th ugh t d ti
a ua E gl i h t u i t
e a on ti th e een o an ac on . n s o r s s no ce e

s ti ff d de t e m i d m
an rf th U l t e m ne i h i u w i ll i g
an n e r o t gi v w y t y u t f i e s r an n s n n n e ss o e a o o a a r

or m kt ar th e g u d t h t o e m
e , on i g d ro th
n T h Ul t m a n tt an s as oo as an o er . e s er an ,
no m a er

w h t h i p l iti
a s i d m c ti i
o pi it
cs, d h i l y l ty i
s e tp
o ra l l ik t h t f th C l t
c n S r an s o a s no e rs o n a , e a o e e ,

bu t t h ra p t f i tituti s H e h
er a res ec m th i g or t f th e S t h p ug
ns on ity f . as so e n ,
oo, o co c n ac o

m i d n d lw y
,
an m a i v ti a s if h e w
s see f i d f m ki g t
s, n c on l g dm i i
e r sa on ,
a er e a ra o a n oo ar e a ss on s .

M M tth e w A
r. a ld p k f w et rn o bl s eaf th s obl t l m t f ul s e r e as o n a en ess as on e o e no es e e en s o c

tu re d an ti l l i fe T h Ul t m h th
na on a . bl b t he ie t w s er t A an as e r eas o n a en e ss , u s no s ee .

s ut h e
o I i hm nrn y f h im T h N th
r s a sa l ik t h i
s o w h i ll e gh b t h l t h e or e rn s , e e r o n s , ar rou u ea

so m d th ugh f t
e , an ,
pl i p k o en t b l o t en th i ki d h t e d p
a n -s o ty
en ev o un n e ss , ere s no n e r- e ar e a sa n r

i th w l d
n e B ut h i
or t i l y f i f i t th C l ti I i h m i g d m
.
’
e s c er a n d i
ar n e r or o e e c r s an n oo an n e r s a n n

th e t f pl e i g
ar o T h ugh t o as n v d . g v th e S o t h m o d w ith
no ths r e se r e or ra e as c c an , an ra e r m o re

s oc a i l t l t h i i fe i t th S u th i pl i y u pp l
a en ,
e s n r or nd b o h i H h t
e o ern n an c ,
s e n e ss , a on om e. e a es

c e m
re y d is w ti g i p l it e
on an He i anu gh d n d y a d p e k hi m i d w ith
n o n e ss . t s ro an rea , n S a s s n ou

r e se r v He h
e. n t th il ky fl tt y d u t u t t f th e S th
as o e s A Ki ll a yb g
er an co r eo s ac o ou er n . arn e e

g m w i l l utt m e i il th i gs i h l f h u t t g th
ar an er or c v Ul t n i ll h in a an o r o a s r an er an a n s e r m an n a s

lif b t th e Ul t m w i ll t t th t th S u th i t s w t t b w h l e ‘ ’
e u s er an re or C a e o e rn s oo ee o e o so m e . er

f i l y if
a n , U l te m an d t s
e b ut y u h w il l ith
r an oe s
y l nok i f h c ard id a o o , e ne er sa n or oo as e .

Y u k w w h e to fi d h im
o no he i er h yp it T h e C l t w ith h i f ve t a d f c i
n s noti g ocr e. e , s er n n as na n

m an n
e f su p s
r, ar h im i m ki g f i d w h m h w i l l
r a ses t lw y k p n w h i l th U l t e
a n r en s o e no a a s ee e e s r

m t s o a tt
an , n o tiv a m t l t th ut t i m p v u p
r ac e qu i t or a d ia id e o se , ro es on a c a n an c e , a n s c on s era

bl y m e s ta or h in h i f i d h ip nc St g y th e m ixt u e
s f P t t t fi t w ith
r en s s. ran e rs sa r o r o e s an er e

g d tu e d g d h um giv t th e U l t m
oo -
na r an oo -t r th piqu t th u pl a i g
or es o s er an a on e a er an an n e s n .

Lik e m so s g i e d w ds h e adm it s f h igh p l i h d w h h t e d by ul t u e d

e c ros -
ra n oo , o o s ,
an en c as ne c r an

re l igi he t on s out a
, y h igh s tyl f m
u rn H d i ff f m th C l t
ve r g i i th e w y e o an . e e rs ro e e ,
a a n ,
n a

h t k
e a h is p l es u e f h e f l l w w k w ith u h
e as r s lf t ati th t h e e v r th i k
or o o s or s c se -
c on c e n r on a n e n s
of ki g b ou t him l ik th C el t f obj t s t a m u
loo n a ,
x it H h f w h l i d y (u l ik
e e ,
or ec o se or e c e. e as e o a s n e

th e C e l t w h h l id ys t k
,
l l th e t m p
ose o ou t f l b a ) d h h d l y k w h o w t m pl y
a e a e er o a or ,
an e ar no s o e o

th e m e x pt i p ty p ce i n ar roc e s s on s .

T h Ul t i e t i m gi tiv t diti l h i fl y b u h i ff ti
s e r m an s no a na t ik e or ra on a ,
c e , ec a se s a ec on s s r e no

d p ee t i t I i h hi t y T h C lt i
roo n o r s t e e p d i p tr y d
s or . eth Ul t m e s m ore s e n oe an r om an c e e s er an

k w l m t th i g f f i y m yth l gy
no s a os no f th l v
n o f m i hi t
a r i c l g d w h i h fi re s
o o , or o e o e o se -
s or e en c

th i m gi
e ti a f th C l t
na T h e gh t i
on o l t th x l u iv p p ty f th e i t
e e . os s a m os e e c s e ro er o an c en r ac e .

T h Ul t e h t i l y l t h i sh
s e r m an r tl
as c e r a n t h i i t t i u h th i g l th gh h e
os s ar e , o a e as s n e re s ,
n s c n s, a ou

is u s u d d l ik
rr o nth C e l t b y l l th
e ,
ld m e um e t f p g ti ,
e h w ith
a m m y
e o on en s o a an m es, ac a e or

an d tl a g y th e t e it lf I t i p b bl y b u h i o i m gi tive t h t th e
a e as ra as s on se . s ro a eca se e s s a na a

C lt h
e t h a
as n o l p i o f th p
suc t th Ul t
rea os s e ssf th w h t h i k t
n o e rese n as e s e r m an or os e o n oo

m u h f
c p l di d p t w h th it b e l i m gi y
o a S en as ,
u u ll y ept t th i k t
er l ittl e o f re a or a n ar , ar e s a a o n oo

th p e t d th m k h s b
res en , an d t h t th p t y f th C l t i t h t f
e re ar a een m a t h t h as e a e oe r o e e s a o a rac e a

s e e b tt d y f th i
n e er a lm t t t l w t f th e fi l d N
s, or ere s an a s pi it f lf osli o a an o ne o o rs e r o se -
re an c e ,

an d f m ki g th b t p
o a ibl u f th p
n e t I
es f h i fit f d p
oss e d se o y G th e e re sen . n one o s s o es on enc , oe

e nv e i d A i it f d m f m i d tl u l
m er ca s ree o m b ro d v i d i p u t es ;
ru ne c as e s, se e ss re m e ra n c e s , a n a n s

whi h c t gl l d ti
e n an d t bl th i h ts w h i l t h y ugh t t b t g f p es e t
e o na o n s an r ou e e r e ar e e o o e s r on or r n

ac ti C t i l y th Ul t
on . er a n h t ll w d h im e l f t be um b
s e r m an di y u h w y
as n o a o e se o enc ere n an s c a .

P p l h v i d f Ul t m
eo e a th y h ve i d f th S t h m
e sa o s er th t t h y en d,
as e a sa o e co c en ,
a e ar e es

titut f w it
e o d hu b t th y an t i l y h v w u t if th y h
m or u t w it e d p ti e d
c er a n a e ,
e a ve n o , an as rac s

i th
n th t p t f th e p vi
e n or e as e rn it p d ve y
ar o l y w ith w h t i p p l y ro nce, c or r e s on s r n ear a s ro er

h um It h
or . n t th p t ity th f h as o th e d d ity th
s xt v g
o n an e f C l ti c
,
e re s n ess, e o , e e ra a an c e o e

h um whi h p t
or , u g vity th i t t ; it h
c u se s o t th p w
r ra f pit c h i g it t
on
g e n s an as n o e o er o n s r on

or d w i g th lra g b w l ik th h m
n e onf Am -
i o h it th p kl i g d v l ti le
e e u or o er c a n or as e s ar n an o a

c h t i ti f F h w it I t i d y u ti
ar a c e r s cs o r en c d u gg ti v th w h l e
. th e ti e t
s r , ca s c , an s es e , on e o ra r re c n

o fw d or d i f t v y S t h i
s , an , nh t ac d th fu i
, er t i d th i th Wh l e
co c n c a r ac e r an e n s c on a n e ra er n e o

i f
ser es o pti l l d u p by
c on c e t f d t
on s c a d t i s the by y t q ip o
a se o an e c o e s an s or e an an s m ar u r

fl h t th e c l
as a O ft th h um o se . i S tl d l i en t i wh t i e i d b ut i w h t i
or , a s n co an ,
es no n a s sa n a s

s ugg t d th p ak l l th w h i l pp
es e , e s e tl y u er a i f yi g yth i g t x it
e e a use ar e n n c o n sc o u s o sa n an n o e c e am

m t l gh t
en or M y f th i llu t ti
au er . l ik th an f D o R ey f l i
s ra o n s ar e , e os e o e an am s a , o a n e c c e s as

ti l h t ; f th Ul t
ca c a rac e r l ik th S t h
or e m k l igi
s e r m an d iti , f il e e co c m an , a es re on a c on on o soc a

e xi t dd
s e n c e , an d w ith u p i g ig
e m an th e p t f l l h i
s anigh b ns t i p ar n r or , o n ar o a s ne o rs , a c e r a n ar

ti ip ti
c i th
a di
on n f l igi e or n an c e s o re on .

W d h dl y e n ee y th t P byt i i m u t g i th
ar sa tiv u t f Ul t
a res e r an s r ns s ron n e na e c rre n o s er

bl d I t h
oo . g d d l f th d u D vi D typ
as a oo ea d i o l u t l y pp e d t o ll ce a e e an e , an s reso e O o se o a

re l igi us i o v ti It wnn o D Sw i ft w h i d w h h w th t
a on s . as u tt
e an fi i g o sa , en e sa e s on e - c ers c ac n

th c h u b f
e erf m th ld t
ac e s w k f Epi p l h u h w h i h w s t d d ty a
ro e o s on e or o an sco a c rc c a o o u as

P sbyt i difi
re L k t th e
e r an e ll y P
ce , byt i oo h i l l i g th v y P p y ut f
a es r as c a res e r an s , c se n e er o er o o

th t
e s on es M F d y it w s th r. m i t kr ou f Sw i ft l i f th t h m i u d
e sa s a t d e one s a e o
’
s e, a e s n e rs o o

th P e byt i res It i tg e r an s . l ly k w th t th w J t G dd i Ul t
s no e n e ra A t th no n a ere as a an e e es n s e r. e

R t ti th
e s o ra l b t d J
on , m y T yl e ce epp i t d ra e E pi pl u e re t C m b a or a o n e an sc o a s c c e ss o r a o er,

C o un ty D w t pl o x l l t P byt i n w t hy w h
n, o re ac e a n fu d c e cef m ity en Th res er a or , o re se on or . e

w m o f th p i h
en o ll t d p ull d th
e ar s w l gym co u t f th
ec e p ul pit d t h i w h it
, e e ne c er an o o e , an ore s e

s u pl ir t ibb
ce T h y w b gh t t t i l t D w p t i k d
o r on s . e ere f th f m l w it
r ou o r a a o n a r c ,
an on e o e e a e

d th f l l w i g d l ti t l l th e t u th th h i l t u th ’
n e sse s m a e e A d m u
o o n e c ar a on d n a n a e r ,
e a e r ,
an

n ae th i b u t th t u th ?
n Y um u t w e thr w W l th w h f l v w l
’
o s ,
’
as e an s er . ee ,
en ,
’
as er e ar e s s a o a ,

th d th t p d th w h it s k w It i P byt i i m th t
’ ’
th h
es e ar e e an s hi h d a oo e e ar o er s ee . s res e r an s a

h as fix d th l igi u t e f th e w h l p i
e e re o sth ugh th E pi p l i p
on o l ik w i o e ro v n c e , o e sc o a an s os s e s s , e se ,

m h f th r l igi u v h m
uc o e f th i
e igh b
o s d h ve e d am ence o g E gl i h H igh e r ne ors , a n a e e arn e on n s

Ch u h rc th c h m en t f b i g P u it i th i pi it d th l gy
e ar a c e r o e n r an n e r S r an eo o .

A th u H l p i
r f h is p l
r et y y th t th fi t l f u
s, n on e o i l i f is
e as a n e s sa s, sa s a e rs ru e or s c c ess n e

t g ty u
o e lf b o if y u crs e th f th T w d
orn , d w e h uld
o an y it w
,
l
n ord t b o e ee an s o sa ou no e a
He igh t h ve t p r t w ith s m e th i g o f hi qui k
m a o a f p o pti h i s u s ptibi l ity t
n s c n e ss o e rc e on , s ce o

e xte l i fl rn a n d h i fi r i m gi
ue n c e , an ti ; b ut h w uld g i i w ki g p w
s ne a d na on e o a n n or n -
o er, an

es e p i l l y
c a i th e gn t q u l ity i
on e d i p b lreat s u c — lf a t i d ss t d i e ss
n s e n sa e o c e ss se -
c on a n e ne ,
s ea n ,

i m p ibil ity t u tw d x it
a ss o o t d i t c ti g pl e u
ar e c I t i t h i g d q l ity t ge th e r
e m e n s or s ra n as r es . s s oo ua , o

w ith h i d pt bi l ity t h t
s a a a t f th e u s o f th e U l t e m i f i g c u t i e
,
a a c c oun s or s cces s r an n or e n o n r s .

H m yb h d i d m
e a e ar p gm ti c l i m i d l it l d
n e e an o r , w ralm t w ith ut a a n n , e ra an n ar r o ,
a os o a

s par k f i m gi ti o b ut h is th m
a na on t d pt bl e f m e d pt p pl h d e os t a a a o e n , an ac c e s eo e e oe s no

l ik e i h i g v n s tifi w y ra i l i g h i m lf t th e f c t s th f t t h i l f H p u h e
e, s a , re c o nc n se o a or e ac s o m se . e s s

l
a on g qu i tl y to h i p p ple t u s i g h is e l b o w s t
s ro er m h
ac e d i , t h mp
no d by n oo uc , an s no a ere

t diti s l ik e th C l t H u d p ti ul l y w e ll i A m i
ra on e e . e s d i I di
ccee t be c u
s ar c ar n e r c a an n n a, n o a se

Ul t s e rm e h lp o e n eth d g t n l ik e a o p o ti
an o e r an f h i t l e ish l ike th e
on c r ra on or e s no c an n

Sc o tti sh H igh l d th e I i sh C l t
an e rs o r th e l t f w h m u f t u t l y ti k t g th l i k
r e s, as o o n or na e s c o e er e

be e s , an dd g o e th d w i t d f up N f ig p p l e u d i A m i u l s
ra n an o er o n ns ea o . o or e n eo s c c ee n er ca n e s

th y m ix w ith th tive p pul ti

e e na It i ut f Ul t oth t h h dy a on . h ve m d th s o o s er a er ar sons a a e e

m t f th e i tal e t I t w s
os o r Ul t
n s. f Do g l F a i M k i wh f u d d
an s e rm an o ne a , r an c s a em e, o o n e

Am e i P byt i i m i th
r c an re s l y p t f th l t
e r an s t u y j u t it w
n e e ar Ul t m f ar o e as c en r , s as a s an s er an o

th e m sa d i t i t St C l u b kil l
e s r c ,
wh .c v t e d th P i ts f S tl d i th ixth c tu y
o m e, o on er e c o co an n e s en r .

F u o f th P i d t f th U it d St t e d
o r e re s en s o Vi p i d t h e n b e f Ul t a s an on e c e- re s en a ve e en o s er ex

t tir ac J am e s M
on : J m K x P l k J h C C lh
on r o e a d J m es Bu h no o , o n . a o un ,
an a es c an a n .

G e n e ra l A d w J k n wre th ac f p s on Ul t ig t w h ttl d i N th C l i
as e son o a oor s er em ran o se e n or ar o na

t w ds th e c l
o ar f th l t tu y
os e o I w b
e asm wh c en h i d b tw r . C ik as or n so e ere ,
’
e sa , e een ar r c

f guer d th
s an U it d St t e e B n ft e d th h i t i a s .
’
g i th v lu f th an c r o an o er s or an s reco n z e e a e o e

S t h I i h l m e t i f m i g th
co c - r s e e n i ty f th e Mi d dl e d S u th St t
n or n It h
e soc e b e o an o ern a es . as e n

th b e t f Ul t m th t th fi t g
o as o s er en l w h f l l i th A m
a ei w rs f th R v l ti e n e ra o e n e er c an ar o e e o u on

w s a Uan l t m — R i c h d M tg m y w h f u gh t t th i g f Qu b
s er an ar on th t S u l
o er , o o a e s e e o e ec a am e

Fi l e y p i d t f P i t C l l g
n , res en o d F i All i
r n c e on p d by Sti l
o e th e p
e , an i r an c s son ,
r o n o un c e es, res

d t fY l
en o t b th g
a e, t t l i l h l i th U it d St t h d
o e e rea es c as s c a pi u u p l sc o ar n e n e a es , a a c on s c o s ac e

i n e du c ti g th A m a n i mi dt i d p de er c an th t th fi t p bl i h f d il y p p i
n o n e en en c e a e rs u s er o a a a er n

Am i awer c Ty m
as a m d Du l p r on e th t th an n a bl p l f N w Y k wh
e th e
n a a e m ar e a ac e o e or , e re

g t st bu i
rea e i th w l d i d
s n e ss n by s i gl fi w th p p ty f th l t A l x d
e or s on e a n e rm ,
as e ro er o e a e e an er

T St w t
. e ar tiv f Li b u C u ty D w th t th f
,
a na e o s rn t m ch t
,
o h n th o n a e ore m os er an s , s uc as e

B w ro d St w t
n s an Ul t m e ar s , ar e d th t th i v t f t m
s er vig ti t l g ph y
en an a e n e n o rs o s ea -
na a on e e ra

pi g m h i —F ul t d M C m i k—
, ,

an d th e rea n Mac ne ith Ul t m

on , tho rs e , a n c or c a re e er s er en or e

s on s o f Ul t m s er en .

Ul t c l
s er p i t w ith p i de t th d i ti gu i h d
an a s o o n of h i I di
r Th o e s n s e c a re e r e r s on s n n a . e

L w re c H y d J h
a n es , en r th tw m e by w h
an o g d i g m l y th h
n, e i tu o n om ,
re ar n e re e um a n ns r

m t m pl y d I di h b p e v d
en s e o e n a u d f m
as hy
e en d t d t p iti
re s r e resc e ro an a r c an r e s ore o a os on

p ful d p og iv d p d y —w
, , ,

o f a e ac e an r res s tiv f C u ty D
e e y Si R b e t
en enc ,
ere na es o o n e rr . r o r

M tg m y w as b
on o er i th ity f D y Si J orn n Em e cT tw o tiv f e rr r am e s e rs o n e n n an as a na e o

B l f s t Sir F c i H i k i
e a ra n b f Ul t f ily m k bl f g t v i ty f
s nc s s a m em er o an s er am re ar a e or re a ar e o

t l t W h il U l t r h a giv
a en . e s eVi y t I di it h giv tw t C d i th p
s en one c e ro o n a, as en o o an a a n e er

s on s of L d Li g or d L d Dq s i
ar a n Si H y P tti g w h tt i n d l b ity
or er n . r enr o n e r, o a a e ce e r as a

d ip l ti t d w s ft w d pp i t d g v
om a s ,
an a a er g e l fH gK g w
ar a o n e tiv f o e r n o r- en ra o on on ,
as a na e o

B l f t B i d th g l l t G
e as . es es l Ni h l
e a Ul t h giv
an w h le g
e n e ra tt f l f h c o s on , s er as en a o az e e u o e roe s

to I d i n It h
a. lw y t k as d i ti g i h d p l
a a s i th a en l f w a A Ul t m s n u s e ac e n e ann a s o ar . n s er an

w as w it h N l t T f lg e s on a th w ith W ll i gt
ra a tW t l
ar , an o G l R l l G i ll
er e n on a a e r oo . e n era o o es

p i e S i
, R br t K o L er d M i ane ,d th e C h y w
or ll f C u ty D w
o r a , an Ul t e sn e s e re a ro m o n o n. s er

h ve l ft th i m k th w l d g g ph y xpl t h y fu i h d Si J h ’
m en a e e r ar on f e or s eo ra as e o r e rs , or e rn s e r o n

F kl i w ith th b ve C i e f m B b i dg hi
ra n n e ra ro z d i r,
m d d th
ro t an r e, s se c on n co m an ,
an en sen an

Ul t e ms r M c c l i t k t fi d h is b
an , n oc d , th e Ul t e m
o n M C l u e t d i s ve th e on es , an an o r s r an , c r , o co r

p g F k li h d s ugh t i v i
as sa e ran n a o n a n .
 We ha v e al r ea d y sp k
bil ity f Ul t m o b d M ti
en of th e tt
s a e s m an l ik e a o s er en a r oa . en on

m y a w b m d
no f e t t ma e o th m atl t
L d C tl gh w h w
e as on e s a es tiv an a o e or as erea o as a n a e

o f C u ty D w
o n d th f th fi t M q i
o n , an f L d d y wh w
e s on o P byt i e rs ar u s o on on e rr , o as a res e r an

eld ertill th e d y f h i d th T h m f C tl gh y t b p p l i y p t f
a o s ea . e na e o as erea m a no e o u ar n an ar o

I l d
r e an u t f th b l d y
o n ac c o l l ti n f th e
o b lli ef 1 7 9 8 b ut h i
oo p t ti s re c o ec on s o re e on o s re u a on a

t t m h u d ubt dly i
a s a es an asf l t y n f oit i w k w th a t h w
e r se n o t h a e e ar s , or s no no n e as n o s uc an

a b l u ti t ul t i t h b
so s or g l l y i m agi d
ra s asH p as d i p f ti een th t f e n era ne . e oss e s s e n er ec on e ar o

m an a gi g m n d x ll d en d ipl m ti t w h i l e h h d
,
an e ce m u e p ity f w k
as a o a s , e a an e n o r o s ca ac or or as

an a dm i i t t F
n s ra o r t f hi . h h d v y
or m o s k bl m f h i p iv t o s c ar e e r e a a er r e m ar a e an or s r a e sec

t y Al x
r e ar ,
d K x e tiv f D y w h e l it y m i h v b
an er no ,
a na d it d by e o e rr ,
os e r ar re a ns a e een e e

Bi h p J bb d wh
s o e v ti l p w
,
an id t h v
ose c o n l l d th f D J h
e rs a on a o e rs a r e s a o a e re c a e os e o r. o n s on

h i m lf se L dM . l y ll h im
or l t g th
a c au a r m k bl m caG g C i g th s an a o e er e ar a e an .
’
e or e an n n , e

t t
s a e s m an w h d t h d E gl d f m th i fl u
o e ac f Ce ti t l d p ti m d t d
n an ro e n en c es o on nen a es o s an r es or e

h er t h o p p p l i E p w h w th fi t m i i t t p iv th g i
er ro er ac e n uro d bi l iti
e, o as e rs n s er o e rc e e e en us a n a es

o f W l l i gt e d w h op
n d t h t Sp i h u l
o n , an wh i h N p l
o t St H e l e
en e d l d a an s cer c a o e on a . na e c ar e

to b e th m i c e f h i ui a n w s th au s e o f D y g tl m f
s r i t d p t bl
n ,
a e son o a err en e an o an c e n an re s ec a e

f m i l y L d Pl u k t w h w
a . or qu l l y l b t d i p l iti l w d t y w
n e ,
o as e ti a ce e ra e n o cs, a ,
an or a o r , as a n a ve

of E i kill w h h i f th th R v T h m Pl u k t w
nn s en , e re s i i t f th P byt i
a er, e e . o as n e ,
as a m n s er o e res e r an

Ch u c h r T . d w t
o c om e w ti th o wh h v m d th i m
n n e are r ko o our o n m es, re e m en o a e a e e r ar n

th e ti
na l p l ition a f I l d — J h Mit h ll Ch l G v D fl y d I
o cs o r e an B utt o n c e , ar e s a an u
'

, an s aa c

b l g t Ul t
e on o Th fi t w th
s e r. f U it i m i i t
e rs d w b i C
as ty e s on o a n ar a n n s er , an as o rn n o un

D y ; th
e rr d i th f
e s e c on C u ty M gh f
s th th i d th
e s on o f th l ta o n on a an ar m e r e r e so n o e a e

L d C i — w [1 87 6]
,

t f St
r e c or o l p i h i C u ty D g l A Ul t m
r an o r a r ar s n o n on e a . n s er an or a rn s no

p idre s th d l ib
e s o ve r ti f th H u e f L d
e e ra on s o e o se o or s.

B t w m u t p k o f th e m
u e p l y i t l l tu l w k f Ul t m
s s ea i th w l k s o f or e ure n e ec a or o s er en ,
n e a

l it t i
e r a ur e , s c e n c e , a n d ph i l ph y I t h b k d t h t t h u gh t h i p d m i t
oso . as ee n r e m ar e a , o e r re o n an

qu l itia S t h th y h v
e s ar e t i h it d th l v
co c ,
f b t e t p l ti a Y t t h y h ve
e no n er e e o e o a s rac s ec u a on . e e a

p du d t l t
ro ce d i ti gu i h d p h i l
a e as ph i th p
on e f Si F
s n i H t hi s
p e os o er n e e rs o n o r r an c s u c s on , ro

fe s so r o fm l ph i l ph y i th U iv ity f Gl g w i th l t t u y d if w e m y
ora os o n e n e rs o as o n e as cen r , an , a

f ll w th
o o pi i f D M C h th t u f d f th S tti h c h l f ph i l ph y H
e o n on o r. c os , e r e oun er o e co s s oo o oso . e

w s b
a t S i tfi l d C u ty D w
o rn a a n wh h is f th
e w ,
P byt i m i i t
o n I o n , e re a er as a r es e r an n s er. n

na tu l i ra Ul t
sc en c e , b t f Si H Sl s e r c an tiv f Ki llyl gh C ty D w o as o r an s o an e , a na e o ea , o un o n

o f D B l k th e f
r . uac h m i t ,
tiv f B l f t f D J
am o s c Th m p e d h is s
s , a na e o e as o r. am e s o s o n an on ,

Si Wil l i m T h m p
r a b th tiv f C u ty D W o son d f Wi ll i m T h
,
o na d R b t es o o n O II an o a o m so n a n o er

P tte
a b th f B e l f t I th l gy a d p l pit
r s on ,
o o t y Ul t
as . h v lw y t k
n eo o n u o r a or , s e rm en a e a a s a en a

d i ti gu i h d p l c
s n sIf D e g l p du d d i ti l w it
a e. won e d J h T l d a ro ce a e s ca r er s o ren o ne as o n o an ,

F m gh
er an a d th th l gi wh w
r e ar e t c m b t th w h l
e h
eo o l f D i m i th p an o as o o a e o e sc oo o e s n e e rs o n

o f th e R Ch a l L l i th u th f A Sh t d E y M th d w ith th D i t T h
ev . r es es e, e a or o or an as e o e e s s, e

m t l y t ti f D Wi ll i m M g e A h bi h p f D ubl i
as e r re a se o r. th d t i f th t
a a e ,
rc s o o n , on e oc r n e o e a on e

m en t til l h ld it p l i t h l gi l l it t u
s o s s H w
ac e E n i kill l ik e P l u k e t
eo o ca er a re . e as an nn s en er, n ,

an d hi g d s th pr an t bi h p f P t b u gh i
so n , e f th m
re sen t l q t divi s o o e er oro , s one o e os e o ue n n e s on

th e E gl i h b n h Th e i
s l igi u b dy i d e d i U l t
en c . er th t t p i t t t
s n o re o s o ,
n e , n s er, a c an n o o n o a

le as t m i
on e e t th ol gi w ith f m f xt d i g b y d th p vi
n en e o an Th P by a a e ar e en n e on e ro nce. e res

t i e r an s ar e p ud f th p ut ti f th R e v H y C k e f B l f t th U it i
ro o e re a on of e . enr oo , o e as e n ar a n s , o

th R v H e
e e y M tg m e y f D m u y
. nr on B l f t th B pti t f th Re v Al x de
o r ,
o un rr ,
n e ar e as e a s s o e . e an r

C ar so n , o f T ub b m C ou ty D y th uth f th bl t t ti ev w itt
er ore , n b h lf err , e a or o e a es re a se er r en on e a

o f B pti t p i c ip l e
a s th e M th d i t
r n f D A d m Cl k s th l ed m m
e t t oth s s, o r . a ar e, e e ar n co e n a or on e

S ipt u
cr who w s b
res, t M gh i th e a m u ty orn a d th e C ve te f th R v
a e ra , n sa e co n an o n an rs , o e e .

J h P l w h h d l l th l gi l ut
o n au , o a f h l a I t y Ul t m
e o ca ac e n ess o a sc o o m an . n ora or ,
s er en are

p ud f th e g t bil iti f Pl u ke t C k M tg m y I
ro o r ea a es B tt d L o d C i
o n , oo e, on o er , s aac u ,
an r a rn s .

I n p ur eh l h ip t h y sc m e Do ars A h ib l d M l i c h pl i
e t T h e H gu e
na d r. rc a ac a n e , a a n a a ,
an

t sl t f M h i m H i t y D Edw d H i k f Ki llyl gh C u ty D w th
r an a or o os e
’
s s or r. ar nc s, o ea ,
o n o n, e .
an d c r iti c .

Ulst eri th e s c ul pt o P tr i k M c D w l l
c la m s d C wf d w h o e w o k
r, a d c th e o e an ra or , s r s a orn

C pit ol t W h i gt
a a w as b
as w beli v
n on , at e h is p e t s b i g e m ig a t s f m th e
or n , e e e, s a, ar n e n r n ro

ne igh b h d f B l ly h
or oo o C u ty D a g l B t w a t m m b e a s i gl e p i t e
s a n n on , o n on e a . u e c nno re e r n a n r,

or m u i l m p
s ca r si g
co wh b l
oser, o g to U l t n I th e
er, t f v l wr iti g th e i
o e on s s er. n ar o no e - n re s

Wi ll i C l t am l e dy e f
ar e o n , a r a d t th e m t l i ti k e t h f I i h h t e r wh h
r e rr e o, os re a s c s c er o r s c ar ac o as

e ve l i v dr d wh f
e , an x l Lv o d L v ar e d Ed g e w th i th e f ith fu l e s o f h i
ce s e e r , an o e r , an or n a n s s

pi t u th ugh h e f i l i th e b de p e t ti
c res , o a s n f H ib i h um roa N e h
r re r sen a on s o e rn an o r. O on as s o

w ell u d d th
so n d pth e f th I i h h
e e t o s o ki l ful ly p t y e d its ki d r d b l e r
s o e r s e ar ,
r s or ra n e an no

f el i g
e n Ul t w
s . v e m k b l f p th
s er as n e C l t
er r i a x e pti
ar a b u t h e b el o ge d
e or a os . ar e o n s n e c on n

t th
o ci
e an t d fi t
en w th l igh t i th e h m
rac e , an rs f p p e a t i Cl gh C u ty
sa e n o e o a oor as n n o er , o n

Ty T
r on e . h l y Oth v e
e on l w it e t h t U l t
er n o b t f — - e f th m t l l e qu al
r rs a s er c an o as o n on o e a a

in ti l fl v t C l t
na on a a or e El i o b th H i l t th e uth
ar e o n f T h C tt g
ar
f z a e am on ,
a or o e o a er s o

Gl b en i w h l iv d t th b gi
u r n e, o i g f th i
e a t y Wil l i m H M xw ll th u th o o f
e e nn n o s c e n ur a . a e . e a r

St i or f W
es o t l C pt i
a er ooM y e R i d th wa it fa n ti l t l ab u t W t e
a n e , e r er o s e n sa on a a es o es rn

Am i a; F i B w e
er c ran c s d M R i ddl th u th
ro n f G g G ith
an I d m ti c
rs . e , e a or o e or e e . n ra a

l it e t u ra Ul t ere, b t f G g F quh th ut h f T h B ux St t g w h w s
s r c an o as o e or e ar ar , e a or o e ea
’
ra a em , o a

th e f D
s on o y l gym a e rr d f M kl i
c er th a t an s w ll
,
an th u th o k w t us ac n ,
e c or a e as e a or , no n o

by h is pl y T h M f th W ld T h
a e an o ly m ite b as t f i p t y e S m ue l
or . e on na es c an o o n oe r ar a

F guer th
son , th f T h F gi g f th A h
e au or o ; Wi l l i m A l l i gh
e or th n u th o f e nc or a n am , e a or o

B l m fi l d w ith tw r th te ”
L u a r en c e oo e fl, er o o re e o ess no .

ffi ity b t w e F i i t l i m ite d t th l tt s pp e i ti on d
5 ’
Th e a n e d Am e en r an c an er c a s no o e a er a r c a an

i m ita ti i m tt s f t l
on n a At
er e o l y d y i th h i t y f t h i
ar a on e . t y th t ffi ity
an ar a n e s or o s c oun r , a a n

e xt d d f
en eb y d th b u d o f ae th ti l
ar e on e iti o I t i l u d d th fi ld
n s f p l iti
s e f ca am e n es . nc e e e s o o cs, o

i
s c e n c e , an d f w f The
o f
a r ar e . th i i t f t k Th r e as on e y p pl e i
or s s no ar o se e . e r e ar m an eo n

Am i a w h v r w i ll n d th y c t u d t d igh t th h i t y f th e b u i l di g f
er c o ne e ,
or o e ar e o, n e r s an ar e s or o n o

th e A m i ti
e r c an n a d t th p pl th e i d o f h t h i g a l e b d f u i
on an o es e eo e ea suc a n as c os on o n on

an d ym p th y w ith F
s a whi h f r l g a ti m e bvi
r an c e , l y xi t d i A m e i
c o is
so e f on o o us e s e n r ca, on o

th e t h i g s w h i h th e y c
n t e xpl i a d f w h i h th y
c an n o l y c u t by l a n, i g it n or c e c an on a co n c as s n as

an a ly
n om a T h .t s tud t s o f th i u t y h i t y h w v
o on e s en d t ll wh e r co n r
’
s s or ,
o e e r , an o a o c an s e e

b y d t h ir w n i m m di t e m m u ity h i
e on e o e it i i d t t h t th e w s
a co n m ly or or z o n ,
s ev en a er a n o an o a

i a F
n c A m e i c n all i
ra n o- e a d th t t
r a v y l ge p p ti
an c f th A
n i ap pl o a er ar ro or on o e m e r c an eo e

wh e fos f th e s w e h e i p
or e a r R v lu tier y d y s h a u i w q u it e m u h t b
er n re - e o o n ar a s, uc n on as as c o e

e xp t d a t o th ti
ec e as , w ul d b e er ll i w ith E gl
m es, d T he A
o i t L gu b t w
an a an c e n an . n c en ea e e een

S tl a d
co d F
n an w h i h xi t d f m b f
ran c e , th ti e f B u e u ti l th d y
c e s e f K
ro x w e ore e m o r c n e a s o no , as

an al l i a e f d f
nc d ff
or g i t th m m
e e n c e an o y f b th ; d th t L gu w th
enc e a a ns e co on en em o o an a ea e as e

ve it ab l e p
r t o typ e f th l t l l i
ro o b e tw A m i e d F
a er a e g i t th s m
an c e m y e en e r c a an r an c a a ns e a e en e .

IO
 C H A PT E R X I

TH E T U DOR ST U ART CH U RCH R E S P O NS I BL E FOR E A R LY

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H E E n gl i s h C h u r c h E s t ab l i sh m e n t o w e d its o r igi n p r i m ar i l y to th e vi c e s
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h im i n to e x c e s s e s too g r e a t e v e n fo r th e a b s o l u tio n o f th e Ro m an po n ti ff
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w a s r e fu s e d by th e P op e m o re b e c a u s e it m e n a c e d th e p a p al a s c e n d a n c y
t h an b e c a u s e it t r o ub l e d th e p a p al c o n s c i e n c e O r ga n iz e d u n d e r s u c h c ir
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a m a n i f e s t a tio n o f th e s a m e e m otio n s w h i c h in ot h e r r e l igio u s e s t a b l i s h m e n ts

d ifie r e n tl y c o n s titut e d fin d e xp r e s s io n in th e w o r s hip o f d e p ar t e d a n c e s to r s ,

o f th e s a i n t s o f th e Vi r gi n M a r y o r o f th e D e ity As a r e s ul t o f t h i s t e a c h
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in g th e E n gl i s h m an s v e n e r a tio n fo r B r iti s h r oy a l ty b e c a m e al m o s t a s s t r o n g
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tion s c l e a rl y l a i d d o w n an d ac c e pt e d o n both Si d e s T h e ki n g s h a v e e v e r .

s i n c e r e l i e d c h i e fly u p o n t h e i r bi s h op s to m a i n t a i n th e l oy a l ty o f th e c o m

m o n p e op l e to th e c r o w n a n d to t h a t e n d th e bi s h op s h a v e h e r e to f o r e
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e ff e c tiv e l y u s e d t h a t m o s t po w e r fu l a g e n c y r e l igio n , .

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th e p o w e r t h u s o bt a i n e d a n d a goo d l y Sh ar e o f th e m a t e r i al a c qui s itio n s r e

s ul tin g f r o m its e x e r c i s e I t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a ry f o r both p ar ti e s to th e c o m

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th a t th e g r e a t bo d y o f th e E n gl i s h p e op l e h a s l e a r n e d t h a t t h e r e is n o t n e
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y m o r e t h a n a n o m i n a l ki n s hip b e t w e e n th e t e r m s bi s h op a n d
r e l igio n an d t h a t th e c o n s e qu e n t d e c a d e n c e o f th e A n gl i c a n C h u r c h h a s
res u lte d . T he cr m e i s o f th e fou n de r
th at Chu rc h c o n n i v e d at an d par of ,

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in a n y h isto r y but th a t o f th e T u r k ; a n d to c a ll H e n r y a r e fo r m e r o f r e l igio n

is an a l ogou s to s a yi n g th a t th e fe ar o f th e d e v i l is th e b e gi n n i n g o f go d
l in e s s . T h e v a i n E l iz a b e t h l ik e w i s e c o m m itt e d s o m an y h e i n ous o ff e n c e s
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goo d o f h e r r e put e d c o n t r ibutio n to its r e fo rm a tio n Th e r e fo re w h e n th e .

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S c ottish n a tio n o f G o d w o r s hipp e r s b e c am e a s s o c i a t e d w it h th e E n gl i s h n a

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tio n o f ki n g w o rs h ipp e r s u n d e r J am e s Stu ar t s r u l e it is n o t su r p r i s i n g

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th a t th e E n gl i s h Spi r itu al l o r d s s hou l d fin d n ot h i n g b u t e r r o r a n d t r e a

s o n in th e t e ac h i n gs o f th e S c ottish s yst e m o f r e l igio n a sy s t e m w h i c h d id ,

n o t r e c og n iz e th e ki n g a s th e s up r e m e h e a d a n d f o u n t a i n o f th e Ch u r c h .

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U n d e r s u c h a n i n s titutio n t h e n a s H e n r y fo un d e d n o t t r ul y a s pi r itu al
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in S c otl a n d fo l l o w e d th e su c c e s s io n o f J am e s Stu ar t to th e t h r o n e o f E l iz a
b e th a s a m att e r o f c o u r s e H e n c e it w as to b e e xp e c t e d t h a t in S c ot l an d
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s hou l d b e f oug h t a n d w o n th e fi r st b a tt l e s th a t e s t a b l i s h e d th e p r i n c ip l e fo r

w hi c h th e S c otti s h m a r ty r s d i e d — th a t in m a tt e r s o f c o n s c i e n c e th e ki n g w a s
n o t sup r e m e a n d t h a t th e St a t e an d C h u r c h w e r e d i s ti n c t an d s e p a r a t e in
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s titu tio n s a n d n o t to b e j oi n e d tog e t h e r a s o n e

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I n E n g l an d an d in E n gl i s h h i s to r y it is c usto m ar y to s p e ak o f H e n r y
V I I I s Ro m a n C a t h o l i c d a ught e r as B l oo d y M a r y b e c a u s e s h e b u r n e d
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so m e s c o r e s o f P r ot e s t a n t s an d o n e o r tw o E pi s c op al i an bi s h op s Co m p a r e d .
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w it h m an y o f th e s u c c e s s o r s o f t h o s e bi s h op s h o w e v e r a n d w ith s o m e o f h e r , ,

o w n s u c c e s s o r s Qu e e n M ar y w a s a s r e d to b l a c k
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Wh e r e s h e ki ll e d s c o r e s .
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t h e y d e s t r oy e d thou s an d s ; w hi l e s h e w a s a w r o n g e d s u p e r s titiou s s i c k l y an d , , ,

u n b al a n c e d w o m an a d a u g h t e r o f Sp a i n a n d o f H e n r y T u d o r — b r oo d i n g
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o v e r an d a v e n gi n g th e b ar b ar iti e s i n fli c t e d u po n h e r s e l f h e r m ot h e r an d , ,

h e r m ot h e r s Chu r c h t h e y w e r e s e t up as t e a c h e r s e x e m p l a r s an d r iv a l s
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o f C h r ist a n d th e p r oph e t s H e r c r i m e s w e r e t h o s e o f r e t a l i a tio n ig n o ra n c e

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e v e r b e e n d isg r a c e d I t is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h e r e fo r e t h a t in a l l th e h i s to r y o f
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th e i n c e ptio n a n d p r og r e s s o f t h o s e m ov e m e n t s w h i c h h a v e giv e n to E n g
l an d h e r bo a s t e d b o o n o f B r iti s h l ib e r ty a n d to th e w o r l d a t l a r g e th e b e n e f
ic e n t r e s u l ts a r i s i n g fr o m th e vi c to r i e s o f th e B r iti s h c o n s c i e n c e w e fin d ,

th e i r fi r s t c h i e f oppo s e r a n d v il ifie r in th e E s t a b l is h e d C h u rc h .
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Ho w e v e r th e m u r d e r i n g m i s s io n a r i e s o f thi s E s t ab l i s h m e n t t u rn e d l o o s e
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in S c ot l a n d by th e St u a r t s in th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n t u r y d id n o t a l l p u r s ue ,

th e i r b l oo d y w o r k o f d e s t r u c tio n u n m o l e s t e d O n e o f th e c h i e f a g e n t s o f .

th e p e rs e c utio n A r c hbi s hop S h ar p m e t h is d e a th a t th e poi n t o f th e

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s w o r d an d d i e d e v e n a s C ar d i n al B e ato n h ad d i e d in S c otl an d m o r e t h an a
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w a s th e i n c iti n g c a us e o f th e g r e a t r e vo l utio n t h a t b e g an in S c ot l an d in 1 6 3 8 ,

sp r e a d ov e r En gl an d a fe w y e ar s l a t e r an d r e ac h e d its c ul m i n atio n w h e n th e
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h e a d o f th e A n g l i c an Chu rc h s e ar t h l y go d w as c ut o ff A ft e rw ar d s it d r ov e
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t h o u san ds o f th e S c ottish P r e sby t e r i an s i n to I r e l a n d With out th e p r e s e n c e

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o f t h e s e r e fu g e e s in U l st e r in 1 6 89 th e c o m p l e t e s u c c e ss o f th e r e vo l utio n o f

t h a t p e r io d w o ul d h a v e b e e n i m possib l e .

Ye t n ot w it h st an d i n g th e fa c t th a t th e S c ot s s a v e d I r e l an d to Wi l l i am an d
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m a d e it po s s ib l e fo r h im to s uc c e e d to th e E n g l ish c r o w n th e m e a s u r e o f ,

t h e i r c up o f p e r s e c utio n w a s n o t ye t fi l l e d ; an d fo r m o r e t h a n h al f a c e n tu r y
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a ft e r w a r d s th e B r iti s h Gov e r n m e n t c hi e fly t h r o u g h th e E pi s c op a l E s t a b l i s h
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m e n t c o n ti n u e d to r un u p a d e bt o f h a t r e d w ith th e s e S c ottis h e m ig r a n t s
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a d e bt th a t ac c u m ul a t e d r a pi d l y d ur i n g th e fi r s t ye a r s o f th e e ight e e n th c e n

tu r y a n d th e e v i d e n c e s o f w hi c h w e re h an de d d o w n fr o m fa t h e r to s o n a n d
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a dd e d to in e a c h s u c c e e d i n g g e n e r a tio n A ft e r 1 6 89 it r e c e i v e d its fi r st
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fr e s h i n c r e m e n ts in I r e l a n d by th e p as s a g e o f c e r t a i n P ar l i a m e n t a r y a c t s ,
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t e n d i n g to th e r e s t r i c tio n an d r e su l ti n g in th e d e s t r u c tio n o f th e w oo ll e n
i n d u s t r y ; t h e y b e i n g th e fi n al o n e s in a s e r i e s o f d i sc r i m i n a ti n g e n a c t m e n ts
w h i c h b e g a n a t th e R e s to r a tio n in fa vo r o f th e E n g l i s h m an u fac tu r e r s
a s a ga i n s t t h o s e o f I r e l a n d
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T h i s w as fo l l o w e d in 1 7 04 by th e p a s s ag e o f th e bi l l c o n t a i n i n g th e E n g
l i sh T e s t A c t . T h i s a c t p r ac ti c all y m a d e o ut l aw s o f th e P r e s byt e r i an s in
I r e l a n d a n d w as o n e o f th e c h i e f i n c iti n g c au s e s o f th e e m ig r a tio n to
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A m e r i c a w h i c h i n c r e a se d w it h s u c h r a pi d ity d u r i n g th e fi r s t t w e n ty y e ars
a f t e r its e n a c t m e n t l
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T h e n e xt i n fli c tio n to w h i c h th e U l s t e r S c ot s w e r e s u bj e c t e d w a s th a t o f
r a c k r e n ti n g l a n d l o r d i s m
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by w h i c h t h o u s an d s o f fam i l i e s w e r e d r i ve n out o f
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th e c o u n t r y a f t e r 71 8
1 . R e n t s w e r e i n c r e as e d to tw o o r t h r e e ti m e s t h e i r
fo r m e r a m o u n t s ; a n d in a d d itio n to t h i s e xto r tio n th e Di s s e n t e r s w e r e sti ll
ob l ig e d to pay th e b l o o d m o n e y e x a c t e d by th e E s t ab l i s h e d C h u r c h in th e
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f o r m o f tit h e s
1 1
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Th e s e g al l i n g an d u n j us t d i s c r im i n a tio n s c on ti n u e d w ith m o r e o r l e s s
m o d ifi e d s e v e r ity d u r i n g th e w h o l e p e r io d b e t w e e n th e p a s s a g e o f th e T e s t

A c t an d th e ti m e o f th e fi n a l t h r o w i n g O ff o f th e B r iti s h yok e by t h os e w ho m
its op e r atio n h a d d r iv e n t o A m e r i c a .

I t is s a id by m o s t A m e r i c a n h i s to r i an s t h a t th e Wa r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e w a s
n o t a s u d d e n l y c o n c e iv e d m ov e m e n t ; t h a t it r e su l t e d fr o m r e p e a t e d a c t s o f

i n j u s ti c e o n th e p a r t o f G r e a t B r it a i n to w a r d th e A m e r i c an c o l o n i e s s ub s e
q u e n t to an d r e s ul ti n g fr o m th e F r e n c h an d I n d i an w a r s o f 1 7 5 5 an d 1 7 6 3 ;
t h a t th e a r bit r ar y a c tio n o f th e ki n g s r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s in A m e r i c a b e g an to b e
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r e s e n t e d by s o m e o f th e c itiz e n s fi ft e e n y e a r s b e f o r e th e b a tt l e o f L e xi n gto n ;
th a t in M as s ac hus e tts th e n e c e ssity fo r so m e m e as ur e o f r e l i e f fr o m
ec c l e si a sti c a l an d go v e rn m e n t al ty r an n y b e c a m e a pp ar e n t a s e ar l y a s 1 7 6 1 ;
a n d t h a t th e po l i ti c a l a git a tio n o f th e n e xt d e c a d e an d a h a lf w a s w h a t s ti r r e d

th e p e op l e u p to a s u ffic i e n t l y a de qu a t e r e a l iz a tio n o f th e m e a n i n g o f th e
opp r e s s iv e m e a s u re s i n fli c t e d upo n Ne w E n gl an d by G r e a t B r it a i n an d ,

m a d e t h e m r e a d y to a c c e pt th e i s s u e w h e n it w as fi n a l l y d r a w n a n d to a bi de ,

by its c o n s e q u e n c e s w h e n t h e y b e c am e a pp a r e n t A ll t h i s is v e r y t r u e so
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f ar as it go e s .I t is a l s o t r u e t h a t th e c o n c e n t r a tio n o f th e d is c ip l i n ar y
m e a s u r e s u po n th e d e vot e d p a t r iots o f Bo s to n a n d t h e i r b e i n g th e fi r st to
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su ffe r fr o m thos e m e as u r e s an d th e r e s ul t s fo l l o w i n g upo n t h e i r a tt e m pt e d

e n fo r c e m e n t m a y to a g r e a t e xt e n t a c c ou n t f o r th e e a g e rn e s s a n d i n t e n s ity
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w it h w hi c h t h os e p e op l e p r e c ipit a t e d a n d e n t e re d upo n th e c o n fli c t But .

t h e s e a r e o n l y po r tio n s o f th e t r u th an d h e w h o w o u l d r e a d A m e r i c an h is
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to r y ar igh t m ust fi r s t t a k e i n to a c c o un t th e a ggr e g a t e v al u e o f th e c o n tr ib u

tio n s to A m e r i c a in m e n an d m e a s u r e s o f th e H o ll an d a n d P al a ti n a t e D u t c h ,

th e Hugu e n ot F r e n c h a n d th e Lo w l an d an d U l s t e r S c ot c h d e c i d e j u s t h o w
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m u c h g r e a t e r if a n y is A m e r i c a s e ig h t e e n t h c e n t u r y d e bt to E n gl an d an d
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th e E n g l i s h th a n h e r ob l ig a tio n to n o n E n g l i s h m e n an d i d e a s o f ot h e r c o u n
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t r i e s an d l e ar n th e w ho l e t u t
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n o on e e xc l u s i ve c r e e d c o m m u n ity r a c e n a tio n al ity o r s e c tio n a l d ivi s io n

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is d u e th e c r e d it fo r t h o s e i n s tit u tio n s an d t h a t l ib e r ty w h i c h c am e to b e
c all e d A m e r i c a n a ft e r th e e v e n t s o f 1 7 7 6 .

H e is i n d e e d a s up e r fi c i al s tu d e n t o f Am e r i c a n hi s to r y an d o f h u m a n
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n a tu r e w h o c a n s e e th e w o r ki n g s o f n o ot h e r i n fl u e n c e s a t t h a t ti m e t h a n
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thos e w hi c h i m m e d i a t e l y l e d u p to th e c o n fli c t a t L e xi n gt o n .
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I n N e w E n gl a n d to b e s u r e t h e r e w a s n o l o n g s e a t e d bitt e r n e s s a g a i n s t
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th e B r iti s h Gov e r n m e n t E n gl an d w a s t r ul y th e m ot h e r c o u n t r y o f t h a t
.

p r o v i n c e Th e i r g r i e v an c e s w e r e r e c e n t ; t h e i r w ou n d s fr e s h G r e a t B r it a i n
. .

in its r e s t r i c tiv e m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t Bo s t o n P o r t to u c h e d t h e i r po c k e t s a s w e ll
a s t h e i r p e r s o n s a n d l ik e t r u e E n g l i s h m e n t h e y w e r e bo u n d to figh t a g a i n s t
,

a n y e n c r o a c h m e n t s u po n t h e i r g u a r an t e e d r ig h t s o f p e r s o n o r p r op e r t y .

But in a g r e a t bo d y o f th e p e op l e o u t s i de o f Ne w E n gl a n d th e c au s e s
w e r e d e e p e r a n d o f m o r e a n c i e n t o r igi n Th e i r e n m ity to E n gl a n d an d th e
.

E n gl i s h gov e r n m e n t d a t e d fa r b a c k fr o m th e b e gi n n i n g o f h i s to r y I t w a s .

n o t u n l ik e th e f e e l i n g o f th e Ro m an C a t h o l i c I r i s h in A m e r i c a to w ar d E n g l a n d

a t th e p r e s e n t d a y T h e S c ot s w e r e th e h e r e d it a r y fo e s o f th e E n g l i s h ki n gs
. .

Th e i r b a ttl e s w it h th e E n gl i s h h a d m a d e o f th e S c otti s h Lo w l an d s o n e v a s t
a r m e d c a m p a n d b a tt l e fi e l d d u r i n g th e l ar g e r p ar t o f a p e r io d o f fi
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ve c e n t u r i e s

a ft e r th e y e ar T h e i r fo r b e ar s w e r e S c ot s w h o h ad w i W al l ac e b l e d ’ ”
.

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a t B a n n o c kbu rn o n F l o d d e n s d ar k fi e l d T h e i r fat h e r s al so h a d
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an d , .

p e r i s h e d in c ou n t l e s s n u m b e r s b e fo r e th e m al ig n an t fu r y o f th e A n gl i c an
E s t a b l i s h m e n t F o r w o r s hippi n g G o d a s t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e s d i c t a t e d th e y
.

h a d b e e n h u n t e d l ik e w i l d b e a s t s by th e m e r c i l e s s d r a goo n s o f th e bis h op s ;
 0 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s of Am e r ic a
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pu r s u e d fr o m m oo r to g l e n by arm e d b a n d s o f th e ki n g s sol di e r s th e i r c hil ’

d r e n shot d o w n l ik e d ogs by th e f e r o c iou s r uffian s e m p l oy e d by th e E n gl i s h

C h u r c h o r d oo m e d to a fa t e w o r s e t h a n d e a t h by s a va g e High l an d e r s s u r e
, ,

o f a p r o m i s e d i m m u n it y w ho m th a t C h u rc h h a d t u r n e d l oo s e upo n t h e i r
,

d e fe n c e l e s s ho m e s .

T h e S c ot c h w e r e n o t o f a c o w ar d l y r ac e n o r w e r e th e y w e a k a n d s pi r it ,

l e s s l o u t s s u bj e c t to th e i r m a st e r s fo r l i fe o r d e a th l ik e d u m b d r iv e n c a tt l e
, , , .

T h e y c an n ot b e j u d g e d by m o d e r n s t an d a r d s b ut m u s t b e c o m p a r e d w ith ,

p e op l e o f oth e r r a c e s w h o w e r e th e i r c o n t e m po r ar i e s I t is t r u e t h e y e u .

d u r e d u n j u st p e r s e c u tio n s a n d gr i e vous O pp r e ssio n s fo r l o n g p e r io d s w it h o u t

O p e n c o m p l a i n t o r e ffe c tiv e r e s i s t an c e But th e y r e b e l l e d a g ai n s t t h e i r
.

ty r an ts an d opp r e s s o r s e ar l i e r an d m o r e o ft e n an d m o r e e ffic a c io us l y t h an
, ,

d id th e p e op l e o f an y ot h e r n a tio n T h e y an ti c ip a t e d th e E n gl i s h by a fu l l
.

c e n t u r y in th e i r r e vo l u tio n s an d t h e i r c l a i m fo r th e r ig h ts o f th e i n d i v i d u al
, .

Th e y w e r e m o r e t h a n tw o c en t u r i e s ah e ad o f th e F r e n c h in figh ti n g an d
d yi n g fo r th e p r i n c ip l e s o f th e F r e n c h R e v o l u tio n T h e y w e r e fa r t h e r a d .

van c e d t h r e e c e n t u r i e s a go t h an th e G e r m a n s a r e to d a y in t h e i r c o n c e ptio n s -

a n d i d e a l s o f i n d ivi d u al l ib e r ty B u c k l e w e ll s a y s in s p e aki n g o f h is o w n
.
,

E n gl i s h r a c e I f w e c o m p a r e o u r hi s to r y w it h t h a t o f o u r n o r th e r n n e igh
,

bo r s w e m u s t p r o n ou n c e ou r s e l v e s a m e e k an d s u b m i s s iv e p e op l e
,
Th e r e .
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h a v e b e e n m o r e r e b e ll io n s in S c ot l an d t h an in a n y ot h e r c ou n t r y e x c e pti n g ,

s o m e o f th e C e n t r a l an d So u th A m e r i c an r e p u b l i c s A n d th e r e b e ll io n s .

h a v e b e e n v e r y s an g u i n ar y a s w e ll a s v e r y n u m e r o u s
,
T h e S c ot c h h a v e .

m a d e w a r u po n m o s t o f t h e i r ki n g s a n d pu t to d e a t h m a n y ,
To m e n tio n .

t h e i r t r e a t m e n t o f a s i n gl e d yn a s ty t h e y m u r d e r e d J a m e s I a n d J am e s I I I
, . .

T h e y r e b e l l e d a g a i n st J am e s I I an d J a m e s V I I T h e y l a i d h o l d o f J a m e s
. .

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. .
,

a f t e r w a r d s d e po s e d H e r s u c c e s s o r J am e s V I
. th e y i m p r i son e d ; th e y l e d
, .
,

h im c a ptiv e a b o u t th e c o u n t r y an d o n o n e o c c a s io n a tt e m pt e d h is l i fe
, .

T o w a r d s C h a r l e s I t h e y s h o w e d th e g r e at e s t an i m o s ity a n d t h e y w e r e th e
.
,

fi r s t to r e s t r a i n h is m a d c a r e e r T h r e e y e ar s b e fo r e th e E n gl i s h v e n t u r e d to
.

r i s e a g a i n s t t h a t d e s poti c p r i n c e th e S c ot c h bo l d l y t o ok up a r m s a n d m a d e
,

w ar o n h im T h e s e r vi c e w h i c h th e y t h e n r e n d e r e d to th e c a u s e o f l ib e r ty
.

it w o u ld b e h ar d to ov e r r a t e T h e y o ft e n l a c k e d p at r ioti c l e a d e r s at ho m e
.
,

an d t h e i r p r o g r e s s w a s l o n g r e t a r d e d by i n t e r n e c i n e an d c l an s t r i fe Th e y .

w e r e h ar d h e a d e d fig h ti n g p l o u g h m e n
-
,
T h o u gh w it h a d e e p r e l igiou s c h a r
.

a c t e r a n d c o n s c i e n tio u s n e s s to a n e xt r e m e th a t o f t e n h a s s e e m e d r i d i c ul ou s
,

to o u tsi d e r s t h e i r m a t e r i al a c c om p l i s h m e n t s a s a d v e n tu r e r s pio n e e r s a n d
, , ,

t r a d e r s in s t at e s m an s h ip in s c i e n c e in m e t ap h y s i c s in l it e r a t u r e in c o m
, , , , ,

m e r c e in fi n an c e in i n v e n tio n a n d in w a r s h o w t h e m to b e th e p e e r s o f th e
, , , ,

p e op l e o f an y oth e r r a c e th e w o r l d h a s e v e r k n o w n .

H e n c e t h e y e n t e r e d u po n th e A m e r i c an R e vol u tio n ar y c o n t e s t w ith a

,

d e e p s e a t e d h a tr e d o f E n gl an d i n h e r it e d fr o m th e p a s t w it h a p a ssio n a t e
-
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d e s i r e fo r v e n g e an c e an d w it h t h a t n e v e r c e a s i n g p e r s i s t e n c e w hi c h is t h e i r
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c e f c h ar a c t e r i s ti c as a r a c e a n d i n t rac i n g t h e i r hi s to r y d o w n to thi s poi n t
it w ou l d s e e m a s if w e c ou l d s e e th e w o r ki n g o f so m e i n s c r u t ab l e p r i n c ip l e
of Divi n e c o m p e n s a tio n ; f o r w it h out th e l a t e r p r e s e n c e in A m e r i c a o f t h e se

d e s c e n d an ts o f th e m ar ty r e d S c otti s h Cov e n an t e r s — d oub l y e m bitt e r e d by

th e r e m e m b r a n c e o f th e out r a g e ou s w r o n g s d o n e t h e i r f a t h e r s a n d t h e e x

e r i e n c e o f s i m i l ar w r o n g s i n fli c t e d upo n t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s — th e
p
R e vol utio n o f 1 7 7 6 w ou l d n o t h a v e b e e n u n d e rt a k e n an d c ou l d n o t h av e ,

b e e n a c c o m p l ish e d .

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’

h vi g b d b th w if th d iv y J t h w th ’
a n hi d een s e c e ase w ld b ro er s e, en n o orc e ou e n e c e s sar . us o ese

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ere o f Ri h d C k
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w d or T h w i ti b l m f m
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th t th P p w l d t
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re n o o c on sor s o a n o e a s ar s. en na rou

t p o ih un s t by M y f th m en yi j i d t h ar th h l f d h h h
or e m an n ur e s on e o er m o er, e rs e , an er c ur c ,

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v i h p f i g h i l if
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r an m e r a s o n s nce e ac c e ss on o ar a e a e

m t hi fi l d
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a s an n o un c e d d p ti m . e o ra co ar ce e us an es o s .

o f H y d i p l y d it lf g i i i
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la ym e a d tw o ge tl w m e s uff e d pit l pu i h m t f
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en a s a e, n e an c o a r nc ite es o a ,
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o s e U d ec on . n er c e n on , a o a s a ro c es n e e e r an s

c oul d b j tifi e d e d th I q ui iti

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e an lv d s o It w s th ol fs ere e a sso e . as e c ose o

ff t w h i h h d b g i g i E l i b th i t b i g th E gl i h m ’
an e or c a een o n o n e ve r s n c e za e s a c c e s s on o r n e n s co

m u i n oni t l e l ti w ith th
n o c ose r r f m d m m u i
a on s f th C ti t d i t g t e re or e co n on s o e on n en ,
an n o re a er

h m ar y w ith th l igi u i ti ts f th ti t l ar g T h Ch u h f E gl d t d
on e re o s ns nc o e na on a e . e rc o n an s oo

f m th t m m
ro t i l te d d l
a o en m g ll th c h u h f th e Ch i ti w l d T h
so a an a on e a on a e rc es o r s an or . e

R f m ti h d p t d it i rr e t i v bl y f m th w h i h s ti l l l u g t b di e
e or a on a se ar a e r e f th
a ro os e c c n o o e n ce o e

P p y By it j ti
a ac . f l l b u t E pi
s re e c p l d th e A t o f U i f rm ity ev d it
on o a sc o a or e rs , c n o s ere as

i t i v bl y f
rre r e th g
a l b dy f P t t t h
ro m e h
en era w h th Lu th
o oR f m ed r o e s an c ur c es, e er e ra n or e or .

A d w h i l th
n t ff f
e ll h l th y e l igi u
us c u o m m u i
r om ti w ith th w l d With u t it
a ea r o s co n ca on e or o ,

s an k i t i m l ity w ith in o m With th xpul i

ora f th P u it n. l gy ll h g ll e e s on o e r an c er , a c an e, a

e ff t or s a ft e f m ll ti l d v l p m e t udd l y t pp d F m t h t ti m t th i th
r re or ,
a na on a e e o n , s en s o e . ro a e o s, e

E pi p l C h u h h b u b l t m t th v yi g pi it u l e d o f its dh e t by y
sc o a rc as een na e o ee e ar n s r a ne s a er n s an

m difi o ti f it g v
ca m
on o t it w h ip I t t ds l
s o ern en m g l l th l igi u b d i e s
or s o rs . s an a on e a on a e re o s o

o f We t C h i t d m i it f i l
s e rn r s en th ugh tw h u d d y
o n st d vi a i gl e e w
ur e ro o n re e a rs o e se a s n n

s e vi r f p y
ce o f p i ra —G er or o Sh t H i t y pp 6 06 6 07
ra s e re e n s
’
or s or , .
, .

S A pp d ix I ( S t l d
4
ee en T h Di i R igh t f Ki g )
co an vs . e v ne o n s .

T h i i i d t b th
5
s s sa igi l p i ipl o e t ib t d by A i t th e s c i e e f
e on e or na r nc e c on r u e m er ca o nc o

gove rn m e t but w h th th t b t u n ,
t it
e m erw h l ly d
a l l y f m th t p t f th e
e r e or n o , ca e o an so e ro a ar o

Am i p pl w h f e f th h d d i d f it i S tl d T h d tr i f th e p
e r c an eo e os e or a e rs a e or n co an . e oc ne o e r s on

s ibil ity f k i g t th i o ubj c t

n s w i d l y di
o m i
e r s t d th ugh A m e i by T h
e s , as Pi e e ss e na e ro r ca o m as a n

i hi C m
n s S o i 1 7 74
m on d by J ff
en s e ft w a d m d
n , c hi f
an e to f th e erso n a er r s a e a e c o rn r- s ne o e

D l ti i l ik w i f S tti h th th E gl i sh igi
e c ar a on ,
s e se o coSee A pp dix F s ra
(S p ra er an n or n . en . e a

ti on o f Ch u c h d Sta t ) r an e .

T h e x u ti o f P t e t t s w h i h t k pl e in B l od y M r y ig w ’ ”
6
e ec ns o ro s an i c oo ac o a s re n e re , n

1 55 5 ev ,
ty fiv ; i 1 5 56 igh ty th
s en -
e i 1 55 7
n ve ty v i 1 5 5 8 fifty ; t tal
,
e - re e n , se n - se en n ,
- one a o

o f 2 86 .
 The rel igi o us c h a n t d h g est e v th h a d h r o wn t
j ty f an a l m os sa c re c arac r o er e m a es o

th Ki g e H n y w th H d f th Ch u c h F m th e p i m te t th m e t d
. en r as e ea o e r . ro r a o e ea n s e ac o n

ev y m i i t f it d i d f m h im h i l igh t t x i e pi it l p w
er n s er o e r ve ro Th v i e s so e r o e e rc s s r ua o e rs . e o c

o f it p s ch w
rea th e h f h i w i ll
e rs He l
as ul d d e fi
e c th d xy d l h e y
o o s . a on e c o n e or o o or e c a re re s .

Th f m e f it w
or h ip a d b e l i e fs w e c h g d
s o s ors d e h g d t th e n yl pi H lf er an e an r c an e a ro a ca r ce. a

f it w l th w e t t s w l l th y l t u y d th t h h al f l y t th e Ki g m y I t ’
o s ea n o e e ro a re a s r , an e o er a a n s erc .

w asth i s u p e d e t d n re c t ti f ll p w
n e i th h ds f a s i g l e m
c on c e n r a th t v on o a o er n e an o n an a o er

a w d th e i m gi
e ti f H a y s ubj t H w
na on og dd m t h i g h igh
enr
’
s b v th e c s. e as r e ar e as s o e n a o e e

l w wh i h g v
a s c m m o Th i
er n c o f t t m d p i t
on m e n xt ll d h i w i s d m
. e vo c e s o s a es e n an r es s e o e s o

a d n uth a ity m or t h h um as T h P li m o re t it lf an d b w d t th v an . t e ar a en se r os e an o e o e a c an

th o w h h i m w m ti d A b l ut d v ti t h i p
r ne en s na e as en pl e d th ld
on e . n a so e e o on o s e r son r e ac e o

l y l ty t th l w
o a o Wh th P i m t f th E gl i h Ch u h d rib d th h i f m it f
e a en e r a e o e n s rc esc e e c e er o

—
.

C r omw e l l it w by ,
ti g t h t
ash e l v d th Ki g
ass e r l t hn h e l v d aG d J h o e e n no e ss an o e o .
”
o n

R ich d G e ar H i t y f the E gl i h P pl b o k v
re n ,
s or h i o n s eo e, o 1 c . .

T h i s w s p ti ul l y t u t th e ti m e f th R v l uti
8
a ar c ar f 1 6 3 8 1 6 88
r e a d 1 775 o e e o on s o , ,
an .

S e A pp d ix J ( R p
9
e i en f T d i I l d) e r e ss o n o ra e n re a n .

N P 1°
byt io ul d h
r es f th h l d y ffi
e r an c o i th e m y vy i th u t om
e n c e or o an o ce n ar or n a , n e c s s,

e xi c se , o rp s t ffi io y f th
o u t f l w i D ub l i
c e , n or th p
n an vi o Th y w e co r s o a ,
n n or e ro n c es . e e re

f bi d d
or t b m en i d by th i w m i i t
o e a rr e th y w e p t d i th e r o l i ti l n n s e rs e er ros e c u e n e e c c e s as ca

co u t f r s i m m l ity b u t h y h d m i d T h bi h p i t d d l u i t th i
or o ra eca se e a so ar r e . e s o s n ro uc e c a se s n o e r

l e ase sf bi ddi g th e or ti f m
n ti g h u y p
e re c t f t h i
on t t
o d i d d ee n -
o ses on an ar o e r e s a es an n uc e

m y l dl d t f ll w th i x m p l T c w ll th S h i m A t w p d i 1 7 1 4
an an or s o o o e r e a e . o ro n a , e c s c as as s e n ,

w h i h w ul d h v
c o w pt th P byt i C h u h t f xi t
a e s e e bu t Q u r es A di d b e r an rc ou o e s en c e , e en nne e e

f or eit m i t ca p ti bu t t b f th fu i u
e n o o er a l f Sw i f t h d
on , i l d p th d
no e or e e r o s z ea o a na e u e o or s

an d wi d w n f th P o byt i m ti g h u
s o e t Su m r H i ll i
res th
e r an igh b h d f ee n - o se a m e ,
n e ne or oo o

L ar a c o r . Si i l m
u d t th ar th p l
sc en es T h i m di t
oc c ff t f th e e
rr e a re e o er ac e s . e m e a e e ec o s

p e e di g w t t g th P byt i p pl
ro c n s as o e s r an d ft
e wh e th y w t h t l l
re s e r an eo e an , s oo n a er , en e sa a a

c w
ar e e r s l d g i t th m w
e re c os e i d u t w ith l g x ti
a a ns th y b g t l v th
e ,
e ar e o on e ac on s , e e an o ea e e

c u t y by th u
o n r d T h d t u tio s an f th w s ll
. t d t e f th m
es r w y Th
c on o e oo en ra e sen o e a a . e

ra p ity d g d f l dl d
ac an re ed p i ll y th M q i f D g l th g d
o an or s , an f Si es ec a e ar u s o on e a , e r an s on o r

A th u Ch i h e t
r r th f u d c f th Ul t
s e r, p l t ti e o d thn t m f ig ti t
er o e s er an a on ,
c au s e e s rea o em ra on o

Am i t fl w
er c a fo l y f ty y
o on w it h o t i t
or i i —T h m C k y I i h
n e ar or e ar s u n e rm s s on . o as ros er , r s

P byt i i m D ub l i
r es er a n s 1 884 pp 1 3 1 4 ,
n , , .
, .

S A pp dix K ( T h T t A t)
ee en e es c .

I t w ul d b d i ffi ul t i d d to iv
e ti l d iti l f v u b l th th t
c n ee o c on c e e a na on a c on on e ss a o ra e an a

o fI l d[ re a n i 1 7 1 7] t m nf e gy d biti o a If h w
an o P byt i h w
n er an am on . e ere a re s e r an e as

su bj t t th e d i bi l iti f th T t A t
ec o sa Th es oul t w th t t d y ti d f m i
e es c . e res as a a s ea e o e

g t
rai s t
on i yi
e g w y l l th
n , c arr l wh w
n m a t a ti l t th d v l p t f
a o s e c as s e s o ere os e ss e n a o e e e o m en o

th ti
e na Th m on f t
. d th l g
e l f e g ti c l b
an u a c u r e r s wh l iv d p
an e ar e c as s o en r e a o ur e r s o e u on

m ufan tu i g i du t y w
ac r n tt d f n d w id
s r S m f th m p
ere sc a d t E gl d e re d ar an e . o e o e a ss e o n an an

S tl d
co G t u m b f u d h m i Vi gi i
an . re a n d P
e rs yl i o d th y w
n a th o e n r n a an enns va n a , a n e e re e

f u de
o n f th li
rs o m uf t u i N w E gl d (B u h S ttl m t i A m i
e nen an ac re 1 74n e n an r
’
e s e e en s n er ca , II . , ,

1 75,
P t t t ig ti w h i h b g w ith th d t ti f th w l l
The r o e s an em f t ra on c e an e e s ru c on o e oo e n m a n u ac ur e ,

c on ti d d i g n ue yy w ith b td d v
ur n l ti g pi dity A t th ti
m an fe a rs un a a e an e en ac c e era n ra . e m e o

th R v l ti
e wh e g t p ti
o u f th on t y l yw t
, d wh
en th w h l f reaw k or on s o e c o un r a as e ,
an en e o e r am e or

o f i ty w h tt d
soc e h I i h l d h d b
as s l t l
a t
ere yl w t t E g
,
m uc r s an a een e on e as e a ve r o re n s o n

li hs d , p i l l y t S t h P t t t A b t 7 7 d 7 8 th l
an es ec a o b g t f ll i
co c ,
r o e s an s . ou 1 1 an 1 1 e se e ase s e an o a n .

R t w
en s ll y d b l d d ft
e r e u su a t bl d T h ll f w oug lly p t p t e , an o en re e . e sm a er arm s e re e n e ra u u o

c om p titi d th C t h l i
e wh w
o n , an t d t l iv i th e t q lid i y d
a o c s, o e r e a c c us o m e o e n e m os s ua m se r , an

t f o g l l th
or e f t f lif v y
o a t ll y tbi d th P t t t T h i f t dd d t
e c om or s o e, er n a u ra ou e ro es an s . s ac ,
a e o

th t t l d t
e ti
o a f th i i d ti
e s ru c w h i h th P t t t p p l ti
on o bitd t e m a n n us r e s o n c e r o es an o u a on su s s e ,
o
1 54 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

th e d i bi l iti
sa es to w h i ch P t t t
th e r o e s an n o n c o n fo r m it w u bj t
s s ere s ec on a c c o un t of th e i r

r el igi on , an d to th e g wi g t d y t th o ro w l d i t p tu p r o du c e d a g t i l
p i d —L ky I l
ro n en en c an n o as re , re a s oc a

ti f whi h h v v b ”
r e vo l u on , th e e fl e c ts o c a e ne er ee n re a re . ec ,
re and i n th e E igh tee n th
Ce n tu ry, vol . i .
, pp . 24 5 , 246 .

Mr . R ob t t y to th e I i h S i ty f L d i 1 802 w h h d b
er Sla d e , Se c r e ar t r s oc e o on on n , o a e e n s en

t L
o do d
on y t i p t th p p ty f th t S i e ty i th p t f h i j u y w it
n e rr o ns ec e ro er o a oc ,
n e re or o s o rn e r es as

f ll w :
o o sTh d f m D w H i ll t C l
e ro a i e g e th ugh th b t p t f th Cl th
ro o n o o e ra n o s ro e es ar o e o

k p p ti d w h ld by th R igh t H R i h d J k [h w m i td
’
w or e rs ro or on ,
an as e e on . c ar ac s on e as no na e

for P l i m t by th t w f C l i i
ar a en e wh w
o th S i ty g e
n o l g t
o era n e It i n o as e oc e
’
s n era a en . s

co m m l y e p t d i th c u t r y th t h vi g b
on r or e n b l ig d t i th
e o n t f hi t , t a ,
a n ee n o e o ra se e ren s o s e n an s

ve y r id bl y i
c on s era qu f th l g fi h p i d i t p du d
,
n c o n se en c e olm tt tl i e ar e ne e a ,
ro ce an a os o a em

g t
rai f
on ot h m t A m i e d t h t t h
o y f m d p i ip
e r c a , an l p t f t h t u d i c ip l i d ba d y e or e a r nc a ar o a n s ne o

wh i h b c gh t b t th u d f th e B iti h m y t S t g
r ou a ou e s rr e n T h i u d ubt e dl y
er o r s ar a ar a o a.
”
s n o

f
r e e rs t th om ig ti e e f th l i t w h i 1 7 1 8 1 9 f u d d th t w f L d de ry
ra on o os e c o o n s s o, n -
,
o n e e o n o on on r ,

Ne w H m p h i a f m w h i h pl
s re w ,
ro u it e d St k R g w h fou gh t th b ttl o f
c ac e ere re c r ar
’
s an ers , o e a e

B i gt
en n n d l
on m ,
y f th w h o t ok p t i th b ttl w h i h l d t B u g y
an a so an o o se o ar n e a es c e o r o ne s
’

su d
rr e n F iv h ip l d
er. m p i i g
e s b ut -
hu d d
oa d tw
s, co ty f m il i il d f m
r s n a o on e n re an en a es, sa e ro

Ul t i th um m
s er n f 17 8
e s hi g B t er o o A u gu t 4 th 1 H th y w e
,
r e ac tl gp n os o n n s . e re e re n o on er

m itt d t e m i by th P u it G v
o re a n t w i g t th f t th t t h y h d m f m
e r an o e rn m e n ,
o n o e ac a e a co e ro

I l d b ut w
r e an ,
g t d p ti e re f th t w h ip i w h i h th y ft w d b i l t th t w
r an e a or on o e o ns n c e a er ar s u e o n

o fL d d
on y th it th b i g f u t th f ti
on e rr ,
e s e Th
en m ig t we
e n m ar o on e r on er . ese e r an s re aec o

p i
an ed by f u m i i t o rg w h m w th R
n s e rs , am onv d J m M g g H e h d b o as e e e ren a es ac re or . a een

or d i d t A gh d y i 1 7 0 1
a ne a d s v d
a oe th i fi t m i i t i Am i
n , T h i m tiv
an er e as e r rs n s er n er c a . e r o es

m ig ti g y b g th d f m ipt m f M M g g ’
in e ra n m a e a er e ro dd d t a m an u s c r se r on o r. ac re or s , a re sse o

th m e th on v f th i e e b k ti e o Th e r em s h tt f ll w
ar a 1 T v id
on . ese r e as o n e s a es as o o s . o a o

o pp i re ss on a n d u l b d g 2 T
cr hu p
e u ti
on d d ig d u i
a e. 3 T w ith d w
. o s n e rs e c on an es ne r n . . o ra

f m th
ro m u i
e c om f id l t 4 T h v
n on o pp tu ity f w h ippi g G d c di g
o a or s . . o a e an o or n o or s n o ac or n

t th d i t t
o e fc a es o i d th ul f H i i pi d W d
c o n s c e n c e an e r es o s ns re or .

S l A pp e d ix L ( T ith
e e a so i Ul t ) n es n s er .

M A d l ph u i h i b k
19
r. o th R ig f G g I I I u th f l l w i g l gu ge
s, n s oo on e e n o e or e .
, se s e o o n an a

T h fi t ff t t w d
e rs e u i or f i t o t w m d by th P byt i
ar a n on o wh w g n e res as a e e res e r an s , o er e ea er

i c
n yi g i t e x uti th i f v it p j t f f m i g y d T h i h u h h d
a rr n n o ec on e r a or e ro e c o or n a s no . e r c rc es a

h ith t er o rem i d t d w ith c h th

a ne d th i
u n c on n e c e i i y dh d b id d ea o e r , an e r u n on n s no a e e n c on s er e

so d g an u t th
e ro m m u ity t h t i
s o 1 7 2 5 it w
e co p v t d by th xp n i t f a n f as re en e e e re s s n er eren c e o

th l e d j u ti
or s- Av i li g th e m
s ces lv . w ith g t dd
a n f th i i g di t t th se es , rea a r e ss , o e r s n s c on e n s , e

c on v ti en f m i i t
on o d ld t P h i l d l ph i
n s ers lan d i i ul l tt t l l th
e ers a a e a e n c ose n a c rc ar - e er o a e

P byt i
res g g ti i P
e r an c on yl v i th p p d ti l f u i
re a on s n enn s I an a e ro os e ar c es o n on . n con

se q f t h i l tt
ue n c e o u i f l l th
s e g g ti t k pl i P
er, a n on o ylv i a d th e c on re a on s oo ac e n enn s an a an e

L w C ti
o er ounA im i l es f d . yw t b l i h d i l l th S u th e p vi
s ar c on e i
e r ac as es a s e n a e o rn ro n c es, n

pu u rs f im il
an c e o l tt w itt
s by t h i ar p tive
e ers v ti Th
r m enu s d d e r res ec c on en on s . e se e as re en e

i th
n t bl i h t f
e es a s u l y
m en d t P h i l de l ph i
o w h e ll g
an a n n e l ff i
a p l iti l
s no a a a, er a en ra a a rs , o ca as

w ll s
e a l igi u w
re d b t d o d d id d
s, ereF m th i y d d e a e d de an we i ud ec e . ro s s no or e rs an c re e s re ss e

th ugh t Am i
ro ou d t th m er c a , andy d i m p l i it b di o w p id e a rea an c o e en c e as a .

T h di t t d i N w E gl d
e s c on e n e m m d d n u i f th C o g g ti
e l n d an re c o en e a n on o e n re a ona an

P byt i i t t th ugh u t th l i
re s e r an n eres s A g ti ti t k pl
ro o whi h d d i e c o on e s . ne o a on oo ac e , c en e n

th e app i t m t f p m
o n ent o itt f a erp d d p w
an e n t m m u i ca t
c om m ee o c o rr e s on e n c e , an o e rs o co n e

an d ul t
c on s ll i on w ith a im il m m itt
o c c as o n s e t b l i h d by th C gr g ti o l a s ar co ee s a s e e on e a na

chu hrc i Ne w E gl d
es n n an .

By th i u i p ty w p p d t d i p l y th i p w by i t
s n on a ar as d th St m p
re ar e o s a e r o er r e s s an c e , a n e a

l w p
a e t d its l f
re s n e f v bl bj t f h ti l ity
e as a a o ra e o ec o os .

E qu l l y xp l i it t ti m
a y i b e i p ub l i h d d d
e c es f M Wi l l i m B R d f
on s or n n a s e a r e ss o r . a . ee o

P h il d l ph i h i m l f Epi op l i
a e a, seTh p t t k an by th P byt i sc i th a t t
an e ar a en e re s e r an s n e c on es
th e Opp ive m as u f P li m e t w
re s s th d i ti tl y e M G ll w y a p m i
res o t ar a n , as en s nc seen . r. a o a ,
ro n en

adv t e f th g v m t i 1 7 7 4
oc a o ib d th v l t d v l uti m i l y t th ti
e o e rn en ,
n ,
as c r e e re o an re o on a n o e ac on

of th e P e sbyt e i l gy d l ity
r ly 1 7 64 A o th w it
r an c e r f th m p i d ys an a as e ar as . n er r er o e sa e er o sa
“
Yo u w i l l h v d i v d th t I m f i d t th e P
a e byt i sc o d t h t I fi x l l th
ere a a no r en o res e r an s , an a a e

bl m f t h
a xt di y p
e o di g u pese th m —J G C igh ea d S t h d I i h
e r ao r n ar ro c e e n s on e .
"
. . ra ,
co c an r s

S d i A
ee s i S il pp 3 2 2 3 2 4
n m er ca n o , .
-
.

T h tw 13ti i th l g c u e f th i h i t y h d m t
o na h th e i th
on s hu
n e on o rs e o e r s or a e e ac o r n ree n

d edr d f u t e pit h e d b tt l
an d h d
o c ifi e d m
r e nth m i ll i fc b v a e s , an a sa r c o re an a on o m e n as ra e as

ev w i l d d l ym
er w d
e b ttl xe —H l y S tl d I fl u
e c a o re , s Ci i l i ti or ,
or a e a -
. a se ,
co an
’
s n e n c e on v za on ,

P 1 4 .

‘4 t
C al l his w a r , m y d e a r e s fr t i e n d, by w h a so e e r t v n am e yo u y l l it t m ay, o n l ca no an

Am i e r c an it i th i g m R eb ll i e l th a
on , I i s no n or e n o r e ss n an r s h Sc o c h
- t P byt i R b l l i res e r an e e on .
”

—E xt t f om a l tt f C pt i J h
rac r H i i h e f th er o a a n o an n e nr c s o e H i J g e C p w itt
e s s an a r or s, r en

f m Ph i l d e l p h i a J u y 1 8 1 7 7 8
ro a e P yl v i M g i
,
an arf H i t y d, B i g phy se en n s an a a az ne o s or an o ra ,

v l xxii
o . p 1 37 .
, . .

G e lW y h d en ra titu ti l tt c h m t t th d i i
a ne a f th e w d
a c on s d th i on a a a en o e ec s on o s or , an s

c as t f h t e h d qui d t gth f m i dul g e w l l f

o c ar a c r a ac thre tiv t m p f th
s ren ro n en c , as e as rom e na e e er o e

t p h m m ded T h y w k w by th d ig ti
roo s e co an . f th Li f P
e ylv ier e no n e es na on o e ne o enn s an a

wh th y m igh t h v b e w ith m
e r e as e p p i ty ll d th L i f I l d B l d d
a e e n ore ro r e ca e e ne o r e an . o an

d i g th y w
ar n i m p ti e t d f t y a d w o l d l w y p f
,
e ere a n pp l t th b y e t
an r e r ac o r n u a a s re er an a ea o e a on

t t il m e m h R s tl u d th w t f f d d w h i k y dv
o a o so ar c . e t
e ss b f m
n er e an o oo an s e , a e rse o a se n c e ro

th i b gg g
e r d tt h e d t th p l
a a u
e , an f th e t bl e W y e
a ac d h i b ig d w o e e as res o a , a n an s r a e ere m or e

e um b
nc e d w it h w g er th y qu l p ti f th
a m yon s T h Ge l d hi
an a n l di e a or on o e ar . e n er a an s so e rs

w e e i gul l y fi tt d f
r s n l s ard t ubb r c ti o h
e d t h d i th
o r c o e an t o f th m y s o n a n ,
an o an ,
n e c e n re e ar

b u t ve y l ittl d pt e d t th e p m pt
r e a d t i l m e e vi e t w h i h L fay tt e w
a o ro d m u t an o so s r c o c a e as an s

b e xp e d l g th B iti h g
os e , so l on ti u d t p h im C w ll i th f did t
as e r s e n e ra c on n e o re ss . o rn a s e re ore no

m i al ul t
sc wh c he p a e um e d th t th e j en ti o f W y e w uld i e res th t h a un c n o a n o n cr ase ra er an

di m i i h h i h
n s f b i gi g h i s c t g i t [L f y tt ] t ti —G
an c e o r n H n y L s an a on s a a e e o ac on . en . enr ee,

M m i e f th
o rs oW i th S u th D p
e tm tar h xxxi p
n 2 03 v l e fi ot d iti p
er n e ar en , c . .
, .
, o . II .
, rs e on .

2 92 d e diti
,
s e c on on .

D Ch l J e w y Sti l l i h i w k
r. ar e s M j G
an al A th y W y e,d th n s or on a or - en e r a n on a ne an e

P yl v i L i
en n s i th C tian a t lA y i ne m nti g th i p g p k f ll w
e on n en a rm ,
n c om en n on s ass a e s ea s as o o s

A u i u e c h
r o b e f l l i t by m y h i t i
s rr or as i c lud i g M B
en a ft i
en p ki g n o an s o r an s , n n r . an c r o ,
n S ea n

f th e P s y lv i Li th t it w m p l g e d gr of
‘ ’
o enn an a di ne, w a f m I l d as c o o se n a ar e ee ne - c o m e rs ro re an .

T h w it vi d tl y th i ki g f th e h c t i ti qu l iti f th C l ti I i h
e se r e rs a r e e en n n o c ara er s c a es o e e c r s

m i w
an ; b u t thn w ar t it i i d g d u th ity [i e re D Wi l l i
ere n o H Egl , d s sa on oo a or . c .
, r. am . e an

J h B l i Li e d it o f th P
o n a r y l v i A h iv ] m
nn , orsth th e h u d d p e f
e nn s an a rc es ,
or e an r e n re e rs o n s o

I i h bi th ( R m
r s C th l i
r d C l ti ) i th P
o an ylv i Li a oT w th i d
c an f th f e c n e en n s an a ne. o- r s o e o rc e

w ereSc t h I i h o c w it h w h o
- fi gh ti g qu l iti w
r s ,
a r ac e l l f m il i butw h i h q it se n a es e ar e a a ar , c a re u e

o pp it t th e w h i h h t ri th t u I i h C l t M t f th e m w d
os e o os c c ara c e d t f thze e r e r s e . os o e re e sc e n an s o e

S t h I i h m ig
co c -
t f 1 7 1 7 1 7 3 0 d v y f w f th w e
r s e r an s o w I m ki g
-
,
an er e o em er II e -c o m e rs .
’
n a n

th t t m t l t qu t d D Stil l vi d t l y ve l k d th l g m ig ti
e s a e en as o e r. f S t h I i h e e en o r oo e e ar e e ra on o co c -
r s

y lv i a w h i h t k p l i 1 7 7 2 —
,

f r om B lf t t P e as o enns 73 Th an ig t l ft U l t c oo ac e n . ese em ra n s e s er

w ith bitt ai m ity to E gl d b gh t i l g e m u by th

e r an os n u w hi h
an ,
r ou on n a ar e as re e s am e c a se s c

a f t w d l d t th P t t t I i h R b ll i
er ar s e o f 1 7 98
e r o e s an r s e e on o .

‘
Se e A pp e n d ix M ( T h e Sc o t h I i h
5
d th e R e v l u ti ) c - r s an o on .
 C H A PT E R XI I

WHO AR E TH E S C O TCH I R I S H -
?

H E No rth o f I r e l an d is d ivi d e d i n to th e c ou n ti e s o f A n t r i m Do w n A r , ,

m a g h Lo n d o n d e rr y ( f o r m e r l y Co l e r a i n e ) Ty r o n e Mo n a gh an Do n e g a l
, , , , ,

F e r m an a gh a n d C a v an T h e s e n i n e c o u n ti e s c o m p r is e th e a n c i e n t p r o v i n c e
,
.

o f Ulster w h i c h i n c l ud e s a f ou r th p a r t o f th e i s l an d a n d c o n t a i n s 85 6 7
, ,

s qu a r e m i l e s o f t e r r ito r y an a r e a e q u a l to n e a r l y o n e fifth th a t o f Pe n n s yl
,
-

v a n i a o r o f about th e s a m e e xt e n t as th e po r tio n o f t h a t St a t e l yi n g so u th
,

an d e a st o f th e B l u e Ri d g e Mo u n t a i n s .

At th e p r e s e n t ti m e o n e thi r d o f th e l a n d in U l s t e r is u n d e r c u l tiv a tio n

,
-

so m e w h a t m o r e th an a t h i r d is in p a s tu r a g e a n d a l itt l e l e s s th a n o n e f o u r t h -

—
is c las s e d a s w a s t e l an d m ou n t a i n s a n d bogs in a l l ac r e s Su c h .

o f thi s l an d a s w as n o t l a i d o ff i n to to w n s an d r o a d s w a s h e l d in 1 88 1 by , ,

ow n e rs ac r e s o r 7 2 pe r c e n t ,
b e l on gi n g to 4 7 7 i n d i v i d u a l s
.
, ,

o f w ho m 9 5 o w n e d a c r e s o r 4 0 pe r c e n t o f th e w ho l e
, . .

I n 1 89 1 th e popu l a tio n o f th e p r ovi n c e w a s

, o f w ho m pe r
c e n t ar e c l a s s ifi e d in th e C e n s u s R e po r t o f G r e a t B r it a i n a s Ro m an C a th o
.

l ie s p e r c e n t as E pi s c op a l.i an s ; a n d p e r c e n t a s P r e s byt e r i an s . .

T h e s e p r opo r tio n s b e ar a c l os e a flin ity to t h o s e o f th e v a r io u s r a c i a l e l e m e n t s

‘

o f w hi c h th e pop u l a tio n is c o m po s e d I n t h i s r e s p e c t th e Ro m a n C a t h o l i c
.
,

C h u r c h r e p r e s e n ts a pp r oxi m a t e l y th e a n c i e n t I r i s h e l e m e n t ; th e E pi s c op al i an
C h u r c h th e E n g l i s h o r A n gl o I r is h ; an d th e P r e s byt e r i an th e S c ot c h o r
,
-
,

S c ot c h I ris h I n t h os e d i s t r i c t s w h e r e o n e e l e m e n t p r e d o m i n a t e s o v e r an
-
.

ot h e r w e fin d a m aj o r ity o f th e p e op l e i d e n tifi e d to a g r e a t e r o r l e s s e xt e n t
, , ,

w ith th e c o r r e spo n d i n g r e l igiou s s e c t T h i s h a s b e e n th e c as e fo r n e a r l y

.

t h r e e h u n d r e d y e ars o r e v e r s i n c e th e fo r e ign e l e m e n t s w e r e fi r st i n t r o d u c e d
, ,

a n d is so g e n e r al l y r e c og n iz e d t h a t it is p e r h a p s n o t to o m u c h to s a t h a t in
y
n o ot h e r m ix e d popu l a tio n in th e w o r l d h a s c h u r c h a ffil i a tio n b e e n s o c h ar

ac te r is tic o f r ac e a n d n a tio n a l ity a s in th e No r th o f I r e l a n d s i n c e th e b e

gi n n i n g o f th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y Thi s c i r c u m st an c e b e i n g k e pt in
.
‘

m i n d d o e s m u c h to s i m p l i fy th e w o r k o f t r a c i n g th e v ar iou s e l e m e n t s o f th e
,

pop u l a tio n to t h e i r o r igi n al s ou r c e s .

T h e P r e sbyt e r i a n C h u r c h o f I r e l an d n o w n u m b e r s ov e r 5 5 0 c o n g r e g a
tio n s an d t h e r e a r e b e s i d e s s e v e r al U n it e d P r e sbyt e r i an a n d R e fo r m e d P r e s
, , ,

byte r ian c o n g r e g a tio n s T h e P r e s byt e r i an s n u m b e r n e a r l y h a lf a m i ll io n

.

a bout o n e t e n th o f th e popu l a tio n o f th e c ou n t r y

-
T h e E pi s c op a l i a n C h u r c h
.

c l a i m s ov e r adh e r e n ts T h e P r e s by t e r i a n Chu r c h d o u bt l e s s i n c l u d e s
.

m o r e t h an f ou r fi fth s o f th e S c ots o f U l s t e r
-
T h e m a n n e r in w h i c h th e m e m
.

h e r s h ip o f th a t c h u r c h is d i s t r ibut e d a ffo r d s a m p l e p r oo f o f t h is U l st e r .

c l ai m s fi fte e n sixt e e n th s o f th e m a n d th e y a r e fou n d in t h os e id e n ti c a l

-
,
 60 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

l o c a l iti e s w h e r e w e k n o w t h a t th e S c ot s s e tt l e d I n A n t r i m th e y c o n stitut e .

8
3 p e r c e n t o f a tot a l popu l a tio n o f
.
in Do w n 3 8 p e r c e n t of a , .

tot al po pul a tIo n o f w hi l e in Lo n d o n d e r r y t h ey fo r m 3 0 pe r c e n t .

,

in Ty r o n e 1 9 a n d in A r m a gh 1 5 pe r c e n t o f th e pop u l a tio n
, ,
But it is w h e n
. .

w e c o m e to e x a m i n e th e d e t a i l s o f th e c e n s u s o f 1 881 t h a t th e c l e a r e s t t r ac e s
o f th e S c o t ti s h e m ig r a tio n a r e to b e f ou n d Do w n h a s o n l y 3 8 pe r c e n t o f . .

P r e s byt e r i an s b u t t h a t is b e c au s e th e s o u t h o f th e c ou n ty w a s n e v e r c o l o n
,

iz e d an d is s ti ll R o m an C a tho l i c
,
T h e o l d S c otti s h c o l o n y in U pp e r C l a n
.

n a boy e a n d th e G r e a t A r d s is s ti l l n e a r l y as P r e s byt e r i a n as in 1 6 3 0 J am e s .

H a m i l to n i m m e d i a t e l y a ft e r s e tt l i n g t h e r e in 1 6 0 6 r a i s e d c h u r c h e s a n d
, ,

p l ac e d l e a r n e d an d p io u s m i n i s t e r s fr o m S c ot l a n d in th e six p ar i s h e s o f
“

h is e s t a t e
,
— B a n go r Ki ll i n c hy Ho l y w oo d B a l l yh al b e r t Du n d o n a l d an d
, , , , ,

Ki ll y l e a gh Th e s e p ar i s h e s h a v e go n e o n flo u r is h i n g s o t h a t w h e n th e c e n s us
.
,

c o l l e c to r d id h is r o u n d s t h r o u g h H a m i l to n s o l d e s t a t e in 1 88 1 h e fo u n d
’

t h a t it c o n t a i n e d i n h a bi t an t s ; an d th a t a l th o u gh it w as s itu a t e d in
w h a t h as b e e n c a l l e d th e m ost C a t h o l i c c o u n t r y in E u r op e o n l y 3 4 4 4 Ro m an ,

C at h o l i c s w e r e t h e r e to b e fo un d a s a ga i n s t P r e s byt e r i an s F o r
, .

n e a r l y t h r e e c e n t u r i e s th e s e W e st l an W h ig s h a v e s too d t r u e to t h e i r S c ot
’

ti s h C h u r c h T h e r e c o r d o f H u gh Mo n tgo m e r y s s e tt l e m e n t is q u it e a s
.
’

c u r ious H is O l d h e a d q u ar t e r s N e w to w n A r d s h a s g r o w n i n to a fl o u r is h
.
,
-
,

in g l itt l e m a n u fa c t u r i n g to w n a n d Do n a gh a d e e is a big vi ll a g e w e ll k n o w n

a s a f e r r y po r t f o r S c ot l a n d Sti l l t h e y r e m a i n t r u e b l u e P r e sbyt e r i a n “ ”
-
. .

Mo n tgo m e r y s e st a t e is p r e t t y w e l l c ov e r e d by th e f o u r p a r i s h e s o f N e w to w n
’

A r d s G r e y Abb e y Co m b e r a n d Do n a gh a d e e T h e s e h av e a u n it e d pop u l a tio n

, , ,
.

of th e P r e s byt e r i an s n u m b e r an d th e Ro m an C a t h o l i c s o n l y

1 370 th e b a l an c e b e i n g m a i n l y E pi s c op a l i a n s an d M e t h o d i s t s I n A r m a gh .

a n d in F e r m an a g h o n th e o t h e r h a n d th e E pi s c o p a l i a n s a r e m o r e n u m e r ou s
, ,

t h an th e P r e s byt e r i an s I n th e f o r m e r t h e r e a r e 3 pe r c e n t b e l o n gi n g to
. 2 .

th e C h u r c h o f I r e l a n d a n d o n l y 1 5 to th e P r e s byt e r i a n C h u r c h ; w h i l e in
,

th e l a tt e r t h e r e ar e o n l y 2 pe r c e n t o f P r e s byt e r i an s a s a g a i n s t 3 6 o f E pi s
.
,

c o pa l ia n s T h e b a l a n c e o f n a ti o n a l iti e s an d o f r e l igio n s r e m a i n s to a l l
.

a pp e a r a n c e w h a t th e c o l o n iz a t io n o f th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y m a d e it an d ,

t h a t n ot w i t h s t a n d i n g th e g r e a t e m ig r a tio n fr o m U l s t e r d u r i n g th e e ig h t e e n t h
c e n t ur y T h e o n l y s t r a n g e c h a n g e is th a t B e l f a s t w hi c h w as a t its fo u n d a
.
, ,

tio n an E n g l is h to w n s h ou l d s o s oo n h av e b e c o m e in th e m a i n S c ot t is h an d
, ,

s h o ul d r e m a i n s u c h u n to t h i s d ay .

T h e r e is a n ot h e r poi n t t h a t m ay b e m e n tio n e d in t h i s c o n n e c tio n

i n d e e d o n w h i c h th e fo r e g o i n g c o n d iti o n s m ay b e s a i d q u it e l ar g e l y to
,

de p e n d T h a t is th e fa c t t h a t i n t e r m a r r i a g e s b e t w e e n th e n a tiv e s an d th e
.
,

S c ot c h s e tt l e r s o f th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y an d t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s in U l s t e r
, ,

h a v e b e e n s o r a r e a n d u n c o m m o n a s to b e p r a c ti c a l l y an o m a l o u s a n d in ,

c o n s e q u e n c e c an h a r d l y b e s a i d to e n t e r i n to th e g e n e r a l qu e s tio n o f r a c e

o r igi n o r at m o s t o n l y in an i n c i d e n t a l w a y
, .
’

I t is t r u e t h i s c an n ot b e s a i d o f th e E n g l i s h c o l o n i s t s o f E l iz a b e th s ti m e
’

, ,
n or of C r o m w e ll s so l d i e r s
’

,
who s e ttl e d
outh e r n p r ovi n c e s o f I r e l an d
in th e s

a ft e r 1 6 5 0 Co n c e r n i n g t h e s e tw o l a tt e r c l a ss e s o f s e tt l e r s a s th e m o s t
.
,

r e c en t a ut h o r it a tiv e w r it e r I r e l an d h a s s a i d : No fe a tu r e o f I r ish
’ “
on

hi s to r y is m o r e c o n s pi c u ou s th an th e r a pi d ity w it h w h i c h i n t e r m a r r i a g e s h a d
a l t e r e d th e c h ar ac t e r o f s u c c e s s iv e g e n e r a tio n s o f E n g l i s h c o l o n i s t s .

T h e c o n qu e st o f I r e l an d by th e P u r it an so l d i e r s o f C r o m w e l l w a s h a r d l y
m o r e sig n al t h a n th e c o n qu e s t o f t h e s e so l d i e r s by th e i n vi n c ib l e C a tho l i c i s m

o f th e I r i s h w o m e n B ut in th e c a s e o f th e S c ot c h c o l o n i s ts p l a n t e d by
.
”

J am e s in U l st e r an d o f t h os e w h o f o ll o w e d t h e m w e fin d n o n e o f th e r e s u l t s
, ,

a tt r ibut e d by L e c ky to th e i n t e r m a r r i a g e s o f th e E n g l i s h s o l d i e r s w ith th e

Irish . A n d w h i l e it is t r u e t h a t th e i n fl u e n c e o f r e l igio n in k e e pi n g up
th e l i n e s o f r a c e d i s ti n c tio n h a s b e e n a t ti m e s o v e r e s ti m a t e d ye t in th e c as e ,

o f th e U l s t e r S c ot s it c an n ot b e m a i n t a i n e d th a t p r opi n q u ity a n d th e a s s o
,

c ia tio n s o f d a i l y l i f e m a d e it a bso l ut e l y c e r t a i n t h a t a tt a c h m e n ts w o u l d b e

f o r m e d th a t c o n n e c tio n s w ou l d s p r i n g up t h a t p a s s io n c a p r i c e an d d a i l y
, , , ,

a s s o c i a tio n w ou l d p r ov e too s t r o n g fo r r e l igiou s o r s o c i al r e pu g

n an c e to an e xt e n t s u ffic i e n t to c h a n g e o r p e r c e ptib l y i n fl u e n c e th e c h a r
”

ac t e r o f t h e i r d e s c e n d a n ts T h e s e S c otti s h p e op l e in I r e l an d to d a y e x h ibit
.
-

a l l th e d isti n c tiv e r a c i al c h ara c t e r i s ti c s o f t h e i r S c otti s h f o r e f a t h e r s ; an d

h a v e n o n e o f th e p e c u l i ar q u a l iti e s a tt r ibut e d by th e tw o l e a d i n g w r i t e r s o n
th e subj e c t to th e O ff s p r i n g o f m ix e d m a r r i a g e s b e t w e e n I r i s h P r ot e s t an t s
a n d Ro m an C a tho l i c s Th u s w e ar e l e d to c o n c l u d e t h a t i n a s m u c h a s th e
.

U l st e r S c ot s h a v e n o t b e e n ov e r c o m e by th e i n v i n c ib l e Ro m a n C a th o l i
c is m o f th e I r ish w o m e n an d Si n c e t h e y r e m a i n P r e s byt e r i a n s a s t h e i r e a r l y
, ,

S c ot c h an c e s to r s w e r e b e fo r e t h e m t h e y a r e l ik e w i s e o f u n m ix e d S c otti s h
,

b l ood .

Co n c e rn i n g th e c o rr e c t n e s s o f t h i s c o n c l u s io n w e h a v e th e r e c e n t t e s ti ,

m o n y o f tw o d i s ti n gui s h e d A m e r i c an s o n e o f t h e m a n a tiv e an d th e oth e r ,

f o r m an y y e ar s a r e s i d e n t o f U l s t e r A n d c o n s i d e r i n g th e w e l l k n o w n
.
,
-

p r o m i n e n c e o f th e s e tw o g e n t l e m e n a s c l e r gy m e n it c an n ot b e s u ppo s e d ,

th a t t h e i r d e n o m i n a tio n al p r o c l iviti e s w o u l d l e a d t h e m to giv e a n y ot h e r

th an an a c c u r a t e st at e m e n t o f f a c ts s o r e a d i l y c a p a b l e o f v e r ifi c a tio n On e .

o f th e s e w it n e ss e s th e l a t e D r Jo h n H a ll o f N e w Yo r k s a i d : I h ave
“
,
.
,

s o m e ti m e s n oti c e d a l itt l e c o n fu s io n o f m i n d in r e l a tio n to th e p h r a s e

,
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S c ot c h I r i s h as if it m e an t t h a t S c ot c h p e op l e h a d c o m e ov e r an d in
-
,
’

te r m a r r ie d w it h th e n a tiv e I r i s h an d t h a t th u s a c o m bi n a tio n o f tw o r ac e s
, ,

tw o p l a c e s tw o n a tio n al iti e s h a d t a k e n p l a c e
,
T h a t is by n o m e an s th e .

st at e o f th e c a s e O n th e c o n t r ar y w ith ki n dl y goo d fe e l i n g in v ar ious

.
,

d i r e c tio n s th e S c ot c h p e op l e k e pt to th e S c ot c h p e op l e a n d t h e y a r e c a ll e d
, ,

S c ot c h I r ish fr o m pu r e l y l o c al g e og r a phi c a l r e a s o n s a n d n o t fr o m a n y
-
, ,

u n io n o f th e ki n d t h a t I h a v e a ll u d e d to I h av e n t th e l e a s t d oubt t h a t .
’

th e i r b e i n g in I r e l an d an d in c l os e c o n t a c t w ith th e n ativ e p e op l e o f th at
l an d an d th e i r c i r c u m s t a n c e s th e r e h a d s o m e i n fl u e n c e in th e d e v e l opi n g o f
, ,

th e c h a r a c t e r in th e b r o a d e n i n g o f th e sy m p a
,
t h i e s in th e e xt e n d i n g o f th e ,
c au s e , in p r ovi de n c e o f G o d th e y w e r e s e n t fo r s o m e g e n e ra tio n s to th e
th e ,

l an d t h a t I a m p e r m itt e d to s p e a k o f as th e l an d o f m y bi r t h
”
.

T h e s e c o n d a u t h o r i t y is th e R e v Jo h n S M a c I n to s h o f P hi l a d e l phi a w h o
. .
, ,

by r e a s o n o f h is m an y y e ar s o f c l o s e ob s e r v a tio n s p e n t a m o n gs t th e p e op l e
o f U l st e r a n d h is e xt e n d e d r e s e a r c h i n t o th e i r e a r l i e r histo r y is p e r h a p s
, ,

b e tt e r q u a l ifi e d to s p e a k c o n c l u s iv e l y o n th e s ubj e c t t h an a n y ot h e r l ivi n g
p e r s o n H is t e s ti m o n y is t a t
. h O u r A m e r i c an t e r m — th e S c ot c h I r i s h -

is n o t k n o w n e v e n in U l s t e r s a v e a m o n g th e v e r y f e w w h o h a v e l e a r n e d th e
,

w a ys o f o u r c o m m o n s p e e c h T h e t e r m k n o w n in B r it a i n is th e U l st e r m an
.

a n d in I r e l an d it is th e s t u r d y No r th e rn o r a t ti m e s th e b l a c k No r th e r n ’ ‘
, , .

W h a t c h an g e d th e Lo w l an d e r an d w h a t g av e u s th e U l s t e r m a n ? I n t h i s
,

s t u d y I h a v e d r a w n v e r y l a r g e l y u po n th e l abo r s o f tw o f r i e n d s o f f o r m e r

y e ar s —Dr Wi l l i am D Ki ll e n o f th e A s s e m b l y s Co l l e g e o n e o f th e m o s t
. .
’

l e arn e d an d ac c u r a t e o f h i s to r i an s an d th e R e v G e o r g e Hi ll o n c e Lib r a r i an
,
.
,

o f Q u e e n s Co l l e g e B e l fa s t I r e l an d t h an w h o m n e v e r w a s t h e r e m o r e
’

, , ,

a r d e n t s t u d e n t o f o l d a n n a l s a n d r e l i a b l e o f a n tiq u ar i a n s B ut m or e large ly .

s ti l l h a v e I d r a w n o n m y o w n p e r s o n a l w a t c h a n d s t u d y o f t h i s U l s t e r f o l k

in t h e i r ho m e s t h e i r m a r k e t s an d t h e i r c h u r c h e s
, ,
F r o m D e r r y to Do w n I .

h a v e l iv e d w it h t h e m E v e r y to w n vi ll a g e a n d h a m l e t fr o m th e C a u s e w a y
.
, ,

to C ar l i n g fo r d is f a m i l i a r to m e Kn o w i n g th e Lo w l a n d e r an d th e S c ot c h
.

I r i s h o f t h i s l an d I h a v e s t u d i e d th e U l s t e r m a n an d h is s to r y o f r ig h t s a n d
,

w r o n g s an d t h a t e a g e r l y fo r y e a r s
,
I s p e a k t h a t w h i c h I h a v e s e e n an d
,
.
,

t e s ti fy w h a t I h a v e h e a r d fr o m th e i r l ip s r e a d fr o m o l d fa m i l y book s c hu r c h , ,

r e c or ds ,
a n d m a n y a to m b s to n e in ki r k y a r d s -
.

T h i s fa c t t h a t th e U l s t e r c o l on i s t w a s a s t r an g e r an d th e fa vo r it e fo r
, , ,

th e ti m e o f E n gl a n d a n d h e r gov e r n m e n t w r o u g h t in a t w o fo l d w ay
,
in ,

th e U l s t e r m a n a n d a g a i n s t h im .

“
Ag a i n th e fa c t t h a t h e w a s th e r oy al c o l o n i s t w r ought in h im th e p r i d e
, ,

th e c o n t e m p t th e h a ut e u r a n d s w a gg e r i n g d a r i n g o f a v ic to r io u s r a c e p l an t e d
,

a m o n g d e s pi s e d s a v a g e s W h a t a t a l a t e r d a y w a s s e e n h e r e m ay b e s e e n
.

d o w n a l l th e s t r e t c h o f U l s t e r h i s to r y I h a v e m y s e lf s e e n it a n d h e ar d
.
,

ti m e an d a g a i n h e w o ul d l o r d it o w e r th e m e r e E e ris h
‘
A n d th e r u l e r s o f .
’

th a t ho ur both c u l tiv a t e d t h a t fe e l i n g a n d e n fo r c e d it T h e C e l t o f t h a t d ay .

h a d n othi n g to m a k e h im w i n s o m e o r w o r t h y o f i m it a tio n Ro m an c e an d .

s e n ti m e n t m ay a s w e ll b e d r opp e d We h av e th e h a r d fa c t s abo u t th e c l an s
.

m e n o f th e O N e il l T h e gl o r y a n d th e h o n o r w e r e w it h E n gl an d
’
. T he .

ti m e s w e r e big w it h th e fr e s h B r iti s h l i fe T h e m e n an d w o m e n o f t h a t a ge .

a n d th e a ge j u s t c l o s e d are m ig h t y by t h e i r W it c hi n g fo r c e o f g r e a t n e ss in

goo d an d e v i l I t is th e e r a o f B r it a i n s b u rs ti n g l i fe a n d g r e a t e n i n g s o ul
.
’
.

So n g an d st a t e s m an s h ip th e c h i e fs o f th e d r a m a a n d th e c a pt a i n s o f d ar i n g
, ,

a r e t e l l i n g m igh ti l y o n o u r fo r e f a t h e r s in E n g l an d a n d in U ls t e r T he n ew .

P l an t a tio n it s e l f is fu l l o f e n c h an t m e n t w h e n c o n t r a s t e d w ith th e o l d s t a t e
of i n t e rn e c i n e w ar But t h os e p r ou d an d h a ugh ty st r an g e r s w ith hi gh
.
,

h e ad s a n d th e i r n e w w ays w e r e h at e d a s al i e n s an d h a rr i e d fr o m th e b e gi n
,

n i n g by th e w i l d I r i s h
‘ ’
.

T h e s c o r n o f th e S c ot w a s m e t by th e c u r s e o f th e C e l t T h e n a tiv e .

c h i e fs an d t h e i r c l a n s m e n d id n o t d isti n gui s h b e t w e e n th e gov e r n m e n t an d

th e c o l o n i s t s n o r h a d th e y th e r ig h t n o r d id th e c o l o n i s t s gi v e th e m an y

c au s e . T h e h a t e a n d th e h ar r yi n g o f th e I r is h w e r e r e tu r n e d a n d w ith c o m ,

po u n d i n t e r e s t by th e p r ou d U l s t e r m an I n e ith e r a pp r ov e n o r apo l ogiz e

,
.

I si m p l y st a t e w h a t I fin d To h im th e r e d s h an k s o f th e w i l d E ar l o f ’
.

Ty r o n e w e r e e x a c t l y as th e r e d ski n s o f o ur fo r e st s to th e m e n o f N e w E n g
l an d an d th e S u s qu e h an n a an d th e O h io T h e n a tiv e s w e r e a l w a y s t h a e
‘
.

E e r is h an d th e s c o r n is a s s h a r p to d a y o n th e to n gu e o f a B e l fa st O r an g e
-

m a n a s tw o c e n tu r i e s a go I t h a s b e e n s a i d th a t th e U l s t e r s e tt l e rs m In gl e d
.

an d m arr i e d w it h th e I r i s h C e l t T h e U l st e r m a n d id n o t m i n g l e w ith th e
.

C e l t I sp e a k r e m e m b e r c hi e fly o f th e p e r io d r u n n i n g fr o m 1 6 05 to 1 7 4 1
.
, ,
.

T h e r e h a d b e e n in I r e l an d b e fo r e th e P l an t a tio n s o m e w i l d I s l an d e r s fr o m
th e w e s t o f S c ot l an d w h os e d e s c e n d a n t s I h a v e f ou n d in th e A n t r i m
,
‘
G l y n n e s ; t h e y d id m a r r y an d i n t e r m arr y w ith th e n a ti v e s ; bu t Ki n g
’

J a m e s e xp r e s s l y fo r b a d e an y m o r e o f th e s e i s l a n d m e n b e i n g t a k e n to U l st e r ; -

an d h e an d h is gov e r n m e n t took m e as u r e s th a t th e l a t e r s e tt l e r s o f th e P l an
Sho u l d b e t a k e n fr o m th e i n w a r d p a r ts o f S c ot l a n d an d th a t th e y
‘
tatio n
’

Sh ou l d b e s o s e tt l e d th a t th e y m a y n o t m ix n o r i n t e r m a r r y w ith t h e
.

‘ ’ ‘

m ere Irish T h e U l s t e r s e tt l e r s m i n g l e d fr e e l y w it h th e E n g l i s h P u r it a n s
’
.

a n d w ith th e r e fug e e Hugu e n ot s ; but s o far as m y s e ar c h o f s t a t e p a p e r s ,

o l d m an us c r ipts e x a m i n a tio n o f o l d p ar i s h r e gi s t e r s a n d y e a r s o f p e r s o n a l

t al k w ith an d stu d y o f U l s t e r fo l k d is c l o s e —th e S c ot s d id n o t m i n gl e to an y

, ,

a pp r e c i ab l e e xt e n t w it h th e n a tiv e s I h a v e t a l k e d w it h t h r e e v e r y o l d fr i e n d s
.
,

a n e d u c a t e d l a d y a s h r e w d f a r m e r s w i fe a n d a d i s ti n guish e d p h y s i c i a n th e y
’

, ,

c ou l d e ac h c l e a r l y r e c a l l th e i r g r e a t g r a n d fa t h e r s t h e s e g r e a t g ra n dp ar e nts
- -

to l d th e m t h e i r fa t h e r s t al e s ; a n d I h av e k e pt t h e m c ar e full y a s v a l u ab l e
’

p e r so n al m e m oi r s T h e s e s to r i e s a g r e e e x ac t l y w ith a l l w e c a n ge t in d o c u
.

m en ts . Wit h al l its d a r k s i de s a s w e l l a s al l l ight s i d e s th e fac t r e m a i n s

, ,

t h a t U l s t e r m a n a n d C e l t w e r e al i e n s a n d f o e s .

“
H e n c e c a m e c o n st an t an d bitt e r s t r i fe I n both Lo w l an d e r .

a n d U l st e r m an is th e s a m e st r o n g r ac i a l p r i d e th e s a m e h a u t e u r a n d s e lf ,

a s s e r tio n th e s a m e s e lf r e l i an c e th e s a m e c l os e m out h a n d th e s a m e fir m
-

wi l l —
, , ,

3 th e s ti ff h e ar t fo r th e st e e k b r a e Th e y ar e bot h o f th e v e r y S c ot c h
.
’
,

S c ot c h To t h is v e r y hou r in th e r e m ot e r an d m o re u n c h an g e d p ar t s o f
.
,

A n t r i m an d Do w n th e c ou n t r y fo l ks w i ll t e l l yo u : We r e n o E e r is h bot
,
-
‘ ’

Sc o a tc h A l l t h e i r fo l k l o r e a l l t h e i r t a l e s t h e i r t r aditio n s t h e i r so n g s th e i r
’
-
.
, , , ,

po e t r y t h e i r h e r o e s a n d h e r oi n e s an d th e i r ho m e sp e e c h is o f th e o l d e st
, ,
-
,

Lo w l an d typ e s an d ti m e s .

Ag a i n w e h av e s o m e supp l e m e n t a r y e vi d e n c e to th e s a m e e ff e c t fr o m a
,

r e c e n t S c otti s h a u tho r Joh n H arr iso n w h o in h is a c c ou n t o f th e n ati v e

, , ,
1 64 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

I r ish
S c ots giv e s a b r i e f
-
,
an d c h ar ac t e r i s ti c d e s c r iptio n o f an U l st e r g r av e
y ar d This a u t h o r s a ys
.

T w o m i l e s s out h fr o m Do n a g h a d e e , o n th e Sho r e r o ad i n to th e U pp e r
A r d s , t h a t n ar r o w p e n i n s u l a b e t w e e n St r an g fo r d Lough a’n d th e I r is h Se a,
t h e r e l i e s a l itt l e e n c l o s u r e w h i c h m u s t a r r e s t th e s t r a n g e r s a tt e n tio n I t is .

a g r a v e y a r d , a n d is c a l l e d T e m p l e p a t r i c k
-
. I t is s u rr o u n d e d by l o w s to n e
w a l l s ; n o c h u r c h o r t e m p l e is n o w w it h i n its c o n fi n e s n o tr e e s o r fl ow e rs

giv e g r a t e fu l s h a d e , o r l e n d c o l o ur an d t e n d e r i n t e r e s t it is t h i c kl y c ov e r e d
w it h g r e e n m o u n d s , an d w it h m o n u m e n t a l s l a b s o f r a y s l a ty s to n e , th e
g
-

g r av e s a r e p ac k e d c l o s e tog e t h e r R e a d th e s i m p l e h e a ds to n e s , an d you
.
”

d i s c ov e r n o t r a c e o f s e n ti m e n t f e w f o n d an d l ovi n g w o r d s n o r e qu e s t f o r

th e pr a ye r s o f th e p as s e r b y fo r th e so u l s o f t h o s e w h o s l e e p b e l o w
-
n o t hi n g

m o r e a ki n to s e n ti m e n t t h a n S ac r e d to th e m e m o r y o f Abov e , g r e a t
“ ”
.

m a s s e s o f g r a y c l ou d s , as th e y go s c u d d i n g p a s t , t h r o w d o w n o n th e t r a v e ll e r ,
a s h e r e s t s an d t h i n ks , big d r op s o f r a i n ; a n d b e f o r e h im is s p r e a d out ,
n o r th , s outh , a n d e a st , th e s u ll e n s e a , w h o s e m o a n fi ll s a ll h is s e n s e o f h e a r

in g . I t is n o t th e s pot w h i c h a m an w o u l d l ov e to pi c tu r e to h i m s e lf a s h is
l as t r e sti n g p l a c e
-
. R e a d th e n am e s o n th e sto n e s , an d yo u d i s c ov e r w h y
h e r e in I r e l an d th e r e is to b e fou n d n othi n g o f t e n d e r g r a c e to m a r k th e
high e r si d e , n othi n g o f t i n s e l to Sh o w th e l o w e r , o f I r i s h c h a r a c t e r T h e
—
.

n a m e s ar e v e r y S c otti s h s u c h as A n d r e w By e r s , Jo h n S h aw , T h o m as
M a c Mil l a n , Rob e r t A n g u s it is a b u r yi n g p l ac e o f th e s i m p l e p e a s an t s o f
-

Cou n t y D o w n , w h o ar e s ti ll , in th e e n d o f th e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , as S c ot
ti s h a s t h e y w e r e w h e n t h e y l an d e d h e r e n e a r l y t h r e e c e n t u r i e s a go .

I t is d i ffi c u l t to b r i n g h o m e to m e n w h o d o n o t k n o w I r e l a n d a n d its h is
to r y, th e fac t t h a t t h e r e is a d e e p , s t r o n gl y m ar k e d d i ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
U l s t e r m e n an d th e I r i s h , a n d t h a t t h a t d i ff e r e n c e is n o t ac c i d e n t al , n o t th e
d iv e r g e n c e a r i s i n g out o f d i ff e r e n t s u r r o u n d i n g s , n o t e v e n t h a t s p r i n gi n g
f r o m a n t a go n i s ti c r e l igiou s t r a i n i n g , b u t is th e d e e p e r , s t r o n g e r m a r k e d -

c l e a v a g e o f d i ff e r i n g r ac e I t is a s d isti n c t a s t h a t b e t w e e n an y tw o v a r i e
—
.

t i e s o f an y ot h e r an i m al say b e t w e e n m a s ti ff an d s t a g h o u n d O f c o u r s e ,-
.

i n t e r m ar r i a g e gr a du all y Sh a d e s o ff th e d i ffe r e n c e o f typ e b u t t a k e th e S c ot s

o f th e A r d s o f Do w n w h o h a v e p r ob a b l y s c a r c e l y i n t e r m a r r i e d w ith th e
,

I r i s h d u r i n g th e t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s t h e y h a v e b e e n in th e i s l a n d , a n d c o n
t r a s t t h e m w it h th e i n h a bit a n ts o f W e s t D o n e g a l , w h o h a v e p r o b a b l y s c a r c e l y
m ix e d t h e i r b l oo d w it h th e E n g l i s h an d you s e e th e r a c e d i ff e r e n c e I t is .
,

s t r an g e fo r a n y m an w h o is a c c u sto m e d to w al k t h r o u g h th e s o u t h e r n d is

tr ic ts o f S c ot l a n d , an d t o m e e t th e c o u n t r y p e op l e goi n g a bo u t t h e i r d a i l y
w o r k in t h e i r e v e r y d a y c l ot h e s an d e v e r y d a y m a n n e r , to c r o s s i n to I r e l an d
a n d w a n d e r t h r o u gh th e c o u n t r y r o a d s o f Do w n o r A n t r i m H e is in a
.

c o u n t r y w h i c h is s u ppo s e d to b e p a s s io n a t e l y a n xio u s to s e t u p a s e p ar a t e

n a t io n a l ity a n d e t h e c an ot f l i f h w e e a w a y f r o m h is o w n kit h a nd
, y n e e as e r

kin . T h e m e n w h o a r e d r ivi n g th e c a r t s a r e l ik e th e m e n a t h o m e ; th e
w o m e n a t th e c ott a g e d oo r s ar e in b u i l d a n d c a r r i a g e l ik e th e m ot h e r s o f
th e s out h e r n Hig h l a n d s ; th e s ig n s o f th e l itt l e s h ops in th e vi l l a g e b e a r
w e ll k n o w n n am e s
- — P a t e r s o n , p e r h a p s , o r J o h n s to n e , o r Slga n th e boy
Sitti n g o n th e d yk e w it h n ot h i n g to d o is w h i s t l i n g A m an s a m a n fo r
’

a t h at H e go e s i n to a vi ll a g e in n , a n d is s e r v e d by a six foot , l oo s e l y
’ ”
-
.

h u n g S c otti s h Bo r d e r e r w o r t h y to h a v e s e r v e d to th e S h e p h e r d
“
d ra m s
an d C h r i s top h e r No r t h a n d w h e n h e l e a v e s th e l itt l e in n h e s e e s by th e

s ig n t h a t his h o s t b e ars th e n a m e o f J a m e s H ay, an d h is w o n de r c e a s e s

“
.
T h e w an t t g e n e s s in th e m e n an d w o m e n is w h a t s t r ik e s h im a s
o f s r an
s o s t ra n g e Th e n h e c r os s e s th e B an n an d g e t s i n to a d i ff e r e n t r e gi o n
.
, .

H e l e a v e s b e h i n d h im th e p l e a s a n t g r e e n h i l l s w h i c h s hut in B e l fa st Lo u g h ,

th e g r e a t Sw e e p o f r i c h p l a i n w h i c h Loug h N e a gh m a y w e ll as k to Sh o w
c a u s e w h y it Sh o u l d n o t b e a n n e x e d to its i n l an d s e a h e g e t s w it h i n s ight
o f th e Sout h D e r r y h i l l s a n d th e a c to r s in th e s c e n e p ar t l y c h a n g e
,
So m e .

a r e v e r y f a m i l i ar th e s m ar t m a i d a t his in n is v e r y l ik e th e ho u s e m a i d a t
h o m e an d th e p r i n c ip a l g r o c e r o f th e l itt l e vi ll a g e is th e
,
v e r y i m a ge o f
th e e l d e r w h o t a u g h t h im a t th e Su n d a y S c h oo l ; b u t h e m e e t s a d o n k e y
c ar t an d n e it h e r th e d o n k e y n o r its d r iv e r s e e m s o m e h o w o r o t h e r to b e k
,
in
to h im ; a n d th e F a t h e r p a s s e s h im a n d l o o ks a t h im a s a t a s t r an g e r
”

w h o is vi s iti n g h is to w n — ,

t h e n th e S c ot s m an k n o w s t h a t h e is o u t o f S c ot
,

l a n d a n d i n to I r e l a n d I t is n o t in B e l fa s t t h a t h e fe e l s th e l ik e n e s s to h o m e
.

s o m u c h fo r e v e r ybo d y I s w a l ki n g f a s t j u s t a s th e y a r e in G l a s go w
,
so h e ,

c a n n ot n oti c e t h e m p a r ti c u l a r l y a n d o f c o u r s e th e l o a fe r s a t th e p u b l i c
“
, , ,

h o u s e d oo r s w h o a r e c e r t a in l y n o t m ov i n g s m a r t l y d o n o t c o u n t fo r an y
,
—
thi n g In e it h e r to w n ; b u t i t is in th e c o u n t r y d i s t r i c t s a t N e w to w n A r ds o r
,

A n t r i m w h e r e l i fe I s l e i s u r e l y t h a t h e r e c og n iz e s t h a t h e I s am o n g h is o w n
, ,

p e op l e ; w h i le it is in a to w n w h i c h is in th e bo r d e r l an d b e t w e e n S c ot -

tis h an d I r i sh s ay a t Co l e r a i n e o n a S a t u r d a y m ar k e t d ay t h a t h e h a s th e
, , ,

d i ffe r e n c e o f th e tw o typ e s in fac e a n d figu r e b r oug h t st r o n g l y b e fo r e h im .

S o m e s e e m fo r e ign to h im oth e rs r e m i n d h im o f h is a in c o u n t r i e an d
,
‘‘
,

m a k e h im f e e l t h a t th e d i s t r i c t h e I S in i s in r e a l ity th e l an d o f th e S c ot
, .

A c o n t r ibuto r to th e E din bu rgh R e view fo r Ap r i l ,

1 86 9 , in w r iti n g on t h is
subj e c t s ay s
,

A n ot h e r e ffe c t o f th e P l an t a tio n [o f U l st e r] w a s th a t it e ffe c t u al l y

s e p a r a t e d th e tw o r a c e s ,
a n d k e pt t h e m ap ar t I t p l an t e d a n e w r ac e i n
.

th e c ou n t r y w h i c h n e v e r c o al e s c e d w it h th e n a tiv e pop u l a tio n

,
T h e re th e y .

h a v e b e e n in c o n ti n u a l c o n t ac t f o r m o r e t h a n tw o c e n t u r i e s an d t h e y a r e

sti l l a s d i s ti n c t a s though an o c e a n r o l l e d b e t w e e n t h e m We h av e s e e n .

t h a t a l l fo r m e r s c h e m e s o f p l an t a tio n fa i l e d b e c au s e th e n e w s e t t l e r s b e c am e
,

r a pi d l y a s s i m i l a t e d to th e c h a r a c t e r m a n n e r s a n d f a it h o f th e n a t iv e in h a b
, ,

itan ts e v e n th e d e s c e n d a n t s o f O l iv e r s P u r it a n t r o o p e r s b e i n g a s e ff e c t u a l l y
’

a b s o r b e d in th e sp a c e o f f o r ty y e a r s a s to b e u n d i s ti n g u i s h a b l e f r o m th e
C e l ti c m a s s T h e U l s t e r s e tt l e m e n t pu t an e n d to th e a m al g a m atio n o f
.

r ac e s , d i ff e r e n c e o f c r e e d d i ff e r e n c e o f h a bit s d i ff e r e n c e o f t r a d itio n th e
, , ,

s u n d e r i n g e ff e c t s o f th e p e n al l a w s k e pt t h e m a p a r t T h e P r e s byt e r i an .
,

s e tt l e r s p r e s e r v e d t h e i r r e l igio u s d i s ti n c t n e s s by c o m i n g in f a m i l i e s a n d th e ,

i n t e n s e h a t r e d o f P op e r y t h a t h a s a l w ay s m a r k e d th e S c otti s h m i n d w a s
a n e ff e c tiv e h i n d r a n c e to i n t e r m a r r i a g e I t is a c u r i o u s fa c t t h a t th e tr a
.
,

d itio n s o f th e U l s t e r P r e s byt e r i an s s ti l l l ook b a c k to S c ot l an d a s t h e i r h o m e ,

a n d d i s c l a i m a l l a l l i an c e w ith th e C e l ti c p a r t o f I r e l an d I n d e e d th e p a s t .
,

hi s to r y o f U l s t e r i s but a po r tio n o f S c otti s h hi s to r y i n s e r t e d i n t o t h a t o f

I re l an d ; a s to n e in th e I r i s h m o s ai c o f an e n ti r e l y d i ff e r e n t qu al ity a n d
c o l o r f r o m th e pi e c e s t h a t s u r r o u n d it .

H e n c e it is th a t in U l st e r o f th e p r e s e n t da y t h e r e is l ittl e d i ffic u l ty in
di s ti n guis h i n g th e c itiz e n o f S c ottis h b l oo d fr o m th e E pi s c op al i an o f E n gl ish
a n d th e Ro m an C a t h o l i c o f I r i s h d e s c e n t I n th e to w n s a n d d i s t r i c t s w h e r e
.

th e P r e s byt e r i an s ar e m ost n u m e r ous w e fin d th at so fa r a s n am e s l an gu a g e , , ,

 1 66 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

h a bit s t h o u gh t an d a c tio n a n d th e t e sti m o n y o f r e c o r d e d hi s to r y c a n b e

of ,

t a k e n th e popu l a tio n b e ar s th e m o s t c h a r a c t e r i s ti c m ar ks o f a S c o t ti s h
,

o r igi n I n th e c o u n t r y d i s t r i c t s th e p e a s an t sti l l r e t a i n s th e S c ot c h b u r
.
‘
,

in h is sp e e c h d e vo u t l y b e l i e v e s in th e d o c t r in e s o f Joh n C a l vi n a n d Jo h n
K n ox is fi r m l y c o m m itt e d a g a i n s t e v e r yth i n g all i e d w it h P o p e r y o r P r e l a c y
a n d u s u a ll y e m p h a ti c in h is c l a i m s to a S c otti s h a n d h is d i s a vo w a l o f a n

I r i s h de s c e n t
’
.

Not t h a t a ll th e I r i s h S c ot s ar e P r e s byt e r i a n s ho w e v e r n o r a l l th e P r e s , ,

b yte r ian s S c ot c h F r o m th e d ay s o f B o h l i n a n d L e s l i e d o w n s o m e o f th e
.
,

m o s t bitt e r O ppo n e n t s a n d p e r s e c u to r s o f U l s t e r P r e s byt e r i a n i s m an d its

a d h e r e n t s h a v e b e e n S c ot c h m e n w hi l e s o m e o f its m o s t u s e f u l a n d in fl u e n
ti al s u ppo r t e r s h av e c o m e fr o m th e r an k s o f th e E n gl ish P u r it a n s an d th e
F r e n c h Hugu e n ot s N e v e r t h e l e ss th e g r e a t b ul k o f th e P r e s byt e r i an
.
’
,

s e tt l e r s in U l st e r w e r e fr o m S c ot l an d a n d o f thi s c l a ss w a s c o m po s e d n e a r l y ,

th e w h o l e e m ig r a tio n fr o m th a t c ou n t r y I n i n q u i r i n g i n to th e o r igi n o f .

th e s e p e op l e t h e r e fo r e w e m u s t s e e k fo r it o n th e oth e r s i de o f th e I r i s h
, ,

C h an n e l .

NOT E S T O CHA P T E R XII .

T he re c o r o ft D giv i th e p i
ty D y w iti g i 1 81 4 y : T h e
ar sh o f un en , n c oun err , r n n , sa s

i h bit t s o f th p i h
n a an d ivi d d i t tw e r f m
ar s t t l l y d i ti t as if th y
ar e e n o o ac e s o e n , as o a s nc e

b l g d t d i ff t
e on e o ti d gi
ere n T h e i d th t w m y v i d th i i di
c oun r e s a n re o ns . se , n or er a e a a o e nv o us

na m f P t t t
es o d R r o e s anC th l i w h i h i d d h ve l ittl t
an y i th m tt
o m an m
y a o c , c n ee a e o sa n e a er, a

b d i ti gu i h d by th
e s n l
s m
e f Sc t h d I i h th e f m
e usua i l udi g th d na d es o o c an r s ,
or er nc n e e sc e n

an t s f l l th S t h d E gl i h c l i t w h h
o a e co c ig t d h ith i
an th nti m f s o on s s o a ve em ra e er S n c e e e o

Jm I
a es d th l tt an m p h d i g th e e tiv d igi l i h bit t f th
a er co ty
re en n na e an or na n a an s o e c o un r .

T h th an tw l
e se , n o fm be m e d i ti t th S t h e e m k b l e f th i
o c as s e s o e n c an or s nc e co c ar r ar a or e r

co m f t bl h se s d pp
or a e ou g l rc d t dp v an a i b i d th i
e ar a n c e , r e u a on uc ,
an e r se e r an c e n us n e s s , a n e r

b i g l t ti l y m f t
e n a m os en ; th I i h re th th h d e m e gl ig t i
an u a c u r e rs e r s ,
on e o er an ,
ar or ne en n

th i h bit ti
e r a l gul
a d g
on s , d d i th i d t
e ss r e dh v t t l i di p iti t
ar a n u ar e n e r c on uc ,
an a e a o a n s os on o

m f t
an u a c u r e . B th i d ti b ut th e i d t y f th S t h i t dy
o ar e n d p ti t
us r o u s , d n us r o e co c s s ea an a en , an

d i c t d w ith f
re e igh t w h i l th t f th I i h i h dv t
ores ,
d v i bl e St ti ti l
a o e r s s r as , a e n u r ou s , a n ar a e. -
a s ca

A t f I
cc ou n l d D bl i
o 1 81 4 v l
r e an p 3 07 ,
u n, ,
o . II . , . .

Th 9
um P t t t K e ll y Sul l iv
e n e r o us M ph ys M c Mah
r o es an d th h w th t s, an s , ur ,
o n s , an o ers s o a

th e x pti t th i g
r e ar e e ce l p p iti on s o s e n e ra ro os on .

W E H L ky E gl d i th E igh t th C t y
8
. . . ec , l p 4 4
n an n e ee n en ur ,
vo . II. , . 0 .

4
T h tw c ti w h i h h v b m t th ugh l y t f m e d by th i m ig ti
e o oun es c a e een os oro ra n s or s e ra o n ar e

th tw w h i h
e o t S t l d d w th e fi rs t p d p f m ig t T h tw
c a r e n e ar e s co an ,
an e re O ene u or e ra n s . e se o

h v b e
a e m pl t l y l t
e n co di ti o l ity d l igi
e e Th y h v b
a e re Briti h d i
n na na an re on . e a e ecom e s , an n

th m i
e t i l y S tti h P h p
a n , c er a n b tt p f c b giv th th f il y
co s . er f a s no e er r oo an e en an e am n am e s o

th e i h bit t S m e y
n a an s . g p ti t l l tiq y t k th v t
o e ars a li t f ty
o, a a en oca an u ar oo e o e rs
’
s o c o un

D w o nf th “
t d b v 12 f p
o os e ra e t d l y d it
a o f ll y e Th w or o or- ra e s , an an a z e c ar e u . . ere e re

m th l i s t
na d th
es on f i ly p t d th w h l p p
e ,
an m f th ty
e se a r re r e sen e e o e ro er n a es o e c o un .

H f u d th t th f ll w i g
e o n a d ft
e t d
o o g d th m i d f th i
n n am e s o c c ur r e o en es ,
an arr a n e e n or er o e r

f qu
re y Sm ith M ti M K i M
en c B w Th m p
,
ar P tt n ,J h St w t
’
e, o ore , ro n, o s on ,
a e rson ,
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so n , C m pb ll R bi
ra am B ll H i l t M w G i b
,
a e B oy d W l l
,
o dn so n , e , am on , or ro ,
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M g H di td s f l l y th e v t li t f ty A t im i w h i h t h w ’
a ee . e ss e c e a c ar e u o ers s o r c o un n r ,
n c e re e re

9 53 8 m na d f d th t
e s , an th e f l l w i g w t
o un t h t p T h p a Wi l St w t o o n e re a e o : om s on ,
so n , e ar ,
Sm ith M B oyd J oh s
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,
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s r, n W l l e Mi l l K
r, a dy ad H il l,
T he li t n son ,
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h as a v r y Sc tti h fl v e l t g th o l th u gh it m y b
s a t d th t th m e th t h igh t
or a o e e r, a o a e no e a e na s a are es

on th e l i t th o e w h i h s are m m t b t h E gls d d S tl d f
c a re c o it m ay be t k on o o n an an co an or a en

for g t e d th t th E gl i h T h p
r an a h w l l w d u p th e S tti sh
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”
a

M i l ud th A y h i M ui d t h t th e A d l J h t e h ve b ee
re r,
”
an a n n an a e o n s on s a n

—
oore nc es e rs

m erg d by th w rit i th E gl i h J h s
e e O
er th p i t i ve y tri k i g th t
n e n s o n on s . ne o er o n s r s n a

th e g t Ul t f O N e il l i w ti g d l th e A t i m M d l
’
rea s er n am e o s an n ,
an a so n r ac on n e .

A th no st g p o f f th S tti h bl d f th e Ul t m m y b f d by t ki g th e
er r on r o o e co s oo o s er en a e ou n a n

an n u l p o t p s t d t th G
a re r s l A b ly f th P byt i Ch u h o f I l d
re e n e o e e n e ra sse m o e res e r an rc r e an ,

h ld i Ju
e 1 887n H ne, th m f th m . l y d l i l wh
e r e are i g th s e p t e na es o e en , a an c er ca , o S n e e r or s ,

th e m b e i g t k e s th y oc u J W W h igh m J k
na es n a n a Sm ith H m i l t
e M ge c r . . a ,
ac so n ,
a on a e .

T h m A m t g Wi l l i m P k J M R dg e D vi d Wi l Ge g M f l d ‘

o as r s ro n a ar . . o rs , a son , or e a c ar a n ,
, ,

T h m s Lyl W R g
o a J B Wy
e, l i W Y .
u g E Fo S i m p
e rs , Al x d. T u b ul l
. e, . o n , . . son , e an er rn ,

J h M al l m J h H 0
o n co P b bl y th r p o t f u th e S tti h h u h t k
, o n . 1 1 . ro a e e r s o o r re co s c rc es a en

t og e th ul d t p du
er c o s l ge nov g e o f Sc o tti h u m e T h S t i Ul t
ro ce o ar an a e ra s s rn a s. e co n s er ,

E d i b u gh 1 888 pp
n r 1 0 —
3 1 05 , , . .

M y f th ttl w E gl i h b ut th l g
5
an o e se d mo e rs i fl ue ti l l m e t m e
e re n s ,
e ar e r an re n n a e e n ca

f om th C l v i i t f S tl d T d y th p e h f Ul t i S t h th e th co c ra r an

—
r e a n s s o co an . o- a e s ec o s er s

E l hng i h w i gs w h i c h,
s ti l
o ity h np d m i t e d D ugl C m pb ll T h Pu it i
na on a as re o na . o as a e ,
e r an n

H l l d E gl d
o an d Am i
,
n v l I an p 47 4 ,
an er ca , o . I. , . .

T w d th d f th l t
5
o ar t u y i l l i l d p l iti l m tt th tive C th
s e en o e as c en r n a soc a an o ca a e rs e na a o

l i es i o th ,
w d th i m m e
n er e m j ity f th p p l f I l d w
or s e im ply h w
ns f a or o e eo e o r e an , e re s e e rs o

w ood d d we an fw t f P t t tm t f
ra rs o t w h ti ll l k d th m lv
a er or ro e s an as e r s , or m as e r s o s oo e on e se es

as m ttl w h b te d f th i S o t h
e re se ers , E gl i h xt
o ti
o as d wh g d d th
o e r c c or n s e rac on , an o re ar e e

f Iri hm i sul t J R G e H i t y f th E gli h P pl b ok

’ ”
na m e o s an as an n . . . r en , s or o e n s eo e, o

ix h ii
.
, c . .

M t f th g t vi l f I i h p l iti d u i g th l t tw
os o e rea e tu i h v i f m
s o r s o cs r n e as o c en r es a e ar se n ro

th e f t th t it di ff e e t c l s d c e ds h v e ve b
ac a s r n e ll y b l d d i t
as s e ti
an r e a e n r ee n r a en e n o on e na on ,

th t th e p ul i o f e
a re f e l igi s on h b t g th th tt ti
r ac or o f c mr on as e en s ron er an e a ra c on o a om on

na ti l ity d th t th full e gi
on a an d i t l l t f th
a t yh v i
e q ner ld m e s an n e ec o e c o un r a e n c on se ue n c e s e o

—L ky E gl d i th E igh t th C t y v l
,

or n e v b li t d i
er m m
een en s e n a co o n c au s e . ec ,
n an n e e en en ur , o .

II . p 5 05 Am d pp 44 0 d 4 4 1 T ve l l t l l u th t t d y i
, . . . e .
, . ti an f Ul t . ra e rs e s a o- a n sec on s o s er

th e p p ul ti o i S t h ad tI i h
on s co c an no r s .

A i d bl p ti c on s f th E gl i h o l o i t
era e p i l ly th e w h m t th L
or on o e n s c n s s , es ec a os o ca e o e on

do ttl m t i L d d y u ty w e P u it
n se e en n on d j i ond w ith therr S t i hu h
co n , re r an s , an o ne e co s n c rc

aff i A t o g C lvi i ti
a rs . l m
s r tw n l ft w d i fu d i t th d i t i t by th
a n s c e e en as a so a er ar s n se n o e s r c e

F h H u gu t w h ttl d i d i ff
ren c en o s , t p t f I e l d ft th R e v ti o se e f th E di c t
n ere n ar s o r an a er e oc a on o e

of N t s —H i an e Th S ti Ul t p 21
a rr s o n , e co n s er , . .

Wh il l g th h e f D w e a on d A t im d by th b k
e s or f th Si Mi l W t
s o o n an n r , an e an s o e x- e a er

an d th M i th c ol
e it a n, lm t w h l l y f m th L ow l d f S tl d ; u p th
e on s s a re a os o ro e an s o co an on e

s h f D rry
or e s o d D g l d by th b k f th F yl
e an on ed th B a w
,
an pl t d by e an s o e o e an e an n , ere an e

th ti
e ac f th m on of i g J m St t b d f E gl i h l i t L g g t f
e sa e ar - s e e n a es u ar , an s o n s c o on s s . ar e ran s o

l d i th e h t d
an n u ti e f Ul t
sc w ea e b t w d u p th g t L d co n es o p i s er ere es o e on e re a on on c om an e s ,

an d th i v t t t by th F yl
on e r as d th B w
e s a es tt l d i d b l um b e o e an e an n e re se e c on s e ra e n e rs

o f fi ld E g l i h f m il i
ne o T h E gl i h m
‘

n s m y be i l y t d t th i v y d y i
a es . e n s en a e as rac e o s er a n

D y dC l i
err ,
an d A m gh d E
o e ra n e , an i kil l G u p f th Pu it d tt d th e
r a ,
an nn s en . ro s o e se r an s o e

wh l xp e f Ul t
o e e d i
an s l t h u wh
o th m g ifi
s e r , an t C m w ll t k h l d f n a a er o r, en e a n c en ro e oo o o

I l r e and th E gl i h ,
l it w ese i fo d by t f w f th v y b v t d t g t
n s c o on s s e re r e n rc e no a e o e er ra es an s ron es

o f th I id e T th i v y h u I k w w h t l y m y h d
ro n s es . o s th d ier t li l d o r no e re o a an s on e rec n ea e

m o t t u t d ffi b gh t t I l d bl d th t ’
sc en d t f m e
an s f C m w ll o so o wh ro e s s r s e o c e rs , o r ou o r e an oo a

fl w d i th p u t E gl i h ve i
o e n e T h e de fi re s t c ity f D y w th f u it f th E gl i h
n s n s. an o e rr as e r o e n s
 th i I i h p vi w p e di g ve Eu ope by th e se c n d de cade f
T he n am e o f s r s ro nce as s r a n o r r o o

th e s v t th c t u y s th h l t f th e h u t d
e en e e n en r d a th e P u it e d th Q u k e r
s e er o n e an s oo n .
r a n an e a

ar e j i d i U l te by
o ne n th e obl m o f G d s m ki g th H ugu e t f o m F e
s r an o r n e an o
’
a n e no r ran c .

H d d by L ui s C o m m l l i th y
ea e o m l itt l l t e r
r d ttl d i e d
n u d Li b u
e ca e a e a an se e n an ar o n s rn ,

f u di g m
o n y f th e fi t i dus t i f Ul t
n an o d gi vi g m ig h ty i m p ul
n es n t th o e lr d y
r es o s e r , an n se o s a ea

st t d A d till l at f l l w i g th e i m m t l Will i m
ar e . n s e r, m m e b
o o v e b u gh e f m
n or a a ca e so ra r rs ro

H ll d
o d th e N th l ds
an an T h us Ul s t b m e g th i g g u d f th e v y
e r an . er ec a e a a er n ro n or er

fi t m t f m ative i m pul ive

nes os
'

or d g gre s ive o f th e f e l igh t e ds an a s r e, en ne

p pl es f Eu p —J S M I to h T h e M ki g o f th e U ls t e rm an
, , , ,

" “ "
eo o ro e. . . ac n s ,
a n ,

S i ty of A m e ic a P o edi g vo l
oc e r pp 9 8 99 r ce n s, . II . , . , .
 C HAPTE R X I I I

S C OTLAN D O F TO DA Y -

T h as b e e n s aid o f th e m od e r n S c ottish r a c e by so m e o f its e n thusi asti c so n s

t h a t in p r opo r tio n to its n u m b e r s t h a t r ac e h a s p r o d u c e d m o r e m e n w h o
, ,

h a v e t a k e n a p r o m i n e n t p ar t in th e a ff a i r s o f th e E n gl is h sp e a ki n g w o r l d th an
h as a n y oth e r Wh e th e r t h i s b e t r u e o r n o t t h e r e ar e tw o fa c t s b e ar i n g upo n
.
,

th a t p h a s e o f S c otti s h r ac e h is to r y to w hi c h a tt e n tio n m ay p r op e r l y b e
-

c alle d . T h e fi rs t an d m ost i m po r t an t f ac t is th a t n e a r l y all th e m e n o f ,

S c otti s h bi r t h o r d e s c e n t w h o ar e r e n o w n e d in histo r y t ra c e t h e i r fa m i l y
o r igi n b a c k to t h e w e st e r n Lo w l a n d s o f S c ot l an d Th a t is to s a y th e d i s t r i c t .
,

c o m p r i s i n g th e c ou n ti e s o f L a n ar k R e n fr e w A yr D u m fr i e s Wigto w n Ki r k
, , , , ,

c u db r igh t a n d Du m b a r to n
,
— in a r e a a bout th e s a m e a s Co n n e c ti c ut an d th e ,

m o s t o f w hi c h w as f o r m e r l y i n c l u d e d in th e C e l to B r itish ki n g d o m o f St ra t h -

c lyde ,
h a s p r o d u c e d a v e r y l ar g e p r opo r t io n o f th e m e n a n d fa m i l i e s w h o
h av e m a de th e n am e o f S c ot l an d fa m o u s in th e w o r l d s hi s to r y ’
.
’

I n t h i s d ist r i c t a r e to b e f ou n d th e c hi e f e vi d e n c e s in S c ot l an d o f th e
bi r t h o r r e s i d e n c e o f Ki n g A r th u r a n d h is Kn igh t s o f th e Rou n d T a b l e .

D u m b ar to n shi r e is th e r e put e d bi r t h p l a c e o f St P a t r i c k I r e l an d s t e a c h e r .
,
’

an d p a t r o n s a i n t E l d e r s l i e in R e n fr e w s h i r e is s a i d to h a v e b e e n th e bi r t h
.
, ,

p l a c e o f S c ot l an d s n a tio n al h e r o Wi ll i a m W a ll a c e Rob e r t B r u c e a l s o s o n
’

,
.
,

o f M a r j o r i e Cou n t e s s o f C ar r i c k a n d d a ug h t e r o f Nig e l o r Ni a ll ( w h o w a s
,

hi m s e lf th e C e l ti c E a rl o f C a r r i c k an d g r an ds o n o f G i l b e r t s o n o f F e r gu s Lo r d , ,

o f G all o w a y ) w a s a c c o r d i n g to pop u l a r b e l i e f bo r n a t h is m oth e r s c a st l e o f

’

, , ,

Tu rn b e r r y in Ay r s hi r e T h e s e a t o f th e High St e w ar d s o f S c ot l an d
, .
,

a n c e s to rs o f th e r oy a l f a m i l y o f th e S t u ar t s w a s in R e n fr e w s h i r e T he .
,

p a t e r n al g ran d fa t h e r o f Wi ll i a m E w a r t G l a d s to n e w a s bo rn in L an a r k s h i r e .

Jo h n K n ox s fa t h e r is s a i d to h av e b e l o n g e d to th e K n ox fam i l y o f R e n fr e w
’

s hi r e Rob e r t Bu r n s w as b o r n in Ay r s h i r e T h e s e c t c a ll e d th e Lo l l a r ds ”
. .
,

w h o w e r e th e e ar l i e s t P r ot e s t an t r e fo r m e r s in S c ot l an d a pp e ar fi r s t in S c otti s h ,

h i s to r y a s c o m i n g fr o m Ky l e in Ay r s h i r e th e s a m e d i s t r i c t w h i c h a f t e r w ar d s
,

f u r n i s h e d a l a r g e p ar t o f th e l e a d e r s an d a r m i e s o f th e R e f o r m a tio n T he .

Cov e n an t e r s an d t h e i r ar m i e s o f th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu r y w e r e m a i n l y fr o m
th e s a m e p a r t o f th e ki n g d o m G l a s go w th e g r e a t e st m a n u fa c t u r i n g c ity o f
.
,

E u r O pe is s itu a t e d in th e h e ar t o f t h i s d i s t r i c t
, T h e s e s a m e s e v e n c ou n .

ti e s al s o fu rn i s h e d by far th e g r e a t e r p ar t o f th e S c otti s h c o l o n i s t s o f U l s t e r ,

in I r e l a n d fr o m w h o m a r e d e s c e n d e d a l ar g e p r opo r tio n o f th e S c ot c h I r is h
,
-

w h o h a v e b e c o m e fa m o u s in A m e r i c an histo r y .
’

T h e s e c o n d f a c t a bout th e r a c e h i s to r y o f S c o t l an d an d o n e th at in a
-

m e a s u r e a c c ou n ts fo r th e fi r st is th a t th e popu l a tio n o f th e w e st e rn L o w
, ,

l a n d s d u r i n g th e p a st s ix hu n d r e d y e ar s h as c o n sist e d o f a m ix e d o r c o m
1 69
po s ite r a c e ,
m a d e u p o f a n um ber of d i ff e r e n t
o r igi n al l y v e r y d is s i m i l ar an d

r a c i al e l e m e n t s T h e b a s i s o f th e r ac e w a s th e Ro m an iz e d B r ito n w h o l iv e d
.

“
b e t w e e n th e w al l s b u i l t by th e R o m an s a c r os s th e i s l a n d o f G r e a t B r it ai n
,
”

in th e ti m e o f th e E m p e r o r H a d r i an *
C h ie fl y f r o m th e s e e a r l y B r ito n s .

01 Wel s h ( i c . .
,
as th e y w e r e c a ll e d by th e A n g l i c i n v a d e r s
,

th e U l s t e r S c ot g e ts his C e l ti c b l oo d an d n o t fr o m th e G a e l s o f m o d e r n ,

I r e l an d T h e B r ito n s w e r e in p a r t B r yt h o n i c o r Cy m r i c C e l t s i d e n ti c al w it h
.
,

so m e o f th e t r ib e s m e n o f G a u l w h o a r e d e s c r ib e d by C ae s ar ; in p ar t G a e l i c
C e l t s w h o h a d p r e c e d e d th e C ym r i s o m e c e n tu r i e s in th e i r m ig r a tio n to th e
,

is l an d s ; in p ar t n o n C e l ti c an d n o n A r y an Abo r igi n e s w h o m th e G a e l s
- -
,

f o u n d th e r e ; an d in p a r t a b l e n d e d r a c e c o m p r i s i n g a ll th e s e b as i c e l e ,

m e n ts w it h an a d d itio n a l Ro m a n e l e m e n t f u r n i s h e d fr o m th e Ro m a n l e gio n s
,

( p r ovi n c i a l an d i m p e r i a l ) w h i c h f o r f o u r c e n t u r i e,
s t r a v e r s e d h ar r i e d an d , ,

d o m i n a t e d th e i s l a n d o f G r e a t B r it a i n A s ti m e p a s s e d t h e r e c a m e m ar k e d .
,

d e p ar t u r e s fr o m th e o r igi n a l typ e o c c a s io n e d by i n t e r m ar r i a g e s fi r s t w ith th e

, ,

P i c ts an d S c ot s t h e n w ith th e A n g l e s an d D an e s w h o o c c upi e d an d l ar g e l y
,
’

p e op l e d th e e as t e r n c o a s t o f S c ot l an d an d w ith th e No r s e m e n w h o s e tt l e d in , ,

th e so u th w e st F r o m th e l as t n a m e d s to c k c o m e s m o s t o f th e T e uto n i c
’
-
.

b l oo d o f th e U l st e r S c ot s o r S c ot c h I r i s h A ft e r th e e l e v e n th c e n tu r y th e
,
-
.
,

No r m an s c am e fr o m E n gl an d i n to S c otl an d in l ar g e n u m b e r s an d o c c u pi e d ,

m u c h o f th e l an d t h e i r l e a d e r s fr e qu e n t l y i n t e r m a r r yi n g w ith th e d a ught e r s
,

o f n a tiv e C e l ti c C h i e ft a i n s Lo n g b e fo r e th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu r y in th e
.
,

e ar l y y e a r s o f w h i c h th e S c otti s h e m ig r a tio n to I r e l an d b e g a n th e v a r io u s ,

r a c e g r oup s o f th e w e s t e r n Lo w l an d s o f S c ot l an d h a d b e c o m e f u s e d i n to o n e
-

c o m po s it e w ho l e h a vi n g th e a tt r ib u t e s o f th e C e l t th e No r s e th e A n gl e an d
, , , ,

th e No r m an t h u s typi fyi n g m a n y c e n tu r i e s a go th e i d e n ti c al r ac e w h i c h th e
w o r l d to d a y is b e gi n n i n g to r e c og n iz e a s th e A m e r i c an
- — an a m a l g am a tio n

o f th e T e uto n i c a n d th e C e l ti c h a vi n g th e s t a yi n g qu al iti e s o f th e o n e w it h
, ,

th e g r ac e a d apt a bi l ity an d m e n t al b r i ll i an c y o f th e ot h e r
, ,
.

T he S c ottis h Lo w l a n d e r s ar e a v e r y m ix e d r a c e s ays R e c l u s th e , ,

F r e n c h t r a v e l l e r an d g e og r a p h e r a n d e v e n t h e i r n am e is a s i n g u l ar p r oo f
,

o f it S c ot l an d w a s o r igi n a ll y k n o w n as Hib e r n i a o r I gb e r n ia w h i l s t ‘
.
, ,

th e n a m e o f S c oti a f r o m th e e n d o f th e s ixt h to th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e e l e v e n t h
,

c e n t u r y w as e x c l u s iv e l y a pp l i e d t o m o d e r n I r e l an d
,
T h e tw o c o u n t r i e s h a v e .

c o n s e qu e n t l y e x c h an g e d n a m e s .

Jo h n o f F o r d un th e fi r s t o f th e e a r l y h i s to r i an s o f S c ot l an d w h o s e w r it
,

i n g s c an e v e n in p ar t b e r e l i e d u po n h a s giv e n u s th e fo ll o w i n g d e s c r iptio n ,

o f S c ot l an d a s it e xist e d in h is d ay ( h e d i e d s h o r t l y a ft e r 1 3 84 )

S c oti a is s o n am e d a ft e r th e S c otti s h t r ib e s by w h i c h it is i n h a bit e d At .

fi r s t it b e g an fr o m th e S c otti s h fi r t h o n th e s out h an d l a t e r o n fr o m th e
, , , ,

O w ll ne t f m th Cl y d d th th f
a r an e as th S l w y
ro e e an e o er rom e o a .
r iv e r H u m b e r ,
w h e r e A l b an i a
o b e g an A ft e r w ar d s ho w e v e r it co m al s .
, ,

m e n c e d a t th e w a l l T h ir l w a l w hi c h S e v e r u s h a d b u i l t to th e r iv e r Ty n e ,
.

But n o w it b e gi n s a t th e r i v e r T w e e d th e n o r th e r n bou n d ar y o f E n gl a n d , ,

an d st r e t c h i n g r a t h e r l e ss th a n f ou r hu n d r e d m i l e s i n l e n gt h in a n o r t h
, ,

w e st e r l y di r e c tio n is bou n d e d by th e P e n t l a n d Fi r t h w h e r e a fe a r fu ll y
, ,

d an g e r ous w hi r l poo l s u c ks In an d b e l c h e s b a c k th e w a t e r s e v e r y ho u r I t is .

a c ou n t r y s t r o n g by n a tu r e a n d d i ffi c u l t an d toi l s o m e o f a c c e s s
,
I n so m e .

p ar t s it to w e r s i n to m o u n t a i n s ; in ot h e r s it Si n k s d o w n i n to p l ai n s F o r
, , .

l o fty m o u n t a i n s st r e t c h th r ough th e m i d s t o f it fr o m e n d to e n d a s d o th e , ,

t al l Al ps t h r ough E ur op e ; an d t h e s e m o u n t a i n s fo r m e r l y s e p a r a t e d th e S c ot s
f r o m th e P i c t s an d t h e i r ki n g d o m s fr o m e ac h ot h e r
,
I m p a s s ab l e a s t h e y a r e .

o n h o r s e b a c k s a v e in v e r y f e w p l a c e s th e y c an h a r d l y b e c r o s s e d e v e n o n
, ,

f oot bot h o n a c c ou n t o f th e s n o w a l w a y s l yi n g o n t h e m e x c e pt in s u m m e r
, ,

t i m e o n l y ; a n d by r e a s o n o f th e bou l d e r s to r n o ff th e b e e t l i n g c r a g s an d th e ,

d e e p ho l l o w s i n t h e i r m i d st Al o n g th e fo ot o f t h e s e m o u n t a i n s a r e v a s t
.

w oods fu l l o f s t a g s r o e d e e r an d ot h e r w i l d a n i m a l s an d b e a s t s o f v a r io u s
, ,

ki n d s a n d th e s e fo r e s t s o ft e n ti m e s aff o r d a s t r o n g an d s a fe p r ot e c tio n to th e
,

c a tt l e o f th e i n h a bit a n t s a g a i n st th e d e p r e d a tio n s o f t h e i r e n e m i e s ; fo r th e
h e r d s in thos e p a r t s th e y s ay a r e a c c u s to m e d fr o m u s e w h e n e v e r t h e y h e ar
, , , ,

th e s h outs o f m e n a n d w o m e n a n d if s u dd e n l y a tt a c k e d by d og s to flo c k , ,

h as ti l y i n to th e w oo d s Nu m b e r l e s s s p r i n g s a l s o w e l l u p a n d b u r s t fo r t h
.
,

f r o m th e hi l l s a n d th e Sl opi n g r i d g e s o f th e m o u n t a i n s a n d t r i c k l i n g d o w n , ,

w ith s w e e t e st s ou n d in c r y s t a l r iv u l e t s b e t w e e n flo w e r y b an k s fl o w t o g e t h e r
, ,

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l ar g e r i v e r s in w h i c h S c oti a m ar v e ll ou s l y a b o u n d s b e y o n d an y ot h e r c ou n t r y ;
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an d a t th e i r m outh s w h e r e t h e y r e j oi n th e s e a Sh e h a s n ob l e an d s e c u r e
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h ar bo r s .

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w it h g r e e n m e a d o w s a n d fe r ti l e a n d p r o d u c ti v e fi e l d s o f c o rn a n d b a r l e y an d
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c ou r s e s T h i s r e gio n a bou n d s in w o o l b e a r i n g s h e e p an d in h o r s e s a n d its

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m e t al s .

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sp e e c h F o r tw o l an g u a g e s a r e s p o k e n am o n g s t t h e m th e S c o tti s h a n d th e
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bo ar d an d p l a i n s w h i l e th e r a c e o f S c otti s h s p e e c h i n h a bit th e h ig h l an d s a n d
out l yi n g i s l an d s T h e p e op l e o f th e c o a s t a r e o f d o m e s ti c a n d c ivi l iz e d
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m a d e to s u b m it to l a w if p r op e r l y gov e r n e d .

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c o n qu e st by th e Ro m a n s d o n o t a pp e ar to h a v e f o r m e d a st r o n g e l e m e n t o f
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.

p ar t o f th e c o un t r y s e e m fo r th e m o s t p a r t to b e o f B r iti s h an d A n gl o C e l ti c -

r ac e .T h e l i n e w hi c h s e p a r a t e d th e B r ito n s fr o m th e P i c ts r u n s a pp r ox ,

im a te l y a c r o s s th e i s t h m u s o f th e C l y d e an d Fo r t h ; th e an c i e n t w a ll o f
,

A n to n i n u s t h u s m ar ki n g an e t h n o l ogi c a l fr o n ti e r n o l e s s t h a n a po l iti c al
one . B u t A n g l e s a n d B r ito n s w e r e c o m p e l l e d to s h ar e t h e i r t e r r ito r y w it h
e m ig ran t s o f v ar iou s r a c e s i n c l u d i n g th e S c ot s o f I r e l an d F r i s i an s No r t h
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s e p ar a t e T h e i r b l oo d h a s n o t m i n g le d ; h abit s
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f r o m th e No r t h m e n w h i l s t ot h e r s l ook upo n th e D a n e s a s th e i r a n c e s to r s
, .

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th e m a r iti m e v i l l a g e s c o n s i s t o f tw o po r tio n s l ik e th e to w n s o n th e c o a sts o f

C a t al o n i a Ligu r i a a n d S i c i l y th e upp e r p ar t b e i n g i n h a bit e d by S a xo n a r ti
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s an s a n d a g r i c u l tu r ist s w h i l e th e l o w e r p a r t fo r m s th e
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n a vi a n fi s h e r m e n T h e s e v ar io u s e l e m e n t s o f th e pop u l a t io n h a v e h o w e v e r
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b e c o m e fu s e d in th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f th e c o u n t r y P h y s i c a ll y th e S c ot c h m an .

r e s e m b l e s th e No r w e gi a n an d this is n o t s o l e l y d u e to a si m i l a r ity o f c l i m a t e
, ,

b u t a l s o to th e n u m e r o u s u n io n s b e t w e e n S c an d i n a vi an i n v a d e r s an d th e
d a ugh t e r s o f th e c o u n t r y T h e l an gu a g e s o f th e tw o c ou n t r i e s a l s o po s s e s s
.

m o r e f e a t u r e s in c o m m o n t h a n w a s f o r m e r l y b e l i e v e d T h e S c ot c h s p e a k .

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i n to n a tio n d i ff e r s fr o m t h a t o f th e E n gl i s h an d t h e y s u pp r e s s c e r t a i n c o n
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s o n a n ts in th e m i d dl e an d a t th e e n d o f w o r d s T h e y s ti l l e m p l oy c e r t a i n .

o l d E n g l i s h t e r m s n o l o n g e r m a d e u s e o f to th e s o u t h o f th e T w e e d a n d
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o n th e s t r e n gt h o f t h i s p a t r ioti c S c ot c h m e n c l a i m to s p e ak E n gl is h w ith
,

g r e a t e r p u r ity t h a n t h e i r s o u t h e r n n e igh bo r s A m o n g s t th e m an y w o r ds o f .

f o r e ig n d e r iv a tio n in c o m m o n u s e t h e r e a r e s e v e ral F r e n c h o n e s n o t o n l y
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s u c h a s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d by th e No r m a n s but a l s o ot h e r s b e l o n gi n g to th e
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ti m e w h e n th e tw o p e op l e s w e r e fa it h ful a l l i e s a n d s u pp l i e d e ac h ot h e r w it h ,

so l d i e r s .

T h e S c ot c h Lo w l an d e r is a s a r u l e o f fa i r h e ight l o n g l e gg e d s t r o n g l y
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bui l t a n d w ithout an y t e n d e n c y to th e ob e s ity s o c o m m o n a m o n gst his ki n s

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m e n o f E n g l an d His e ye is o r d i n ar i l y b r ight e r t h an t h a t o f th e E n g l i s h
.

m an a n d h is f e a t u r e s m o r e r e g u l ar ; b u t h is c h e e k s a r e m o r e p r o m i n e n t
, ,
an d th e l e a n n e ss h e l ps m u c h to a c c e n tu a t e th e s e fe a tu r e s I n
of th e f a c e .

t h e s e r e s p e c t s h e b e a r s a st r iki n g r e s e m b l an c e to h is A m e r i c an c o u si n s .

Co m p ar a tiv e i n q u i r i e s i n stitut e d by Fo r b e s p r ov e th a t p h y s i c a l d e v e l op m e n t
is s o m e w h a t s l o w e r a m o n g s t S c ot c h m e n th an a m o n g s t E n g l i s h m e n th e fo r
m e r c o m e s up to th e l a t t e r in h e ig h t a n d s t r e n gth o n l y a t th e a ge o f n i n e

t e e n but in his r ip e a ge h e s u r p a s s e s h im to th e e xt e n t o f about five pe r

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c e n t in m us c u l a r s t r e n gt h O f a l l th e m e n o f G r e a t B r it a i n t h o s e o f s o u t h
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w e st e rn S c ot l a n d a r e d isti n g u i s h e d f o r t h e i r t a ll s t a t u r e T h e m e n o f G al .

l o w ay a v e r a g e 5 f e e t 7 i n c h e s in h e ight w h i c h is s u p e r io r to th e st a t u r e
,

a tt a i n e d in a n y ot h e r d i s t r i c t o f th e B r iti s h I s l an d s T h e Lo w l a n d e r is in .

te l l ige n t o f r e m a r k a b l e s a g a c ity in b u s i n e s s an d p e r s e v e r i n g w h e n o n c e h e
, ,

h as d e t e r m i n e d u po n a c c o m p l i s hi n g a t a s k ; but h is p r u d e n c e d e g e n e r a t e s
i n to d ist r u s t h is t h r i ft i n to a v a r i c e A s in A m e r i c a t h e r e is n o t a vi ll a g e
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w itho u t o n e o r m o r e b an k s Wh e n a b r o a d h e s e e k s o u t h is fe ll o w c o u n t r y
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m e n d e r iv e s a p l e a s u r e in b e i n g u s e f u l to th e m
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a n d h e l ps t h e i r su c c e s s in
,

l i fe to th e b e st o f h is a bi l ity .

T h e a c hi e v e m e n t s o f S c ot c h a n c u l tu r is ts w h o ar e s o l itt l e fa vo r e d by
,

c l i m a t e m u st a pp e a r m a r v e l l ou s to th e p e a s a n t s o f I t a l y a n d o f m a n y p ar t s
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o f F r an c e U n de r th e fifty s ixth d e g r e e o f l a tit u d e t h e y s e c u r e c r op s far

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m o r e a b u n d an t t h a n t h o s e obt a i n e d fr o m th e f e r ti l e l an d s o n th e M e d ite r r a

n e an w h i c h a r e n i n e h u n d r e d m i l e s n e a r e r to th e e q u a to r
,
H u m an l a bo r .

a n d i n g e n u ity h av e s u c c e e d e d in a c c l i m a t izi n g p l a n t s w h i c h h a r d l y a pp e a r to

b e s u it e d to th e s oi l an d c l i m a t e o f S c ot l a n d Abo u t th e m i d d l e o f th e
.

e ight e e n th c e n t u r y a p a t c h o f w h e a t w a s poi n t e d o u t n e ar E d i n b u r g h a s a

c u r io s ity w hi l s t n o w t h a t c e r e a l g r o w s in a bu n d a n c e a s fa r n o r t h a s th e
,

Mo r a y Fi r t h A n d ye t it a pp e a r s as if th e c l i m a t e h a d b e c o m e c o l d e r fo r
.
,

it is n o l o n g e r po s s ib l e to c u l tiv a t e th e poppy o r tob ac c o a s w a s d o n e in th e ,

b e gi n n i n g o f th e c e n t u r y S e v e r a l v ar i e ti e s o f a pp l e s p e ar s an d p r u n e s
.
, , ,

f o r m e r l y in high re put e n o l o n g e r a r r iv e a t m a t u r ity a n d th e h o r ti c u l t u r a l

, ,

so c i e ti e s h a v e c e a s e d o ff e r i n g p r iz e s fo r t h e s e p r o d u c t io n s b e c a u s e it is n o ,

l o n g e r pos s ib l e to g r o w t h e m in th e op e n a ir T h e m an u f a c tu r i n g t r i u m p h s
.

o f S c ot l a n d h a v e b e e n q u it e e qu a l to t h o s e a c hi e v e d in a g r i c u l tu r e an d it is -

o n S c ottis h soi l th a t G l a s go w th e f o r e m ost m an u fa c tu r i n g to w n o f th e

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U n it e d Ki n g d o m h as a r i s e n w it h a pop ul a tio n g r e a t e r t h an t h a t o f e i t h e r
, ,

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g r a n ts w h o l iv e in Lo n d o n a n d th e ot h e r g r e a t to w n s h a s a l s o l a r g e ly c o n ,

t r ibut e d to w a r ds th e p r o s p e r ity o f E n gl an d T h e h a w k e r s in th e E n g l i s h
.

m an u fa c tu r i n g d ist r i c ts a r e usu a ll y k n o w n S c ot c h m e n T h e S c ot c h ‘ ’
as .

c o l o n ists in N e w Z e a l a n d an d C a n a d a ar e a m o n gst th e m o s t ac tiv e a n d in

d u s tr io us an d th e you n g Lo w l an d e r s w h o go out to I n d i a a s gov e r n m e n t

,

o flic ia l s a r e f a r m o r e n u m e r o u s in p r opo r tio n t h a n thos e fr o m E n g l an d

‘
.

T h e l ov e o f e d u c a tio n fo r its o w n s a k e an d n o t m e r e l y a s a m e an s to an
,

e n d is f a r m o r e w i d e l y sp r e a d in S c ot l a n d t h a n in E n g l a n d
, T h e l e c tu r e s .

a t th e u n iv e r s iti e s ar e a tt e n d e d w ith a z e a l w h i c h th e s tu d e n t s o f Ox f o r d
g r e a t l ux u r y o f S c r ipt u r e t e xts A s E m e r s o n s a y s t h e y a l l o w t h e i r d i al e c ti c s
.
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to c a r r y th e m to th e e xt r e m e s o f i n s a n ity I n n o oth e r c o u n t r y o f th e w o r l d
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is th e S a bb a t h O b s e r v e d w it h s u c h r igo r a s in S c ot l an d O n t h a t d a y m an y
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o f th e t r a i n s a n d s t e a m e r s c e a s e r u n n i n g a n d s i l e n c e r e ig n s t h r oug h o u t th e
,

l an d . T h e r e a r e e v e n l a n d e d p r op r i e to r s w h o t a b o o t h e i r h i ll s o n t h a t d ay ,

a n d if a to u r i s t is f o u n d w a n d e r i n g a m o n g s t t h e m h e is t r e a t e d a s a r e c k l e ss

vio l a to r o f th e p r op r i e ti e s .
”

Wh o w e r e th e e a rl i e s t i n h a bit a n t s o f th e S c otti s h High l an d s ? O f w h a t

r a c e w e r e th e P i c t s w h o f o r m e r l y i n h a bit e d th e c o u n t r y a n d ov e r w h o m
, ,

e v e n th e Ro m an s c o u l d n o t t r i u m p h ? W e re t h e y p u r e C e l t s o r h a d t h e i r
,

b l o o d al r e a d y m i n gl e d w ith th a t o f S c an d i n a vi a ? I t is u s u a ll y b e l i e v e d t h a t
th e P i c ts h a d p r e c e d e d th e oth e r B r ito n s in t h e i r m ig r a tio n to th e i s l a n d ,

c o m i n g a t a v e r y e a r l y a e a n d t h a t t h e i r i d io m s di ff e r e d m u c h m o r e fr o m
g ,

th e d i a l e c t s pok e n in G a u l t h an d id Cy m r i c .T h e y o r igi n all y i n h abit e d ,

p e r h a p s th e w h o l e o f G r e a t B r it a i n an d w e r e p u s h e d to th e n o r t h w ar d by
, ,

th e B r ito n s w h o in t u r n w e r e d i s p l ac e d by Ro m a n s a n d A n g l e s
’
, .

Nu m e r o u s s to n e m o n u m e n t s k n o w n as P i c t s h ou s e s o r w e e m s an d
,
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i n v ar i ab l y c o n s isti n g o f a c h am b e r o r c e n t r e p as s a g e s u r r ou n d e d by s m al l e r
a p a r t m e n ts ,
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d s a bo u n d in br ough s o r bo rgs th a t is to w e r s o f ,

d e fe n c e r e s e m b l i n g a t l e a s t e xt e r n all y th e n u r a gh e o f S a r d i n i a
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O n th e .

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s e v e n ty . P e t r i e w h o h as e x am i n e d fo r ty o f th e m l ook e d upo n th e m a s
, ,

fo r tifi e d d w e ll i n g hous e s
-
. Th e i r c i r c u l a r w all s ar e t w e l v e f e e t an d m o r e in
t h i c k n e s s ; th e i r o r igi n al h e igh t is n o t k n o w n fo r e v e r y o n e o f th e m h as
,

r e a c h e d us in a p a r ti a l s t a t e o f d e m o l itio n .P e s t l e s fo r c r u s h i n g c o r n sto n e ,

l a m p s an d v e ss e l s m a d e o f th e bo n e o f w h al e s t e s ti fy to th e r u d i m e n t ar y
,

s t a t e o f c ivi l iz a tio n w hi c h th e i n h a bit an t s h a d a tt a i n e d T h e B r ough o f

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ki n d fo r m o n e o f th e m ost s al i e n t l a n d s c a p e fe atu r e s in th e O r k n e y s O n .

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in p r e histo r i c m o n u m e n ts o f e v e r y d e s c r iptio n a l though m a n y sto n e s h a v e ,

b e e n c a r r i e d a w a y by th e n e ig h bo r i n g fa r m e r s I n th e tu mu l u s o f M e as h o w .
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th e a pp ar e n t p a th o f th e s u n T h e s m a ll i s l an d o f I o n a a t th e w e s t e r n
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e xt r e m ity o f Mu l l is o n e o f t h o s e p l a c e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n h e l d s ac r e d f o r

g e n e r atio n s V a r iou s s to n e m o n u m e n t s p r ov e t h a t t h is s pot w a s h e l d in

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d is app e a r in th e c o u r s e o f th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y ”
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fa r f r o m th e c h u r c h l a y th e b l ac k s to n e s t h u s c al le d o n a c c o u n t o f th e ’

m al e d i c tio n a tt a c hi n g to h im w h o fo r e s w o r e h i m s e lf by t h e i r si d e It w as .

h e r e th a t th e Lo r d s o f th e I s l e s k n e e l i n g o n th e g r o u n d w it h t h e i r h an d s
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m o s t e ffi c a c io u s m e d i c i n e a g a i n s t s o r c e r y an d w h e n a bout to b e m a r r i e d a

b r i d e g r oo m to i n s u r e h appi n e s s p l ac e d a sto n e o f I o n a upo n his b ar e

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th e S h e t l an d I s l e s is w h o l l y No r w e gi an T h e n a m e s o f f a r m s t e r m i n a t e in
.

s e te r o r s te r a n d t h o s e o f h i ll s in h oy 01 h ol e
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ac c o r d i n g to Gi ff o r d No r s e w as s pok e n in a fe w fa m i l i e s a s r e c e n t l y a s
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1 7 86 S u t h e r l an d c l e ar l y f o r m e d p a r t o f th e o l d d o m a i n o f th e N o r th
.

m en . T h a t c o un ty l i e s a t th e n o r t h e r n e x t r e m ity o f S c ot l an d ; but to th e
i n h abit an t o f th e O r k n e y s it w as a Sout h e r n L an d a n d th e n a m e w hi c h th e y ,

g a v e to it h as s u r viv e d to o u r o w n ti m e .

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c h ar ac t e r A S a n i n s t an c e m a y b e m e n tio n e d th e vi ll a g e o f N e s s o n L e w i s
.
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th e i n h a bit a n t s o f w h i c h ar e d i s ti n g u i s h e d fo r t h e i r e n t e r p r i s e p r e s e n ti n g a ,
.

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an t s o f t h e s e h o s ti l e r a c e s h a v e l ik e o il a n d w a t e r l o n g r e f u s e d to m i n g l e , .
,

I t w o u l d n e v e r t h e l e s s b e n e xt to i m po s s ib l e to d e fi n e th e bo u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n
th e v ar I o u s r a c e s t h r o u g h o u t th e c o u n t r y L an gu a g e c e r t a i n l y w ou l d p r ov e
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,

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.

to th e S c an d i n a vi an s n o t o n e a m o n g s t th e i r d e s c e n d an ts n o w s p e a k s Ol d
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a l t h o u g h G a e l i c h a s f o r c e n t u r i e s b e e n th e s pok e n l a n g u a g e E v e n in St . .

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b e e n r e c og n iz e d .

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th e m i d dl e o f th e e l e v e n t h c e n t u r y a n d it is d o o m e d to d i s a pp e a r ,
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to w n s an d th e Hig hl an d v all e y s a r e b e c o m i n g d e popu l at e d o r i n v a d e d by

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th e m e s h e s o f th e n e t w o r k o f r a i l r o a d s a r e d ra w n tight e r But t h oug h .

C e l ti c m ay d i s app e ar as a s pok e n l an gu a g e th e g e og ra phi c al n o m e n c l atu r e ,

z
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ac q ua i n t e d w ith G a e l i c m a y obt a i n a to l e r a b l y c o r r e c t n otio n o f th e r e l i e f o f

th e g r ou n d by m e r e l y s tu d yi n g th e n a m e s upo n a m ap N a m e s l ik e ben .
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o f th e i r f e ll o w c ou n t r y m e n by p r e fe r e n c e a s A l ba n n a ic h o r Mo u n t a i n e e r s ”
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.

T h e t r an s l a tio n o f o n e o f Joh n K n ox s r e l igio u s w o r ks w a s th e fi r st book

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p r i n t e d in G a e l i c an d t h u s a s in W al e s th e R e fo r m a tio n c o n fe r r e d upo n
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th e l an gu a g e o f th e p e op l e an i m po r t a n c e w hi c h it h a d n o t poss e s s e d b e f o r e .

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an d th e p r e s s h as c o n t r ibut e d in a l ar g e m e as u r e to k e e p a l i v e th e n a ti v e
,

i d io m th e d ivisio n o f th e High l an d e r s i n to R o m an C at h o l i c s an d P r ot e s t an ts
,

h a s r e s u l t e d in a di m i n utio n o f th e c o l l e c tiv e p a t r ioti s m o f th e p e op l e as it ,

r e v e a l s its e l f in l a n gu a g e Ro m a n C a t h o l i c s a r e n u m e r o u s in th e c o u n ty o f
.
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,

f o ll o w e r s r e m a i n e d t r u e to th e o l d f a it h o r e m b r a c e d th e n e w C an n a an d .

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.
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h i m s e l f in th e w a y o f a p r o c e s sio n m ar c h i n g in th e d i r e c tio n o f th e R o m i s h
c h urc h ,
an d d r ov e th e fa ith f u l to th e t e m p l e w h i c h h e p a t r o n iz e d .

H e n c e P r ot e st an tis m o n th a t i s l an d is k n o w n to th e p r e s e n t d ay as th e R e
l igio n o f th e Y e l l o w C u d g e l But n ot w ithst an d i n g t h e s e c h an g e s o f r e l igio n
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.

m an y sup e r s titio n s su r viv e a m o n gst th e p e op l e In L e w i s s to n e

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an d.
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c hurc h a r e syn o n y m ou s t e r m s a s th e y w e r e in th e ti m e w h e n a l l r e l igio u s

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c e r e m o n i e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a r ou n d s a c r e d m e g a l it h s
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T h e fa m e o f th e High l an d e r s h a d b e e n s u n g by po e t s an d n ov e l i s t s ,

u n ti l th e y c a m e to b e l ook e d upo n a s typi c a l fo r b r a v e r y l oy al ty a n d a ll , ,

m an l y vi r tu e s T h e s o l d i e r s in t h e i r s t r an g e an d s h o w y g ar b h a v e s o
.

f r e qu e n t l y w o n d isti n c tio n upo n th e fi e l d o f b a tt l e th a t a l l t h e i r p an e gy r i s ts

s a i d a bo u t t h e i r n a tiv e v i r tu e s w a s i m p l i c it l y b e l i e v e d an d o n th e f a i t h o f

po e ts w e a dm i r e d t h e i r pip e r s th e su c c e s s o r s o f th e an c i e n t b ar d s w h o
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a c c o m p a n i e d th e i r m e l an c ho l y c h a n ts o n th e h ar p I n r e a l ity h o w e v e r th e .
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m i l it ar y r o a d s c o n st r u c t e d th r ough t h e i r t e r r ito r i e s t h a t th e y w e r e r e d u c e d
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t ar t an s T h e p e op l e w e r e t h us sp l it up i n to about fo r ty c l an s 01 i n c l u d i n g
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si s t e d o f m o r e t h an i n d i v i d u al s T h e p r i n c ip al Highl an d c l an s in
.

1 86 3 were : Ma c G r e go rs ,
Mac K e n z ie s ,
M a c L e an s ,

Ma c L e o ds, M a c I n to s h e s ,
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T he m em b e r s o f e a c h c l an tho u gh s o m e ti m e s o n l y c ou s i n s a h u n d r e d ti m e s
,

r e m ov e d a l l bo r e th e s a m e n a m e a n d th e y f o u ght a n d w o r k e d tog e th e r
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,

th e c l an . T h e h o n o r o f th e t rib e w as d e ar to e v e r y o n e o f its i n d ivi d u a l

m e m b e r s an d a n i n j u r y d o n e to o n e a m o n g s t t h e m
,
w a s a v e n g e d by th e

e n ti r e c o m m u n ity Wh e n th e ki n g s o f S c ot l an d h a d to c o m p l a i n o f a Hig h
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l an d c hi e f th e y a tt a c k e d h is c l an fo r t h e y w e ll k n e w th a t e v e r y m e m b e r o f
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it w ou l d e m b r a c e th e c a u s e o f th e c h i e f T h e r e e xi s t e d n o c o u r ts o f j usti c e
.

in th e Hig hl an d s but b l oo d w a s spi l t fo r b l oo d

,
V ar io u s m o n u m e n t s r e c al l .

s u c h ac ts o f s a v a g e v e n g e an c e an d a s r e c e n t l y a s 1 81 2 a High l an d f a m i l y
,

s e t up s e v e n g r i n n i n g h e a ds a s a t r op h y to c o m m e m o r a t e a s e v e n fo l d
m u r d e r c o m m itt e d by its a n c e s to r s A c a v e rn o n E igg I s l an d is st r e w n w it h
.

hu m an bo n e s th e r e l i c s o f th e an c i e n t i n h abit a n ts o f th e i s l an d tw o hu n d r e d
, ,

in n u m b e r w h o ar e s a i d to h a v e b e e n su ff o c a t e d w ithi n th e c a v e r n by a
,

n e ighbo r i n g c h i e f M a c L e o d I n r e t a l i a tio n fo r s o m e p r iv a t e i n j u r y
”
.
, ,

As l o n g a s e v e r y m e m b e r o f th e c o m m u n ity po s s e s s e d a s h a r e in th e l an d ,

S c ot l an d w a s s p a r e d th e st r u ggl e b e t w e e n r i c h an d poo r But by th e c l o s e .

o f th e e ig h t e e n t h c e n t u r y th e poo r e r m e m b e r s o f th e c l a n t h o u gh s ti l l c l a i m
, ,

in g c o u s i n s h ip w it h t h e i r c h i e f h a d l o s t a ll p r op r i e t a r y r ig h t s in th e l a n d
, ,

an d th e l a i r d s w h e n r e m o n s t r a t e d w ith by th e c l a n r e s po n d e d in th e w o r d s
, ,

o f th e d e vi c e a d opt e d by th e e a r l s o f O r k n e y Sic fuit e s t e t e r it! Th e y , , ,

w e r e e v e n th e n ab l e to d r iv e a w a y th e an c i e n t i n h a bit an t s fr o m th e p l ot s o f
l a n d t h e y o c c upi e d in o r d e r t h a t th e y m ight t r a n s f o r m t h e m i n to p a s t u r i n g
,

o r shooti n g g r o u n d s S e v e r al l an dl o r d s e v e n b u r n e d d o w n th e c abi n s o f
.

t h e i r poo r c o u s i n s thu s c o m p e ll i n g t h e m to l e a v e th e c ou n t r y B e t w e e n
,
”
.

1 81 1 an d 1 82 0 ,
t e n an t s w e r e th us e vi c t e d fr o m th e e st a t e s o f th e
D u c h e s s o f St affo r d .

E n ti r e vi ll a g e s w e r e giv e n up to th e fl a m e s a n d o n a s i n gl e n igh t th r e e ,

hu n d r e d ho u s e s m ig h t h a v e b e e n s e e n a fir e N e a r l y th e w h o l e p o p u l a tio n o f.

f o u r p ar i s h e s w a s in t h i s w a y d r iv e n fr o m its h o m e s S i n c e th e m i d d l e o f th e .

c e n t u r y a bout o n e m i l l io n a c r e s in th e Hig hl a n d s h a v e b e e n c l e a r e d o f h u m a n

b e i n gs an d s h e e p to b e c o n v e r t e d i n to s h ooti n g g r ou n d s
,
”
T h u s c on trar y .
,

to w h a t m ay be u s u a ll y w it n e s s e d in c ivi l iz e d c ou n t r i e s th e Hig h l an d ,

v al l e y s a r e r e tu r n i n g to a st a t e o f n a tu r e an d w i l d b e as t s t a ki n g th e p l a c e
,

o f d o m e sti c a t e d a n i m al s T h e c ou n t r y fo r m e r l y a l m ost b a r e o f t r e e s h a s
.

b e e n l ar g e l y p l an t e d an d fr o m B l ac k Mou n t in A r gyl e s h ir e to M a r r Fo r e st
,

in Ab e r d e e n th e r e n o w e xt e n d s an a l m o s t u n b r ok e n b e l t o f v e r du r e A l r e a dy .
 S c o tl a n d of T O D ay-
1 79

th e sh ooti n g g r ou n ds c ov e r ov e r tw o m i l l io n a c r e s an d th e y a r e c o n ti n u all y ,

e xt e n d i n g S c ot l an d h a s e m ph a ti c all y b e c o m e a spo r ti n g c o u n t r y an d m an y
.
,

a l ar g e e s t a t e is m a n a g e d as a s hooti n g gr ou n d th a t p r o v i n g m o r e p r ofit a b l e ,

to its p r o p r i e to r th an w ou l d its c u l tiv a tio n T h e r e a r e n o t w an ti n g s po r t s

.

m e n w i ll i n g to pay £4 0 0 fo r a s a l m o n s t r e a m £ 1 0 0 0 fo r th e r ig h t o f shoot
,

in g ov e r a m oo r o r £4 000 fo r a d e e r p a r k
,
Wit h t h e s e r e n t s a s al m o n m ay
.

c o s t £ 8 an d a s t a g £ 4 0 I n 1 87 7 2 0 6 0 s hooti n g g r o u n d s in S c ot l an d
.
,

w e r e l e t fo r S c ot l a n d e v e n m o r e t h an E n gl an d is a l an d o f
, ,

w i d e d e m e s n e s a n d t w e n ty o n e i n d i v i d u a l s s h a r e b e t w e e n t h e m th e t h i r d
,
-

o f th e ki n g d o m s e v e n ty th e h al f an d o n e t h ou s an d a n d s e v e n hu n d r e d
, ,

n i n e t e n t h s o f it
-
T h e Duk e o f S u t h e r l an d a l o n e o w n s a bo u t th e fi ft e e n th
.

p a r t o f S c ot l an d i n c l u di n g n e ar l y th e w h o l e c ou n ty fr o m w h i c h h e d e r i v e s
,

h is tit l e . Do m a i n s o f s u c h va s t e xt e n t c a n n ot b e p r op e r l y c u l tiv a t e d a n d ,

h e a th s an d s w a m p s w hi c h w ou l d r e p a y th e l abo r b e s to w e d u pon th e m by
p e a s an t p r op r i e to r s a r e al l o w e d by t h e i r w e al t h y o w n e r s to r e m a i n in a s t a t e
o f n a t ur e .

I n th e O r k n e y s a po r tio n o f th e l a n d is s ti l l o w n e d by oda l l e r s o r p e a s an t
, ,

p r op r i e to r s but th e S h e t l an d I s l an d s a n d s e v e r a l o f th e H e b r i d e s i n c l ud ,

in g L e w i s th e l a r g e s t a m o n g s t t h e m b e l o n g to a SI n gl e p r op r i e to r w h o t h u s
, , ,

d i s po s e s i n d i r e c t l y o f th e l iv e s o f th e i n h a bit a n ts w h o m h e c a n c o m p e l to ,

a b an d o n t h e i r h o m e s w h e n e v e r it s u it s h is i n t e r e st s S e v e r al i sl an d s s uc h .
,

as B ar r a an d R u m w hi c h fo r m e r l y s uppo r t e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e pop u l a tio n

, ,

h a v e in t h is w ay b e c o m e a l m ost d e s e r t s ; a n d a m o n g s t th e i n h a bit a n t s l e f t
b e h i n d t h e r e a r e e v e n n o w m an y w h o l iv e in a s t a t e o f e xt r e m e pov e r ty w h o ,

l ook u po n c a r r ageen o r I c e l a n d m o s s a s a l u x u r y an d w h o a r e d e p e n d e n t
, , ,

upo n s e a w e e d s an d fis h fo r t h e i r da i l y s u s t e n a n c e O w i n g to th e i n fe r io r ity .

o f th e f oo d d y s p e p s i a is a c o m m o n c o m p l a i n t
,
an d c e r t a in p h y s i c i a n s d e
,

c l a re t h a t th e gi f t o f s e c o n d s ig h t w hi c h p l a ys s o p r o m i n e n t a p ar t in th e
“
,

h i s to r y o f th e Hig h l a n d e r s is t r a c e a b l e to a d i s o r d e r o f th e o r g an s o f d ig e s
,

tio n T h e vi ll a g e s o f L e w i s a r e p e r h a p s u n iq u e o f t h e i r ki n d in E u r op e
. .

T h e i n h a bit a n t s g a t h e r th e s to n e s e m b e d d e d in th e p e a ty s oi l to c o n s t r u c t
r ough c o n c e n t r i c w a ll s fi ll i n g th e s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e m w i t h e a r t h an d g r a v e l
,
.

A s c aff o ld i n g m a d e o f o l d o a r s a n d bo u gh s s u ppo r t s a r oo f c o v e r e d w it h
e a r t h a n d p e a t l e a vi n g a w i d e l e d g e o n th e to p o f th e c i r c u l ar w a l l
,
u po n ,

w hi c h v e g e t a tio n soo n sp r i n g s u p a n d w h i c h b e c o m e s th e f a vo r it e p r o m
,

e n a d e an d p l a yg r ou n d o f c h i l d r e n d og s a n d sh e e p
,
A s i n gl e d oo r giv e s
, .

a c c e s s to t h i s u n s h a p e l y a bo d e w it h i n w h i c h a p e a t fir e is k e pt b u r n i n g
,

t h r ough out th e y e ar in o r d e r t h a t th e da m p w h i c h p e r p e t u al l y p e n e t r a t e s
,

th r o u gh th e w all an d r oo f m ay e v apo r a t e Ho r s e s c o w s an d s h e e p a l l o f .
, , ,

di m i n u tiv e st a t ure o w i n g to th e w an t o f n o u r i s h m e n t o c c u py o n e e xt r e m ity

, ,

o f thi s d e n w h i l e th e f o w l s r oost by th e s i d e o f th e h u m a n i n h a bi t an t s o r
, ,

p e r c h n e ar th e h o l e l e ft fo r th e e s c a p e o f th e s m ok e To s t r an g e r s th e .

h e a t a n d s m ok e o f th e s e d w e l l i n g s a r e i n to l e r a bl e b u t th e f o r m e r is s a i d ,

to fa vo r th e l ayi n g o f e ggs ”
S u c h ar e th e a bo de s o f m o s t o f th e
.
1 80 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

i n h abit an t s o f L e w i s Y e t th e c l a i m s to c o m fo r t . h av e i n c r e a s e d si n c e th e
c o m m e n c e m e n t o f th e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y an d ,
a po r r i n ge r is n o l o n g e r
l ook e d upo n a s a v e r it a b l e c u r io s ity .

NOT E S TO C H A P T E R X I II
1
It m y b t w ith
a t i t tt
e no t h e th m ou f th tw n eres ty i Am i n o no e er e na es o e en - n ne er c a

I t l f wh m
m m or a s , ori l t bl t h v b pl d i th H ll f F
o m e m or a a t d du i g
e s a e een ac e n e a o am e , e r e c e r n

th y e 900
e ar 1 U iv ity H igh t i th ity f N w Y k T h
on n e rs e w s l t d by
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a j y f i ty v m b
ur o n ne -
p d f t w ty fi l l g p i d t t w ty i p f
se en em e rs , c o m o se o en - ve c o e e re s en s , en -
s x ro e s

s or s o f i d h i t y t w ty th
sc en c e an p b l i i t d its or d , th en d tw -
ty thre e u c s s, e ors , an au o rs , an en -
re e

j ti
us f t t
ces o d ti l p
s a e an t Th na lt f th i
on a l ti
su w
rem e f ll wc o ur s . e re su o s se e c on as as o o s,

th e n umb fv t er otf h di d t b i g pp d d
o e s c as o r e ac c an a e e n a en e

G g W h i gt e or e Ab h as Li ln on D ilW bt B j i F k
ra am nco n an e e s er e n am n r an

li n Ul y S G t s se s J h M h ll . Th
r an J fi R l ph W l d
o n a rs a o m as e e rs o n a a o

Em ers on H y W L gf ll w en r R b t F ul t . W h i gt I vi g
on e o J o er on as n on r n on

a th E dw d an S ar l Fi l y B
s M D vi d G F g t
a m ue n e H y C l
r e ese y ors e a . ar r a u enr a

N t h i l H w tha an e G g P b dya R b t E L
or n e Pt C pe or e ea o o er . ee e er oo er

H M o r ac e El i W h it y an n J h J A d b H y W dne o n am e s u u on enr ar

B h ee c er J K t J ph St y
am e s J h Aden Will i Ell y C hose or o n am s am er an

i g
n n G il b t St t A er G y uar sa ra

O f th t w ty i e giv
en b v th b
- n ne f v w
n am e s f S tti h d en a t o e, e e ar e r s o se en ere o co s esc en

i th
n el l i —W b t
m a e G t F l t I vi g C p St t d G y M h l l w
ne e s er, r an ,
u on , r n ,
oo er , uar ,
an ra a rs a as

W lh d S th; M
e s an E gl i h
co c d S t h ; J ff o rs e , W l h E gl i h d S t h
n s an co c e er so n , e s ,
n s ,
an co c

F g t Sp i h ; A d b
ar r a u , an s F h d Sp i h C l y u u on ,t i Ed w d W l h renc an an s a ,
un c er a n ar s, e s

Ad E gl i h
am s , d W l h
n s d th an i i g f t E gl i h O f th th
e s an vtd
e re m a n n o ur e e n n s . e o e r n am e s o e

on by th j y th fi ft e ur i i g th
, e tv t d th
een rece v n b y t l t ( fifty e m os o e s un er e n um e r n e c e ssar o e ec

on e )w f ll w
e r e as th o f tho f S tti h d
s, e t ( i t f fi ft ) b i g p i t d
n am e s o ose o co s e s c en s x ou o een e n r n e

i it l i
n a
j hcs :C C l h o A
n d .w y h a J h
ou n Q i y A d n Wi l l
re i ac s on o n u nc am s am

C llu By t
en Jr an M di R f Ch t am e s M k H pki a son El i H w u us oa e ar o ns as o e

H G ly
or a c e
y p h H
r ee e
y J B E d Bos e j i R h en r J h am e s . a s en am n us o n

L th p M tl y
o ro P t i kH
o e y E dg A ll P
a r c en r ar an oe

T h f th f ty f A i us o e or ivi g th h igh t
-
our b fv t ixt w
m e r c an s r e c e f n e es n um er o o es, s een ere o

S tti h
co igi i w h l
s or p t th i t b i g f S tti h d
n n o e or t i th ar , l li r ee n e n o co s e s c en n e m a e ne.

Th 9
i t C l t S tti h ki g d
e an c e n f St th l y d w h i h
e o- co l t s th l v th
n om o ra c e, c ,
as a e as e e e en c en

t y xt d d f
ur ,
e en th C l y d t th
e r om iv R ibb l i L e hi E gl e d o d f e r d p t er e, n a n c as re , n an ,
an o rm e ar

o f th d e i fM l l C
om a n o Ki g f th S t i th ti
a co m f ) Vill i
an m o r e , th C q n o e co s n e m e o am e on ue r o r ,

w as th t lh
e an c e s r a t l y f th S t h I i h
om e , n o d y f th h on of S tl e d co c -
r s an m an o e e r oe s o co an ,

b t l
u a so f th f i l i f W h i gt J k
o e am d T yl
es o wh i h h v f as i h d th
n on , ac son ,
an a or , c a e ur n s e re e

p i d t t th U it d St t
res en s o e n e a es

k th t f th f k i g d —D l i d i I i h P i ti h
.

Th 3
d w i ll f
e rea er o c o u rs e r e m a r a o e o ur n om s a r a c r s , c s ,

B iti h f St th l y d
r s o d E gl i h f B
ra c i —th tw l tt
e , an l n xt d d f s o th b ern c a e o a er r ea m s e en e ar s o u e

y d th l i
on fe d S tl
ne d
o Th i f t h d
m o e rn k bl co q an i S tti h
. s ac a r e m ar a e c on s e ue n c e s n co s

hi t y s or O th w i th xi t er f th se f ki gd e e i ly i t t
s en c e o h w i g th e se our n om s m a n n e r e s s u s as s o n e
—P i ti h B iti h I i h d E gl i h—w h w
.

t
n a ur e o f th e r ac e s c s , th th i h bit t f
r s , r s ,
an n s o ere, en , e n a an s o

v i p t f S tl d l vi g d btl
ar o us ar s o co th i t i f b l d i th p p l ti
an ,
ea n , ou A ess , e r s ra n o oo n e o u a on .

D f i Ay R f w L
um r es , r, k P bl en re d w ll
, i St th l y d h
a n ar ,
or ee es m a n , as a e er n ra c e, as s om e

c h f
an c e o t B iti h ( B yth )
rem o e t i h i p dig
r s S l ki k R xb gh B w i k
r on a n c e s or s n s e re e a e r ,
o ur , er c

shi L th i
re , or i p b bl y f
o an m an th t p t f E gl i h b l d
s ro a A gyl h i or i
e m os ar o n s oo an r es r e m an s

or m a y b d d de f I
es c e n i h S te D l i d th
ro m t h an h i r s p t l y P i ti
co h or a r a e n or e rn S r e s ar e ar c s ,

l
as a s o i G ll w y s lw y a ll w i g f
o a th p p t a l ixt
a f
s a i o l ly h i t i l
n or d e er e ua m ur e o r ac e s n re a s or c a an

—A d w L g H i t y f S tl d l i p 3
,

i p h i t i ti
n re s or c m es n re an ,
s or o co an ,
vo . .
, . 1 .
 4
Se e S ra t b b k o, b k iv h v
oo I ch . b k
Iv h oo II .
, c . I v .
; oo .
, c . .

If 5
a li
f m i d w
ne s b k f L h L m o d s m w h a t u th
ra n ro a p i t th s t
o n on e ea e rn an o oc o n , o e so

of B L m d f ll w i g i
en o on ,
f th G m pi
o o d i g th F th t
n n th m i n th l i
e a e ne o e ra a ns , an c r o ss n e or a

A b f i l th T ith
er o ,
t C ll d e th Al ed t C i ff th T y a t D u k l d th B i h t t
a a an e r, e m on a r e , e a n e ,
e r c a

B l i go w i
a r d p d i g t h ug h th h i l l
r e , an f B e A g u ti l l it r
roc e e h e th g t r ge f
n ro e s o ra n s e ac s e rea an o

th M u th t h
e o n i g th D t B l l t th Sp y t L w C ig l l h i ti l l it
e n c ro ss n h e ee a a a er , e e a o er ra e ac e reac es

—
, ,

t h eM y Fi t h
or a t N i th i f m w h t w s ll d th H igh l d Li
r a a rn d p t d th s or s a a ca e e an ne an se ar a e e

C l ti f m th T u t i c p ki g p p l e
e c ro e With i th i s l i wi th th x pti f th e u ty
e on - s ea n eo . n ne, e e ce on o co n

o f C it ha whi h b ln ess , g t th T u t i d ivi i o th G l i l gu g fo m th

c e on s u o e e on c s n e ae c an a e r s e v e rn ac

i h bit ts —C l ti S tl d
,

lar o f th e n a 453 an e c co an ,
II .
, .

T h S tti h H ighl de co ti m s p k
s f t c o v y th i m pan sio th t
s ar e som e es o en o s o as o n e e re s n a

th e i l l y d fi d m u t i d i t i t
re s a c e ar t t d w ith th e L w l d
e ne t h ugh th
o n a n s r c ,
c on ra s e o an s,
"
as o e

l tt
a w er t pl i Th
e r e a vas u ld h dl y b g t m i t k F m Ki k u db igh t t
a n . e re c o ar e a rea er s a e. ro r c r o

C ith
a t h i h dl y
n ess, u ty w ith u t it h i l l
ere s g d w ith u t l vi g th S u th
ar a co n o s r an es an o ea n e o ern

d i t i t th l v
s r c f m o u t i b u ty w i l l fi d ob l e h igh t
e o er o d l it y g l e w it h m
n a n y ea n n e s an so ar ns, an
—
,

a r ippl i g b u f m tn gt i
hrn h l l S ro u l G G S tti h Pi t
arn s p 117 am on e s am e . reen , co s c u r es , . .

T h i d ipti
5
f th p
s t i h bit t f th L w l d d H ighl d f S t l d
esc r on o e r ese n n a an s o e o an s an an s o co an

is h i fly t k
c e f El i e R l u
a enL T A pp l t
rom A i diti s 1 883 e R l s ec s s
’
a er r e, e on s
’
m e r c an e on , . ec u

bas e s o n K m b l S x i E gl d ; L th m E th l gy f th B iti h I l
e e, a on s M urr y
n n an a a , no o o e r s s es a ,

in P h ilo logic a l Soc ie ty s T r a n s a c tion s

’
87 3 , e tc ,
1 .

7
F b or es Hu h g Mi l l er, F i r s t I m pr es s ion s o f E ngl a n d and th e E ngl is h .

D e m oge o t a n d M o n tu c c i , D e 1 e n s e ign e m en t s u
’
8
p er ie u r en A n gle te r r e e t e n E c os s e .

Ju t
9
s as H igh l p ul i ly S tti h
an d y ot
sc en e r y h as c om e to b e re c k on e d ec ar co s scener ,
n

on l y by E gl i hm d fn ig b ut v
s by th i h bit t f th L w l d th
e n an lv
or e n e rs , e en e n a an s o e o an s em se e s,

t w h m it l k
o o d gl it t
s y p ipi
a e s an d w i d w pt i l f ili
en s , d d s s on re c c e s an n - s e s e s ar e a s am ar a n e ar

as th y w e d d d d d i l ik d
er e on c e i i p t t p t f w hi h w i p
rea e an s e so n s om e m o r an as ec s, o c ar s er

h p th
a s h i f th H ighl
e c d h e b m th typi l S t d th L w l d w h m i l y
, e an er as eco e e ca co ,
an e o an er, o a n

sh p e d th
a f tu f th e ti or d g v it it pl n es o i hi t y h qui d i th p
e na o n an a e s ac e n s or ,
as a c esc e n e re re

sen at ti d i p u d f th d i g u i
on an N h m
s ro f ll w f th i if w
o ly k p t d e s se . o ar c an o o r om s e on ee s ea

il y i vi e w th
n t th l gi l e d iti f S tl d
r ue d li
e th f t th t w h i l i
no o ca c on on o co an ,
an re a ze e ac a e n

S u th
o B it i th S x
ern r d A gl a n lm t w h l l y up d d th igi l C y m i p p
e a o n s an n es a os o s e rs e e e or na r c o

u l ti
a th i
on , vi d th t i m il
ere t v
s no e t k p l i N th B it i t h i ence a a s ar a c e er oo ac e n or r a n ere s no

d f
r e c or T u t i c ttl
o a t x pt i th
e u th
on t d th i se p b bi l ity th t th
em en e ce n e so e as ,
an e re s no ro a a e

P i t b tw e D um lb
c s e d th
e n t r v th Cy m y f St th l y d th ugh
a an an e e as e r n s e a , or e en e r o ra c e, o

th y l t t h i l g g d th i i d p d
e os e r an w ve xp ll d f m th i i gi l e t
ua e an e r n e en en c e , ere e r e e e ro e r or na s a s,

or t f m d i h t by y xt di y i fus i o f T e uto i c e l e m e t —
r a n s or e n c a r ac e r
J M an e r ao r n ar n n o a n n . . .

R o S tti h H i t y d L it tu p 1 5
ss, co s s or an er a re , . .

‘
Wi l 0
P hi t i A so n s
’
l f S tl d re s or c nna s o co an .

J m H i t y f th C l d
a e s on s
’
s or o e u ees .

‘ F b L l i E ly R
9
or es f S tl d es e, ar ac es o co an .

‘
M y R vu d D x M d S pt 83 8
3
e rc e ,
e e es eu on es , e .
,
1 .

H ugh Mi l l
74
F tp i t f th C t er, oo r n s o e r ea o r .

‘5
H is tor ic a l D es c r iption f
o Z e tl a n d .

‘5
E . G R ave s t i
. n e n ,
On th e Ce l tic L a n gu ages in th e B r itis h I s l es .

‘7 F b L lior es es e, E a r ly Ra c es o
f Scotla n d .

73
D J h r. o n s on ,
T o u r i n th e Wes ter n H ebr ides .

79
A n de r s o n Sm ith ,
L e w is ia n a .

9°
g Mi ll
Hu h e r, Cr u is e of th e
“
B e ts ey .

9 ‘
H ugh Mi ll er, Su th e r la n d as it Wa s and Is .

99
Oficia l j ou r n a l , Nov . 1 6 , 1 87 7 .

93
A n de rs o n Sm ith , Le w is ia n a .
 C H A PTE R XIV

THE CA L E D O N I ANS ,
OR P I CTS

F th ei n h abit an t s o f B r it a i n in p r e histo r i c ti m e s w e c an l e ar n but

l itt l e a n d t h a t o n l y in th e m o s t g e n e r al w a y
,
W h i l e th e l it e r a t u r e o n
.

th e s u bj e c t is quit e e xt e n s iv e a n d s o f ar a s it r e c o r d s th e r e su l t s o f ar c h ae o
, ,

l ogi c al i n v e s tig a tio n n o t w it h o u t c o n s i d e r a b l e v al u e ye t th e d a t a t h u s f a r

, ,

m a d e a v a i l a b l e a r e s o fr a g m e n t a r y as to f o r m a b a s is fo r h ar dl y a n yt h i n g m o r e

t h an a p r ob ab l e s u ppo s itio n as to w h o t h e y w e r e an d w h e n c e th e y c am e .
’

T h e f o ll o w i n g s u m m ar y by o n e o f th e r e c e n t E n gl is h a u t h o r iti e s giv e s u s a
h i n t o f th e p r og r e s s t h u s f a r m a d e in t h i s l i n e o f i n q u i r y

F r o m th e bo n e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n t a k e n fr o m th e to m b s an d fr o m th e ,

an c i e n t fl in t m i n e s u n c ov e r e d in S u s s e x an d No r f o l k th e a n a to m i s t s h a v e
-
,

c o n c l u d e d t h a t th e N e o l i t h i c B r it o n s w e r e n o t u n l ik e th e m o d e r n E s ki m o .

T h e y w e r e s h o r t an d s l ig h t w it h m u s c l e s too m u c h d e v e l op e d fo r t h e i r
,

s l e n d e r an d ill n u r t u r e d bo n e s ; an d t h e r e is t h a t m a r k e d d i s p r opo r tio n b e

t w e e n th e s iz e o f th e m e n an d w o m e n w h i c h i n d i c a t e s a h a r d a n d m i s e r a b l e
,

l i fe w h e r e th e w e a k e s t a r e ov e r w o r k e d a n d c o n s t a n t l y s ti n t e d o f t h e i r foo d
,
.

T h e f a c e m u s t h a v e b e e n o f an ov a l s h a p e w it h m i l d a n d r e g u l ar f e a
,

t u r e s : th e s k u ll s t h o u g h b u lky In s o m e i n s t an c e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y o f a l o n g
, ,

a n d n arr o w s h a p e d e p r e s s e d s o m e t i m e s a t th e c r o w n a n d m ar k e d w it h a
,

p r o m i n e n t r i d g e l ik e th e k e e l o f a bo a t r e v e r s e d
,
“
.
”

T h e o l d e s t r a c e s w e r e in a p r e m e t a l l i c s t a g e w h e n b r o n z e w a s i n t r o d u c e d
-
,

by a n e w n atio n s o m e t i m e s i d e n tifi e d w it h th e o l d e s t C e l t s b u t n o w m o r e
, ,

g e n e r a ll y a t t r ib u t e d t o th e Fi n n i s h o r U g r i an s to c k W h e n th e C e l t s a r r iv e d
.

in t h e i r t u r n t h e y m a y h a v e b r oug h t in th e k n o w l e d g e o f i r o n an d s i l v e r
,

th e Co n ti n e n t a l C e l t s a r e k n o w n to h a v e u s e d i r o n b r o a d s w o r d s at th e b a tt l e
-

o f th e A n i o in th e fo u r t h c e n t u r y b e fo r e C h r i s t a n d i r o n w a s c e r t a i n l y
,

w o r k e d in S u s s e x by th e B r i t o n s o f J u l i u s C ae s a r s ti m e ; b u t as n o obj e c t s
’

o f i r o n h a v e b e e n r e c ov e r e d f r o m o u r C e l t i c t u m u l i e x c e pt in s o m e i n s t an c e s
,

o f a d o u bt fu l d a t e i t w i ll b e s a f e r to a s s u m e t h a t th e B r iti s h C e l ts b e l o n g e d
,

to th e l a t e r B r o n z e A ge a s w e l l a s to th e A ge o f I r o n .
‘

Wit h r e fe r e n c e to th e e a r l i e s t pop u l a tio n o f S c otl an d th e fo l l o w i n g ,

h ypot h e s i s giv e n by S a m u e l L a i n g in h is w o r k o n P r eh is tor ic R e m a ins of

Ca ith n ess m a y b e t a k e n a s a fa i r l y c o m p r e h e n s iv e s t a t e m e n t

O u r popu l a tio n c o n t a i n s t h r e e d i s ti n c t e th n o l o gi c al e l e m e n ts : I X an .

th o c h r o i b r a c h c e ph a l i ( th e fa i r , b r o a d h e a d e d typ e ) ; I I X an t h o c h r oi
d o l i c h o c e p h a l i th e fa i r , l o n g h e a d e d typ e ) ; I II M e l an c h r o i ( th e d a r k typ e )
-
. .

I n C ae s a r s t i m e , a n d fo r an i n d e fi n it e l y l o n g p e r io d , G au l c o n t a i n e d th e fi r s t
’

an d t h i rd o f th e s e e l e m e n ts an d th e s h o r e s o f t h e B a l ti c p r e s e n t e d th e
,

se c on d . I n ot h e r w o r d s , th e e t h n o l ogi c a l e l e m e n t s o f th e Hib e r n o B r iti s h

i s l an d s a r e i d e n ti c a l w it h t h o s e o f th e n e ar e s t a dj ac e n t p a r t s o f th e c o n t i n e n t
o f E u r o p e , a t th e e a r l i e st p e r io d w h e n a goo d obs e r v e r n ot e d th e c h a r ac t e r s
O f t h e i r pop u l a tio n .
 D r T h u r n am. y good r e as o n s fo r b e l i e vi n g th a t th e
h as a dduc e d m an
”
B e l gi c e l e m e n t i n t r u de d u po n a pr e e xi s ti n g do l i c h o c e p h al i c I b e r i an
”

pop u l a tio n ; but I thi n k it p r o b ab l e t h a t t h is e l e m e n t h a r d l y r e a c h e d

I r e l a n d a t a l l a n d e xt e n d e d b u t l itt l e i n to S c ot l a n d
,
H o w e v e r if t h is w e r e .
,

th e c as e a n d n o ot h e r e l e m e n t s e n t e r e d i n to th e pop u l a tio n th e t a l l f a i r
, , , ,

r e d h a i r e d an d b l u e e y e d d o l i c h o c e p h a l i a w h o a r e an d a pp e a r a l w a y s to
- -
, ,

h a v e b e e n s o n u m e r o u s a m o n g th e I r i s h an d S c ot c h c o u l d n o t be a c c o u n t e d
, ,

fo r .

But t h e i r e xist e n c e b e c o m e s i n t e l l igibl e a t o n c e if w e suppos e t h at l o n g ,

b e fo r e th e w e l l k n o w n No r s e a n d D an i s h i n v a s io n s a st r e a m o f S c an d i n a vi
-

a n s h a d s e t i n to S c ot l an d an d I r e l a n d an d f o r m e d a l ar g e p ar t o f o u r p r i m i
,

tiv e popu l a tio n A n d t h e r e c a n b e n o d i ffi c u l ty in a d m itti n g t h i s h ypoth e si s

.

w h e n w e r e c o l l e c t th a t th e O r k n e y s a n d th e H e b r i d e s h a v e b e e n in c o m p a r a ,

tive l y l a t e h i s to r i c a l ti m e s No r w e gi an po s s e s s Io n s
,
I n a n ot h e r .

fa s h io n th e fa i r a n d b r o a d h e a d e d B e l g ae
,
i n t r u d e d i n to th e B r iti s h a r e a ;
b u t m e e ti n g w it h a l ar g e d o l i c h o c e p h a l i c pop u l a tio n w h i c h a t s u b s e q u e n t ,

ti m e s w a s v a s t l y r e i n fo r c e d by A n gl o S a xo n N o r s e a n d D an i s h i n v a s io n s , , ,

t h i s typ e h a s b e e n al m o s t w ip e d o u t o f th e B r iti s h pop ul a tio n w h i c h I s in th e , ,

m a i n c o m po s e d o f fa i r d o l i c h o c e p h a l i a a n d d a r k d o l i c h o c e ph a l i a
,
.

B u t l a n g u a g e h as in n o r e s p e c t fo ll o w e d t h e s e p h y s i c a l c h a n g e s T h e fa i r .

d o l i c h o c e p h a l i a n d f a i r b r a c h y c e p h al i o f G e r m an y S c an d i n a vi a a n d E n g , ,

l an d s p e a k T e u to n i c d i a l e c t s ; w h i l e t h o s e o f F r a n c e h a v e a s u b s t a n ti a ll y
L a ti n s p e e c h ; an d th e m aj o r ity o f t h os e o f S c ot l an d an d w it h i n h i s to r i c , ,

ti m e s a ll t h o s e o f I r e l an d s pok e C e l ti c to n gu e s A s to th e M e l an c h r o i
, , .
,

so m e sp e a k C e l ti c s o m e L a ti n s o m e T e u to n i c d i al e c t s ; w h i le ot h e r s l ik e th e
,

B a s qu e s ( s o fa r a s th e y c o m e iI n d e r t h i s c a t e go r y ) h av e a l an g u a g e o f t h e i r
, ,

o wn .

So far as an y d e fi n it e c o n c l u sio n s c a n b e d e d u c e d fr o m th e w o r k o f th e
e th n o l ogi s ts an d a r c h ae o l ogist s it a pp e a r s t h a t th e fi r s t C e l ti c i n v a d e r s to
,

e n t e r S c ot l an d ( w h e t h e r a t a p e r io d s i m u l t an e o u s w it h o r p r io r o r s ub s e

q u e n t to th e a d v e n t o f th e Sto n e A ge B r ito n s in t h a t p a r t o f th e i s l an d c a n
-

n o t p e r h a p s b e d e fi n it e l y to l d e G a e l s o r Goi d e l s w h o h a d c r os s e d
) w e r e th , ,

ov e r i n to B r it a i n fr o m G a u l fi r s t s e tt l i n g o n t h o s e po r tio n s o f th e c o as t m o s t
,

e a s y o f a c c e s s fr o m th e poi n t s o f e m b a r k a tio n t h e n c e p u s h i n g i n to th e i n t e r io r
, ,

a n d g r a d u a l l y s p r e a d i n g to th e w e s t a n d n o r t h I n t h e i r p r og r e s s t h e y m u s t .

h a v e e n c o u n t e r e d an d to a g r e a t e r o r l e s s e xt e n t s u p e r s e d e d th e a b o r igi n e s
, ,

th e B r ito n s o f th e Sto n e A ge T h i s m a y h av e b e e n d o n e by e xt e r m i n a ti n g
.

t h e m by d r ivi n g t h e m o ff to w a r d s th e w e s t o r by a s s i m i l a ti n g t h e m w it h
, ,

th e m s e l v e s P r ob a b l y all o f t h e s e m e tho d s o f r a c e e xti n c tio n w e r e

.

b r ough t i n to op e r a tio n I n s u c h a p r i m itiv e a ge t h e s e t r ib e s n a tiv e

.
, ,

an d f o r e ig n c a n n ot b e c o n c e iv e d to h a v e b e e n ot h e r t h a n l oo s e l y o r g an iz e d
,

h o r d e s o f w a n d e r i n g s a v a g e s p r e yi n g upo n o n e an ot h e r w it h o u t fix e d h a bi
, ,

ta tio n s an d to w h o m a l l w e a k e r s t r an g e r s w e r e fo r e d oo m e d e n e m i e s
, T he .

C e l t s b r i n gi n g w it h t h e m fr o m th e Co n ti n e n t th e k n o w l e d g e o f br o n z e a n d
,

i r o n w o u l d h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e a d v a n t a g e in b a tt l e ov e r th e a bo r igi n e s w h o
, ,

h a d n o m o r e e ff e c tiv e w e a po n s t h a n s h a r p e n e d s to n e s I n t h o s e d ay s als o .
, ,

it is r e a s o n ab l e to s u ppo s e t h a t th e c o u n t r y w a s s o s p ar s e l y popu l at e d t h a t
fo r c e n t u r i e s a ft e r th e fi r s t c o m i n g o f th e G a e l s t h e r e w o u l d b e r oo m e n o u g h
,
o n th e is l an d both r ac e s an d m an y bodi e s o f th e a bo r igi n e s n o d oubt
fo r
r e m a i n e d u n m o l e s t e d l o n g a f t e r th e e xti n c tio n o f th e i r r a c e h a d b e e n in p a r t

ac c om p lis h e d As fr e s h w a v e s o f i n v a s io n s w e pt ov e r th e e as t e r n s h o r e s
’
.
,

th e C e l t s fi rs t c o m i n g w ou l d b e apt to b e d r iv e n fa r t h e r an d f ar t h e r i n l an d fr o m
th e c o a st an d w o u l d n t u n d i s p a c e t e
,
i r l h n a —
tiv e s w h o to e s c ap e d e a th o r ,

s l a v e r y w o u l d b e ob l ig e d to pu s h fa r t h e r w e s tw a r d an d n o r th w ar d So m e
, .

o f t h e s e ( s u pp o s e d ) a bo r igi n e s h o w e v e r s e e m to h a v e m a d e a s u c c e s s ful
, ,

st an d a g a i n s t th e e n c r o ac h m e n t s o f th e n e w c o m e r s a n d a m o n g th e m w e fin d ,

tw o t r ib e s w h o w e r e i d e n tifi e d w ith po r tio n s o f S c ot l an d d o w n to a d a t e

l o n g a ft e r th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e h i s to r i c e r a T h e s e w e r e th e No van tae a n d .

Se l go vae m e n tio n e d by P to l e m y w h o s e t e r r ito r y in h is ti m e ( th e e a r l y p a r t

,

o f th e s e c o n d c e n t u r y ) e m b r a c e d th e c o u n t r y w e s t o f th e r iv e r Nit h a n d

s outh o f th e A yr Ki r k c u d b r igh ts h i r e an d G a l l o w a y an d po s s ib l y al s o , ,

th e p e n i n s u l a o f Ki n ty r e in A r gy l e To w a r d th e e n d o f th e Ro m a n o c c up a
,
.

tio n t h e y s e e m to h a v e c o a l e s c e d a n d b e c a m e k n o w n a s th e A tte c o tti a

, ,
“
fi e r c e an d w ar l ik e t r ib e w h o ga v e th e Ro m an s a gr e a t d e a l o f t r o u b l e
,
”
.

T h e y a ft e r w a r d s a ppe a r in hi s to r y a s th e G al l o w a y P i c t s an d s e e m to h a v e ,

r e m a i n e d a d i s ti n c t p e op l e u n d e r t h a t n a m e d o w n to a c o m p a r a ti v e l y r e c e n t

d at e .
‘

T h e G a e l i c C e l t s o f th e fi r s t m I gr a tio n s w e r e in ti m e f o ll o w e d by oth e r
bo d i e s o f t h e i r o w n t r ib e s m e n an d l a t e r by l ar g e i n c u r s io n s o f i n v a d e r s o f
,

a ki n d er d r a c e — th e Cy m r i c C e l t s T h e fi r s t c o m e rs a c c o r d i n g l y s e e m to
.
7
, ,

h a v e b e e n p u s h e d o n to th e w e s t a n d n o r t h ov e r r u n n i n g th e w e s t o f En g ,

l an d an d W a l e s e n t e r i n g S c ot l a n d an d s om e o f t h e m m o r e v e n t u r e so m e
, , ,

th an ot h e r s c r o s s i n g ov e r i n to No r t h e r n I r e l an d an d m aki n g t h a t c o un t r y
, ,

th e i r o w n .I n th e c o u r s e o f ti m e v a r io u s t r ib e s o f th e Cy m r i c C e l t s a c
’
,

qui r e d th e m o s t o f So u t h e r n B r it a i n an d n o t a s m a l l po r tio n o f S c ot l an d ,

s p r e a d i n g ov e r th e i s l a n d in c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s a n d l e a vi n g f e w p ar t s ,

u n o c c u pi e d s a v e th e h i ll s an d h ig hl an d s o f S c ot l an d w h i c h b e c a m e th e ,

fin al r e t r e a t an d s t r o n gho l d o f t h e i r G a e l i c c ou s i n s
’
.

C ae s a r w a s th e fi r s t obs e r v e r w h o h a s l e ft a n y r e c o r d o f t h e s e e ar l y Cym
r o C e l ti c B r ito n s
-
O f t h e i r o r igi n an d m a n n e r o f l ivi n g h e s p e a k s as fo l
.

l o w s ( D e B el l o Ga llic o book v c h xii xiv ) ,

.
,
. .
,
.

T h e i n t e r io r po r ti o n o f B r it a i n is i n h abit e d by t h os e o f w ho m th e y s ay
t h a t it is h an d e d d o w n by t r a d iti o n t h a t t h e y w e r e bo r n in th e i s l an d its e l f
th e m a r iti m e po r tio n by t h o s e w h o h a d p as s e d o v e r fr o m th e c o u n t r y o f th e
B e l g ae fo r th e p u r pos e o f p l un d e r an d m aki n g w ar a l m ost a l l o f w h o m a r e
c a ll e d by th e n a m e s o f t h o s e st a t e s fr o m w h i c h b e i n g s p r u n g th e y w e n t
t h it h e r a n d h avi n g w a ge d w a r c o n t i n u e d t h e r e a n d b e g an to c u l tiv at e th e
, ,

l an d s . T h e n u m b e r o f th e p e o p l e is c o u n t l e s s a n d t h e i r bui l d i n gs e x c e e d ,

in gl y n u m e r ou s fo r th e m o s t p a r t v e r y l ik e t h o s e o f th e G a u l s th e n u m b e r
,

o f c a tt l e is g r e a t T h e y u s e e ith e r b r a s s o r i r o n r i n g s d e t e r m i n e d at a c e r
.
,

t a i n w e igh t a s t h e i r m o n e y T in is p r o du c e d in th e m i d l an d r e gio n s in th e
,
.

m a r iti m e i r o n
,
but th e qu an tity o f it is s m al l t h e y e m p l oy b ras s w h i c h is ,

i m po r t e d Th e r e a s in G au l is ti m b e r o f e v e r y d e s c r iptio n e x c e pt b e e c h
.
, ,

an d fi r . T h e y do n o t r e g ar d it l aw fu l to e at th e h ar e an d th e c o c k an d th e , ,
goos e ; t h e y ho w e v e r b r e e d th e m fo r a m us e m e n t an d p l e a su r e T h e c l i
, , .

m a t e is m o r e t e m p e r a t e t h an I n G a u l th e c o l d s b e i n g l e s s s e v e r e
,
.

T h e m o s t c ivi l iz e d o f a ll th e s e n a tio n s a r e t h e y w h o i n h a bit K e n t w hi c h ,

is e n ti r e l y a m ar iti m e d i s t r i c t n o r d o t h e y d i ff e r m u c h fr o m th e G all i c c u s
,

to m s Mo s t o f th e is l an d i n h a bit an t s d o n o t s o w c o r n b u t l iv e o n m i l k an d
.
,

fl e s h an d ar e c l a d w it h s ki n s A ll th e B r i t o n s i n d e e d dye t h e m s e l v e s w ith
,
.
, ,

w o a d w h i c h o c c a sio n s a b l ui s h c o l o r a n d t h e r e by h a v e a m o r e t e r r ib l e a p
, ,

e a r a n c e in fi gh t T h e y w e ar t h e i r h a i r l o n g a n d h a v e e v e r y p ar t o f th e i r
p .
,

bo d y Sh a v e d e x c e pt t h e i r h e ad an d u pp e r l ip T e n an d e v e n t w e l v e h av e .

w i v e s c o m m o n to t h e m a n d p ar ti c u l a r l y b r ot h e r s a m o n g b r ot h e r s a n d par
, ,

e n ts a m o n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n but if t h e r e b e a n y issu e by t h e i r w iv e s t h e y a r e
, ,

r e put e d to b e th e c h i l d r e n o f thos e by w h o m r e s p e c tiv e l y e a c h w a s fi r s t

e spo u s e d w h e n a v i r gi n .

A d e s c r iptio n o f th e s e v e ral p e op l e s i n h a biti n g B r it a i n a t t h i s ti m e o r ,

s h o r t l y a ft e r is fou n d in P to l e m y s Geogr aphy w r itt e n a bout A D 1 2 1 A c

,
’

, . . .

c o r d i n g to P r o fe sso r R h ys s i n t e r p r e t a tio n o f P to l e m y m o s t o f th e c ou n t r y
’

b e t w e e n th e Hu m b e r an d M e r s e y a n d th e C a l e d o n i an Fo r e s t b e l o n g e d to a
t r ib e o r c o n fe d e r a t io n k n ow n a s th e B r ig an t e s T h e N o va n tae a n d Se l go vae .
,

o c c u pyi n g th e d i s t r i c t o n th e S o l w a y w e st o f th e Nit h a pp e a r h o w e v e r to , , ,

h av e b e e n i n de p e n de n t o f th e m a s w e r e a l s o th e P a r i s i b e t w e e n th e Hu m b e r ,

a n d th e T e e s .T h e O ta d in i ( o c c upyi n g a po r tio n o f L othi a n an d th e c o a s t

d o w n to th e sout h e r n W al l ) a n d th e n o r t h e r n D a m n o n ii ( i n h abiti n g th e d is
tr ic t n o r t h o f th e N o v an tae th e Se l go vae a n d th e O ta d in i a n d to a c o n s id
, , ,

e abl e d
r ist a n c e b e yo n d th e F o r t h an d C l y d e — th e p r e s e n t c o u n ti e s o f A yr ,

R e n fr e w L an ar k D um b ar to n Sti rl i n g an d th e w e s t e r n h a l f o f Fi fe ) w e r e
, , , ,

e it h e r d isti n c t p e op l e s s ubj e c t to th e B r ig a n t e s o r i n c l u d e d in th e t r ib e s th a t ,

w e n t u n de r th a t n a m e
1 0
.

A s i d e fr o m th e N o van tae a n d Se l go vae t h e s e v a r i o u s t r ib e s a r e n o w ge n

,

e r a ll y s u ppo s e d to h a v e b e l o n g e d to th e Cy m r i c C e l t s b e i n g p a r t o f th e s a m e ,

p e op l e w h o s i n c e th e ti m e o f Ju l iu s C ae s ar h a v e b e e n pop u l ar l y k n o w n a s
, ,

B r ito n s a t th e p r e s e n t d ay s o m e ti m e s c a l l e d B r yt h o n s to d i s t i n gu i s h
, ,
”

t h e m fr o m th e Goi d e l s o r G ae l i c C e l t s o f B r it a i n F r e e m an i n c l u d e s w it h
“
,
”
.

th e B r yt h o n s n e a r l y all th e t r ib e s o f No r th B r it a i n a c l as s ifi c a tio n w hi c h ,

s e e m s e n ti r e l y too c o m p r e h e n s iv e h e s a ys o f th e l a tt e r

O n th e w ho l e , it is m o s t l ik e l y t h a t th e y b e l o n g e d to th e s a m e b r a n c h o f
th e C e l ti c r ac e a s th e s o u th e r n B r i t o n s , a n d t h a t t h e y d i ffe r e d fr o m t h e m
c h i e fly a s th e u n s ub d u e d p a r t o f a n y r ac e d i ff e r s f r o m th e p a r t w h i c h i s
b r o u gh t i n t o s ubj e c tio n I n th e l a t e r d a y s o f th e Ro m an po w e r in B r it a i n ,
.

t h e s e n o r t h e r n t r ib e s u n d e r th e n a m e o f P i c t s , a pp e a r a s d an g e r o u s i n v a d e r s
,

o f th e Ro m an p r ovi n c e , i n v a d e r s w h os e i n r o a d s w e r e s o m e ti m e s pu s h e d
e v e n I n to I ts so u t h e r n r e gI o n s
u
.

T he o n n e c tio n o f t h e s e d i ff e r e n t d ivisio n s o f th e e a r l y r a c e s w ith o ur

c

s ubj e c t is q u it e i m po r t a n t fo r as w e s h a l l s e e l a t e r o n t h a t po r tio n o f B r it
, , ,

a in i n h a bit e d fo r s o l o n g a ti m e by th e N o v a n tae th e Se l o vae th e O ta d in i

g , , ,

th e D a m n o n ii th e B r ig an t e s an d th e G a l l o w a y P i c t s o f l a t e r w r it e r s is th e
, ,
p ar t fr o m w hi c h I r e l a n d r e c e iv e d th e l a r g e s t p r opo r tio n o f h e r S c ottish
i m m ig ran t s ”
.

U p to th e c l os e o f th e t e n t h c e n tu r y th e n am e S c ot l an d w a s a pp l i e d
,

so l e l y to th e H ib e r n i an i s l an d T h e p r e s e n t S c ot l an d w a s t h e n k n o w n a s
.

C al e d o n i a o r by its an c i e n t G a e l i c n am e o f A l b an o r Al b an i a B e fo r e t h a t
, , .

p e r io d an d i n d e e d fo r s o m e ti m e a ft e r w ar ds its bou n da r i e s d id n o t e xt e n d
, , , ,

s o u th o f th e Fo r th a n d C l y d e T h a t p ar t o f th e c o u n t r y s o u th o f th e s e
.

e s t u a r i e s w a s i n c l ud e d in th e Ro m a n p r ovi n c e a n d its i n h a bit a n t s fo r th e ,

m o s t p a r t w e r e R o m a n iz e d B r ito n s D u r i n g t h e i r w ar s w ith th e B r ig an t e s in
.

th e fi r st c e n t u r y th e R o m an s l e ar n e d o f a p e o p l e to th e n o r t h o f th a t n a tio n
, ,

w h o m t h e y t e r m e d C a l e d o n i an B r ito n s L u c a n fi r s t m e n tio n s th e m A D 6 5
. . .

U n d a C a l e d o n io s fall it tu r b a t a B r itan n o s T h e y a r e all u d e d to by T ac i

.
”

tu s s o m e fi ft e e n y e ars l a t e r ( L if e of Agr ic ol a c w h o s a ys ,
.

Wh o w e r e th e fi r s t i n h abit an t s o f B r it a i n w h e t h e r i n d ig e n ous o r i m m i ,

g r an t s is a q u e s tio n i n vo l v e d in th e ob s c u r ity u s u al am o n g b ar b a r i an s
,
.

T h e i r t e m p e r am e n t o f bo d y is v a r io u s w h e n c e d e d u c tio n s a r e fo r m e d o f
,

t h e i r d i ff e r e n t o r igi n T h u s th e r u d d y h a i r an d l ar g e l i m b s o f th e C al e d o
.
,

n ian s poi n t o u t a G e r m a n d e r iv a tio n T h e s w a r t h y c o m p l e xio n an d c u r l e d

”
.

h a i r o f th e Si l u r e s tog e t h e r w it h t h e i r Sit u a tio n oppo s it e to Sp a i n r e n d e r it

, ,

p r ob ab l e t h a t a c o l o n y o f th e an c i e n t I b e r i po s s e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s o f t h a t te r
r ito r y . T h e y w h o ar e n e a r e s t G a u l r e s e m b l e th e i n h a bit an t s o f t h a t c o u n t r y
w h e t h e r fr o m th e d u r a t io n o f h e r e d it ar y i n fl u e n c e o r w h e t h e r it b e t h a t ,

w h e n l an d s j u t f o r w ar d in oppo s it e d i r e c tio n s c l i m a t e giv e s th e s a m e c o n d i ,

tio n o f bo d y to th e i n h abi t an t s o f bot h O n a g e n e r a l s u r v e y h o w e v e r it

.
, ,

a pp e a r s p r ob a b l e t h a t th e G a u l s o r igi n a l l y t o ok po s s e s s io n o n th e n e ig h bo r

in g c o a s t T h e s a c r e d r it e s an d s u p e r s t i t io n s o f t h e s e p e op l e a r e d i s c e r n ib l e
.

a m o n g th e B r i t o n s T h e l a n g u a g e s o f th e tw o n a tio n s d o n o t g r e a t l y d i ffe r
. .

T h e s am e a u d a c ity in p r ov o ki n g d a n g e r a n d i r r e s o l u tio n in fa c i n g it w h e n
,

p r e s e n t is ob s e r v a b le in bot h T h e B r ito n s h o w e v e r d i s p l a y m o r e fe r o c ity

,
.
, , ,

n o t b e i n g ye t s o ft e n e d by a l o n g p e a c e fo r it a pp e a r s fr o m h i s t o r y t h a t th e
G a u l s w e r e o n c e r e n o w n e d in w a r ti l l l o s i n g t h e i r v al o r w it h t h e i r l ib e r ty
, , ,

l a n g u o r a n d i n d o l e n c e e n t e r e d a m o n g th e m T h e s a m e c h an ge h a s als o .

t ak e n p l a c e a m o n g t h o s e o f th e B r i t o n s w h o h av e b e e n l o n g s ub du e d bu t
th e r e st c o n t i n u e s u c h a s th e G a ul s f o r m e r l y w e r e .

T a c itu s s ac c o u n t o f th e c a m p a ig n s c arr i e d o n a g a i n s t th e C a l e d o n i a n s by
’

A g ri c o l a s u ffi c i e n t l y i l lu s t r a t e s th e Spi r i t a n d v al o r o f t h e s e e ar l y S c ot c h
m en . T h o u gh o ft e n d e f e a t e d in b a tt l e t h e y w e r e n e v e r s ub d u e d an d w h e n
,

u n a b l e to w it h s t an d th e c h ar g e s o f th e Ro m an l e gio n s in th e op e n t h e y fe ll ,

b a c k to t h e i r r e t r e a t s in fo r e s t an d m o un t a i n s w h e r e t h e y w e r e ab l e to h o l d ,

th e Ro m an s a t b ay .

D io n C a ss i us th e h i s to r i a n ( a bo u t A D 1 5 5 2
,
— b r i n gs t h e m to o u r a t
. .

t e n tio n a g a i n w h e n in th e y e a r 2 0 1 w e fin d th e C al e d o n i an s j oi n e d w ith th e
,

M ae a tae in p r e p a r a tio n fo r an a tt ac k o n th e Ro m a n p r o v i n c e T h i s w a s .

po s tpo n e d how e v e r by th e a c tio n o f th e Ro m an G o v e r n o r Vir iu s L up u s

, , , ,

w h o p u r c h as e d p e ac e a t a g r e a t p r i c e f r o m th e M ae a tae Dio n w r iti n g b e fo r e .

,

th e y e a r 2 3 0 giv e s th e f o l l o w i n g d e s c r iptio n o f t h e s e M ae a tae w h i c h w h i l e in

, , ,

s o m e r e s p e c ts e vi d e n t l y f o u n d e d u po n f a b l e ye t a s a w h o l e c o r r e s po n d s
,
w ith l ik e ac c ou n ts w hi c h h av e c o m e do w n to us of th e ne ighbo r i n g t r ib e s
( l . l xxvi .
,
c h . x1 1 .
)
O f th e B ri t on s ,
th e tw o m os t am ple na tio n s
C al e d o n i a n s an d a re th e
th e M ac a t an f o r th e n a m e s o f th e r e s t r e fe r fo r th e m o s t p ar t to t h e s e T he .

M ae a tae i n h a bit n e ar th e v e r y w all w h i c h d ivi d e s th e i s l an d in tw o p a r t s th e

C a l e do n i an s a r e a ft e r t h o s e E a c h o f t h e m i n h a bit s m o un t a i n s v e r y r u gg e d
.
, ,

a n d w a n ti n g w a t e r a l s o d e s e r t fi e l d s f u ll o f m a r s h e s
,
t h e y h a v e n e it h e r
c a s t l e s n o r c iti e s n o r d w e ll in a n y ,
t h e y l iv e o n m i l k a n d by h u n ti n g an d , ,

m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s by th e f r u it s o f t r e e s : f o r fi s h e s o f w h i c h t h e r e is a v e r y ,

g r e a t a n d n u m b e r le s s qu a n tity t h e y n e v e r t a s t e ; t h e y d w e l l n a k e d in t e n t s
, ,

an d w it h out s h o e s ; t h e y u s e w iv e s in c o m m o n a n d w h a t e v e r 1 5 bo r n to th e m ,

t h e y b r i n g up I iI th e pop u l a r s t a t e t h e y ar e gov e rn e d as fo r th e m o s t p a r t ;
.

t h e y r o b o n th e high w a y m o s t w i ll i n g l y th e y w a r in c h ar iot s ; h o r s e s t h e y
°

h av e s m all a n d fl e e t ; t h e i r i n f an t r y a l so ar e a s w e ll m o s t s w i f t a t r u n n i n g
, , ,

a s m o s t b r a v e In pit c h e d b a tt l e T h e i r a r m s a r e a s hi e l d an d a s h o r t s p e ar
.
,

in th e u pp e r p a r t w h e r e o f I s a n a pp l e o f b r a s s t h a t w hi l e it is s h a k e n it m a y ,

t e r r i fy th e e n e m i e s w ith so u n d ; t h e y h a v e l ik e w i s e d a gg e r s ; t h e y a r e a b l e
t o b e a r h u n g e r c o l d a n d a l l a ffl i c tio n s ; fo r t h e y m e r g e t h e m s e l ve s in
, ,

m a r s h e s a n d t h e r e r e m a i n m a n y d a y s h a vi n g o n l y t h e i r h e a d s o u t o f w a t e r
,

an d in w oo d s a r e n o u r i s h e d by th e b a r ks a n d r o ot s o f t r e e s B ut a c e r t a in .

ki n d o f f oo d t h e y p r e p ar e fo r all o c c a s io n s o f w h i c h if t h e y t a k e as m u c h ,

as th e s iz e o f a si n g l e b e a n t h e y a r e in n o w i s e e v e r w o n t to h u n g e r o r t h i r s t
,
.

T h e n a tio n o f th e M ae a tae M e n o f th e M i d l an d s e m b r a c e d tho s e

t r ib e s i m m e di a t e l y n o r th o f th e Ro m an w a l l b e t w e e n th e Fo r t h a n d th e
C l y d e w h i l e th e C a l e d o n i an s w e r e to th e n o r t h a n d e a s t T h i s d ivi s io n o f
,
.

th e p e op l e i n to tw o n a tio n s o r s e pt s s e e m s to h a v e c o n ti n u e d fo r s o m e c e n
tu r ie s . I n 3 80 t h e y w e r e k n o w n a s th e D ic a l id o n e s a n d th e V e c tu r io n e s
,
.

By B e d e t h e y a pp e ar to h a v e b e e n d i s ti n g u i s h e d as th e No r t h e r n P i c t s a n d
”
th e Sout h e rn P i c t s .

I n th e y e a r 2 0 8 S e v e r u s p e n e t r a t e d i n to t h e i r c o u n t r y a s fa r a s th e
,

r iv e r T a y By g r e at e x e r t io n s in c l e ar i n g th e c ou n t r y o f f o r e s t s an d u n d e r
.

gr o w t h an d th e c o n s t r u c tio n o f r o a d s a n d b r i d g e s h e a c q u i r e d a l i m it e d
, ,

d ist r i c t b e yo n d t h a t W all o f A n to n i n u s w h i c h h e h a d r e c o n s t r u c t e d b e t w e e n
th e C l y d e a n d th e Fo r t h T h i s t e r r ito r y th e Ro m an s a ft e r w a r d s g ar r i s o n e d
.
,

an d r e t a i n e d fo r a fe w y e ar s S e v e r u s is s a i d to h a v e fo u gh t n o b a t t l e s
.
,

o n t h i s m a r c h but his l o s s in m e n w a s v e r y g r e a t o w i n g to th e d e s t r u c t iv e
, ,

gu e r i l la w ar far e c a r r i e d o n by th e n a tiv e s d u r i n g th e p r og r e s s o f th e w o r k
o f c l e ar i n g I n 2 1 1 th e M ae a tae a n d C a l e d o n i an s p r e p a r e d a g a i n fo r a n
.
,

a tt a c k o n th e Ro m an s T h e d e a t h o f S e v e r u s in t h a t y e a r p r e v e n ti n g h is
.

c o n d u c t o f th e op e r a tio n s a g a i n s t t h e m h is s o n a n d su c c e s s o r w a s f o r c e d to
,

m a k e p e a c e w it h t h e s e t r ib e s o n t e r m s w h i c h it w o u l d s e e m e v e n t u a ll y in

v o l v e d th e w it h d r a w al o f th e Ro m a n g a r r i s o n s to th e so u t h o f th e W a ll .

A ft e r t h i s w e l e a rn n ot h i n g m o r e o f th e C al e d o n i an s fro m th e R o m an
w rit e r s u n ti l n e ar th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e fo l l o w i n g c e n t u r y w h e n t h e y a r e ,

b r oug h t to o u r a tt e n tio n a g a i n u n d e r a n e w n a m e an d o n e by w h i c h th e ,

e a r l y i n h a bit an t s o f S c ot l a n d h a v e b e c o m e b e s t k n o w n in h i s t o r y E u m e n ius .
,

th e p a n e gy r i s t in h is o r a tio n to Co n st a n ti u s C h l o r u s d e l iv e r e d a t A u tu n in
, ,
 G au l A D 2 9 6 on th e o c c a sio n o f th e vi c to r y o f th e l a tt e r o v e r
, . .
,
.

c o m p a r e s th e v i c to r w ith th e f o r m e r l e a d e r s w h o h a d f oug h t a g a i n s t

B r ito n s an d a d d s : T h e n a tio n C ae s a r a tt a c k e d w a s th e n r u d e an d
“

—
, ,

B ito us d o y to t e P i c ts an d Hib e r n i an s e n e m i e s th e n h a lf n a k e d
r n s e ,
n l h , ,

e a si l y yi e l d e d to th e R o m an a r m s a n d e n s ign s A t th e s a m e p l a c e so m e
”
.

y e a r s l a t e r ( 3 0 9 1 0 ) E u m e n ius p r o n ou n c e d a s e c o n d p a n e gy r i c o n Co n s t an
-

ti us C hl o r us b e f o r e Co n s t a n ti n e th e s o n o f Co n st a n tiu s in w hi c h h e s a i d
, , ,

T h e d a y w ou l d f a i l s oo n e r t h a n m y o r a tio n w e r e I to r un ov e r a l l th e ac tio n s
“

o f th y f a th e r e v e n w ith thi s b r e vity

, His l as t e xp e d itio n did n o t s e e k fo r
.

B r itish t r ophi e s ( as is vu l g a r l y b e l i e v e d ) but th e go d s n o w c all i n g h im h e , , ,

c a m e to th e s e c r e t bou n d s o f th e e a r th F o r n e it h e r d id h e by s o m an y a n d
.

s u c h a c tio n s I d o n o t s a th e w oo d s an d m a r s h e s o f th e C a l e d o n i an s a n d oth e r
,y
P i c t s but n o t Hib e r n i a [
, S c ot l an d n e ar a t h an d n o r fa r t h e s t T h u l e e tc , ,
.

Th e s e an d si m i l a r b r i e f a l l usio n s o n th e p ar t o f l a t e r w r it e r s a r e al l
, ,

th a t w e ge t fr o m th e p a g e s o f e a r l y histo r y c o n c e rn i n g a s ubj e c t w h i c h ,

to w ar d s th e c l o s e o f th e l a s t c e n t u r y g a v e r i s e to th e fa m o u s P i c ti s h Co n t r o
,

v e rs y a d isp u t e t h a t w as c ar r i e d o n in S c ot l an d fo r m an y y e a r s
, a n d w ith ,

e xt r e m e bitt e r n e s s o n both s i d e s b u t w hi c h d id n o t r e s u l t in a d d i n g m u c h
,

i n fo r m a tio n to t h a t i m p ar t e d by E u m e n iu s in th e p ass a g e quot e d a bo v e :

n am e l y t h a t th e C al ed o n i an s w e r e P i c t s
,
F o r a fu l l c o n s i d e r a tio n o f
.
“

t h e s e d i s c u s s io n s th e r e ad e r is r e fe r r e d to th e w o r k s O f P i n k e r to n Ritso n
, , ,

C h a l m e r s P r i c h ar d G r an t B e t h am an d oth e r s Wh i l e w e c an n ot but a g r e e
, , , ,
.

w i t h M r Hi ll B u r to n in c o n c l u d i n g t h a t th e l a bo r o f t h o s e w r it e r s h a s b e e n
.

w it h o u t a v a i l a n d ar e e n ti r e l y w i ll i n g to c o n t e n t o u r s e l v e s w it h th e o l d
“

an d r a th e r obvio u s n otio n th a t by Pic ti th e Ro m an s m e r e l y m e a n t p a i n t e d

p e op l e w it h o u t an y c o n s i d e r a tio n abo u t t h e i r r a c e l a n gu a g e o r ot h e r
, , ,

e t h n i c a l s p e c i a l ti e s o r t s o f o u r m o d e r n w o r k e r s in th e s a m e fi e l d
”
ye t t h e e ff ,

h a v e b e e n m o r e fr u it fu l o f r e s u l t s s o f a r a s th e e t h n o l o gy o f th e s e p a i n t e d
,

p e op l e is c o n c e r n e d I t is n o w g e n e r a lly b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e y w e r e p r i m a r i l y
.

d e s c e n d e d f r o m th e a b o r igi n e s o f B r it a i n w h o w e r e n o n C e l ti c a n d n o n ,
-

A r y an L a t e r in a c c o r d an c e w ith th e u s ual l y a d opt e d V i e w as to th e p r io r ity

.
,

o f th e G a e l i c e m ig r a tio n to B r it a i n its s ub s e q u e n t m ov e m e n t n o r t h w a r d a n d
, ,

th e fa c i l ity w it h w h i c h th e P i c t s a f t e r w a r d s c o al e s c e d w ith th e S c ot s t h e y ,

m u s t a l s o h a v e b e c o m e to a l ar g e e x t e n t G ae l i c Y e t th e p r e s e n c e o f k n o w n .
,

Cy m r i c p e op l e s in th e P i c ti s h t e r r ito r i e s in Ro m an ti m e s o n e i n s t an c e ,
-

b e i n g t h a t o f th e n o r th e r n D am n o n ii w h o w e r e c u t o ff fr o m t h e i r o w n n a t io n
by th e b u i l d i n g o f th e fi r s t W all —
,
’
tog e t h e r w ith th e m an y p r oo fs o f B r yt h o n i c
,

o c c up a tio n s h o w n in th e topogr a p h i c al n o m e n c l a tu r e o f th e n o r t h e r n L o w
l an d s l e a d u s to th e c o n c l u s io n t h a t so f a r a s th e Sout h e r n P i c ts w e r e c o n
, ,

c e rn e d t h e i r p e c u l i ar c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s h a d to a c o n si d e r ab l e e xt e n t b e e n
,

m o d ifi e d by th e i n fu s io n o f Cy m r i c e l e m e n ts I n ot h e r w o r d s th e No r th e r n .
,

P i c t s s e e m to h av e b e e n l a r g e l y o f th e a bo r igi n a l typ e m o r e o r l e s s m o d ifi e d ,

by f u s io n w it h th e G a e l i c w h i l e t h o s e o f th e s out h w e r e a m ix e d G a e l i c
, ,

Cym r i c an d abo r igi n al p e op l e This vi e w h ar m o n iz e s w ith th e disti n c tio n

,
.
t an t s C of al e — th e M ae a tae a n d C a l e d o n i an s o f Dio n
do i a s i n s t an c e d by
n a

C as s i u s th e C al e d o n i an s an d oth e r P i c t s o f E u m e n ius th e Dic al ido n e s

, ,

a n d V e c tu r io n e s o f A m m i an u s an d s o m e w h at l a t e r th e No r th e rn an d , , ,
”
South e rn P i c t s o f B e d e .

T h e P i c t s w e r e c o n v ér te d to C h r i s ti a n ity by th e p r e a c hi n g o f St Co l u m b a .

in th e l a tt e r h a l f o f th e s ixt h c e n t u r y ( a f t e r A D 5 6 5 ) an d t h e y w e r e r u l e d . .

o v e r by a l i n e o f P i c ti s h ki n g s d o w n to th e y e a r 84 2 w h e n K e n n e th M a c A l pin , ,

ki n g o f th e Dal r ia d a S c ot s b r o u gh t t h e m u n d e r s u bj e c tio n an d u n it e d th e
, ,

tw o ki n g d o m s u n d e r o n e cr o w n .

T h e c h i e f o r igi n al sou r c e s o f i n fo r m a tio n a bo u t th e P i c ti s h ki n g d o m a n d

its r ul e r s ar e th e Ul s ter A n na l s , th e A n n a l s of T zgh e r n a c , an d th e P ic tis h
Ch r on icl e , of wh ic h th e b est itio n s
t h o s e c o n t a i n e d in M r Wi ll i a m F
ed ar e . .

Sk e n e s Ch r on ic l es of the P ic ts a n d Scots E n g l i s h t r a n sl a tio n s o f po r tio n s

’
.

o f th e fi r s t tw o o f t h e s e h a v e b e e n p r i n t e d in th e Col l ec ta nea de R ebu s

A l ba n ic is o f th e I o n a C l u b ( s e e App e n d ix
T h e n a m e s o f th e P i c ti s h ki n g s fr o m th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e fi ft h c e n t u r y ,

w it h th e d a t e s o f th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e i r r e ig n s d u r a tio n o f s a m e a n d , ,

d at e s o f d e a t h a r e a s fo ll ow s
,

About A D 4 0 6 D r ust ( o r D r e st ) I 5 01 1 o f I r b ( o r E r p o r Wir p)

. .
,
.
, ,
.

4 5 1 T a l o r e I s o n o f A n ie l r e ign e d f o u r y e ar s
,
.
, , .

—
4 5 5 5 7 Ne c h tan I s u r n a m e d M o r b e t s o n o f I r b ( o r E r p) ; r e ig n e d t w e n ty
, .
, ,

f ou r y e a r s .

4 80 D r e st ( o r D r u s t ) I I
,
s ur n am e d G u r th in m o c h .
,
r e ig n e d thi r ty
y e ar s .

5 1 0 G a l an au
,
r e ig n e d t w e l v e y e a r s .

5 22 D a d
,
r e s t r e ig n e d o n e y e a r .

5 32 D r e,
s t ( o r D r u s t ) I I I s o n o f G y r o m r e ig n .e d
,
e l e v e n y e a r s .

2 4 th e s a m e w it h D r ust I V U
5 , ,
s o n o f d r u s t ( o r .
,

5 9 D r ust I I I ( a l o n e )
2 , . .

5 3 4 G a r,
t n a o c h I s o n o f G y r o m r.e ig
,
n e d s e v e n y e a r s .

5 4 1 G il t
,
r a m ( o r C a il tr a m ) s o n o f G y r o m r e ig n e d o
,
n e y e a r .

5 4 2 T a l,
o r
g I I s o n o f M u ir c h
. o,
l a ic h r e ig n e d e l e v e n y e a r s .

553 D r e st V
,
s o n o f M u n a it
.
,
r e ign e d o n e y e a r .

55 4 G a l,
a m s o n o f,
C
’0
e n d a e l a dh r e ig n e d tw o y e a r s d i e d ( p r ob a b l y ) 5 80 .

555 th e ,
s a m e w ith B r id e i , .

6
55 , B r ide i ( or B r u id i, or B r u d e i, or B r ude ) I .
,
son of M a il c o n ( B r u id i
m ac M a il o c h o n ) re ign e d thi r t y y e a r s ; d ied 8
5 3 .

86
5 , G a r tn a r d (or G ar tn a id h ) I I .
,
so n o f Do m e l c h ( or Do m l e c h or Do n
al d ) ( G a r tn ay m a c Do n al d ) re ign e d ele v e n y e ar s die d 5 99 .

59 ,7 N e c h ta n II , . g r an d so n ( o r ne ph e w ) o f U e r d ( N e c h ta n Hy F ir b )
r e ig n e d t w e n ty y e a r s .

61 (o r
2 C in io c h ( or C in a e th , or K e n n e t h o r C in a d o n )
, ,
son of

L u c h tr e n ( o r L a c h tr e n ) re ign e d fo u r t e e n to i n e t e e n y e ar s d i e d
n 63 1 .
re ign e d five y e ar s die d 64 1 .

64 1 ,
T alor c ( or T al o r e , o r T al o r c a n ) I I I .
,
son o f Wid ( o r F o ith ) ( T a l o r

c a n m ac F o ith ) re ig n e d t w e l v e y e a r s die d 65 3
6 5 3 , T al o r c an , son of A in fr a it (o r A n fr ith , o r E a n fr e d ) re ig n e d fo u r
y e ar s d ie d 6 5 7 .

6 5 7 6 3 , G ar tn a it ( o r G a r tn a id h ) I V
-
Do n n e l l ( o r Do m h n a ill ) .
,
son of

( G ar tn a y m a c Do n al d ) r e ig n e d s ix a n d a h a l f y e ar s d ie d 6 63 .

6 6 5 D r e s t ( o r D r us t o r D r o s t) V I
,
s o n o f D o n n e l l a n d b r ot h e r o f
,
.
,

G a r tn a c h ( D r u s t m a c Do n a l d ) r e ig n e d s e v e n y e a r s e xp e ll e d 6 7 2 .

”
67 B r e d e i ( o r B r u id i o r B r u id h e
2
,
o r B r e d e i) I I I
,
s o n o f Bi l i ( o r Bi l e
, .
,

o r B e l i ) ( B r u id i m a c Bi l i ) r e ig n e d t w e n t y o n e y e a r s d ie d 6 93 -
.

6 9 3 T a r a n ( o r G h a r an ) s o n o f E n te fe d ic h ( o r E n fis e d e c h ) ( G h ar an
, ,

m a c En fi s e de c h ) r e ig n e d f o u r y e a r s e xp e l l e d 6 9 7 .

—
6 95 7 ,
B ru de i ( or B r e d e i, or B r u id i, or B r u d e ) IV .
,
son of D e r il i ( or

D e r e l e i) ( B r u d e i m ac De r il i) re ign e d e le v e n y e ar s ; d i e d 7 0 6 .

7 9, N e c h ta n I I I of D e r il i ; r e ig n e d fi ft e e n y e a r s ; r e s ig n e d
0 .
,
son
7 24 ;
t
r e ur n e d 7 28 die d 7 2 9 .

7 2 4, Dre st (o r D r uxs t o r D ro s t) V I I ; e xp e ll e d 7 2 6 ; d i e d, 7 2 9
. .

7 A
2 6,l pi n s o n o f
,
E a c h a id h e xp e ll e d 7 2 8 di e d 7 4 1 .

—
7 9 3
2 1 A n g us
, ( o r H u n g us
) I .
,
son of F e r g u s ( o r Wir gu s t) ; re ign e d
th i r ty y e a r s di e d 7 6 1 .

76 1 ,
B r u de i ( or B r u id i) V .
,
s on of F e r gu s ; re ig n e d tw o y e ars ; d ie d

6 K e n n e t h ( o r C in ae dh o r C in io d ) s o n o f F e r e d a c h ( o r Wir d e c h o r
7 3, , , ,

Wr e d e c h ) r e ign e d t w e l v e y e a r s d i e d 7 7 5 .

7 75 A l pi,
n s o n o,
f W r o id r e ig n e d t h r e e y e a r s d i e d 7 8 0 .

— D t D o t ( ig o to
777 8 r u s
, ( o r r s ) s o n o f T a l o r
g e n o r
,
T a l o r c a n ) r e n e d f u r

five y e a r s ; an d T a l o r ga n ( o r T a l o r c a n ) s o n o f A n g u s ; r e ig n e d tw o an d ,

a h alf y e a r s d i e d a bo u t 7 82 .

7 8 4 Co n a
,
l l s o n o f,
T a i d g( o r C an an l s o n o f T a r l a ) r e ig n e d fi v e ,
y e a rs
’

e xp e e d 7 9 9 0
ll 8 — .

79 0 Co n s
,
t an ti n e s o n o f F e r,
g u s ( o r W i r gu s t) r e ig n e d t h i r ty y e a r s d i e d

A n g u s ( b r ot h e r o f Co n s t an ti n e ) s o n o f F e r g u s r e ig n e d t w e l v e
82 0 , ,

y e a r s d i e d 83 4 .

83 4 D r u s t ( o r D r o s t ) s o n o f Co n s t an ti n e a n d T a l o r c a n ( o r T a l o r ga n )
, , , ,

s o n o f Uith o l l ( o r Wth o il ) r e ig n e d a bo u t t h r e e y e ar s .

83 6 E o gan a n s o n o f A n g u s
, ,
r e ign e d t h r e e y e a r s d i e d 83 9 .

83 9 Wr a d ( o r F e r e d ) s o n o f B a r go it r e ig n e d a bo u t t h r e e y e a r s
, ,
.

84 2 B r e d ( o r B r u id i) s o n o f F e r a t r e ign e d o n e y e a r
—
.
, ,

84 2 4 K e n n e th II s u rn a m e d m a c A l pi n Ki n g o f A l b an y
, .
, ,
.
 NOT E S T O C HA P T E R X IV .

7
On e of th e m os tu s e ful b ok s
o on th i s su bj e c t i s Dr . D an i e l W ilso n s
’
Pr e his tor ic A n na l s

9
Ch ar l es I E l . to n, Or igin s o
f E ngl is h H is tory , L o n don , 1 890 .

5
Dr T hurn a m w as th e
. g i t h t th l g k fi ttrs b rro ws of
o rec o n se a e on s ul l s , o ut o f th e l o n g a

B itai
r d I l d w
n an f th B q u
r e an Ib i ,
typ e red P fe o H uxl y h l d th t e as e or e r an e ,
an ro sso r e o s a

th e i v b d k ul l b l g t th
r e r- e s m s W h v th fo e p f th t
e on o Ib i e sa r e ra c e . e a e e re r roo s a an e r an o

B qu p p ul ti p d ve th w h l e f B it i
as e o a on s d I l
re a d i th
o ol ith i c
r g i he bit o o r a n an r e an n e ne a e, n a

i g c v
n ad b u yi g t h i d a d i
e s , an v a d h m b e d t m b j u t i th e I b e i
r n e r e n ca es n c a re o s, s as n r an

p i ul l i th e l ith i g —C v H ti g p 2 1 4 by W B y d D w k i M A 1 87 4
en ns a a so , n e n o c a e. a e un n , .
, . o a ns , . .

Th 4
it e f th p h i t i C l ti vill g
e s o G l t o b u y h b e e f u th e x v t d
e re s or c e c a e n e ar as n r as n r er ca a e

si cn J ul y l t u d th up i t de
e as n f th e d i
er v A th u B u l l i d
e s Th
er n en it f th nce o sc o e re r , r r e . e s es o e

d w ll i g
e e m
n k e d by m u d O e f th
s ar ar t i d th g t t d pth f l y y t
o n s. n o e se c on a n e e re a e s e o c a e

fou d n l ,
thno i e f t th
ess um u l ti
an f un n iv h th w h i h w
ee ,
f u de ac c a on o s c c ess e e ar s, c e re o n

n e c e s sa ry s th w igh t f th l y g du l l y m p
a e e d th p t b o th T h i m u d
e c a ra a co r e ss e e ea e n ea . s o n

t i d th h u d d t
c on a n e f l y
r ee ll f w h i h m u t h
n re b e b ugh t i th i b ts by
on s o c a , a o c s av e e n ro n e r oa

th i h bit
e n t f m th ighb i g h i l l U d th m u d w f u d th f m w o k f
a an s ro e ne or n s. n er e o n as o n e ra e r o

a l m w ith b u sh w
oo d d w tt l w k t f m th f u d ti
r oo an T h t th i h bit t s w e e
a e or o or e o n a on . a e n a an r

m u h e g ge d i
c ns pi i g i c l f m th f t th t i dditi o t th th i g
a n nn n s e ar td ro e ac a n a n o o er n s c onn ec e

w it h th e ft n f w th f ty h
c ra o d bo e e di g er m b h ve b an u th d
or or n an n c ar n co s a een n e ar e

St g ly
r an u gh
e tweno f th x tl y f th
, no m p tt
o oA i p e i us ese are e ac o e sa e a e rn . s n r v o

se as o n s , a l g um b e f b ar ti l h b
e n di v d
r o Th um b e f b k
o n e ar b c es as ee n sc o ere . e n r o ro en on e

n ee dl es d pl i t rs f b
an e f u d i
s n e m u d mo t i di ont t h t it w u til i e d
o n n one o n see s o n ca e a as z as a

ne e dl f t y e ac o r .

A th e m ou d w v y i h i f gm t f p o tt y d th vi d
no r n as er f th
r c n ra en s o er an o er e en c e s o e

m a uf c t u e
n af h dw a r N o f w th t b
o ar fib l
re . w f u d th b i g e er an en r on z e u ae e re o n , e se e n

fash i e d l m on t x tl y l ike th m d
a os fe ty pi
e ac Tw b t ud p b b l y p t f e o e rn s a -
n. o r on z e s s, ro a a ar o

h f
a rn e s s o r f t e i g l th i g w or l
as f u d t g th
n n w ith th
c o m ll b n ,
ti l e re a so o n ,
o e er o er s a r o n z e ar c es .

A tl y u t i
n ea fil b u t igh t i h l g w f u d A u u l v y f w h um
c r on e a o e nc es on as o n . s s a , er e an re

m i w d i ve e d p t f th k l t
a ns e re sc o f rv y y o u g h i l d b i g ll th t w b ugh t
,
ar o e s e e on o a er n c e n a a as ro

t l igh t th i s um m r
o With th e x pti
s f the . k d k ul l f f w u f t u t w i s e ce on o e c ra c e s s o a e n or na e ar r o r ,

th e rem i f v y y u g h i ld
a ns o h v h i fly b
er f u d i p t y
o n c M B ul l i d b e i g
r en a e c e e en o n n as e ars , r . e n

o f th e pi i oth t th e se p ri m itive p p l
n on a ve y d th e i d e d t th e e igh b i g h i lls f r eo e c on e r a o n or n o

i t m t
n er en .

P t f th b r ok m il l t
ar s o w re e
u e th d d i m u d
en l y ve m e su
s on e s ere n ar e an n on e o n a c a o n , a r

i g tw fe e t by i e i h e
n o O gl ti l e l y w b ugh t t l igh t th i y
n n nc s ne bl ue a s s ar c on as ro o s e ar , a

—
.

gl s b d w ith w vy l i e f d k bl u
a s ea a i g a u d it L d n T im o i ar e r un n n ar o n . on on es , c r ca

J u y 1 89 8
an ar , .

As f 5
B it i e f th m
or t th ugh ly o C l ti p ti
r a n , on o f it s u th f th C l y d
e os o ro n n- e c or on s o o o e e

w asp b b l y th t f th S lg v
ro a hu t a i R m
o ti e d l te th mo l i m it d
ae o r n ers , n o an m es, an a er e o re e

P i ti h di t i t b y d th N ith —J Rh y C l ti B it i p 2 7 0
c s s r c e on e . . s, e c r a n , . .

6
f th N ith i P t l m y ti m w N ovi d it i f m it th t th i p o p l
’
T he m na e o e n o e s e as os , an s ro a s e e

g t th
o m e e f N v t
na giv th m p b b l y by B yt h
o o an ae , T th en t d e ro a r on s . o e e as an

n or th e s t f th N v t dw l t th S l g v p t t d by th i k f t d d i ffi l t
a o e o an ae e e e o ae , ro e c e c o re s s an a cu

c ou t y n r Th y h v l ft th i m i th m d f
. e a e ef So l w y t th e r na d t th e n e o e rn o rm o a o e m oss an o e

fi th c al l d ft th
r e T h w d p b bly m
a er emt hu t . d th p p l t w h m it
e or ro a e an n ers, an e eo e o o

a ppl i d m y b upp d t l y t h ve b
e a e s B yth
os e bu t t h v b e t
, no on v ry o a een no r on s , o a e e n o no e

g t xt t C l ti t l l x pt p h p
re a e en e t th i l
c a
g ua g w
, h i h
e t h y m yh
ce d pt d
er a s as o e r an a e, c e a a ve a o e

a t an l y d t f m th G i d l i i v d
e ar a e ; iro g t u e th y w
e o m t l ik e l y
e c n a e rs n a re a m e as r e ere os a

re m t f th b igi l i h bit ts d th
n an o e a or m k m y b upp d t b qu lly
na n a an , an e s am e r e ar a e s os e o e e a

a ppl i bl e t th e N va tae
ca o T h y l iv d b tw ee th W l l
o n . d pp d i h i s to y e e e n e a s , an a e are n r
as u e n um an s , w e th i n k, t gg l e i w h i h th y
an d A tte c o tti . T he s ru n c e

a g i t th R om a
a ns ed d i th i l ti m t l y
ns en t i i g l y th e u t y b h i d
e n e r u a e re a n n on co n r e n

f th e N v t b e m B d m th t h t f th N idu ’
wh th e
e re m na e o i o an ae co es n e e s on a o e a

tu i fte w d —C l ti B it i pp 2 20
,

k w no th e P i t
n as f G ll w y f c s o a o a or c en r es a r ar s e c r a n , .

Th Pi ti w
e n am e l ik e w i ppl i d t th i h bit t f G ll w y m
c as se a e o e n a an s o a o a , co

m d o ti f Ki k u db igh t d Wigt o ti l l ti ll l te p i d d s urviv

e r n c o un es o r c r an n, a s a r er o , an e:

d i pp sa f th
e ar a n c e o m e s ppl i e d t y th p r ti o f th e i h bit t f
e na a a o an o er o on n a an s o

e v l t
e n as th t w l fth
a e as t u y T h i d i t i t w o upi e d i th s
e e c en r d. t s s r c as cc n e e c on c en

t ib e t e m d by P t l m y th
r r e N va t w ith th e i r t ow ns o f R ig ium a d I
o e e o n a ,
”
er on n

an d th e e i th i g t h ow th t th
r s no n p pl did t upy it th ugh ut
o s a e s am e eo e no occ ro o , aI

k w th e P i t f G ll w y f whi h C did C With ”

no n as c s o a o a w as th
o c an a asa , or e rn e I

L u c pib i —C l ti S tl d v l i p 1 3 1
, ,

an d u pi d th e it
oc c f th o l d
e s e o e er o a . e c co an , o . .
, . .

T h e P i c ts f G l l ow y o si ll y a o f u de d w itha are i l ud e d a oc ca on a c n o n or nc n

Sou th e Pi c t th ugh w h B d d ib th e l tte p op l e dw l l b y o d I

rn s, o en e e e sc r es a r e as e er s e n

a t th f t f th l fty g o f m u t i
e oo o e o p ti g th m f m th
ran e th divis i
o n a n s se ar a n e ro e n or e rn c

r ace h pl e s th e m i v y di ff e t p t f th e c u t y f m G ll ow y R its
,
e ac n a er er n ar o o n r ro a a . on

th t Gall w y w
a p vi e f th e S u th P i t l yi g it d w i h i d gm ti
o a as a ro nc o o ern c s, a n o n, n s o a

as i an t ove tibl e f t f w h i h w h v th xp
n c on r r ac u t h or ity o f B e d e
, or l c e a e e e re ss a .
”

o f th i s ti h e quo t B d H i t E l 1 i v c h m m w h i h u f t u t e l y f
s as e r on es e e, s . cc .
, . . , . c ,
n or na o

m e t p n v e x tl y th
, ro es t y ac th e t f T u w i e bi sh p i i t h
e c o n ra r , asi sea o r m n
’
s o r c s ere sa

be e p l d t A b
n ac e ath e F th w h i h d ivi d
e r c o rn th on t it i f th e P i c t or c es e e rr or e s o

A gl — v y l
,

n es gw y
a er on a

d is t i t u d e th
r c m n f r e na e o

ki gd m o f N th um b i
n o or r a

A gl i n bi h p w ith i it
an s o n

vi t y t N t M
c or a e c an s
’
e re ,

pl i t h t th d i e o f
a n a e oc es

co uld o t h ve b l n gd a e on e

B itr T h a u th ity f B d e i quit

o n s. e u ffi i
or tt o e s e s c en o

w h o i th e t w l fth n tu y ib d th e
e ve i
c en f th P i t o f G l l w y to
r as c r e c on rs on o e c s a o a

s h d w y St K
a o tig i th e v th th i v y d i t i t h vi g b
. en ern n se up wen d f tw s er s r c a n een ,
ar s o o

b e f th o re , t f Ch i ti bi h p th B iti h N i i
e sea o a r s A ti l l m
an e s p c yp o , e r s n an . s or a o r

o cu s i
c rth A t S n t u m ( 1 1 th M
e c a h ) th t St C
a n c or t ti f C w l l (th arc ,
a . o n s an ne o orn a e

p or ary o f G i l d ) w m ty d asi Ki ty as b u t th y
ar e 5 7 0
re w h p n h i g t th n re a o e ar , en reac n o t

G l w e gi
a d p g an s a nS t x t l y t th
a an ti m w h C l um b w
co s or e v
ac a e s am e e en o a as c o n e

N th or P i t f m h i y l um f I
e rn c s ro whi h h s as iv d f m th Ch i ti K i o on a , c e re c e e ro e r s an i

D l i d a r a A th
s . g um t h b no b gh t f w d t p l th P i t i G l
e r ar en as een r ou or ar o ac e e c s n a

th e d y f B d
a s o b u th v e e, bl h i t i h eca se i d th t St Cu th b t
e e n e ra e s o r an as s a a . er , o n an I

f m M l
ro w d iv
e r ose , by t f w th
as r t th t en it o y f th P i ts c l l e d I
s r e ss o ea er o e e rr r o e c a

d ta m Pi t um q i N id u
err a iv
c or tu T h P i c t i h biti g th b k
u ar f
o c an r. e s n a n e an s o

i D um f i
n hi r e ss
y S m ith d P
re , i k
”
t sa w h it h t h h l y m an ul d t h n e r on er e o an c o no av

t t R it —w ith m h t u th — gg ti g i h i t u L g N idd y i L i
,

a b t oa ,
”
r e or s s on uc r su es n n s rn on r n I

hi h w h i h pl h w v th h l y m b t m t h v b d ive by ’
s t
re ,
o r e ac c ac e , o e er , e o an s oa us a e een r n

w ea th er i d bl t t f d y l d T h xpl ti f th di ffi ul ty
a c ro s s a c o n s era e rac o r an . e e an a on o e c

b t h t C u th b t
e a il i g f m m p i t th e t
er ,
sa n ro t w d iv so th w
e o n on e as e rn c o a s ,
as r en n or

c t y w i d i t th Fi th f T y l d i g
o n r ar n s n o e Ab r th y th
o t fI a , an n n e ar er n e on e c o as o

i h bit ts f th e b k f th N th y p b b l y b i g th Pi ti qui Nidua i v

n a an o an s o e e ro a e n e c r oc a

Sc tl d u d
o an h E ly K i g v l ii p 3 82
n er er ar S N t 1 2 p 21 4 n s, o . .
, . . ee o e , . .

A 7
ly th m i d d l
s e ar f th f u th
as e tu y th B iti h p i e o we e l e d o r c en r e r s ro v n c e s re a r a

te tl y n tt k e d by a ac d l d T h Pi t sea d S t an d th w l ik e
an . ti e c s an co s, an e ar na o

w h m th E m pi u t m d t it it h i t l di
”
A tte tti f co ,
rom w o e re as a c c s o e o re c ru s c o c es so e rs ,

o f I i h pi t
r s i th th th F k d S x
ra e s n e n or th , th e h e s c m l
e r an s an a on s o n e s ou rn s or ,
o
ge t h w h e e ve c h e p
er, n t d it el f t b u r a d d v t t th an c u t y t u t ff n
resen e s , o rn an e as a e e co n r ,
o c o a

o u tl yi g g i n t y ff w
ar r s o n , d h i l d e l ik e ttl e pt u e d i fo y d t off e
o c ar r o o m e n an c r n ca ca r n a ra ,
an o r

th b d ie of R m
o c iti e s as
es ifi o Th an N titi Dig it tu m [ m pi l d
z n sac r c es . e o a n a co e

a b u t A D 400] m ti
o . e ve al
. gi m t f A tte tti e v i g f th m t p t i G ul
en on s s r re en s o co s r n or e os ar n a

d Sp i f th i gi m e ts w e e l l d g th e H t d i ti ”
an Tw a n . o o i
e r re th m n er n ro e am o n o n or a n s , e os s n

gui h d t s ep i th I m p i l m i e T h ugh th i ou t y i
r oo s n e t tai l y k w it
er a ar s. o e r c n r s no c er n no n

b bl th t th y i h bit d th w i l d p t f G l l w y —El t O igi f E gl i h

,

se e m s p ro a e a e n a e e er ar s o a o a . on , r ns o n s

H i t y p 338
s or A ft
, th b ui l di g f th R m w ll by w h i h th
. . er u th
e f it w n o e o an a c os e so o e re

s ev d f m th i ki m
e re ro th f it th e f m p b bl y
e r nsl t th i ti o l h t e
e n n or o or er ro a s oo n os e r na na c ar a c r

i ti
s d b
c s an m B yth i i d w h il th e S l g
eca e m i e d to fo m wi th th e N v t
r on c z e , e e o vae r e a n r ,
o a n ae ,

th e f m i d b l p e p l
or f th A tte c tti w h
a e ft w d g v R m
o e o B it i m u h t
e d o , o a er ar s a e o an r a n so c o o,

u ti l th i p w
n we r b ke by T h d m w h o er ll d th e i
as bl b di d m e i th R m
ro n eo os s, o e n ro e r a e- o e n n e o an

ar m y d e t th m w y t th
,
an s ti t w h
n e l s th f u d i ti t b di
a a o f th em e c on n en , e re n o e s an o r s nc o es o

ser v d t th ti m w h th T bl f D ig iti w d w u p Th y w
e a e e en fi c dw r
e a e o n es as ra n . e e re a er e an a

l ik p p l e but by th e d o f th e R m
e eo ,
c u p ti th y s e e m t h v b s ub due d o
e n o an oc a on e o a e een r

d ivr b y d th e N ith
en e on h th l gu g f th i h bit n t s d w to the ere e an a e o e n a a o n

s ixt e t h en t u y w G i d l
c eni — C l ti B it i r pp 2 3 3— 2 34
as o e c. e c r a n

h igh l y p b b l — d th
. .
,

Up th e w h l it on m o e G ul i h i sc ipti s add to th w e igh t

se e s ro a e an e se a s n r on e

o f p b bi l ity—th t th G l l i f C sa w
ro a i th ma li f C e l ti d
e t w ith th I i h
a o ae r ere n e sa e ne o c e sc en e r s ,

a d t h t th e
n m a i p s e v e d to th i d y i G dh l
na e d G l
s d m m em
re td l i
r s a n a e an ae , an co or a e a so n

th e t i d G l d i r a C l ydd d Gw yd dyl
a e w ll
n , i C l d i
e G l t K lt i d
on , an , as e as n a e on a , a a as , e a , an

C el t I t is l
ae . ly t i th t th es G l l i G l w th fi t t l i e B it i
a s o n e ar c er a n a e a or ae s ere e rs o c o on z r a n,

d p b b l y t h a t t h y w e th e fi t t i G u l d t h t i b th c th y w e e
‘

an ro a l e er rs o c o on z e a , an a n o as e s e r

l e l y f ll ow d by
c os op e pl e of th e m e igi l t k d u i g
a i m i l l gu g
o ll d sa e or na s oc an s n a s ar an a e, ca e

C ym y Gi m i r d i e ar l i e ti m e s K im m e i i Cim m e ii —T h om s N i h l s P dig
, r , an n r f the r o , r . a c o a ,
e r ee o

E gli h P pl p 4 3
n s eo e, . .

Th l e re t b e do ubt th t th s t te m e t w h i c h m i t w ite h v h de d
a so c an n o a a e a n e n en r rs a e an

do w is vi t u ll y c
n t th t th e G i d l
r a G l w e th fi t C l ti i h bit ts w h o
o rr e c , a o e s or ae s re e rs e c n a an ,

ab b d th b igi s s th e itua ti
s or e e a i um t
or d m ne d d d wh
a i tu we e s on s o r c rc s an c e s e an e ,
an o n rn r

n e xt d i l d g d by th s o C ym ri d th e C e l ti f e h h d s w h fl k d i t B it i
e e ,d i vi g
an o r c r s or e o oc e n o r a n , r n

th e id G id l
sa th w ds d ac os to I e l d I f th p f w w ti g w e h v
o e s n or ar , an r s r an . o er r oo e re an n , a e

it i th e u m
n d th e s m f pl
rn a m y f w h i h e m m t b th G ll w y
e s , an na es o ac e s , an o c ar co on o o a o a

an d I l d be i g f u d
r e an b th s i d f th Ch
, n l It i
o l n t t b fo g tt
on th t s o es o e an n e . s a so n o o e r o en a , a

R g d H ve d
o er l t
e th G l w gi o t th e b ttl f th St d d i A D 1 1 3 8 u d
on r e a es , e a e an s, a a e o e an ar n . .
, se

th w e y A lb
a r- c r h A lb h th u i de ti fyi g th m lva n ac I i h S t f t th e
a n ac s n n e se e s as r s -
co s or o

p es t ti m e th I i h l l th p opl f S tl d Alb
r en e r sh d Alb ca igh It l e e e o co an a n ac an an a . a so e x

t e d fu th f
n s I i sh Sc t it u
r er, i p l i d t h t th y
or as i d d th e y h d t u d t
r -
o s s se m e a e c on s ere a re rn e o

th e l d f t h i f th
an o d w titl d t b S t
e r a w h i h i th G l i m
e r s , an i g f e re en e o e c o sm en , c s e ae c ean n o

th ew d H v d or h vi g l iv d
. t th o ti i th
e on t m p y e vi d
, a n d it i e a e m e, s us c on e o r ar en c e an s

r l t d th t h
e a e w se t a m i si t e Sc t l d —M K e lie G l l w y A i t
as n on d a s on o o an . ac r ,
a o a , n c en an

M d o er n p 62 , . .

T h t th i s is s o m y be i fe e d w ith a s o b l d g
8
a f t i ty f m th i g
a n rr re a na e e re e o c er a n ro e n an

u rati d p g e s f th E gl i h
on an roqu t f a l t g w h i h b gi i g t
r s o e l y th e
n s c on es o a er a e, c ,
e nn n a n e ar

sa m e p i t o th o n t c o t th t C n h d f e d m t v i tt
e as e rn h f G ulas a ze s a r a o un os c on en en o re ac r om a ,

g du ll y xt de d w t w d d
ra a e th w d d ivi g th C l ts b f u ti l t h y
en es ar h d th e
an n or ar , r n e e e or e n e r e ac e

we t s e rn sh o re .

T he ly p ara ti f th e pi
e ar e f th G l i c
se e t h o ugh t h i on i gi t
o es one rs o e ae r ac r e r c r oss n n o

I e l d w h th e f
r an , Sc tl d e W l i q it e uffi i e t t
r ro m u t f th m
o k d d i ff
an or a es , s u s c n o acc o n or e ar e er

e c n w
e no xi ti g b t w e e th G l ie s I i sh ln gu g d th W l h —N i h l P dig e
e n e ae c , or r , an a e an e e s . c o as , e re

o
f t h E g i h P pl L
le n d 1 87 3 p 4 6
s eo e, on on , , . .

D i d u Si ul s a c t
o or p y of C s
s c t t t h t I e l d w s i h abit d by
u , on e m o r ar ae a r , s a es a r an a n e

B it i C m de n t h i k th y fi t e m ig at d f m G l l w y Sp i w s t l t five
”
r a n s. a n s e rs r e ro a o a . a n a a e as
 1 94 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

h un d r e d m il e s d it ts an an d th e n e ar e s tp r o m o n ory o f t Ga ul l ay a b ou t t h re e h un dr e d m il e s
from th e sh o r e s of I r e l an d .

9
P r o fe sso r te t w k ( T h W l h P pl N w Y k d L d 1 900
Rh y s , in his l a s or e e s eo e, e or an on on , ,

w r itte i c ll b
n n ti o w ith D D vi d B y m J e ) h as ppl i d th
o a o ra n m r Goid l
. a r n o r- on s ,
a e e na e e o

C l ti
e o c,
"
C l ti r t th l e g u g f th G l i C l t
c an ,
”
o d Gal t Ce l ti
e an or G a e o e ae c e s , an a o- c , a

l ti e t th t f th B yth i c C l t O th i ubj t h y
”
a , o a o e r on e s . n s s ec , e sa s

T he i t d i ti ti f p e c h b t w th C l t i pl i
an c e n s nc on o rr e po d i g d i ff e e c e
s e e e en e e s m es a c o s n n r n

o f c
r a e an d i tit u ti o s a d i ff ns e e xi ti g i d e d l n ,g b e f C l t f y d ipti er e n c m e s n n e on or e e s o an esc r on c a

t tho il d
e se s an T h tw p e p l
s . f u d t h v d i ff d l g l y i th i m
e o o e s ar e o n o a e ere ar e n e r an n e r

o f d i p i g f th i d e d
s os n o d h h d w p
e r h a t i ti f its w ivil i ti
, an e ac Th a ea on s c ar a c er s c o o n c za on . e

i t m
n er t w ith th e m t i m p t t m i f th l d t k
en s os f u d m
o r an tl y i th igh re a ns o e o er s o c ar e o n os n e ne

b h d f th A l p i l u di g th u pp
or oo o e s,p ti f th b i
nc f th e D ub
n d th p l i
e er or on s o e as n o an e an e a ns

f N th I t l y ( h v l um V ll d P
’
Be t d d R i L C lt d l
’
o or a see r ra an t du
e n ac s o e on es e es ans es a e es u o e

D anub P i e, Th i l d C l ti w ld b g
ar s , b u t th ixth t u y B C t b i
s o er e c or e an , a o e s c en r . .
, o e n

v d d by th
a e G l ti C e l t w h e a a h m ybc i f dt h v s, i t d f Ce t l d
os e om e a e n e rr e o a e c on s s e o n ra an

N th G m y d f B l gi
or er n er an d th an m i f th
o G l ti C l t
e t b
um tu di e d an e re a ns o e se a a c e s are o e s

i th g
n e t b u i l pl
r ea b tw r a th S i th M
ac e s d th R h i —i th
e een ty i e e ne, e a rn e , a n e ne n e c oun r , n

s h t f m w h i h t h e y i v d d B it i
or , ro c Ith b u m i n d th t t h i
a e v t w b gu
r a n. as een s r se a s m o em en as e n

by th B yth o s b tw e th e ti m f P yth
e r n e i th f u then tu y B C d th i it f
e o e as , n e o r c en r . .
,
an e v s s o

J ul i u C s T h l tt
aes a r . ti ( ii e t i Di i i
a er ki g f th S i
m en on s , .
, a c er a n v c ac o s , n o e u e ss o n e s , a

B l gi p pl w h i h h l ft it m t S i
e c eo e c as th m e t p w f l p i i G ul d
s na e o o s s on s , as e os o er u r nce n a , an

as ul i g
r l n v B it i T h i w m
a so o er ve l t r a nug h t . b w ith i th m m ry f s as , ore o r, a e eno o e n e e o o

l i vi g ti ’
m en C n In ae s ar s m e .

Wh it y b
en ,k e d d id th
m a o t h C e l t the G o i d
as l w h o m th B yth
, f u d e er s, e e s, e r on s o n

h er e , arr iv i t h i u t y ? I t i i m p ib l t giv
e n s co n r yp i sw t u h q e ti
s os s e o e an r e c se an er o s c a u s on ,

b u t it m y b pp d th t th G i d l m ov
a e su o se tl t th th g t m v m t w h i h
a e o e s ca e er n o a er an e rea o e en s c

t k pl i th C l ti w l d f th C ti t i th fi fth d ixth tu i b f
oo ac e n e e c or o e on n en n e an s cen r es e o r e o ur e r a

( s th P m i H bit t d l E u p v l i p 2 6 2 d Z im m M u tt Pikt
’ ’
ee e re er s a an s e htd r o e, o . .
, .
,
an er s e r r ec er en

i th Z it h if t f u R h t g hi h t l xv pp 2 3 3 W m th m v m t
'

n e e sc r r ec s es c c e, vo . .
, .
, e e an e o e en s

whi h c ul t d ires th C lt e h i g th M d it
n e e d p t ti g i t Sp i w h i l
s re ac n e e e r r an e a n an en e ra n n o a n , e

o th ers of th f m il y b g
e s am e t p t w d th
a t f E p wh e an f th m
o r e ss o ar s e e as o ur o e, en c e s om e o e

e v tu ll y
en a d t A i Mi c r o s se d m d th m o lv s ah i th t y ll d ft e
n o r an a e e se es a om e n e c ou n r ca e a r

th G l ti O th w h l e w e d
em a a a . n t s u pp e th G i d l t h vo ,
m t B it i m u h ar e n o ose e o e s o a e co e o r a n c

l t
a er th th ixth tu y B C
an e s c enth h ul d w y th t t h y p b b l y b g t
r . . ra er s o e sa a e ro a e an o

arr i v i th i u t y l i
e n s B f th B yth
co n r e ar m th er G id l h d p um bly
. e ore e r on s ca e e o e s a re s a oc

c upi d m e t f th i l d u th f th fi th f th C l y d d F th S w h th B yth
os o e s an so o e r s o e e an or . o en e r o ns

arr iv d d b g t p
e an th G i d l s i
e an oth w s t m f th l tt
r e ss m yh v
e o d t e n e e , so e o e a er a a e c r o ss e o

I l d p
r e an ibl y th y h d b gu til l l i t ttl th
os s e a T h p tie f I el
n s d w hi h e ar er o se e ere . e or on o r an c

t h y fi t upi d w p b b l y th t t k w
e rs occ e as th ki gd m f M th pp xi m t l y
ro a e rac no n as e n o o ea ,
a ro a e

re p t d w by th di
r esen e no f th t m ; b ut e ttl m t m y h v l b m d by
o c ese o a na e se e en s a a e a so een a e

th m t th p i t
e a o th
er t
o n s on e c o as .

W h v
“
xt t
e a i d th qu ti w h e th th fi t C l ti c m
e ne o c on s er th G id l e es on er e rs e c o e rs , e o e s,

w ere a so l th fi s t i h bit e t f th i u t y T h i m y b b i fly w d t th ff t
r n a an s o s co n r . s a e r e an s e re o e e ec

t h t tha m t b
ere see s t th i k o v t u pp th t it m y t h v b
e n o r e a s on o n s o , or e en o s o se a a no a e een

u i tn n e rr u pt dl y i h bit d f e ti b f itn a d t f me or a ti us p ti f th m e e ore c e as e o or a c on n uo or on o e con

ti n en t f Eu p o ro It i b t
e . t u l t upp th t th G i d e l w h th y iv d s u na ra o s o se a e o s, en e a rr e ,

s u bj u g t d th a e tiv dm d l v
e na f th m e s , and d u dg e F m th fi t th f i f th
a e s a es o e an r s. ro e rs e us o n o e

tw o r ac e s m y h v b g u to t k p l
a a e Th p
e en f fu i m u t h v b
a e qu i k ac e . e ro c ss o s on s a e ee n c

en e d by th dv t f th i d d h ti l l
e a en o t th e B yth i
a r an d u d th p os e e em en , r on c an n er e res

s u re ex t d by th B yth s th fu i f th tw th
er e e r ti m y h v b
on e m pl t s on o e o o er na on s a a e een so c o e e

as t p o du ro w p pl f m ix d G i d l i d tiv igi
ce a n e eo e o A di gl y e p o e c an na e or n. c c or n , su

p i
os n g th A b igi e t t hor v b e A y
n es n o m ig h t xp t toh l g u g
a f th e ul t t en r an s , o n e e ec e an a e o e res an
Go i de l i c pe op l e to Sh o w m o re n o n -A r y an t r it th
a s an th e l an gu g a e of th e B yth r on s ; as a

m a tt er of t th i p v t b th
fac , s ro es o e e c as e .
”

Th 7°
u th e D m ii i h biti g as th e y did w h t w s l t e th u l u f th
so ern a n on ,
n a n a a a r e n c e s o e

k i gd m f th C um b i
n o o u t u d ubt dl y b
e r an s , m g d d th i c t ors d B yth
s n o e e re ar e as e r an es an as r on s .

S w o th O t d i i B yth o
e re e a t h y d i pp e e d l y th i r u t y h vi g b
n r ns e i ed sa ar e ar , e co n r a n een se z

i p t by th P i c t f
n ar the th i d f th e F o th a d i p t by Ge m i i v de s f om
s rom e o er s e o r n n ar r an c n a r r

—C l ti B i t i p 2 7 1
,

b e y d th eon sea e c r a n , . .

Ov th ert h g ph y f S l g v
e e no d N v t m u h c
ra o t ve y h t ke p l e I t
e o ae a n o an ae c o n ro rs as a n ac .

i p b b l th t
s ro a th
e h a f S lw y
on i th
e s t f th e B iti h I l th w t o e
ore s o o a , as n e res o r s s es, ere as a n

ti m b i gi l
e an a or s ll na d d k h i d whi h
rac e , m a ly G k w it d ib e b e i g
an ar -
a re , c e ar ree r ers esc r as n

re p l d by th l g l i m b d f i
ac e e ar ki d C l t T h
e- e ly I i h h i t i l l g d
,
a r e r- s nneti e s . e e ar r s s or c a e en s c on a n

n um s llu i
e rou t th i p
a pl g
s on s l ly k w
o s s Fi b l g
eo B ut s it
e, t b ffi m e d
e n era no n a r o . a c an n o e a r

th t y ta an f th e h
ra c e o b i d tifi d,e ith i th t diti s
se as een p ul h l m i f
en e er n e ra on or s e c ra re a ns o

t h i p ti c ul d i t i t fu th s p ul ti
s ar ar s r c ,
b u t th e m i f th p
r er t fu ti l T h f i e t
ec a on a o s or e re se n e . e a r s

i f
n e re n c e f m th m j ity f p l c
ro e m i N v ti
a or ow G ll w y a w ll
e- n a f m es n o an a no a o a as e as ro

th ld t
e o esd d p rec o r l m e is th t it w a l
e rs o n a g i h bit d by p p l e f th G i d l i
na es , a s on n a e eo o e o e c or

G el i b
a c h f C ltr an c p ki g th m l g u g
o e s, s ea d ubt w it h n d i l ti v i ti
e sa as
e an a e, no o s om e a ec c ar a on ,

th tiv s f I l d d th
e na e o t f w h t i w S tl d T h C y m i
r e an an e re s Wlh p h
o a s no co an . e r c or e s s eec ,

w h i h w s ft w d difl u d m
c a a er ar g th e B it
s f D um f i
se hi a d St th l y d
on did t r ons o r e ss r e an ra c e, no

p v i l t d i l d g e i um b l p l
re a o s o m nn i th G i d l i l gu g w h i h ti l l
e ra e ac e - n a m i es n e o e c an a e c s re a n

w it h i th t n it y f th St th l yd B it
e e rr or o T h t th p p l w h d w l t l g t i G ll
e ra c e r on s . a e eo e o e on es n a o

w y sp k
a ith th e We l h f m f C l ti
o e ne er th P i ti h d i l
s t f G li m y b i f d
or o e c n or e c s a ec o ae c, a e n erre

f m th
ro b e f
a y t
s en c e i t o f an ith f t h
c er a n l g g g t h
ra c e si of e er o ese an ua es am o n e r n am es o

pl ac e s Y t . w il l be h w h
,
as ft th y b th
e s o n f Pi t l g ft it h d f l l
e re a er, e ore e n am e o c s on a er a a en

i t d i u i th p t f S tl d T h y w P i t y t t th
n o s se n o er ar s o co an N th P i t. e ere c s, e no e s a m e as or e rn c s

d w l l i g b y d th M u th
e n e on th S u th
e o P i t d w ll i g b tw
n ,
n or as th e M u th ed o e rn c s, e n e een o n an

th e F th G l y t t f
or ae s , b th h d w ith th G l
e no o on e d i ti ti ro m ph i d by
er oo o er ae s a s nc on e as z e

th e m e gi v
na t th m f G l lg idh l
en o e t g G l Thi t o a b m i th W l h
a e o r s r an er ae s. s e rm ec a e n e e s

Sp c h G ll wydd l ( dd
ee a u d l ik th i
e so wh n ths G ll w y w h i c h ti l l
e n en c e e n am e a o a ,
s

d t th e St w t y f Ki k u db igh t d th h i
en o es e ar r o ru ty f Wigt w
c r R gi ld f an e s re or co n o o n . e na o

Du h r w iti g i
am , th rt w l ft h n tu y h p
n e ve d e w d f G ll w y P i ti h
c en H
r ,
as reser one or o a o a c s . e

s y th t
a s t i l i f Ki k udb igh t w
a c e r a n c er c s o ll d ll f th r i th l
c g u g f th P i t
r ere c a e s co o es n e an a e o e c s.

Th i i s d i g f th L ti
s a re n er n l ti u d i ff i g
o e tg a t l y f th E
n s co a s d G li c lg s, er n no re a r om e r se an ae c s co o

l h i —M x w l l H i t y f D
,

m w i d l y f m th W l h y
or e e ro e e s s co f i d G
e c. l l w y pp 4 5 a e ,
s or o um r es a n a o a , .
, .

O 77
m y y t
ne h t t h W a l h p
sa p l f th p
a t d e y i d u e s
p f t h e l t
eo e o e re se n a s m a e o re e em en s

th A b igi
e l th G i d l i
or na , d th B ythe o i A d it w ul d b
e c , an f t e m e th t r on c . n o e un sa e o a ss u a

th l t
e l
a er t p d i t ; f th C l ti i d b th G i d l
e em e n s re om na e d B yth
or m y e e c n va e rs , o o e s an r on s, a

h vea m i
co m p e tiv l y m ll m b
n co ar a t t me ti th f t th t th b igi l
s a nu ers, n o o en on e ac a e a or na r ac e ,

h vi g b
a n h ee np ib l y th u d f y er e oss b f th fi t A y o sa n iv d m y h v h d
s o e ar s e ore e rs r an ar r e ,
a a e a

s u h c dv t g i th m tt r f
an a an a e li
n ti ti th t it l
e a e s u viv o i f ac c Th i i m a z a on , a a on e r es n or c e . s s

no w pp d t b th
su os e w ith Fo e wh e p pl t k i th b l k
c a se it h
ra n c e , os e eo e, a en n e u ,
a re ne er

F ki h
ran C e l ti
s n or m u h as th p
c so t tiv f th c A y p p ul ti w h i h th
e re re s en a es o e n on - r an o a on s c e

fi t A y f u d th
rs r an s I t th u b
o n e re . m tt f i t t f u t k w ll w
s e c om es a a er o n eres or s o no a e c an

ab u t th
o l i t i h bit
e e ar t f th i c u t y N w th qu ti
es n a an s o f th igi f th t
s o n r . o , e es on o e or n o a ra c e

is , ac c or di g t i wt k
n f it i
o one v e p bly a t d w ith th P i ti h qu ti ; d
en o , n se ara c on n e c e e c s es on an

th m e t t b l h yp th i m y b
os ena e i d t b t h t th P i t w
o es s a A y e w h m th
sa o e, a e c s ere n on - r an s , o e

fi t C l ti m ig ti f u d l dy s ttl d h e T h P i t pp t h v t i d th ir
rs e c ra on s o n a re a e e er . e c s a e ar o a e re a ne e

l angu g d i titu ti l t t th
a e an ns t on s t f S tl d i p ti
a es on f th egi b e as c oa s o co an n or on s o e re on e

tw Cl kme en ac d B ff B u t I i h l it e t u e l l ud
a n n an a n an t Pi t h . d th i I l r s d ra r a es o c s ere an e re n re a n ,

an d th t i su h a w y
n t f vo th b l i f t h t t h y w
c a a as o u v iv l
a fr h l di g p
e e e a e e re s r a s o a r ac e o n os

i
s e ss o n t ti m f th e w h l
a one u t y
e o I f th e P i t w t A y
o e w
co l d h dl y
n r . c s e re no r an s , e c ou ar

s u pp th t h v b e b le to q ui poss e ss i f xt iv t c t f th e i l d fte
ose em o a e e n a ac re on o e ens e ra s o es s an s a r
th e arr ival f s u o ch a p yAy
o w e rf ul a n d Th tu l c lu i w ar l ik e r a c e as th e e ar l r an s . e na ra c on s on

is, th t th P i t
a w he b f e th A y
c s e re m th t th y w
ere i f t th
e or b igi s e r an s c a e, a e e re , n ac , e a or ne .

N w m th i g i k
o , so w f th m
e n d s t nof th i t Pi t ; f n
n o e a n n e rs an c u s om s o e an c e n c s or o e

o f th m t l e t w
e a s m k bl
as t
as tt t th tt ti
o re f th
ar i t u th w h
a e as o a rac e a en on o e an c e n a o rs o

m e ti n th e p o p l e s o f th i c u t y
on e It w th b s g th m f th i tit u ti
o n r f . as e a sen c e a m on e o e ns on o

m i g
ar r a k w t me as f th A y
no n T h i i i ll us t t d by th h i t y f th P i c t
o en o e r an r a c e . s s ra e e s or o e s

i l t
n ti m
a er p i l l y i thes , e s f th i k i g f
ec a it is w l l k w th t P i ti h k i g
n e c as e o e r n s, or e no n a a c s n

d d by b u t u u l l y by it i ’
c o ul d tb u
no e s f hi
c c ee w e a s on Th o u s o n, s a a s s er s son . e s c c e ss o n

w s th
a ugh th ro m th e d it p i t b k t
e o t t f i ty w h i h p e vi u t th c
r , an o n s ac o a s a e o soc e c , r o s o e on

ve i o f th P i t t Ch i ti ity w p ob b l y b as e d
rs o n e c s o m t i ar h y as di s ti gu i h d f o m
r s an , as r a on a r c n s e r

m i g d m it l th ity
arr a e an ar a au or .

T he m o lu i sa t th e p b b l
e c nc A y s o n as igi f th P i ts is w arran t e d by
o ro a e n on - r an or n o e c

fac t f a th
s o de no l y th
er or f p h b u t th e P i ti h q
r , n am e ti i
, d e d ph il
o se o s eec c s ue s on s ren re o

l gi c ll y d i ffi u l t by th
o a c ti f th em i f th P i ti h l g u g
e s c an n es s o F ili g e r a ns o e c s an a e. a n

t o re c og i th b o w i g f G i d l i d B yth o i w d by th P i t m h v b e l d
n ze e rr o n o o e c an r n c or s e c s , so e a e en e

t o re g d P i ti h s a k i d f G l i
ar c s a d om di l e t ki t W l h
n o Th p i t t
ae c , an s e as a a c a n o e s . e o n o

h ave b d i d d h w ev
een ec w e t w h th
, G li
o W l h xp l i
e r, t i w d id t
as n o e er ae c or e s e a ns c er a n or s sa o

h av b e i u een m g th P i t s bu t w h th th d
n se a on t e i a i du t w h i h
c ,
e er e re oes no rem a n res e o c

n e ith e G li r Wlhae i d d y A y t gu e w h t v
c n or e s ,
n or , ppl y y s t f
n ee , an r an on a soe e r , c an s u an or o

ke y T h i i b gi i g o f l t t b p e s s e nn n iv d I t is tta e m u h t o y th t th e rc e e no oo c o sa a e

t —R h ys
. .

th y f th o Ary
e or o igi f th P i c ti h l gu g h l d th e fi e l d t p
e n n- an or n o e s an a e o s a re se n .
,

T h W l h P pl pp 1 3 —
e e s 1 6 eo e, . .

S m i f m ti
79
o i
e g d to th e l y i h bit t f th e d i t i t w es t f th e N ith m y
n or a on n re ar e ar n a an s o s r c o a

b f u d i th w k
e o n n f M P H M K l i c h i f f w h i h i L d d th i Ow
e or s o r. . .i ac er e, e o c s an s an e r n er s n

G ll w y
a o I ap ki g f th l g u g e h y
. n s ea n It i o l f u d t h t th L w l d S tti h
e an a , e sa s s a so o n a e o an co s

w as n o t d i v d f m th er S x e f m w h i h it di ff
ro i m
e y p c t b t pp
a on , t h ave
ro c ers n an r es e s, u a e ar s o

h d it
a igi f m th l gu g f th e N th
s or n ro eP i t d N w gi
an a ttl e
e o It i t u or ern c s an or e an se rs . s r e

th t th a e re m f d i ti c tl y t
ar e no i g t h i s ; bu t th b l i f f m w it ers th t th e
e an s o s n rac n e e e o so e r a

Pi t w c s igi l l y B it
e re or d b am e m ix e d w ith N
na r b l d i m e th p b b l e
on s , an ec o rs e oo ,
s or an ro a .

T h P i ti h l gu g
e c s f k w
an C l ti i
a e , so i d d h vi g b
ar no e t th e d i
n as e c , s c on s e re as a n e en n ar e r o a

l t ec s o f th B it t h t th
e r f th G l w h i h
on s an i i d w ith th b v
o os e o u t f th e i r e ae c co nc es e a o e ac c o n o

igi —h e th h t i ti f b th b l d d w ith th G i d l G l i t b f u d i
,

or n enc e c a r ac e r s cs o o ,
en e e o e or ae c, o e o n n

th S t e Th
co s. b l ittl e d ubt t h t th S tti h l g g h d it f u d ti
e r e c an e o p i ip ll y a e co s an ua e a s o n a on r nc a

f m th
ro u ese Ch lm so giv m y S tti h w d s d e i d dl y B iti h r C ym i c
rc es . a e rs es an co s or s a c e r s o r .

I n a d diti th e on m y G id lier G li w d
are an b t d byo y e p s dc or ae c or s , as c a n e r ac e an on e o s e sse

o f G li ae d S tti h d i ti
c an i co I t is h i t i l th t i th
s c l v th
o n ar e s t y G l i c w as
. s or c a a n e e e en c e n ur ae

i u
n t th
se C a t f M l l m C m e d l i th e Ch u h t th t p i d T h i
e our o a co an or , an a so n rc a a er o . s

c on ti u d u ti l E dg u d d ki g i 1 09 8 w h N m F h ( t S x o ) di
n e n ar s cc ee e as n n en or an re n c no a n s

pl d th G l i t C t —G ll w y A i t d M d
,

ac e e ae c a o ur .
”
p 79 a o a , n c en an o er n , . .

M M c K l i w k i h i fly l u b l f it l
r. a er e s
’
or l fe t u s c dh o t b e too c l os l y
e va a e or s oc a a r e s , an e c an n e

f ll w d i h i g
o o e l
n lu is Hi t t m
en era t t th igi f th S tti h l gu g e
c on c s on s . s s a e en as o e or n o e co s an a

m u t b s t k w ith e a i d b l ll w
en M H ill B u t
c on s h w v
e ra t k e qu ll y
a o an c e . r. r on ,
o e er, a e s an e a

e xt m p itire e th os th i d f th q u ti
on on Ie o p e ki g f th e L w l d h y
er s e o e es on . n s a n o o an ers , e sa s

H w f o C l ti b l d m y h v m i gl d w ith th i
ar e c oo w a t t l l b ut it w a th
a e n e e r ra c e e c an n o e ,
s e

na tu f th i l gu g b ti t l y t
re o e r an i t l l dm ixtu w ith th G l i T h b de t
a e o s na e o res s a a re e ae c. e r oa s

an d pu t L wl d S t h i p k
re s o an th dg f th H igh l
co c d li s s I t ugh t o e w ulden on e e e o e an ne. o ,
on o

th i k t b a c u i u d i t u tiv t pi f ph il l gy t d l w ith th t w h il e th t b
o e r o s an ns r c a e es a

d —f m
n e o c or o o o ea

u t y — f E gl d —b o
, ,

l i h d l g u ag
s e anf u e o o d d S tl
r co n r w t ll h o n an an co an rr o s a a an s ro

G k f m L ti f m F c h it t k
ree , ro a n ,
th i g w h t v
ro ith i its s t uc tu e o
ren , a es no n a e er , e er n r r r

v o ca b ul ar y f m th e C l ti ro w h h v l iv d f e t u i s i th
c ra c e , m i sl d w ith th e o a e e or cen r e n e sa e an

—
,

S a x p e
on - s ki g E
a g l i h
n d S c t
rac e s , H i t y f S tl n d v l i p 200
s an o s .
”
s or o co an ,
o . .
, . .

I 73
l u c i d ti n e f th i p ag l es s e p u t b l
on o th ity th T h m H H uxl y
s ass a e no r a e an au or an o as . e
is n am e d by Mr Sk e n e p p iti th at th p p l t m e d G ul d
. as s p o n so r fo r h is ro os on e eo e er a s an

th o e cal l d G m
s by th R m
e dider t d i ff
ans i y i m p t t p h y
e i l h a r ao t e an s no er n an or a n s ca c c r .

T h i i d d i i d w ith th u l d ipti giv by th R m

s, n ee ,
c o nc es e s ua esc r on en e o an s .

T h i ubj t h b
1"
di u
s s d i ece c ti w it h th as u i
een f th P i ti sh ki gsc s se n c on n on e s c c e ss o n o e c n s.

Th e m na f th ig i g ki g
es o i th m i e refi dt f u n n fiv m e n B d s ar e n e a n c on ne o o r or e na s , as ru e,

D u t T l g N h t G t idh d th s ve pp
r s ,
a or an , ec m ang th m f th e f th
,
ar n a , an e e ne r a e ar a on e na es o a e rs

of ki g n d th
s , n or m f f th oe su tw i i th l i t F u th i tw c
e na e o a w a er occ r ce n e s . r er , n o as e s e

k w t h t w h i l th ki g w h ig d w t
no a e ed p tiv l y B u dn s d T l o reth ne e re e rm e res ec e r e an a o r c an , e

f th
a f th
er o w s B it d f th
e one th A gl
a Tha r cl i whi h M M
on , an o e o e r an n e . e c on us o n c r . c

L e n n an i h i ve y igi l w k
n s p i itiv m i g d w f m th i i th t it i a
r or na or on r m e ar r a e ra s ro s s, a ra ses

t g p u pti th t l l th f th w e
s r on res m on f th t ib a At a
y t th e a i e rs re m e n o o er r es . an ra e , ere re m a n s

th f t e ft
ac v y d du ti h b m d th t th f th
,
a er e er e d m th c on w i as e en a e , a e a e rs an o ers er e n n o c a se

o f th m
e sa f m ily m e d h qu t a th i na f b e l i v i g th t x g m y p v i l e d
e an e o es s as a r e as o n or e n a e o a re a

a m o g th n P i t s B ut th i xpl ti th ugh it g
e c . w y w i ll s e t f ll y i t p t th e an a on , o o e s som e a , no u n er re

an o m li i th e l i t f P i ti h ki g
a es n Th l y h yp th i th t
s o m c t ff d
s f ul l n
pl s. e on o es s a se e s o a or a ex a

na ti i on th t w l d upp th t th ki g
s on e a g th e P i t w
ou s l t df m ose e f m ily a e n s am on c s ere e e c e ro on a ,

l
c an t ib
, or p ibl y f m
r i
e , or h f th tw o d ivi s i
o ss f th e N th ro d S th e
o ne n e ac o e on s o or e rn a n ou rn

P i t th t th l i g d m g th P i t th l d c u t m m o g th C l t w h t u e th
c s a ere n ere a on e c s e o s o a n e e s, o, o s e

l gu g
an f M M L
a e o w i t l y l x i th i m l
r . c e n n an d g i d l ti h ip
, e r e an c e n a n e r or a s , an re c o n z e re a on s

t h u gh m t h
ro ly th t i t m i g w s t p itt d i th i y l f i l y t ib
o e rs on a n er d a rr a e a no er m e n s ro a am r e , an

th w m e h d t
o bt i th i h u b d f m th m
en a o o f th a n t ib t x l ud i g t h
e r s f an s ro e en o o er r es, n o e c n os e o

a d i ff t er e n ; th t th h il d
rac e w d pt d i t th t ib e f th m th
a e c d re n t i er e a o e n o e r o e o e r , an c er a n

na m s w e x l u iv l y b e t w d s u h h i l d
er e e c s —C l ti S tl d v l i pp 2 3 3 2 34
e s o e on c c re n . e c co an , o . .
, .
-

J h F ML
o n . O igi n f th e F m f C pt
c e n n an i M , i g Cr i o or o a ur e n arr a e e r e m on e s .

‘ Th 5 B it k w by th e m f M t i lud d u d th e m v l l
r on s , no n na e o aea ae , nc e n er se era es se r
ese

p e pl e u h th Ot di i S lg
o , s c as N t eD m t —T I a n C iti l E
, e yo vae , o va n e s , a n II , e c . . n n es , r ca ssa on

th A e i t I h bit t f th V th
n c en n P t f B it i
a an s o S tl d b k i h ii
e r t i
or er n ar s o r a n or co an , oo c . ar . .

‘ di t xp iti itt b t ’
5 h
H ( lib ero i h i u an f S u s d . w n 2 4 0 ll t
s ac c o n o e ve r s e e on ,
r en a ou , ca s e

s m a i h bit t f C l d i i m pl y B it
e n a an s o b t h d ib th m P i t
a e on a s p i td i r on s , u e esc r es e as c s, or a n e , n

th w d es e T h y m k th i b di w ith v i u pi t
or s e f ll m ar f im le r d o es ar o s c ur e s o a an n e r o an a s , an

th f t h y l th e t th m lv l e t t h e y h i de th p i t d out i d Of th e i b di s —I
e r e or e e c o no e se es s e a n e s e r o e .
”
nnes,

b o k i h iii t i
o .
, c . .
, ar . .

T h S t s i th i
77
w et g u h v t h i m f th p i t d b dy [C uith igh ]
co , n e r o n on e, a e e r na e or e a n e o r n ,

for th t t h y a m k d by h p p i t d i t um t f i
e ar e ar w it h b l
e k pigm t w ith
s ar -
o n e ns r en s o ro n , ac en s ,

th fig u e f i u im l
re s o va r o s an a s .

S ti t
om e n a l y i th i v t m t bu t l i th i b di h v
on s, n o on t i th i g
n e r es en s, a so n e r o es, a e c er a n n s

p l i t th m l v
ecu ar o i th e w ti g t th
se esti f th P i t th n or m f th
s e re an n o e na on o e c s e na e o e

b dy bu t th fli i t dl w ith i u t p t
o , e e
'

c en b i th xp n ee d j i
e ,
f tiv m n e u n c ur e s , r u s n e e re sse u ces o a na e

h b th t it m y b i g t h
er a t it a w f hi r n i fm u bil ity w ith p i t d
es e s c ars o s o n as on : an n a o s no a n e

—I d
,

lim b s . f S vi ll e O igi
sa 1 ixor e o h ii ; d l x e h xxiii ,
r n es , . .
,
c . . an . xI c . .

T h Pi t
73
d S t h v u u lly b
e c s an i t d w ith C l d i T h co s a m e s a e e n asso c a e a e on a . es e n a e s ar e

re c e n t i igi b i g u d l y by l t R m w it
n or n , e n B d ( ixth c t ) l l C l d i
se on a er o an r e rs . e e s en . ca s a e on a

P vi i Pi t u ; d it w ul d m th t i h i ti m th
ro nc a c or m
”
an Pi t P ht h d o see a n s e e n am e c s , or e s, a

n e ar ly p d d th l d t m C l d ii — d iv d f m th C y m i C l yd
su erse e e o er er d th i a e on er e ro e r c e on an s

i G l t ae C l t G ll i —N i h l P d ig f th E gli h P pl p 4 9
,

l t d t th g
re a e o e e ner c a a ,
e ae , a . c o as , e r ee o e n s eo e, . .

Th p p S t e ro d i er w G lico s, l yf as I l d
no Th on e ly en es , e re a ae c c o on rom r e an . e on

que ti i t th P i t C l d i
s on s as o W th y e th G l i t ib th
c s or a e tig f on an s . ere e an o er ae c r e, e ve s e o a

G licae u p ti occ f th i l d li a th th B iti h

on o u p ti e w
s an th y i p l y e ar er an e r s occ a on ,
or e re e s m

B it w h h d v b b ugh t u d th R m d m i i
r on s o a ne er T h g g ph i l
een ro p t n er e o an o n on e eo ra ca as ec

o f th f v
e c as e th f m b l i f b ut th w igh t f th ph i l l gi l vi d
a o rs e or er e m t be
e e e o e o o ca e ence se e s o

i d f th l tt —F m N
,

on th e s e o C q
e a t h ii er . 1 re e an ,
or m a n on u es ,
c . se c . .

T h Pi t w ei m p ly B it w h h d b
c s ereh lt d f m R m
s que t by th e
r ons o a ee n s e ere ro o an c on s
 T h e Sou h e rn t Pi t i d by B d t h v h d t w ith i th
c s ar e sa ti e e o a e a se a s n ese m o un a n s .

Th e se di t i t i t f th P th h i
s r c s c on s s d F f ohi H igh l ed th f m
er sf w hi h i re an o r ar s re an s, e or er o c s

k w no n by th f A th ll Th w t
e n am e o b d y f th t it y f th S th P i t
o . e e s e rn o un ar o e e rr or o e ou e rn c s

w as D lb
rum a whi h p t d th f
an ,
cth S t se f D l i d ar a e d th i th b em rom e co s o a r a a, an e r s ou e rn ou n

d y th F th
ar e Th or i b dy f th S th
. e m a n P i t l b l g d d bt t th G l io o e ou ern c s a so e on e no ou o e ae c

r ac e , t h gh th y y h v p
ou e d m a d i ff a i th i di
e f th i l g g
o ss e s s e b t s om e ere n c e s n e om o e r an ua e u

th e or igi l p p l ti na f th o t y xt di g f
u a on o th F th t th T y
e c ou n r i t d fp t , e en n r om e or o e a ,
c on s s e o ar

o f th t ib e f D
r e o ii w h b l g d t th C i h v i ty f th B iti h
am n o n , o e on d th y e o e or n s ar e o e r s r ac e , an e

a pp t h v b i
e ar o a p t d w ith th S th
e een n c or Pi t d t h v i t d
o ra e d B iti h e ou e rn c s , an o a e n ro uc e a r s

l
e em en t i t th i l g g T h F i i
n o e r an ttl t t
ua e . th h f th Fi t h f F th
e r s an s e e m en s , oo, on e s or e s o e r o or

m a y l h
a so v l f t t ha i t ep eth i p t f the r s amti — C l ti S tl d on l i p 3 s ar o e na on . e c co an , vo . .
, . 2 1 .

Th i D t i l l y
79
s ru s t d w ith G l l w y ; d w t h l
s c e ar th t w h e tw
c on n e c e a o a an e us e a rn a n o

ki g pp i th Pi ti h Ch i l
n s a e ar n e i g i g t g th c s f th m i p b bl y ki g f
r on c e as re n n o e e r , on e o e s ro a n o

th P i t
e f G ll w y
c s o a o a .

N t th p i h h h f A w th i G ll w y i l w d l ti g g f h i ll
e ar o e ar s c ur c o n o , n a o a ,
s a o un u a n r an e o s,

l l d th B d h ill f th g by th f T ty H i ll d ’
ca e l e O
or e a n s ne o d it
ese oe s e n am e o r us s an r o un s

—
.
,

t p
o m a
y b t d teh i
ra c e f it ifi d w ll S
e r em a n s o t t S l
p t St l
a v i p 3 r e a . uar
’
s cu u r ea
’
on es , v o . .
, . 1 .

H 90
t we, p b bl y ki g f th P i t f G l l w y d t
oo , as ro a a f hi n l
o e c s o a o a ,
an r ac e s o s n am e a s o c an

b f e d i th t p g ph y f t h t d i t i t
oun n e o o Th ra ld m f th p i h f N w Abb y i
o a s r c . e o na e o e ar s o e e ,
n

Ki k db igh t w L h K d l h
r cu r , as oc en e oc .

Sk 9’
y th t T l
e n e sa w s bvi l y th
a f th t A i f it th
a or c a n f A dil f i d
as o o us e s on o a n ra ,
e son o e r ,

b th f O l d w h h i f th d th h d t k f g w ith th P i t
’
an e ld er ro er o s ua ,
o on d s a er s ea a a en re u e e c s , an

hi s son T l th v
a or c a n m u s d d t th t h th gh P i ti h th
a e suc c e e A t th ti
e o e r on e rou a c s m o er. e m e,

th w h Ki g O w i xt d d h i w y v th B it
en , en n s n e d S t th
en e w ki g f th
s s a o er e r on s an co s, e re as a n o e

A gl i
n c by p t l d
r ac e t t l l y ig i g v th P i t T igh
a e rn a esc e n a c ua d hi re n n o er e c s . e rn ac r e c or s s

d th i 6 5 7
ea n d B d t ll ,
an th t w ith i th y e e e ft h h d l i Ki g P
s us a d O wi n ree e ars a er e a s a n n en a, s n

su bj t d th g t p t f th P i t t th d i i
ec e e re a er ar f th A glo I t i p b bl
e c s th o e om n on o e n es . s ro a e, e re

for e , th t h l i d th i b i i t h i l f th
a e c a m e e r i sud h i m th p t
ss on l id o m se as e c o us n a n e r on e a er n a s e

o f th i ki g T l
e r n , d f d hi l i
a o r c an , a n by f f en or c e s c a m o rc e o a rm s .

99
B d i (B d i ru e E d ) w re p t lly
e , ori f th y l h tu e f A l l yd h i
as a e rn a a s c on o e ro a o us e o c e, s

f th
a Bil i pp i g i th W l h g
er, ,
a ear n l gi n xd t N i e th e s f N ith enea o es an n e e o e n n us a s e s on o e on

an d f th a f th t E g i w h
er o l w Da ll B u i 64
e n Hi th w th d gh t f
o s e om n a rec n 2 . s m o er as e au er o

T l a or c an m ac A i f it th l t i d p n ra d t k i g f th P i t b f
, e as th y w n bj t d by
e en en n o e c s e ore e ere s u ec e

O wis n .
 C H APT E R XV

T H E SCOTS AN D P I CT S
H E S c ots o f Dal r ia da ac qui r e d po s s e s s io n o f th e p e n i n su l a o f K i n ty r e
a n d a d j a c e n t t e r r ito r y in A r gy l e a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e s ixth c e n tu r y .

Abo u t 5 0 3 L o a r n M o r e s o n o f E r c s e t t l e d t h e r e w it h h is b r oth e r s A n gus

, , ,

a n d F e r g u s a n d s o m e o f t h e i r f o ll o w e r s
,
T h e y c a m e fr o m I r i s h D a l r ia d a
.

a d i s t r i c t in I r e l an d a pp r oxi m a t e l y c o r r e s po n d i n g to o r i n c l u d e d in th e

n o r t h e rn po r ti o n o f th e p r e s e n t c ou n ty o f A n t r i m .

O f th e S c ot s o f I r e l a n d w e h a v e fr e qu e n t m e n tio n by th e R o m an h is to r
i an s A s w e h a v e s e e n t h e i r i s l an d w a s fo r s o m e c e n t u r i e s k n o w n by th e
.
,

n a m e o f S c oti a a n d a ft e r th e S c ots h a d s e tt l e d in A l b an i a it c o n ti n u e d to
‘
, ,

b e c a l l e d S c oti a M a j o r in d i s ti n c tio n fr o m S c oti a Mi n o r w h i c h w a s th e fi r s t

, ,

f o r m o f th e p r e s e n t n a m e S c o t l an d as a pp l i e d to No r t h B r it a i n
“ ”
.
, ,

T h e f o ll o w i n g r e fe r e n c e s to th e S c ot s a r e f o u n d in th e H i story o f A m m i
an u s M a r c e ll i n us ( w r itt e n b e t w e e n 3 80 a n d an d t h e y ar e th e fi r s t a o

c ou n t s t h a t w e h a v e o f th e s e p e op l e u n d e r t h a t n a m e a l t h o u gh t h e y m ay h a v e ,

b e e n o f th e s a m e r a c e w it h th e Hib e r n i an s m e n tio n e d by E u m e n iu s in 2 9 6 ,

w h o w it h th e P i c t s w e r e s a i d by h im to h a v e b e e n th e h e r e d i t ar y e n e m i e s o f
, ,

th e B r it o n s in C ae s a r s ti m e I t s e e m s m o r e p r ob a b l e h o w e v e r t h a t th e
’
.
, ,

t e r m Hib e r n i an s w a s fi r st a pp l i e d by th e Ro m an s to th e i n h abit an t s o f
W e s t e r n S c ot l an d .

T h e s e w e r e th e e v e n t s w h i c h took p l ac e in I ll y r i c u m an d in th e E as t .

B u t th e n e xt y e ar t h a t o f C o n s ta n tiu s s t e n t h an d J u l i an s thi r d c o n s u l s h ip
’ ’

[ A . D . th e a ff a i r s o f B r it a i n b e c a m e t r o u b l e d i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e in

c u r s io n s o f th e s a v a g e n a tio n s o f P i c t s a n d S c o t s w h o b r e a ki n g th e p e a c e to , ,

w h i c h t h e y h a d a g r e e d w e r e p l u n d e r i n g th e d i s t r i c t s o n t h e i r bo r d e r s an d
, ,

k e e pi n g in c o n s t a n t a l a r m th e p r ovi n c e s e x h a u s t e d by fo r m e r d i s as t e r s .

( Book xx. c
,
h i ) . .

At t h i s ti m e [A D th e t r u m p e t a s it w e r e g a v e s ig n a l fo r w a r
. .
, ,

th r o u gh o u t th e w h o l e Ro m an w o r l d ; an d th e b a r b a r i an t r ib e s o n o u r fr o n
ti e r w e r e m ov e d to m a k e i n c u r s io n s o n t h o s e t e r r ito r i e s w h i c h l a y n e a r e s t to
t h e m T h e A ll e m a n n i l a i d w a s t e G a ul an d R h ae ti a a t th e s a m e t i m e T h e
. .

S a r m a ti an s an d Q u ad i r a v a g e d P a n n o n i a T h e P i c t s S c ot s S a xo n s an d .
, ,

A tte c o tti h ar a s s e d th e B r ito n s w it h i n c e s s a n t i n v a s io n s .

I t w i l l b e s u ffic i e n t h e r e to m e n tio n t h a t a t t h a t ti m e [ A D 3 6 8] th e P i c t s . .
,

w h o w e r e d ivi d e d i n to tw o n a ti o n s th e D ic a l id o n e s a n d th e V e c tu r io n e s
, ,

an d l ik e w i s e th e A tte c o tti a v e r y w a r l ik e p e op l e an d th e S c o t s w e r e a l l
, ,

r ovi n g o v e r d i ff e r e n t p a r t s o f th e c o u n t r y a n d c o m m itti n g g r e a t r a v a g e s .
,

( Book xxvi c h iv ) .
,
. .

Th e o d o s i u s fath e r o f th e e m p e r o r o f t h a t n am e fi n all y s u c c e e d e d in d r iv
, ,

in g th e i n v a d e r s n o r t h o f Se v e r u s s w al l an d th e c o u n t r y b e t w e e n t h a t a n d
’

th e W al l o f H a d r i an w a s a d d e d to th e Ro m an E m pi r e a bo u t 3 6 8 as th e fi ft h

p r o v i n c e in B r it a i n an d c a ll e d,
V a l e n ti a a f t e r th e r e ig n i n g e m
,
p e r o r T h e .
l e gio n s b e c o m i n g r e du c e d by th e r e vo l t o f M a xi m u s a bout 3 9 0 ho w e v e r , ,

f u r th e r i n c u r s io n s o f th e P i c t s a n d S c ot s took p l ac e ; an d thoug h fr e s h
t r oop s w e r e s e n t a g a i n s t th e m an d th e t e r r ito r y a g a i n r e c ov e r e d th e fi n al ,

w it h d r a w a l o f th e g a r r iso n s d u r i n g th e n e xt t w e n ty y e a r s l e f t th e pr o v 1 n c e
w e l l n igh d e fe n c e l e s s an d e xpo s e d to th e r a i d s o f th e s a v a g e s w h o fr o m th a t ,

ti m e o n b r ok e t h r o u gh th e w a ll s w ith i m p un ity an d ov e r r an a n d d e s t r oy e d
th e R o m a n s e tt l e m e n t s a t w i l l ( A m m i a n u s book xxvii c h ,
.
,
.

T h e e a r l y a t t a c k s o n B r it a i n by th e S c ot s s e e m to h a v e b e e n m a d e d i r e c t l y
f r o m I r e l a n d a n d w e r e m o r e in th e n a t u r e o f p r e d a to r y f o r a y s t h a n p e r m a
,

n e n t t e r r ito r i a l c o n qu e s t s Th e y fi r s t a pp e ar to h a v e c o m e t h r o u g h W al e s ’
. .

T h e H is tory o f Ne n n iu s s o c a l l e d ( a m ixt u r e o f fa b l e s an d h a l f t r u ths )

,
- -
,

t e ll s us
1 1 ZEn e a s r e ig n e d ov e r th e L a ti n s th r e e y e a r s A s c a n iu s t h i r ty t h r e e
. .
,
-

y e a r s a ft e r w h o m Si l vi u s r e ig n e d t w e l v e y e a r s an d P o s th u m u s t h i r t y n i n e ,
-

y e a r s : th e fo r m e r fr o m w h o m th e ki n g s o f A l b a a r e c all e d Si l v a n w a s
, ,

b r ot h e r to B r u t u s w h o gov e r n e d B r it a i n a t th e ti m e E l i th e h igh p r i e s t
, ,
-
,

j u d g e d I s r a e l an d w h e n th e ar k o f th e c ov e n an t w a s t a k e n b a fo r e ig n
,

p e op l e But P o s t h u m u s h is b r ot h e r r e ign e d a m o n g th e L a ti n s F a bu l o u s ]
.
, ,
.

1 2 A ft e r a n i n t e r v al o f n o t l e s s t h an e ig h t h un d r e d y e ar s c a m e th e
.
,

P i c ts an d o c c u pi e d th e O r k n e y I sl an d s
,
w h e n c e t h e y l a i d w a s t e m an y
r e gio n s an d s e iz e d t h o s e o n th e l e f t h a n d s i d e o f B r it a i n
,
w h e r e t h e y sti ll -
,

r e m a i n k e e pi n g po s s e s s i o n o f a t h i r d p ar t o f B r it a i n to t h i s d a
, y .

1 3 Lo n g a ft e r t h i s th e S c ot s a r r iv e d in I r e l an d fr o m Sp a i n
.
,
.

1 4 . T h e s o n s o f L ie th a l i obt a i n e d th e c o u n t r y o f th e Dim e tae

w h e r e is a c ity c a l l e d M e n a v ia [ St D a vi d s ] an d th e p r ovi n c e Gui h e r an d
’
.

C e tgu e l a [ C a e r Ki d w e l l y in C a r m ar t h e n s h i r e ] w h i c h t h e y h e l d ti l l t h e y
, ,

w e r e e xp e l l e d f r o m e v e r y p a r t o f B r i t a i n by C u n e d d a a n d h is s o n s ,
.

1 5 . T h e B r ito n s c a m e to B r i t a i n in th e t h i r d a ge o f th e
w orld a n d in th e f o u r th th e S c ot s took po s s e s s io n o f I r e l a n d
,
T h e B r ito n s .

w h o s u s p e c ti n g n o h o s t i l iti e s w e r e u n p r ovi d e d w it h th e m e a n s o f d e f e n c e
, , ,

w e r e u n an i m o u s l y a n d i n c e s s a n t l y a tt a c k e d bo t h by th e S c ots fr o m th e ,

w e s t a n d by th e P i c t s fr o m th e n o r t h A l o n g i n t e r v al a ft e r t h i s th e R o .
,

m a n s o bt a i n e d th e e m pi r e o f th e w o r l d .

62 . T h e g r e a t ki n g M a il c u n r e ig n e d a m o n g th e B r ito n s , , ,

i c in th e d ist r i c t o f G u e n e d o ta b e c a u s e h is g r e a t g r e a t g r a n d fa t h e r C u n
. .
, ,
- -

e dd a w it h h is t w e l v e so n s
, h a d c o m e b e fo r e fr o m th e l e ft h an d p ar t i c -
,
. .
,
,

f o m th e c o u n t r y w h i c h is c a l l e d M an a u G u s to d ia o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r ty
r
,

s ix y e ar s b e fo r e M a il c u n r e ig n e d a n d e xp e ll e d th e S c ot s w it h m u c h s l a u g h
,

te r fr o m t h o s e c o u n t r i e s an d t h e y n e v e r r e t u r n e d a g a i n to i n h a bit t h e m
,
.

T hei n v a s io n s o f th e S c ot s an d P i c t s a ft e r th e d e p a r tu r e o f th e Ro m an s
—
f r o m B r it a i n ( 4 1 8 4 6 ) a r e t h u s d e s c r ib e d by Gi l d a s w h o w r ot e in th e m id
2
,

d l e o f th e s ixt h c e n t u r y

1 3 At l e n gt h a l s o n e w r a c e s o f ty r an t s sp r an g u p in t e r r ifi c n um b e r s
.
, , ,

a n d th e i s l an d s ti ll b e a r i n g its Ro m a n n a m e b u t c a s ti n g o ff h e r i n s tit u t e s
, ,

a n d l a w s s e n t f o r t h a m o n g th e G a u l s t h a t bi t t e r s c io n o f h e r o w n p l an ti n g ,
,

M a x i m u s w i t h a g r e a t n u m b e r o f fo ll o w e r s an d th e e n s ign s o f r oy a l ty
, , ,

w h i c h h e bo r e w it h o u t d e c e n c y an d w i t h o u t l aw f u l r ig h t but in a ty r an n i c a l ,

m an n e r an d a m i d th e d istu r b a n c e s o f th e s e d itio u s s o l d i e r y
,
.
 4 1 A f t
. e r this B r it a i n is l e f t d
,
e p r i v e d o f a ll h e r so l d i e r y an d ar m ed

b a n d s o f h e r c r u e l gov e r n o r s a n d o f th e flo w e r o f h e r yout h w h o w e n t w ith

, , ,

M a xi m us but n e v e r a g a i n r e tu r n e d a n d u tt e r l y ig n o r a n t a s s h e w a s o f th e
,

ar t o f w a r g r o a n e d in a m a z e m e n t fo r m an y y e ar s u n d e r th e c r u e l ty o f tw o
—
,

f o r e ign n a tio n s th e S c ot s f r o m th e n o r t h w e s t a n d th e P i c t s fr o m th e n o r th , .

1 5 T h e B r ito n s i m p a ti e n t a t th e a s s a u l t s o f th e S c ot s a n d P i c t s t h e i r
.
, ,

h o s ti l iti e s a n d d r e a d e d opp r e s s io n s s e n d a m b a s s a d o r s to Ro m e w ith l e tt e r s

, ,

e n t r e a ti n g in pit e ou s t e r m s th e a s s i s t a n c e o f an a r m e d b a n d to p r ot e c t t h e m ,

a n d o ff e r i n g l oy a l a n d r e a d y s u b m i s s io n to th e a ut h o r ity o f Ro m e if t h e y ,

o n l y w o u l d e xp e l t h e i r i n v a d i n g fo e s A l e gio n is i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t fo r g e t .
,

ti n g t h e i r p a s t r e b e l l io n a n d p r ovi d e d su ffi c i e n t l y w i t h ar m s W h e n t h e y
,
.

h a d c r o s s e d o v e r th e s e a a n d l an d e d t h e y c a m e a t o n c e to c l o s e c o n fli c t ,

w it h t h e i r c r u e l e n e m i e s a n d s l e w g r e a t n u m b e r s o f t h e m
,
A ll o f th e m .

w e r e d r iv e n b e yo n d th e bo r d e r s an d th e h u m i l i a t e d n a tiv e s r e s c u e d fr o m
,

th e b l oo d y s l a v e r y w hi c h a w a it e d t h e m .

1 6 T h e Ro m an l e gio n h a d n o s oo n e r r e tu r n e d h o m e in j oy a n d tr i
.

u m p h t h an t h e i r f o r m e r fo e s l ik e h u n g r y an d r a v e n i n g w o l v e s r u s h i n g w ith
, , ,

g r e e d y j aw s upo n th e fo l d w h i c h is l e ft w itho u t a s h e p h e r d an d w a ft e d b o t h ,

by th e s t r e n gt h o f o ar s m e n an d th e b l o w i n g w i n d b r e ak t h r o u gh th e bou n ,

d a r ie s a n d s p re a d s l a u g h t e r o n e v e r y Si d e a n d l ik e m o w e r s c u tti n g d o w n th e
, ,

r ip e c o r n th e y c u t u p t r e a d u n d e r f oot a n d ov e r r u n th e w h o l e c o u n t r y
, , ,
.

1 7 A n d n o w a g a i n t h e y s e n d s u pp l i an t a m b as s a d o r s w it h t h e i r ga r
.
,

m e n t s r e n t an d t h e i r h e a d s c ov e r e d w it h a s h e s i m p l o r i n g a s s i s t a n c e f r o m th e ,

Ro m an s an d l ik e ti m o r o u s c h i c k e n s c r o w d i n g u n d e r th e p r o t e c ti n g w i n g s o f
, ,

t h e i r p ar e n t s t h a t t h e i r w r e t c h e d c o u n t r y m igh t n o t a l tog e t h e r b e d e s t r oy e d
, ,

a n d t h a t th e Ro m an n a m e w h i c h n o w w a s b u t an e m pty s o u n d to fi l l th e e ar ,

m ig h t n o t b e c o m e a r e p r o a c h e v e n to d i s t an t n a tio n s U po n t h i s th e Ro .
,

m a n s m ov e d w ith c o m p a s s io n as f ar a s h u m an n a t u r e c an b e a t th e r e l a tio n s
, , ,

o f s u c h h o r r o r s s e n d f o r w a r d l ik e e a g l e s in t h e i r flig h t
, ,
t h e i r u n e xp e c t e d ,

b an d s o f c av alr y by l an d an d m ar i n e r s by s e a an d p l an ti n g t h e i r t e r r ib l e ,

s w o r d s u po n th e s h o u l d e r s o f t h e i r e n e m i e s t h e y m o w t h e m d o w n l ik e l e a v e s ,

w h i c h fa l l a t th e d e s ti n e d p e r i o d ; an d a s a m o u n t a i n to rr e n t s w e ll e d w i t h -

n u m e r ou s s t r e a m s a n d bu r s ti n g i t s b an k s w it h r o a r i n g n o i s e w i t h f o a m i n g
, ,

c r e s t a n d y e as ty w a v e r i s i n g to th e s t a r s by w h o s e e d d yi n g c u r r e n t s o u r ,

e y e s a r e a s i t w e r e d a zz l e d d o e s w it h o n e o f its bi l l o w s ov e r w h e l m e v e r y
,

ob s t a c l e in its w a y s o d id o u r i llu s t r i o u s d e fe n d e r s vigo r o u s ly d r iv e o u r

,

e n e m i e s b a n d b e yo n d th e s e a if a n y c o u l d s o e s c a p e t h e m ; f o r it w as b e
’

y o n d t h o s e s am e s e as t h a t th e y t r an s p o r t e d y e a r a ft e r y e ar th e p l u n d e r w h i c h , ,

t h e y h a d g a i n e d n o o n e d a r i n g to r e s i s t t h e m
, .

1 8 T h e Ro m a n s t h e re fo r e l e f t th e c o u n t r y givi n g n oti c e t h a t t h e y
.
, , ,

c o u l d n o l o n g e r b e h ar a s s e d by s u c h l a bo r io u s e xp e d i t io n s n o r s u ff e r th e R o
,

m an s t an d a r d s w ith s o l ar g e an d b r a v e a n a r m y to b e w o r n o u t by s e a a n d
, ,

l an d by figh ti n g a g a i n s t t h e s e u n w ar l ik e p l u n d e r i n g v a g a bo n d s b u t t h a t th e
,

i s l a n d e r s i n u r i n g t h e m s e l v e s to w a r l ik e w e a p o n s a n d b r a v e l y fig h t i n g s h o u l d
, , ,

v al i a n t l y p r ot e c t t h e i r c o u n t r y t h e i r p r op e r ty w iv e s a n d c h i l d r e n a n d w h a t
, , , , ,

is d e a r e r t h an t h e s e t h e i r l ib e r ty an d l iv e s
,

No s oo n e r w e r e t h e y go n e t h an th e Pic t s an d S c ot s l ik e w o r m s
.

1 9 .
, ,

w h i c h in th e h e a t o f m id d a y c o m e f o r t h f r o m t h e i r h o l e s h as ti l y l an d a g ai n ,

fr o m th e i r c an o e s in w h i c h t h e h a d b e e n c ar r i e d b e yo n d th e C ic h ic an v a l
y,

l e y d i ff e r i n g o n e f r o m an o t h e r I n m an n e r s b u t i n s pi r e d w it h th e s a m e a vi d
, ,

ity fo r b l oo d an d a l l m o r e e a g e r to s h r o u d t h e i r vi ll ai n o u s fa c e s i n b u s h y
,

h a i r t h an to c ov e r w i t h d e c e n t c l o t h i n g t h o s e p a r t s o f t h e i r bo d y w h i c h
r e qui r e d it Mo r e o v e r h avi n g h e a rd o f th e d e p ar t u r e o f o ur fr i e n ds an d
.
, ,
th e i r r e s o l utio n n e v e r to r e t u r n th e y s e iz e d w ith g r e a t e r bo l dn e ss t h an b e fo r e
,

o n a l l th e c o u n t r y to w a r d s th e e xt r e m e n o r t h a s fa r a s th e w a l l To o ppo s e .

t h e m t h e r e w as p l a c e d o n th e h e ig h ts a gar r i s o n e q u al l y s l o w to fight an d il l
a d a pt e d t o r u n a w a y a u s e l e s s an d p an i c s t r u c k c o m p a n y w h o s l u m b e r e d -
, ,

a w a y d a ys a n d n ig h t s o n t h e i r u n p r ofit a b l e w a t c h M e an w hi l e th e hook e d .

w e a po n s o f t h e i r e n e m i e s w e r e n o t i d l e an d o u r w r e t c h e d c o u n t r y m e n w e r e
,

d r a gg e d fr o m th e w a l l a n d d a s h e d a g a i n s t th e g r o u n d Su c h p r e m at u r e .

d e a t h h o w e v e r p a i n fu l a s it w a s s a v e d t h e m f r o m s e e i n g th e m i s e ra b l e s u f
, , ,

f e r in gs o f t h e i r b r o t h e r s a n d c h i l d r e n B u t w h y s h o u l d I s ay m o r e
. Th ey .

l e ft t h e i r c iti e s a b an d o n e d th e p r ot e c tio n o f th e w a l l a n d d isp e r s e d t h e m

, ,

s e l v e s in flig h t m o r e d e s p e r a t e l y t h an b e fo r e T h e e n e m y o n th e ot h e r .
,

h an d ,
pu r s u e d t h e m w it h m o r e u n r e l e n ti n g c r u e l ty t h an b e fo r e a n d ,

b u t c h e r e d o ur c o u n t r y m e n l ik e s h e e p s o t h a t t h e i r h a bit a tio n s w e r e l ik e
,

t h o s e o f s a v a g e b e as t s fo r t h e y t u r n e d t h e i r a r m s u po n e a c h oth e r a n d fo r ,

th e s a k e o f a l itt l e s u s t e n an c e i m b r u e d t h e i r h an d s in th e b l oo d o f t h e i r fe l
,

l o w c ou n t r y m e n T h u s fo r e ig n c a l a m i t i e s w e r e a u g m e n t e d by d o m e s ti c
.

f e u d s ; s o t h a t th e w h o l e c o u n t r y w a s e n ti r e l y d e s tit u t e o f p r o v i s io n s s av e ,

s u c h a s c o u l d b e p r o c u r e d i n th e c h a s e .

20 Aga i n t h e r e fo r e th e w r e t c h e d r e m n an t s e n d in g to E tiu s a
.
, , ,

po w e r fu l Ro m an c itiz e n ad d r e s s h im a s fo l l o w s : To IEtiu s n o w c o n
, ,

s u l f o r th e t h i r d t i m e : th e g r o an s o f th e B r it o n s A n d a g a i n a l itt l e .
,

fu r t h e r t h u s ,
T h e b ar b a r i a n s d r iv e u s to th e s e a th e s e a t h r o w s u s b a c k
o n th e b a r b a r i a n s t h u s tw o m o d e s o f d e a t h aw a it u s w e a r e e it h e r Sla i n o r ,

dr ow n e d T h e Ro m a n s h o w e v e r c o u l d n o t a s s i s t t h e m a n d in th e m e an
”
.
, , ,

ti m e th e d is c o m fite d p e op l e w a n d e r i n g in th e w oo d s b e g an to fe e l th e e ff e c t s
, ,

o f a s e v e r e fam in e w h i c h c o m p e l l e d m an y o f t h e m w it h o u t d e l a y to yi e l d
,

t h e m s e l v e s u p to t h e i r c u e l p e r s e c u to r s to obt a i n s u b s i s t e n c e ; o t h e r s o f
r ,

t h e m h o w e v e r l yi n g h id in m o u n t a i n s c a v e s a n d w oo d s c o n ti n u al l y s all i e d
, , , , ,

o u t f r o m t h e n c e to r e n e w th e w a r A n d t h e n it w as fo r th e fi r s t ti m e t h a t
.
, ,

t h e y ov e r th r e w t h e i r e n e m i e s w h o h a d fo r s o m an y y e a r s b e e n l ivi n g in
,

t h e i r c o u n t r y fo r t h e i r t r us t w as n o t in m an b u t in G o d a c c o r d i n g to th e ,

m a xi m o f P h i l o We m u s t h a v e d ivi n e a s s i s t a n c e w h e n t h a t o f m a n fa i l s
, , .
”

T h e bo l d n e s s o f th e e n e m y w a s fo r a w h i l e c h e c k e d b u t n o t th e w i c k e d ,

n e s s o f o u r c o un t ry m e n th e e n e m y l e f t o u r p e op l e b u t th e p e op l e d id n o t ,

l e av e t h e i r s i n s .

1 2 F o r it h a s a l w a y s b e e n a c u s to m w it h o u r n a tio n a s it is a t p r e s
.
,

e n t to b e i m p o t e n t in r e p e l l i n g f o e s b u t h o l d a n d i n vi n c ib l e In r a i s i n g c ivi l
, ,

w ar a n d b e a r i n g th e b u r d e n s o f t h e i r o ff e n c e s
,
T h e y a r e i m pot e n t I s ay .
, ,

in f o ll o w i n g th e s t an d a r d o f p e a c e a n d t r u t h b u t h o l d in w i c k e d n e s s a n d ,

f a l s e h oo d T h e a u d ac io u s i n v a d e r s t h e r e f o r e r e t u r n to t h e i r w i n t e r q u a r
.

t e r s d e t e r m i n e d b e fo r e l o n g a ga i n to r e t u r n a n d p l u n d e r A n d t h e n too
,
.
, ,

th e P i c t s fo r th e fi r s t ti m e s e a t e d t h e m s e l v e s a t th e e xt r e m ity Of th e i s l an d ,

w h e r e t h e y a ft e r w a r d s c o n ti n u e d o c c as io n al l y p l u n d e r i n g a n d w as ti n g th e
,

c o un t r y .

A s a l r e a d y s t a t e d a bo u t th e y e a r 5 0 3 th e s o n s o f E r c a d e s c e n d a n t o f
, ,

C a ir b r e R ia dh i ( fo u n d e r o f th e ki n g d o m o f Da l r ia d a in th e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f
th e p r e s e n t c o u n ty A n t r i m ) p as s e d f r o m I r e l a n d to S c ot l a n d w it h a bo d y
,

o f t h e i r f o ll o w e r s a n d e st a b l i s h e d a g o v e r n m e n t ov e r s o m e o f t h e i r c o u n t r y
,

m e n w h o h a d p r e vio u s l y s e tt l e d in th e s o u t h w e st o f A r gy l e On e o f t h e s e .

s on s ,
F e r gu s M o r e s u c c e e d e d h is b r o t h e r L o ar n in th e c h i e fs h ip a n d is
, ,

g e n e r a l l y e s t e e m e d th e fou n d e r o f th e d y n a s ty .
‘
 F e r gus o o by h is s o n Do m an gar t ( d i e d
w as f l l w e d by th e l a tt e r s
,
’

so n s C o m gal l ( d i e d 5 3 8) an d G a b h r an ( d i e d
, a n d by C o m ga l l s s o n C o
’

n al ( di e d f E d a n so n o f G a bh r an s e iz e d th e s u c c e s sio n a ft e r th e d e a th
, ,

o f h is c ou s i n Co n al a n d du r i n g h is l o n g r e ig n d id m u c h to i n c r e as e th e
, ,

pow e r an d i n fl u e n c e o f th e c o l o n y an d to c r e a t e a r e s p e c t fo r th e S c ot s ar m s ’

by m a ki n g w a r a g a i n s t th e P i c t s th e B r ito n s o f St r a t h c l y d e a n d th e S a xo n s
, ,
.
“

H e l iv e d to s e e h is d o m i n io n i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e I r i s h D a l r ia d a to w h i c h it ,

h a d b e fo r e b e e n t r ib u t a r y a n d is u s u al l y e s t e e m e d th e f o u n d e r o f th e
,

ki n g d o m o f th e S c o ts h avi n g b e e n th e fi r s t to fo r m th e f am i l i e s an d t r ib e s
,

m e n o f h is r a c e i n to a c o m p a c t a n d u n it e d p e op l e .

St Co l u m b a s e tt l e d in I o n a abo u t 5 6 5 an d th e c o l o n y o f D a l r ia d a in th e
.
,

ti m e o f Ai da n w as in c o n s e qu e n c e th e c e n t r e a n d c h i e f s ou r c e o f th e C h r i s
, ,

ti an fa it h an d p r op a g an d a in B r it a i n F r o m t h e n c e m i s s io n ar i e s t r a v e l l e d
.

to m an y p a r t s o f th e i s l an d an d to th e Co n ti n e n t ; an d th e c o n v e r s io n o f
th e G a e l i c P i c t s o f th e n o r t h by th e p r e a c h i n g a n d m i n ist r a tio n s o f Co l u m b a
n o d oubt p r e p a r e d th e w a y fo r th e u n io n o f th e S c ot s an d P i c t s w h i c h m o r e , ,

t h an tw o c e n t u r i e s l at e r fo l l o w e d th e c o n q u e r i n g c a r e e r o f th e m o s t r e n o w n e d
,

o f jE d an s su c c e s s o r s
’
.

Ai d a n as c e n d e d th e t h r o n e o f D a l r ia d a in 5 7 4 o r p e r h a p s it w o u l d b e

m o r e c o r r e c t to s ay t h a t h e b e c a m e c h i e f o f th e Da l r ia d t r ib e I n 6 03 h e le d
—
.

a n u m e r o u s fo r c e r e c r u it e d l a r g e l y fr o m th e B r ito n s o f St r a t h c l y d e
a g a i n s t [E th e lfr id th e A n g l i an ki n g o f B e r n i c i a M e e ti n g h im in Li d d e s 7
,
.

d al e n e a r th e fr o n ti e r l i n e o f th e ki n g d o m s o f B e r n i c i a an d St r a t h c l y d e ( in
,

th e p r e s e n t Roxb u r g h s h i r e ) a d e c i s iv e b a tt l e w as f o u g h t a t D e gs as tan w h i c h
, ,

r e s u l t e d in th e utt e r d e fe a t a n d r o u t o f ZE d an s ar m y an d th e e xt e n s io n o f
’

th e w e s t e r n bou n d a r y o f th e A n g l i an ki n g d o m to th e r iv e r E s k
’
T h e an n a l .

is t T igh e r n ac r e c o r d s IE d a n s d e a t h in 6 0 6 a t th e a ge o f s e v e n ty f o u r
’
-
, , ,
.

H e w a s s u c c e e d e d by h is s o n E o c h a B u id h e w h o r e s ig n e d th e t h r o n e to
, ,

h is s o n C o n a d h C e r r
,
I n th e y e ar 6 2 9 th e l a t t e r w a s s l a i n in th e b a tt l e o f
.
,

F e d h a e o in f ough t in I r e l a n d b e t w e e n th e I r i s h D a l r ia d s a n d th e I r i s h P i c t s
, ,

o r C r u ith n e Bot h p a r ti e s to t h i s c o n t e s t r e c e iv e d a u xi l i a r i e s fr o m S c o t l a n d
.

E o c h a B u id h e a pp e ar s al s o in t h i s b a tt l e o n th e s i d e o f th e P i c t s an d o p , ,

p o s e d to h is s o n C o n a d h th e l e a d e r o f th e D a l r ia d S c ot s M r Sk e n e i n f e r s
, , .
9
.

f r o m t h i s a n d fr o m ot h e r c o n fi r m a t o r y c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t B o c h a a t t h i s
, , ,

ti m e h a vi n g w it h d r a w n fr o m D al r ia d a m u s t h a v e b e e n r u l e r o f th e G a l l o ,

w a y Pic ts H e d i e d l a t e r in th e s a m e y e ar
’o
. .

D o m n a ll B r e c c o r B r e a c b r ot h e r to C o n a d h C e r r s u c c e e d e d to th e
, , ,

t h r o n e o f Da l r ia da o n th e d e a t h o f th e l a tt e r I n 6 3 4 h e fo u g h t th e .
,

N o r th u m b r ian s at C a l a th r o s ( o w C al l e n d e r in Sti r l i n g s h i r e ) a n d w a s
n
, ,
”
d e fe a t e d . T h r e e y e ar s l a t e r h e w a s a g a i n d e fe at e d w i t h g r e a t l o s s in
th e b a tt l e o f M a g R a t h in I r e l a n d w h it h e r h e h a d g o n e a s an a ll y o f th e
, ,

C r u ith n e o r I r is h P i c t s in t h e i r c o n t e s t w it h D o m n a l l m a c A e d ki n g o f th e
, , ,

I r i s h D al r ia d s I n 6 3 8 T igh e rn a c r e c o r d s a n o t h e r b a tt l e a n d d e f e a t b e i n g
.
, ,

t h a t o f G l in n e m air is o n o r G l e n m ur e s o n w h i c h n a m e h a s b e e n i de n tifi e d
, ,
w ith th at o f th e p r e s e n t M u r e s to n W a t e r s outh o f th e r Ive r A l m o n d in , ,

th e p a r i s h e s o f M id a n d W e s t C al d e r ( E d i n b u r ghshi r e ) As th e si e g e o f .

E t i n ( E d i n b u r g h ) is m e n tio n e d in th e s a m e r e fe r e n c e a n d a s t h i s w as th e ,

s e c o n d d e fe a t w h i c h th e D al r ia d ki n g h a d s u ffe r e d a t th e h an d s o f th e
A n g l e s w it h i n th e s p a c e o f fo u r y e a r s in c o n tiguou s t e r r ito r y it is to b e s u p ,

p o s e d t h a t t h e s e b a tt l e s m ay h a v e r e s u l t e d fr o m th e e ff o r t s o f D o m n al l
B r e c e to d i s po s s e s s th e A n gl e s o f t h a t po r tio n o f th e i r d o m i n io n s in o r n e ar
w h i c h th e b a tt l e s w e r e f o u g h t T h e b a tt l e o f D e gs a s ta n n e a r th e E s k in
.
, ,

6 0 3 a n d t h e s e fig h t s o n bot h si d e s o f th e Avo n in 6 3 4 a n d 6 3 8 w o u l d s e e m
, ,

to fix t h e s e s t r e am s as at t h at ti m e m a r ki n g th e e xt r e m iti e s o f th e fr o n ti e r
l i n e b e t w e e n No r thu m b r i a an d St r a t h c l y d e .

W h i l e th e B r ito n s w e r e n at u r all y all i e d w ith th e S c ot s in th e s e w ars a g ai n s t

th e c o m m o n e n e m y o f bot h it a pp e a r s th a t th e c i r c u m s t an c e s o f t h e i r u n io n
,

w e r e n o t ot h e r w i s e s u ffi c i e n t l y fa vo r ab l e to i n s u r e m o r e t h an th e t e m po r ar y
a s c e n d an c y o f th e D a l r ia d c h i e f a s t h e i r l e a d e r a t t h is ti m e I t is p o s s ib l e .

h e m ay h a v e t a k e n th e oppo r t u n ity o f h is l e a d e r s h ip a s an o c c as io n fo r
s e e ki n g p e r m an e n t r u l e ; b u t if thi s w e r e s o h e c ou l d n o t h a v e m e t w it h ,

m u c h e n c o u r a g e m e n t fr o m th e B r ito n s fo r in th e y e a r 6 4 2 T igh e r n ac t e ll s ,

us ,
h e w a s Sl a i n a t Str a th c a w in ( o r St r a th C ar r o n ) by O an ki n g o f th e , ,
”
B r ito n s .

I n 6 5 4 P e n d a ki n g o f th e A n g l e s o f M e r c i a w ith his B r itish o r No r t h

, , ,

W e l s h all i e s w a s d e fe a t e d by O s w iu Ki n g o f No r t h u m b r i a in a b a tt l e fought
, , ,

n e a r th e Fi r t h o f Fo r t h P e n d a a n d n e ar l y al l o f h is l e a d e r s w e r e s l a i n
”
. .

T h i s vi c t o r y n o t o n l y e s t a b l i s h e d O s w i n fi r m l y u po n th e No r t h u m b r i an
t h r o n e b u t a l s o e n a b l e d h im to b r i n g u n d e r h is r u l e th e d o m i n i o n s o f th e
,

S t r a t h c l y d e B r ito n s an d o f th e S c ot s an d Sout h e r n P i c t s I n 6 7 2 a ft e r .
,

E c gfr id h a d s u c c e e d e d O s w i n o n th e N o r t h u m b r i a n t h r o n e th e P i c ts a t ,
”
t e m pt e d to r e g a i n t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e b u t w it h out s u c c e s s,
.

A ft e r th e d e a t h o f Do m n all B r e c c in 6 4 2 a n d th e s u c c e s s e s o f O s w i n , ,

w hi c h m u s t i n d i r e c t l y a t l e a st h av e i n flu e n c e d D al r ia d a t h a t ki n g d o m s e e m s ,

to h av e r e m a i n e d fo r a l o n g ti m e b r ok e n up i n to r iv al c l an s th e Ci n e l ,

L o ar n o r R ac e o f L o arn a n d th e Ci n e l G ab h r an b e i n g th e tw o m ost i m po r
, ,

t an t .
"
I t w as n o t u n t i l 6 7 8 t h a t t h e s e c l an s a g a i n a pp e a r u n it e d in o ff e n s iv e
”
w a r fa r e I n t h a t y e ar t h e y f o u g h t a g a i n s t th e B r ito n s b u t w e r e d e fe a t e d
.
,
.

A ft e r w a r d s in u n io n w it h th e P i c t s t h e y s e e m to h a v e m a d e a tt e m pt s a t
, ,

r e c ov e r i n g t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o f a r s u c c e e d e d th a t E c gfr id
,
th e n ,

ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s fe l t ob l ig e d to e n t e r P i c t l an d w it h a n i n v a d i n g
,

a r m y to r e d u c e t h e m T h i s w a s in 6 85 O n J u n e 2 0 th o f t h a t y e a r a g r e a t "

. .

b a tt l e w a s fough t a t D u i n N e c h ta n o r Ne c h tan s m e r e ( Du n n i c h e n I n F o r
,

f a r s h ir e in w h i c h th e E n g l i s h ki n g a n d h is e n ti r e f o r c e p e r i s h e d .

“
F r o m t h a t ti m e in th e w o r d s o f B e d e
,
th e h op e s an d s t r e n gt h
,
“

o f th e E n g l i s h ki n g d o m b e g a n to w a v e r a n d r e t r og r a d e ; fo r th e P i c t s r e

c o v e r e d t h e i r o w n l a n d s w h i c h h a d b e e n h e l d by th e E n g l i s h a n d th e S c ots
,

t h a t w e r e in b a tt l e a n d s o m e o f th e B r ito n s t h e i r l ib e r ty w h i c h t h e y h av e
, ,
n ow en j oy e d fo r about fo r ty s ix y e a r s A m o n g th e m an y E n g l i s h w h o th e n
-
.

e it h e r fe l l by th e s w o r d o r w e r e m a d e s l a v e s o r e s c a p e d by flight o u t o f th e
, ,

c o u n t r y o f th e P i c ts th e m ost r e v e r e n d m an o f G o d T r u m w in e w h o h a d
, , ,

b e e n m a d e bis h op o v e r th e m w ith d r e w w it h h is p e op l e t h a t w e r e in th e ,

m o n a st e r y o f A b e r c ur n ig .

T h e ki n g o f th e P i c t s a t t h i s ti m e w as an A n g l o B r ito n B r u d e i s o n o f -
, ,

Bil i Ki n g o f St r a th c l y d e a n d g r an dso n t h r o u gh h is m ot h e r o f th a t P i c tish

,
”
,

ki n g T a l o r c an w h o w a s c a ll e d th e s o n o f A in fr a it ( E an fr id ) th e A n g l e
, , , .

A in fr a it w a s th e b r ot h e r o f Ki n g O s w iu an d u n c l e to Ki n g E c gfr id O n th e , .

d e a t h o f [Eth e l fr id f a t h e r to A in fr a it a n d O s w i n in 6 1 7 h is th r o n e h a d b e e n
, , ,

s e iz e d by E d w i n e B e d e t e ll s u s t h a t d u r i n g a l l th e ti m e Ki n g jE dw in e
.

r e ig n e d in N o r th um b r ia A in fr ait w ith h is b r oth e rs a n d m an y o f th e

, ,

n obi l ity l i v e d in b an i s h m e n t a m o n g th e S c ots o r P i c t s

, ,
.

D u r i n g th e fo r ty s ix y e ar s b e tw e e n th e d e fe a t o f th e A n g l e s at N e c h tan s
-

m e r e a n d th e p e r io d a t w h i c h B e d e s histo r y is b r ought to a c l os e tw o c o n
’

fl ic ts took p l a c e b e t w e e n th e Da l r ia d s an d th e St r a t h c l y d e B r ito n s in both ,

”
o f w h i c h th e l a tt e r w e r e d e fe a t e d T h e s e o c c u r r e d in th e n e ighbo r i n g .

t e r r ito r i e s o f th e P i c t s d u r i n g th e r e ign o f Ne c h tan s o n o f D e r il i w h o r u l e d

, , ,

fr o m b e fo r e 7 1 0 to 7 2 4 I t w as thi s N e c h tan w h o as B e d e s t a t e s
”
. w a s pe r , ,

s u a d e d to f o rs a k e th e t e a c hi n g s an d c usto m s o f th e S c otti s h C h u r c h w hi c h ,

h a d b e e n e st ab l i s h e d in P i c t l an d by St C o l u m b a a n d to c o n fo r m to tho s e .
,

o f Ro m e .I n 7 1 7 h e e xp e l l e d th e Co l u m b an p r i e s ts fr o m h is ki n g d o m an d
g av e t h e i r poss e s sio n s an d p l ac e s to su c h o f th e c l e r gy as h a d c o n fo r m e d to
Ro m e .

Sho r t l y a ft e r t h is d at e Se l bh ac so n o f F a r c h ar F a t a a n d l e a d e r o f th e
, , ,

D a l r ia d t r ib e k n o w n as Ci n e l L o a r n s e e m s to h a v e obt a i n e d th e a s c e n d ,

an c y o v e r th e r i v a l t r ib e o f G a b h r a n a n d s u c c e e d e d in u n iti n g th e D a l r ia d ,

S c ots a ga i n i n to o n e g r e a t c l an o f w h i c h h e b e c a m e th e h e a d Se l b h a c is,
.

th e fi r st c h i e f a ft e r th e d e a th o f D o m n a ll B r e c c in 6 4 2 to ac qui r e th e tit l e o f
Ki n g o f D al r iad a In 7 2 3 h e r e sign e d th e t h r o n e to h is s o n Du n g al an d
.
, ,

b e c am e a c leric .

I n 7 2 4 N e c h tan ki n g o f th e P i c t s al s o h a vi n g b e c o m e a c l e r i c w a s
, , , ,

su c c e e d e d by Dr uxs t ( o r D r u s t ) T h e l a tt e r w a s e xp e ll e d fr o m P i c t l an d in .

7 2 6 by A l pi n s o n o f E a c h a id h ( o r E a c h ac h ) by a P i c ti s h p r i n c e s s
,
At .
"

th e s a m e ti m e D un g a l th e Ci n e l L o ar n c h i e ft a i n w h o o c c u pi e d th e t h r o n e
, , ,

o f D al r ia d a w a s e xp e l l e d f r o m t h a t d o m i n io n a n d su c c e e d e d by E o c h a id h
,

( o r E o c h ac h ) th e h e a d o f th e r iv al S c ottish c l an G ab h r a n E o c h a id h w a s
, .

a b r oth e r o r h a l f b r ot h e r to A l pi n -
t h e n ki n g o f th e P i c t s bo t h b e i n g so n s , ,

o f E a c h a id h Do m n a l l B r e c c s g r a n d so n
’

, .

Dun gal s fa t h e r Se lb h a c in 7 2 7 m a d e an u n su c c e s s fu l a tt e m pt to
’

, , ,

r e sto r e h is s o n to th e S c otti s h t h r o n e but E o c h aidh s e e m s to h av e c o n ,

tin u e d in po w e r u n ti l 7 3 3 in w h i c h y e ar T igh e r n a c r e c o r d s h is d e a th
, .

I n Pic ta via al s o a t this ti m e th e r ig h t to th e t h r o n e w a s d i s p u t e d by

, ,

s e v e r al po w e r fu l r iv al s Ne c h tan w h o h ad r e s ig n e d h is r u l e to D r u xs t in
.
,
2 06 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

o r d e r th a t h e hi m s e lf m ig h t e xp e r i m e n t w it h m o n a s ti c l i fe n o w r e tu r n e d to ,

c o n t e st th e c l a i m s o f A l pi n th e D a l r ia d ic as pi r a n t w h o h a d d r iv e n o u t
,

N e c h ta n s l e g a t e e A n gu s o f F o r tr e n n s o n o f F e r g u s a l s o a pp e ar e d a s
’
.
, ,

a c l a i m an t A l pi n w a s d e fe at e d by A n gu s in a b a tt l e fo u gh t in 7 2 8 a t
.

M o n a igh C r a e b i ( Mo n c r i e ff ) a n d th e t e r r ito r y w e s t o f th e r iv e r T a y w a s
,

l o s t to h im in c o n s e q u e n c e Not l o n g a ft e r w a r d s N e c h tan al s o m e t A l pi n
.
,

in b a tt l e a t S c o n e c o m p l e t e l y ov e r th r e w h is f o r c e s an d p a r ti al l y r e c ov e r e d
,

th e P i c ti s h ki n g d o m a n d tit l e fo r hi m s e l f .

,
I n 7 2 9 A n g u s a n d Ne c h tan m e t a n d c o n t e s t e d f o r th e s u p r e m e l e a d e r
s h ip .A b att l e w a s fough t at Lo c h I n c h n e ar th e r iv e r Sp e y w h i c h r e s u l t e d , ,

in th e d e f e a t an d r out o f N e c h ta n s f o r c e s a n d th e a s s u m ptio n o f ki n g l y
’

a ut h o r ity a n d tit l e by A n g u s Soo n a ft e r t h i s b a tt l e A n g u s e n c o u n t e r e d

.
,

an d s l e w D r u x s t a n d in 7 3 th e l a s t o f h is r iv a l s w a s r e m ov e d by th e d e a th
2
,

o f N e c h tan A n g us r u l e d P i c t l an d fo r t h i r ty y e ar s
. .

I n 7 3 3 E o c h a id h Ki n g o f D a l r ia d a h a vi n g d i e d Se l bh a c s s o n D u n g a l
’

, , , , , ,

r e g a i n e d th e t h r o n e o f t h a t ki n g d o m Du r i n g th e n e xt y e ar D u n g a l h a vi n g
.
,

a r o u s e d th e a n g e r o f A n g u s by a n a tt a c k upo n th e l a tt e r s s o n
’
B r u d e th e , ,

P i c ti sh ki n g i n v a d e d Dal r ia d a an d pu t its r ul e r to fligh t T w o y e ar s l a t e r, .

( in A n g u s d e s t r oy e d th e S c ot s c ity o f C r e ic an d t a ki n g po s s e s s io n o f
’

Do n a d th e c a pit al h e l a i d w a s t e al l D al r ia d a pu t in c h a i n s th e tw o s o n s o f
, , ,

an d a pp e a r s to h a v e d r iv e n o u t th e fig h ti n g m e n o f th e tw o l e a d i n g
’7
Se l b h a c ,

c l an s O n e O f t h e s e th e Ci n e l L o a r n w as t h e n u n d e r th e c h i e fs h ip o f
.
, ,

M u r e d a c h an d th e ot h e r th e Ci n e l G a b h r an w a s r u l e d by t h a t A l pi n m ac
, , ,

E a c h a id h w h o h a d b e e n d r iv e n fr o m th e P i c ti s h t h r o n e by N e c h tan in 7 2 8 -
.

B o t h o f t h e s e C h i e ft a i n s a tt e m p t e d to fr e e t h e i r c o u n t r y f r o m th e g r a s p o f
th e i n v a d e r by c a r r yi n g th e w a r i n to P i c t l a n d M u r e d a c h fo u g h t th e P i c t s .

o n th e b an k s o f th e Avo n ( a t C a r r ib e r ) w h e r e h e w a s oppos e d by T a l o r gan , ,

b r ot h e r to A n g us an d w a s c o m p l e t e l y d e fe a t e d an d r o u t e d by th at l i e u
,

t e n an t ”
A l pi n h i m s e lf a bo u t 1 7 4 0 l ik e w i s e i n v a d e d Ay rs h i r e th e c o un t r y
.
, , ,

o f th e G all o w a y P i c t s an d t h o u g h h e s u c c e e d e d in l a yi n g w a s t e th e l a n d s
“
,

o f th e G a l w e gi an s h e m e t h is d e a t h th e f o l l o w i n g y e ar w h i l e in t h e i r te r
”
,

r ito r ie s I n th e s a m e y e a r in w h i c h A l pi n w a s ki l l e d
. A n g u s is s a i d
to h a v e c o m p l e t e d th e c o n qu e s t o f D al r ia d a I ts s u bj e c tio n to th e P i c t s .

m u s t h a v e c o n ti n u e d a t l e a s t d u r i n g th e p e r io d o f h is l i f e .

T h e e xi s ti n g a u t h e n ti c r e c o r d s fo r th e c e n t u r y f o l l o w i n g th e d e a th o f
A l pi n in 7 4 1 giv e b ut l itt l e i n fo r m a ti o n as to D al r ia d a b e yo n d th e n a m e s o f ,

s o m e o f its c l a n C h i e f t a i n s I t m ay r e a s o n a b l y b e s u ppo s e d to h a v e r e m a i n e d
.

d u r i n g th a t ti m e a s u bj e c t s t a t e o f th e t h e n po w e r fu l P i c ti s h ki n g d o m .

Si m e o n o f D u r h am t e ll s u s th a t a b att l e w as fo u gh t in 7 4 4 b e t w e e n th e
”
P i c t s an d th e B r ito n s an d in 7 5 0 th e P i c t s u n d e r th e l e a d e r s h ip o f T a lo r
, , ,

a n th e b r ot h e r o f A n gu s m e t th e B r ito n s in a g r e a t b a tt l e a t M a e d a u c
'

g , ,
.

g
( in D u m b ar to n s h i r e ) in w h i c h T a l o r an w a s s l a i n
,g
”
E a d b e r h t A n g l i c ki n g .
,

o f No r t h u m b r i a in 7 5 0 a d d e d to h is G a ll o w a y po s s e s s io n s th e p l a i n o f Ky l e
, ,

( in Ay rs h i r e ) an d a d j a c e n t “
r e gio n s H e f o r m e d a n a l l i a n. c
”
e w it h A n g u s
a
. fe w y e a r s l a t e r a g a i n s t th e B r ito n s o f St r a th c l yd e an d in 7 5 6 r e c e iv e d ,
”
th e sub m is s io n o f t h a t ki n g d o m .

F i v e y e ar s l a t e r ( 7 6 1 ) A n gus m ac F e r gu s d i e d an d h is b r ot h e r B r u de , , ,

c a m e to th e P i c ti s h t h r o n e H e d i e d in 7 6 3 a n d w a s s u c c e e d e d by C in io d
.
,

( K e n n e th ) s o n ,
o f W ir d e c h w h o r e ig n e d t w e l v e y e a r s
,
”
A l pi n s o n Of .
,

Wr o id f o l l o w e d K e n n e t h a n d h is d e a t h is r e c o r d e d in 7 80 a s ki n g o f th e
, ,

S a xo n s w hi c h w o ul d s e e m to poi n t to h is ac qui s itio n o f m o r e o r l e s s o f th e

,
"

No r t h u m b r i an t e r r ito r y s out h o f th e Fo r t h .

D r u s t s o n o f T al or ga n s u c c e e d e d A l pi n an d r e ig n e d fo r five y e ars h is
, , , ,

s u c c e s s io n b e i n g d i s p u t e d by T al o r gan s o n o f A n gu s w h o a l s o r e ig n e d in
, ,

p ar t o f th e P i c ti s h ki n g do m fo r two y e ar s an d a h al f Co n a l s o n o f T ar l a .
, ,

t h e n h e l d th e t h r o n e fo r about fiv e y e ar s w h e n h e w a s ov e r t h r o w n a n d s uc ,
”
c e e d e d by Co n s t an ti n e s o n o f F e r g u s,
.

Co n al fl e d to D al r ia d a t h e n u n de r th e gov e rn m e n t o f C o n s t an ti n e s o n o f
, ,

Do m n a l l w ho m h e s e e m s l a t e r to h a v e su c c e e d e d fo r in 80 7 Co n a l s a s s a s s i n a
’

, ,

tio n is r e po r t e d a s t h a t o f o n e o f th e r ul e r s o f Da l r ia d a A ft e r t h a t d a t e th e n am e .

o f Co n s t an ti n e s o n o f F e r g u s a pp e a r s as Ki n g O f D a l r ia d a fo r th e n i n e y e a r s
, ,

fo ll o w i n g so th a t d u r i n g t h a t p e r io d t h i s ki n g d o m w a s d o u bt l e s s u n it e d w ith
,

P i c t l an d u n de r th e o n e r ul e r T h e tw o Co n s t an ti n e s m a y h a v e b e e n i d e n ti c al
. .

F o r s o m e y e a r s a ft e r 8 1 6 Co n s t a n ti n e s b r ot h e r A n g u s m a c F e r g u s ( 2 d )
’

, ,

gov e rn e d D al r ia d a a n d o n th e d e a t h o f th e fo r m e r in 82 0 A n g u s s u c c e e d e d
, ,

h im a s r u l e r ov e r bot h ki n g d o m s A ft e r 82 5 D a l r ia d a w a s gov e r n e d by Ae d
.
,

s o n o f Bo a n t a a n d t h e n f o r a t e r m by A n g u s s o w n s o n
’
E o gan a n , .

I n 83 4 A n g u s d i e d w h e n D r u s t s o n o f Co n s t a n ti n e a n d T al o r gan SO II o f
, , , ,

Wth o il a r e s a i d to h av e r e ig n e d j oi n t l y fo r th e s p a c e o f tw o o r th r e e y e a r s
, ,

th e f o r m e r p r ob a b l y r u l i n g th e So u t h e r n P i c t s a n d th e l a tt e r t h o s e o f th e ,

N o r t h I t is l ik e l y th a t t h i s j oi n t r e ig n a r o s e fr o m a d i s p ut e d s u c c e s s io n fo r
.
,

a bo u t th e s a m e ti m e an ot h e r a s pi r a n t to th e t h r o n e a pp e a r e d in th e p e r s o n

o f A l pi n w h o w as c a l l e d ki n g o f th e S c ot s an d a pp ar e n t l y m u s t h a v e
, ,

c l a i m e d tit l e to th e P i c ti s h t h r o n e t h r o u g h m a t e r n a l d e s c e n t H e fo u g h t .

th e P i c t s n e ar D u n d e e in 83 4 a n d w a s s u c c e s s fu l in h is fi r s t b a tt l e
,
but
l a t e r in th e s am e y e a r w a s d e f e a t e d a n d s l a i n
”
.

I n 83 6 E o gan an s o n o f A n g u s is r e c o r d e d in th e P ic tis h Ch r o ic l e a s
, ,
n

th e s u c c e s s o r to D r u s t an d T a l o r gan H e r e ign e d fo r t h r e e y e a r s a n d in
.
,

83 9 w as s l a i n by th e D a n e s w h o h a d i n v a d e d th e ki n g d o m
,
O n h is d e a t h .
,

K e n n e t h ( s o n o f A l pi n ki n g o f th e S c ot s ) w h o h a d b e e n c h i e f o f th e D a l
, ,

r i a d c l an s s i n c e th e d e a t h o f h is f a t h e r in 8 4 m a d e w ar a g a i n s t th e P i c t s
3 ,
.

T a ki n g a d v an t a g e o f th e p r e s e n c e o f th e D an i s h pi r a t e s a n d p e r h a p s po s ,

s e s s i n g so m e i n h e r it e d tit l e to th e P i c ti s h t h r o n e h e s u c c e e d e d in e s t a b l i s h
,

in g h i m s e l f fi r s t a s th e s u p r e m e r ul e r o f D a l r ia d a ( 83 9 ) a n d t h e n fou r o r ,

five y e a rs l a t e r b e c a m e a l s o th e ki n g o f th e P i c t s
,
”
B e t w e e n th e d e a th o f .

E o ga n an a n d th e a c c e s s io n o f K e n n e t h m a c A l pi n t h e r e w e re tw o i n t e r ,

m e d i a t e ki n gs o f P i c t l a n d T h e s e w e re Wr a d SO II o f B a r go it w h o r e ig n e d
.
, ,

t h r e e y e ars a n d B r e d s o n o f F e r a t w h o r e ign e d o n e y e ar
'

, , ,
.
 T he r e as o n s fo r th e s u c c e s s o f K e n n e t h in e s t a b l ishi n g hi m s e l f an d th e
”
s m al l an d n u m e r i c all y i n sig n ifi c an t c o l o n y o f Dal r ia d S c ots w h o i n h abit e d
th e s o u t h w e st e r n po r tio n o f A r gy l e as th e r u l i n g e l e m e n t in th e l an d o f th e
”
P i c ts h av e n e v e r b e e n v e r y c l e ar l y u n d e r stoo d Sup e r io r p r o w e ss m a t e r ; .
,

fa vo r a b l e m a t r i m o n i a l all i an c e s th e l a bo r s o f m i s s io n ar i e s
‘l " "
n a l a n c e s tr y , , ,

th e w a r s o f th e P i c t s w it h ot h e r i n t r u d e r s th e h igh e r c u l t u re o f th e S c o t s
“ “
, ,

a n d v a r iou s ot h e r c a u s e s h a v e b e e n s u r m is e d a n d a s s ig n e d in e xp l a n a tio n .

O u r p r e s e n t k n o w l e d g e o f th e p e r io d w i l l n o t j u s ti fy m o r e t h an a t e n t a tiv e
a c c e pt an c e o f th e s e s e v e r a l t h e o r i e s a s a w h o l e w it h th e a l l o w a n c e t h a t e a c h
,

o n e p r ob a b l y ac c o u n t s in p ar t o r m igh t a c c o u n t in p a r t fo r th e r e s ul t
, , , .

K e n n e th d i e d in 85 8 an d h is b r ot h e r Do n al d s u c c e e d e d h im w h o r e ign e d
, ,

fo u r y e a r s O n Do n a l d s d e a t h Co n s t an ti n e th e s o n o f K e n n e t h c am e
’
.
, , ,

to th e t h r o n e A ft e r a r e ig n o f s o m e fi ft e e n y e a r s h e w a s ki l l e d in b att l e
.
,

w it h th e No r s e m e n w h o f o u gh t th e S c ot s
,
a t I n ve r d u f a th a ( I n ve r d o ve t)

n e ar th e F i r th o f F o r t h in 87 6 C o st ti n e w a s s u c c e e d e d by his b r oth e r
7 n a n -
, .
,

A e d h o r H u gh w h o r e ig n e d a s ki n g o f th e P i c t s fo r o n e y e ar w h e n h e w a s
, , ,

ki l l e d by h is o w n p e op l e .

W h i l e u n d e r th e l a w o f T an i s t r y w hi c h gov e r n e d th e d e s c e n t o f th e
, ,

c r o w n a m o n g th e S c ot s Do n al d s o n o f Co n s t a n ti n e w a s e n tit l e d to r u l e
, , y te , ,

by th e P i c ti s h l a w Eo c h a ( s o n o f Co n s t an ti n e s s i s t e r an d o f R u n ki n g o f
,
’

th e B r ito n s o f St r a t h c l y d e ) w as th e n e xt h e i r ; a n d a s th e P i c tis h p a r ty a t
this ti m e s e e m s to h av e b e e n in th e a s c e n d an c y B o c h a w a s m a d e ki n g ,
.

B e i n g to o yo un g to r e ig n h o w e v e r a n ot h e r ki n g w a s a s s o c i a t e d w ith h im a s
, ,

gov e r n o r .
"
T h is gov e r n o r o r r e g e n t w a s G r ig o r Ci r i e s o n o f D un ga il e
, , , ,
.

W h i l e th e e arl i e r Pictish Ch r on ic l e giv e s n o a c c o u n t o f this r e ign b e yo n d

th e s t a t e m e n t th a t a ft e r a p e r i o d o f e l e v e n y e a r s B o c h a a n d G r ig w e r e bot h
e x p e l l e d fr o m th e ki n g d o m th e l a t e r w r it e r s h a v e m a d e a pop u l a r h e r o o f
,

G r ig ; an d h is vi r t u e s an d a c h i e v e m e n t s a r e m a gn ifi e d to m ost gig an ti c
p r opo r tio n s .G r ig h avi n g b e e n f o r c e d to a b d i c a t e w a s s u c c e e d e d in 889
"
, ,

by Do n al d s o n o f Co n s t an ti n e w h o r e ign e d fo r e l e v e n y e a r s D o n al d
, ,
.

w a s a l s o c h o s e n a s Ki n g o f St r a t h c l y d e w h i c h h e n c e f o r t h c o n ti n u e d to r e
,
c e ive
'

its p r i n c e s fr o m th e r e ign i n g S c ottish fa m i l y u n ti l it w as fi n all y m e r g e d

i n to th e S c ottish ki n g do m D u r i n g Do n al d s r e ign his ki n gdo m c e a s e d to
.
’

be c a ll e d P i c t l an d o r P ic ta v ia a n d b e c a m e k n o w n a s th e ki n g d o m of A l b a n

o r A l b an i a an d its r u l e r s w e r e n o l o n g e r c a ll e d ki n g s o f th e P i c t s
,
but ,

ki n g s o f A l b an D o n a l d w a s s l a i n in b a tt l e w ith th e D an e s p r ob ab l y at
.
“
,

Dun o tte r in K in c ar d in e sh ir e
"o
.

F r o m 9 0 0 to 9 4 2 th e t h r o n e w as h e l d by C o n st an ti n e s o n o f A e dh an d , ,

c o u s i n to Do n a l d Du r i n g h is r e ign IEth e l s tan Ki n g o f M e r c i a b e c am e

.
, , ,

r u l e r o f W e s s e x ( in an d a t o n c e s e t a bout to e xt e n d h is po w e r n o r t h w ar d

fr o m th e Hu m b e r H e fi r s t a r r a n g e d fo r a m arr i a g e b e t w e e n h is si s t e r a n d
.

Sih tr ic th e D a n ish r u l e r o f D e i r a th e south e r n p r ovi n c e o f No r t h u m b r i a

, ,
.

O n Sih tr ic s d e a t h IEth e l s tan i m m e d i a t e l y s e iz e d h is ki n g d o m an d an

’

n e x e d it to h is o w n d r ivi n g out G u th f e r th th e s o n o f Sih tr ic w h o h a d s u c

, , ,

c e e d e d h is f a t h e r a n d f o r m i n g an a l l i a n c e f o r p e a c e w ith E a l d r e d r u l e r o f
, ,

B e rn i c i a th e n o r th e rn p r ovi n c e o f No r thu m b r i a an d w ith Co n st an ti n e Ki n g

, , ,

o f A l b an A l itt l e l a t e r h o w e v e r A ul a f o r O l a f th e e l d e st s o n o f Sih tr ic
"
.
, , , , ,

h avi n g in th e m e an ti m e m arr i e d K i n g C o n s t an ti n e s d a u ght e r a n d t h e r e by

’

s e c u r e d th e c o op e r a tio n o f th e S c otti s h r u l e r su c c e e d e d al s o in e n l i s ti n g
-
,

in his b e h al f O l a f o f Dub l i n a l e a d e r o f th e D an e s o r O s t m e n o f I r e l an d
, , , ,
”
a n d O w in ki n g o f th e Cu m b r i an s
,
Tog e t h e r t h e s e all i e s p r e p ar e d fo r a n
.

a tt e m pt to r e c o v e r O l a f s h e r it a g e B ut E t h e l s t an an ti c ip a ti n g t h e m In
’
.
,

v ad e d A l b an by s e a a n d l an d a n d r a v a g e d a g r e a t p a r t o f th a t ki n g d o m .

Th r e e ye a r s a ft e r w a r d s th e c o n fe d e r a t e d fo r c e s a g a i n a s s e m b l e d an d
m a d e a d e s c e n t upo n D e i r a At fi r s t t h e y w e r e s u c c e s s ful in t h e i r a tt a c k s
.
,

but fi n al l y e n c ou n t e r e d [E th e l st an w ith all his a r m y o n th e fi e l d o f B r u n an

bu r gh an d t h e r e fough t th e g r e a t b a tt l e w hi c h t a k e s its n am e fr o m t h a t
,

p l ac e f Eth e l s tan w a s vi c to r io u s an d d r o v e th e a ll i e d fo r c e s o f th e S c ots

.

a n d D an e s fr o m th e fi e l d w it h g r e a t l o s s e s a m o n g th e Sl a i n b e i n g th e s o n o f ,

th e A l b a n ki n g w it h m an y o f h is b r a v e s t l e a d e r s
, .

I n 9 4 2 Co n s t a n t i n e h a vi n g r e ti r e d to a m o n a st e r y w a s su c c e e d e d by
, ,

M al c o l m s o n o f D o n a l d w h o al so ac q u i r e d s o v e r e ig n ty ov e r C u m b r i a an d
, , ,
“

r e ig n e d u n ti l 9 5 4 w h e n h e w a s ki ll e d in a b a tt l e w it h th e No r s e m e n n e a r
,

F o d r e s ac h n o w F e tt e r e s s o in Ki n c ar d i n e s h i r e
,
T h e n e xt ki n g I n d u l f w a s
,
.
, ,

a l s o ki ll e d by th e No rs e m e n in
9 6 at Culle n in B an ff s h i r e
”
D u r i n g h is
2, ,
.

r e ig n th e ki n g d o m s e e m s fi r s t to h a v e b e e n e xt e n d e d s o u t h o f th e Fo r t h ,

E d i n b u r gh fo r a ti m e b e i n g a d d e d to its t e r r ito r y D u ff o r D u b h s o n o f .
, ,

M al c o l m n e xt o c c upi e d th e t h r o n e b ut h e w a s e xp e l l e d a bo u t 9 6 7 by
, ,

C u il e an o r Co l i n s o n o f I n d u l f w h o s u c c e e d e d h im a s ki n g a n d w as Sl a i n
, , , ,

h i m s e l f fou r y e ar s l a t e r ( 9 7 1 ) in a qu ar r e l w it h th e Str a th c l yd e n s ia n s .

K e n n e th I I b r ot h e r o f D uff an d s o n o f th e fi r st M al c o l m t h e n g a i n e d
.
, , ,

th e c r o w n H e is s a i d to h a v e g r e a t l y r a v a g e d th e t e r r ito r y o f th e St r a t h
.

c l y d e W e l s h ; a n d t h e n in o r d e r to p r ot e c t h i m s e l f a g a i n s t t h e i r c o u n t e r
,

a tt a c k s to h a v e f o r tifi e d th e f o r d s o f th e r iv e r Fo r t h w h i c h s e p a r a t e d th e
, ,

tw o ki n g d o m s I m m e d i a t e l y a ft e r h is a tt a c k o n St r a t h c l y d e h e al s o
"
.
,
is re c or de d .

K e n n e th M a c Du ff w a s d e fe a t e d in b a tt l e a n d s l a i n a t Str ath e r n in 1 0 05 ,

by h is c o u s i n M a l c o l m s o n o f Ki n g K e n n e t h M a c M al c o l m H e w a s k n o w n
, , .

a s M al c o l m I I o r M a l c o l m M a c K e n n e th a n d r e ig n e d f r o m 1 0 0 5 u n ti l 1 0 3 4
.
, , ,

w h e n h e is s a i d to h a v e b e e n a s s a s s i n a t e d a t G l a m i s in A n g u s H e is ao ,
.

c u s e d o f h a vi n g p r o c u r e d a bo u t 1 0 3 3 th e d e a t h o f a s o n o f Bo e t e M ac K e n
, ,

n e t h a n d g ran d s o n o f K e n n e t h II
, ( o f K e n n e th I I I )
o r T h e c laim o f . .

K e n n e t h Ma c Du ff s g r a n ds o n to th e c r o w n u n d e r th e P i c ti s h l aw o f s u c
’

c e s s io n w a s s u p e r io r to t h a t o f Ki n g M a l c o l m s o w n g r an d s o n Du n c an
* ’

,
.
,

I n 1 0 0 6 s h o r t l y a ft e r th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f h is r e ig n Ki n g M a l c o l m II
, ,
.

i n v a d e d No r th u m b r i a b u t w a s d e fe a t e d an d d r iv e n o ut w it h th e l oss o f
,
”
m an y O f h is b e s t w ar r io r s T w e l v e y e ar s l a t e r in c o n j u n c tio n w it h
.

O w e n th e B a l d ki n g o f th e St r a t h c l y d e B r ito n s M a l c o l m m a d e a s e c o n d
, ,

a tt e m pt a g a i n s t No r t h u m b r i a w h i c h p r ov e d m o r e s u c c e s s fu l I n a b a tt l e
,
.

f o u g h t a t C a r h a m o n th e T w e e d h e d e fe a t e d th e No r t h u m b r i an s an d D a n e s
, ,

w it h g r e a t l o s s I n c o n s e q u e n c e t h e y w e r e ob l ig e d to c e d e to th e vi c to r
“
,
.

a ll o f No r t h u m b r i a l yi n g n o r t h o f th e T w e e d w h i c h t e r r ito r y fr o m t h a t ti m e ,

b e c am e a p ar t o f S c ot l a n d ”
.

T h e ki n g d o m o f St r a t h c l yd e o r C u m b r i a a l s o w a s n o w c o m p l e t e l y a h , , ,

s o r b e d i n t o S c ot l a n d I ts r u l e r O w e n h a vi n g b e e n s l a i n in th e y e a r o f th e
.
, ,

b a tt l e o f C a r h a m th e u n io n w it h S c ot l a n d took p l a c e t h r o u gh th e s u c c e s s io n
,

o f D u n c an g ra n d s o n o f M a l c o l m
,
to th e l o r d s h ip o f St r a t h c l y d e F o r t h a t , .

po r tio n o f h is d o m a i n w h i c h e xt e n d e d s out h fr o m th e So l w a y Fi r t h to th e ,

r iv e r Ribb l e in L a n c a s h i r e
,
D u n c an c o n ti n u e d to do h o m a g e to th e Kin g o f
,

E n gl an d a s h is p r e d e c e s s o r s b e fo r e h im h a d d o n e si n c e th e ti m e ( 9 4 5 ) w h e n
, ,

th e E n gl i s h ki n g E a d m u n d h a d giv e n it ,
a l l up to M a l c o l m ki n g o f th e
, ,

S c ot s o n c o n d itio n t h a t h e s h o u l d b e h is fe ll o w w o r k e r a s w e ll by s e a as by
,
-

l an d .
”
T h i s P r i n c e D u n c a n w a s th e s o n o f B e th o c o r B e a t r i c e M al c o l m s , ,
’

d au gh t e r w h o h a d m a r r i e d C r i n an o f th e Ho u s e o f At h o l l a y Abbot o f
, ,

D un k e l d s a i d by F o r d un to h a v e b e e n a l s o th e St e w ar d o f th e I s l e s O n
,
.

Th l y Pi t h d
e e ar i tit ti f m i g
c s a no i p i g th ugh th m t l
ns u on o a rr a e , s uc c e s s o n a ss n ro e a e rn a

li l
n e a on e S . t p 96
ee n o e 1 1 ,
. 1 .
th e d e a th M al c o l m his g ran d fa th e r in 1 0 3 4 Du n c an Ki n g o f St r ath c l y d e
of , , , , ,

a s c e n d e d th e S c otti s h t h r o n e t h u s c o m p l e t e l y u n iti n g th e s ubki n g d o m o f

,

St r a t h c l y de w it h S c oti a .

A n ot h e r d au gh t e r o f M al c o lm h a d b e e n gi v e n in m ar r i a g e to Sigu r d th e ,

No r s e j a r l r u l e r o f th e O r k n e y I s l an d s By h e r Sigu r d h a d a s o n T h o r fin n
,
.
, ,

c ou s i n to D u n c a n bo r n a bo u t 1 0 0 9 w h o o n th e d e a t h o f h is fa th e r s o m e
, , , ,

fiv e y e a r s l a t e r s u c c e e d e d to th e l o r d s h ip o f C a it h n e s s Sut h e r l an d a n d
, , ,

ot h e r d i s t r i c t s i n c l u d i n g G al l o w a y
,
I n t h i s c a p a c ity h e w a s a l s o ov e r l o r d
.
,
-

o f th e t r ib u t ar y p r ovi n c e s o f Mo r a y a n d R o s s w h i c h a t th e ti m e o f E ar l ,

Sigu r d s d e a t h w e r e r u l e d ov e r by th e Mo r m a o r F in l e ikr o r Fi n l e y ( f a t h e r
’

o f M ac b e th ) .

D un c an ki n g o f th e S c ot s m a r r i e d th e si s t e r o f Si w a r d th e D an i s h
, , ,

E ar l o f No r t h u m b r i a ; a n d r e ig n e d fo r a bo u t five y e ar s H e b e c a m e i n vo l v e d .

in a w a r w it h h is c ou s i n T h o r fin n ov e r th e s ov e r e ig n ty o f th e n o r t h e r n d is
, ,

tr ic ts o f S c ot l a n d an d w a s s l a i n a t B o th go w a n in 1 0 3 9 4 0 by M a c b e t h w h o
,
-

h ad by t h a t ti m e s u c c e e d e d to th e m o r m ao r s h ip o f Ro s s an d Mo r a y U po n
”
.

th e s u ppos e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f D u n c an s t r a gi c d e a t h a s d e pi c t e d by Bo e c e
’

a n d c opi e d by Ho l i n s h e d Sh a k s pe a r e c o n s t r u c t e d h is p l a y o f M a c be th
,
.

B e fo r e goi n g i n to th e d e t a i l s o f t h a t t r a g e d y it w i ll b e w e l l to p a u s e ,

a n d t a k e a gl an c e a t th e s u r r o u n d i n g s a n d c o n d itio n o f th e S c o tti s h ki n g

d o m a t th e b e gi n n i n g o f D u n c an s b r i e f r e ig n T h e r e a r e t h r e e t h i n gs
’
.

c o n n e c t e d w ith th e p r e c e d i n g r e ig n o f h is g r an d f a t h e r M a l c o l m II wh ic h ,
.
,

m a r k it as a d i s ti n c tiv e a n d i m po r t a n t e p o c h in S c otti s h h i s to r y T h e fi rs t .

a n d m o s t n ot a b l e o f t h e s e w a s th e c e s s io n to M a l c o l m by its D an is h r u l e r o f

t h a t po r tio n o f th e An gl o D a n i s h ki n g d o m o f No r t h u m b r i a k n o w n a s Lot h i an
-

b e i n g all t h a t p a r t o f e as t e r n S c ot l an d l yi n g n o r t h o f th e T w e e d a n d s o u t h
o f th e Fo r t h T h i s c e s s io n r e s u l t e d fr o m th e vi c to r y o f th e S c ot s a t C a r h a m
.

in 1 0 1 8 to w h i c h a l l u s io n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e
, T h e n e xt i m po r t an t .
"

e v e n t w a s th e m a r r i a g e o f M a l c l m s d a u g h t e r w i t h Sig u r d th e No r s e o v e r
’

p ,

l o r d o f th e n o r t h e r n r e gio n s o f S c ot l a n d a n d th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e i r s o n , ,

T h o r fin n a s r u l e r o f t h a t d o m a i n o n th e d e a t h o f h is f a t h e r
, T h i s m a r r i a ge .

e v e n t u a ll y p r ov e d to b e a n e ff e c tiv e s t e p t o w a r d b r i n gi n g th e w h o l e c o u n t r y

n o rth o f S c ot s W a t e r u n d e r th e r u l e o f o n e ki n g T h e th ird e ve n t
’ ” 7’
,
.

w a s th e a c c e s s io n o f D u n c a n to th e ki n g s h ip o r l o r d s h ip o f St r a t h c l y d e a f t e r
th e d e a t h o f O w e n th e B al d in 1 0 1 8 a n d th e s u b s e q u e n t p e a c e fu l u n io n o f
, ,

t h a t ki n g d o m w it h S c ot l a n d o n th e a s c e n s io n o f D u n c a n to th e S c o tti s h
t h r o n e I t is p r op e r t h e r e fo r e to giv e a b r i e f s u m m a r y o f th e c i r c u m s t a n c e s
.
, ,

l e a d i n g u p to t h i s c o n j u n c tio n o f c o n d itio n s w h i c h u l ti m a t e l y r e s u l t e d in th e
a m a l g a m a tio n o f th e v a r i o u s r a c i a l e l e m e n t s o f S c ot l a n d i n to o n e p e o p l e .

T h e C u m b r i a n an d No r s e d i s t r i c ts w i ll fi r s t b e t a k e n u p as b e i n g m o r e i n ti ,

m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w it h th e h i s to r y o f M a l c o l m s n e a r e s t m al e h e i r s a n d th e
’

A n g l o D an i s h p r ovi n c e w i ll a ft e r w ar d s b e c o n s i d e r e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e

-

r e ig n o f Du n c an s s o n M a l c o l m C a n m o r e in w h o m its po s s e s s io n m ay b e
’

, ‘

s a i d fi r st to h a v e b e e n d e fi n it e l y c o n fi r m e d .
 7
I re l an d is fi rs t m e n ti o n e d as b i g e n a l so c a l l e d Sc o ti by I
a s ado r e o f Se vi ll e, 5 80-
600 .

9
T he fi rs t r e c o r de d a x ff th as t f G ul i i A D 2 87
pp e ar a n c e of th e Sa on s o e co o a s n . . .

Eu tr piu ix 2 1O (M u m H i t B it p l xxi i )
s, on s r

T h b t o f I i sh pi t es — S o t s— av g e d its w es t e
. . . . . .
,

e oa s s t h y w e e th e r all d ra or , a e r n c e , c r a rn

s h w h i le
ore s , y e t m e f o m i d ab l r e f f b t or
rs pi l l g d f m P
r o t m u th t th a e ac o re e oo e a e ro r s o o e

W h I th i h m e l d b t w
as . n e rth E l b d th e Em
o an w ll i a w id t c t
e een
ss e e an s , as e as n e ra ac r o

th E m s t th R h i e
e o um b ef G m t ib e h d d w t ge th e i t th e p e pl f th e
n a n er o er an r s a ra n o r n o o e o

pi r te s o f th Ch an e l b e l o g e d —J R G e e
,

S x a d it w
on s , a n t t h i p e p l e th a t th as o s o e a e n n . . r n,

M hi g f E gl d p 1 5
a n o n an , . .

W l
3
f m th ac ou t gi ve by th h i s t i
e e arn ro f th e ir e v tu l
e c ove y t h t th e
c n n e o r an o en a re r ,
a

di t i t
s r c v g d by th e P i t w e th e xt di g f m th e t it i f th i d p e de t
s ra a e c s er ose en n ro err or es o e n e n n

t ib t th W ll f H d i b t w e th e T y
r es o e a o d th S l w y a r and t h t th d i t i t e u en n e an e o a ,
an a e s r c s oc c

pi d by th S t w i di ff e e t di e ti o
e e co s T h y l y th w t
ere n a f ti d
r n r c n. e a on e es e rn ron e r , an c on

i t d f p t f th m u t i gi
s s e o ar o f W al e e th e c o t pp it t I e e r th e i sl a d f
n a n re on o s on oas o os e o rn , o n o

I l d f m wh
r e an , e th y ro m en c e ca e.

U i de d as h e w l ft B it i h ld b v l y o ut
na s as
o he fi st p
e i c w ve
, r a n e ra e as s o n as r r an as o r

an d fo s m t h i ty y
r o ft e th w ith d w l o f th l gi
r e ar s a th f p vi c m i t i d
er e ra a e e on s e re e ro n e a n a ne an

e qu l t u ggl g i t h f
a s r e O f th e sh p o b b l y
a a ns u t d th
er S x o es . ti l l th l e t es e r a co n e e a on s as s e as

f m i d bl e
or Th f
a b t f m I l dw
. e ree t ly o u gi g h
o o ers w t rot b t r e an ere no on sc r n er e s e rn c o as ,
u

pl ti g l i t p i t l g it l i
an n c o on e s a T o th e th f th F i th f Cl y d t h
o n s a on S t s ne. n or o e r o e ese co s
"

se ttl d b u t th i ti i th p i l f A gyl T th o th f it th y m y h ve b e
e a o s m e n e e n n su a o r e . o e s u o e a a e n

th G e l w h m as t
ae s , d d g v th i o m t G l l ow y ;
er e d th
an m i di ti s
a e e r na e o a a an e r e ar e so e n ca on

t h t l g t h u gh l s p m
a a ar er t s e ttl e m e t w as b e i g m d i th p e t N th Wal e s
o a es er an e n n n a e n e re s n or
”

—G
.

M hi g f E gl d p 2 3
re en ,
a n o n an , . .

W itt g b f th i th tury a d f li e ve t
4
t l r en no on it
e or e o d f e n n c en , n , so ar a s s rec r o e ar er n s

g e h i fly u e ful i givi g u th e f m i w h i h th e y w
o s, c e s n n t i th tim f th e s or n c ere c ur re n n e e o

a u th or .

T h ugh s w e h v
5
o hi ,
a ld t b o th L r ul e d b e fo
a e seen him ye t F gu s h l ds, s e es r er oar n re , er o

a m e or pi u p iti c on s th f th
c uo f th d y s ty i
s os it w h i d
on as d t d e a er o e na ,
s nce as s e sc e n an s , an

no t th f L
os e wh o ft w d l d i D l i d
o ar n , I t i i h im t
o a th t th
er ty
ar s ru e n a r a a. s n ,
oo, a e s c an

b k t
ro en fg i h i t y j i th f l l
r ac e s o enu n e t f th l d f b ul us v ti l h i t y
s or o n e u c ur r e n o e o a o c on en on a s or

o f S tl co d Th u F g an m yb. i d tifi d w ith F gu I I —th f ti th ki g f S t l d

s er us a e en e er s . e or e n o co an ,

ac c or di g t B u h n d th
o ld hi t i
c T h i i d tity h s v d t h w w ith i
an a n a n e o er s or a n s . s en a ser e o s o s n

gul l ar s th
c e ar n e s i m pl m i w h i h th e li
s f b ul u e e f S t ki g w
an n e r i n c e e ar er a o s r ac o co s n s as n

v t d A F gu w ti l l th e f th f th m
en e . er s h y b ut t
as s y b k th l i t a a er O e on arc , o c a rr ac e ne o

res p t bl ec a tiqu ity p di g F g w i v t d w h ig d m

e an , a rec e th 3 00 y n er us as n en e , o re ne ore an e ar s

b e f Ch i t
ore h b r s t th ti w h B byl w t k by Al x d
m uc a ou Bu h e m e en a on as a en e an e r , as c a n an

no ti s T fil l p th i t v i g p
ce . o u b e tw e th e i m gi y d th
e n er tu l F gu
en n s ac e en a n ar an e ac a er s,

th i ty igh t th m
r -
e h w o d vi d w h e p t it m y
er o n ar c w b e s e i th e pi c t u e
s er e e se ,
os or r a s a no e n n r

g ll y f
a er H l y o d — B t H i t y f S tl d v l i p 2 87
o r oo . ur o n ,
s or o co an ,
o . .
, . .

Wl 5
th a es , ort y f th C y i at th i ti m xt d d f m th e Seve r to th e
e c oun r o e m r , s e e en e ro n

Cl y d d
e , an p i d ll d W l Ch hi e L
c om r se a hi p t f W es tm l d Cum
m o e rn a es, es r ,
an c a s re , ar o o r e an ,

b l d D um f i h i A y h i L k h i
e r an r e ss d Re f w h i
re , N v ti h w v
rs re , an a r s re , an n re s re. o an a, o e e r , re

—
,

m i
a ned P i c ti h i G i d l i —s i p h d e T h u w h t v h d b th ffi ity
. e .
,
o e c n s eec an ra c . s, a e er a een e a n

in e ar li t i b tw
e r c e n ur e s th S l g f D um f i sh i e d th N
een t eA tt tt f
e o vae o r es r e an e o va n ae , o r eco s, o

G l l w y it h d b
a o a ,
pl d i th ixth a t y by h d it y i l m ity G ll w y
ee n re ac e n e s c e n ur e re ar r ac a en . a o a

w asp pl d by A tte tt P i t A
eo e d l N ith d l co d St th l y d by B it
c s C ym i n n an a e, s a e , an ra c e r on s, r ,
or

W l hm e s en I .th e ixth t y th t h w f u n s c t di g f r w h t
s c e n ur , en ,
er e e re o r r ac e on e n n o a

w asf l y th R m
orm e r p vi c f V l i e o th B it
an C ym iro W l h ci t n e o a en c a e r on s , r , or e s , an en

su bj t f R m e wh m ay be r e g ar de d as th l e giti m t i h bit t s ( 2) th e N t h
ec s o o , o d e a e n a an or e rn a n
So u h er n tPi t p ti g th l d c s , re G i d l i t i f C l t w ith
re s e n n d ixt p e o er or o e c s ra n o e s, an a m ur e , er

h p a f b igi l I
s, o i
a w ith w h m
or y b
na i t d th A tt
ve rn a n s , tt P i t w t f th o m a e as s o c a e e eco c s es o e

N ith ( 3 ) th S t f E i l G i d l i b t di ti t f
e co s r om th P i t ty t fi
r n ly
,
t a so o e c, u s nc r om e c s, n o e rm se

tl d i L
e nd A gy l d
o rn a n IEd th [ g t g d r f F gu M e un M Ei
er b t an ,
e r ea r an so n o er s or ac rc , u

m ki g d
a n t w h v th y ld fi d f ti g d d ti d t gi v th i
e sc e n s ere er e t Al b c ou n a oo n an es ne o e e r n am e o an

—
,

i l t
n t i
a er c en S tl d d (4 )
ur e s a s t h T t i l “
i t H b t M xw l l H i t y
co an an e e u on c c o on s s er er a e , s or

o f D f i um d G l l w y pp 3
r es a n 33 a o a , . 2, .

7
C l ti S tl d e l i p c 63 co an , vo . .
, . 1 .

A lb 3
w w l l it S t l
an ,
d h d by th i ti
o r , as lv d it lf i t f
e no cad mi , co an ,
a s m e r e so e se n o o ur o n

i h
on s , e a c d it p t l i f ki g T h P i t h l d th
un er s se t y th f th F th
ar a e ne o n s . e c s e e c o un r n or o e or ,

th i h i f t w b i g
e r c e th o th f th N ; A gyl d L f
n e n n e ar d th ki g d e m ou f o e ess r e an o rn orm e e n om o

D l i d p p l t d by th S tti h ( th t i I i h ) d
a r a a, o u a e d t f th l y f F g
e co M s a s, r s esc en an s o e c o on o er us or .

T h B iti h ki g d
e r f Al l ts St th l y d w n th om t h p ti o f th C y c u i t i or ra c e as e n or ern or on o e m r c e rr

t y or ld W l
, or o xt di g f C w ll t D
a e s, on c e b t b tp m e tly v d
en n ro m o rn a o un ar o n , u er an e n se ere

fi t by th S x ki g C w l i w h i 5 7 7 t k p
rs e a on i n f th ,
tyea d B th n d , o n oo os se s s on o e c o un r r o un a an

Gl t
ou c e s e r d d by E dw i Ki g f B i i t th g t b ttl f Ch t i 6 3
an s e c on n ,
n o ern c a , a e r ea a e o e s er , n 1 .

St th l y d
ra th c p i d t t xt di g f m th D w t i C b l d t L h
e, en , c om r se a rac e en n ro e er en n um e r an o oc

L om on d th pit l b i g l l d i W l h A l l t th l i ff th C l yd b t k w t
, e ca a e n ca e n e s c u , or e c on e e, u no n o

th D l i di
e d P i ti h G l
a r a d
c an B t th f t f th W l h
c s ae s as un r e an n , e or o e e s m en .

O th t th S x n l fB
e e as i i t t h df e th H m b a t th F
on re a m th d o e rn c a s r e c e r om e u er o e or un er

K i g E dw i w h h l ft h i
n n m ,
i Ed i b gh th S xo as titl f th t w w h i h th
e s na e n n ur , e a on e o e o n c e

G l ll d D di b t w h
ae s c a e t f l w B bun e n g h ,
J t u t h t it y f th
ose s e a o ru e as am or ou . us as e e rr or o e

tt P i t w p t df St th l y d by th p t w k w th D il D yk ’ ’
A tt eco c s as s e ar a e rom ra c e e r am ar no no n as e e s e,

so B ii w e rn c a p tdf St th l y d by th C t il
as se ar a e th w k i g th pp
rom ra c e e a ra ,
a n e ar or c r o ss n e u er

p t f Li dd d l B i d th f
ar o es l th w
a e. d b t bl es t ip f es t y b tw e se o ur r e a m s e re as a e a a e s r o c ou n r e een

th L e x H i ll d th G pi
en n o i l di g th s an f Sti l i g d p t f Li l ith g w
e r am an s , nc u n e c ar s e o r n an ar o n o

s hi h i fly i h bit d by th S th
re , c e P i t Pi t f M
n a e d l tl y th ld t
e it y ou ern c s or c s o an a u an as , e o e rr or

o f th N id e i A tt tt P i t wh h d
u ar a n o r g dt t i t eco y d tiv p i c s, o a m an a e o r e a n au o n o m un er n a e r n c es,

an d d g a fi d p de by
re e o f p w f l lli
n e en en c e , m e an s o o er u a an c e s .

A t th b gi i g f th e th t y t h D f i h i w
e nn n o d th l f th
e s e ve n c e n ur , en , um r e ss re as u n er e ru e o e

W l h k i g f St th l y d w h il Wigt h i
e s n s o d Ki k db igh t
ra c t e,q i th e on s r e an r cu r s o on o ac u re e n am e

—M xw ll H i t y f D f i
,

f G ll w y w th i tiv P i ti h p i ”
o a od a ,
ere un er e r na d e c s r n c es . a e ,
s or o um r es a n

G l l w y pp 3 5 3 6
a o a , .
, .

A D 6 9 C th F dh
9
. . i i qu M l ith
2 ,
a S d il R e C ith i vi t ae o n t n o ae c a m ac c an a ex ru n n c or e r a .

C o n c a d C e r R e x Dal r ia da c e c id it e t D ic uil l m ac E a c h a c h R e x C e n e o il C r u ith n e c e c e d it e t

ne p t o es i
A da n , id e s t, R e gul l an m ac C o n ain g e t F a ilb e m ac Ea c h a c h ( e t O s s e r ic m ac A l bru it
c um s rat g e m a xi m a s u o r um ) . E o c h adh B uidh i m ac A d an i vi t c or e r a t —T igh
. e rn a c .

1°
p 242
Ce l tic Sc otl a n d , vo l . i .
, . .

I th 17
m y i w h i h th b ttl w fough t w h i h p l c e d O u l d th th
n e sa e e ar n f c e a e as c a s a on e ro n e o

B e i i D m ll B
rn c a, ki g f th S t f D l i d pp
o na t h v m d
re c e , tt pt t n o e co s o a r a a, a e ar s o a e a e an a em o

w t th d i t i t b t w
r es e th Av s r c d th P tl d H il l f m th e A gl w h th
e een e on an e en an s ro n es, e e r as

h vi g
a nm l i m t it th
so gh h i g df th A i d
e c a wh t i mo p ob b l l derou s ran a er , an or a s ore r a e , as a ea r

t i —
,

o f th B it e i u r C l ti S tl
on s , d l i p 24 7
s n c er a n . e c co an , vo . . , . .

‘
I th e 9 “
t e o f S o tl a d w h it i i t rs t d by th e tw m f th
n c en r th e c n ,
e re s n e ec e o ar s o e s ea,

F o t h d th Cl y d
r an d w h e th b e d i f th fo u ki g d m
e , an pp h th e er e oun ar e s o e se r n o s a r o ac o n e an o r,

i
s a t it y xt di g f m th e E kt th T y w h i ch p
e rr or e en d v y ix d p pul ti
n ro s o e a , o ss e s s e a er m e o a on ,

a d w
n th s f
as t f th e fli ts b t w t h e f u s t t
ce n e o O igi l l y
m os pi d by o e c on c e een se o r a es . r na occu e

th t ib e f th D m
e r th
o rth b u d y f th R
e a p vi i t
n o n II , t d it f e no ern o n ar o e o m an ro n ce n e rse c e or

tw tu i a d h l f i l udi g p t f th i t ib d th p vi
o c en r es n a a d m gi g th
, t nc n ar o s r e an e ro n c e , an er n e r es

a m g th b b i
on O th f l l f th R
e ar p w i B it i it w
ar a n s . u by th e n e a o e om a n o er n r a n, as o ve rr n

Pi t d
c s , an f th l i t se tt l m
on e t f th S x o w h i h p b bl y w
e m p
e ar d f es e en s o e a on s , c ro a as co ose o

Fii r s an s ,t k pl e i th e di t i c ts b u t th R
oo w ll
ac It w h e e th at d u i g th e
n s r a o e o m an a . as r , r n
 F r om th e Pi t
give th h i ll w h i h f m d it u th b u d y th m
c s th e A n l e s g e s c or e s so e rn o n ar e na e

o f th P h tl d
e w Pe t l d H il l N it u th t b d y w th t g t u
an , no en an s . e ar s so e a s e rn oun ar as e s ron na

ra l p iti l l d by th B it s M y yd A gu d
os on c a e d l D i iddy e d by th G l D
r on n e an a so ne n ,
an e ae s un

e di N i m i l f t h w t th Fi th f F th i
n . ne es ar w d ti ll th er t pp h t es ,
e r o or s n arr o e e c o as a roac es o

w ith i tw m i l n f t h t f Fi f
o d ff d
es o dy m f
a o d th th h e , an a or s a rea ean s o ac c e ss an on e so u s or e

o f th u pp b i f th F th d
e er as n oth t m i ti o f th R m w l l w th
e or i t ,
an n e ar e er na n o e o an a , as e an c en

B iti h t w f C d i w h i l i th F th it e l f pp it th i d i t i t w th i ul t w
r s o n o ae re n , e n e or s O os e s s r c as e ns ar o n

o f G u i di Th w t .p t f th i s t it y w s k w t th W e l h by th m f M u
e es ern ar o e rr or a no n o e s e na e o an a

Gu t di o o d t th G l n , an th pl i o di t i t f M e a aem til l p
as v d i Sl i e a n or s r c o a n an n , na e s r eser e n

a bh m w Sl m
an an n ,
d thi
no t h v b a th h e d qu t e
an an f th e P i t
,
an s se em s o a e e en e a ar rs o es c s.

B tw t h m d th ki g d m f th P i t p p l y
e een e an t l d i t i t xt e di ge n o o e c s ro er a a c e n ra s r c ,
e n n

f m th w l l t th
ro e iv F th d th b k f th l tt w th t g p iti ft
a o e r er or ,
an on e an o e a er as e s r on os on a er

w d ar upi e d by Sti l i g C
s oc c tl d w h i l e th A g l f B
r i i x i d i fl
n as e e an e n es o ern c a e erc se an n ue n c

an d ki d f uth ity v
a n th
o fi t d i t i t th i
a or t l p t m t hv b o er m e e rs s r c , s c e n ra ar see s o a e een or

l
c ose ly t d w ith th B iti h ki gd m f Al l yd
c on n e c e Th th p t xt d i g f m
e r s n o o c e . e n or e rn ar ,
e en n ro

th e F th t th T y b l g d t th P i ti h ki g d m w ith w h m it p pul ti
or o e a ,
e on igi l l y
e o e c s n o , o s o a o n , or na

B iti h pp
r s t h v b
,
a i e ar s p t d d w th d i t i t ft w d k w as F rt e i
o a e e en n c or or a e ,
an as e s r c a er ar s no n o r n

an d M gh F t a or re n .

Fi l l y th nath h f th Sol w y Fi th
, on d
e n or p t d f m th B it by th e s or e o e a r ,
an se ar a e ro e r ons

l w
o p t f th i v N ith d by th m u t i
er ar o e r g w h i h p t s th
er , ti s f
an e o n a n ran e c se ar a e e c o un e o

Ki k udb igh t d Wigt f

r c r th anf D um f i d Ay w b dy f P i t t m d
on r om os e o r e s an r, e re a o o c s, er e

by B d N idu i e e d th i d i t i t ar i ti g f th tw f
an ti w k w t th
s s r c , c on s s n o e o or m e r c oun es , as no n o e

W l h G l w yd l d t th I i h G l lg id l f m w h i h w f m d th
e s as a e ,
an o m e G ll
e r s as a a e ,
ro c as or e e na a

w ithi
e w G l l w y — C l ti S tl
a, no ad l i pp 2 3 7 2 3 9
o a . S N t 6 p 92 e c co an ,
vo . .
, .
-
. ee o e , . 1 .

D u i g t h w th
15
r n pp t h v b
ese h ith t ar s m bi ti o f th B it o o f
ere a e ar s o a e e en er o a c o na n o e r ns

Al l yd c d th S te an f D l i d g i t th A gl
e co s o d th P i ti h p p l ti u bj
a r a tt a a a ns e n es an e c s o u a on s ec o

th m I t w i f t
e . fli t f th w t
as , n t ib g i t th
ac ,
a te d f th
c on c o e es e rn r es a a ns e e as rn , an o e

C h i tir s p ty g i t th p g
an ar d m i p g
a th i
a ns C h i ti ity f m i g
e a t g an a n se - a an , e r c om m o n r s an or n a s ro n

b d f i b tw th tw f m
on o u n on ti
e d ft een th d th f R h y dde h H l i o or er na on s , an a er e ea o e rc ae n

603 th D l i di ki g e em t h v
a r a t k th l d i th
c n m s d f th
se m bi d o a e a en e ea n e co m an o e co ne

fo rc e s —C l ti S tl d v l i p 2 49 e c co an , o . .
, . .

m e d m i i ti m m o t p t s ub due d
‘ 4
O wy h l d th
s f m e d f th e sa o n on s or s o e e, an or e s ar

an d d t ib u t y th
m a e ti r f th Pi t d S t w h i h p
ar e th
na th p t
on s o e c s an c o s, c os se s s e n or ern ar s

o f B it i rb u t f th
a n h ft —B d b k ii h v
o ese er e a er . e e, oo .
, c . .

Th ’5
m Ki g O w y g ve d th M i
e sa e n l th e p p l f th th
s o rn e e e r c an s , as a so eo e o e o er

s u th
o p vi ern th y ro ft h h d l i Ki g P
nc es , d re e d h l ik w i e b du d th
e ar s a er e a s a n n en a an e e s su e e

g e t p t f th P i t t th e d m i i
r a er ar o f th e E g l i h —B d b k iii
e c s o h xxiv o n on o n s . e e, oo .
, c . .

Th S t fD l i d tu ll y f l l u d h i [O w i ] d m i i l g w ith th B rito s ’
e co s o a r a a na ra e n er s s n s o n o n a on e n ,

an d w h v th t ti e y f Ad
a e th t t h y w e t dd d w by t ge d i g th e
e es m on o am n an a e er ro en o n s r an rs ur n

sam e p i d B ut w h i l t h
er o . ti b m t ibu t y t th A gl s d u i g th i p i d f
e ese n a on s ec a e r ar o e n e r n s er o o

th i ty yr th e m d i e ar s , w h i h th ki g f N t h um b i d l t w ith th P i t h w s th t
o e n c e n s o or r a ea e c s s o a

th i d m i i
e r ve th w f di ff t ki d d th t th y vi w d th t p t f th e ti
o n on o r em as o a eren n ,
an a e e e a ar o na on

w h i h w s s ubj
c t t th m
a w f m i g pec t f th N th u b i ki g d m T h w y
o e as n o or n ar o e or m r an n o . e a

f or th i w p p d by th c is as re f T l ar e f A i f it t th th o f th
e a c es s o n o a or c a n , s on o n ra ,
o e ron e ,
e

Pi t c s onth d th f T l e s f Wid
ea E t l i gm
o F ith T igh
a or e , ll h im i on o ,
or c o a r ac o , as e rn a c c a s ,
n

653 T l
. w bvi l y th
a or c an f t h t A i f it th
as o s f E d il f id
ous d ld e so n o a n ra , e on o r ,
an e er

b th f O l d w h h i f th d th h d t k f g w ith th P i t d hi
’
ro er o s ua , o on s a er s ea a a en re u e e c s , an s s on
T al orc an t h av uc c ee de d to th th e th ugh a P i c ti h m th e At th ti m th
m us e s e r on ro s o r . e e, en ,

w h e O w i th un xt d d h is w ay v th e B it
s n s e d S o t th en w as ki g f th A gl i c
e s o er r on s a n c s e re a n o e n

ra c e by p t l d t c t u ll y ig i g v th P i t T igh e
a e rn a esc e n d h i d th i a a re n n o er e c s. r n ac r e c or s s ea n

657 d B d t l l u th t w ith i th e e y e
,
an e e ft e h h d l ai Ki g P d O w i
e s s a ubj te d n r ar s a r e a s n n en a, s n s ec

th e g ea t p t f th P i t t th e do m i i
r er ar f th A gl
o I t i p b bl
e th f c s th t o n on ~o e n es . s ro a e, ere ore , a

h e l i m d t h i s ub m i i
c a e t him l f s th e e r u i d h i th e p t l i d e f th i r
ss on o se a co s n an e r on a ern a s o e

ki g T ln d e f d hi
a o r c an , an l i m by f c f m H w f h is d m i i
n o rc e e xt d d s c a or e o ar s . o ar o n on en e

it i d i ffi ul t t y but it t i l y e m b c d
s c o sa w h l l se
,
w h t B de c ll th p ovi c er a n ra e , as e s a e, a e a s e r nce

o f th Pi t e th th s i d f th Fi th o f F th d m i ll y t l t m y h v i
c s on e n or e o e r or , an ,
no na a e as ,
a a e n

c l u d d th w h l e t
e it y f th e S u th
e P i t w h il G t id th
o e rr orf D ll o o e rn c s e ar n a , e son o on n e ,
or

D m h il l w h
o pp ar i th e Pi ti h Ch i l
na ,
o a hi u c s e d w h f o m th e f m
s n f c s r on c e as s s c e s or , a n o r or o

his f th n m e m u t h ve b
a er s
’
f pu G li
a e u l d o ve r t h ose w h
s m i ed
a ee n o re ae c r ac r e o re a n

i de p e d t —C lti S tl d vol i pp 2 5 7 —2 5 8
,

n n en . e c co an , . .
, . .

‘
I th e fi t y ea
5
f his [ E gf id s ] ig th e b e ti l p e pl e f th P i t s d pi i g th e ir ’
n rs rs o c r re n s a o o e c , es s n

s ubj e c ti t th Sx on d th t i g t th w ff th y k f s vit ud
o e a o n s , an ll te d t rea e n n o ro o e o e o er e, co ec o

g th i um bl t ib f m th
e er nn th h
e ra i g w h i h E gf id e m b l d
e r es y d ro e n or ,
on e ar n c c r a ss e a n ar m ,
an

a t th e h d f m ll ea b dy f t p s dv o d g i t th i g
a s a t d t i l y di v d
er o o r oo a an c e a a ns s r ea an no e as sc o ere

e em y w h m b l d u de f m id bl d tt ki g th m
'

n w ,
o e re ul ll d B m
ass e th e n r a or a e r er ca e e ae , an a ac n e

m de s a g t sl u gh t th t tw riv w e l t fi l l d w ith th i b di
o re a a a er Th w h o a o e rs re a m os e e r o es . ose

fl d w e e p u ue d
e d ut t pi e c e
r d th e p p l e w e
rs an gi du d t c vit de d o s, an eo re a a n re ce o se r u ,
an

re m i d u d
a ne bj c ti duri g th e t f E gf id e ig Eddi L if f St Wilf id
n er s u e on n e r s o c r
’
s r n .
-
,
e o . r ,

c h xix (w itt
. b f
. r en e ore

I th e m 77
ti m th e l itt l e k i gd m f D l i d w i
n e an t t f m pl e t di g i
e n o o a r a a as n a s a e o co e s or an

za ti W fid o
on . d f e
y l ki g v th w h l ti
n n f th S t b u t
r e c or h p te
o an re a n o er e o e na on o e co s, eac se a ra

t ibr e m t h ve e m i
se e d i l t d f m th
s o t u d it w h i f w h il th B it
a r a ne so a e ro e res n er s o n c e , e e r on s

e xe is d ki d o f w y v th m
rc e a d l g w ith th B it
n s th y w e u d ubj e c ti o
a o er e , an , a on e r on s , e re n er s n

to th A gl e C l ti S tl d v l i p 2 6 3
n es . e c co an ,
o . .
, . .

A D 6 7 8 I t f ti g e
75
i L i iti i id t F h i f t i e t B itn er e c
q uio n er s oa r n r nn es eac a r o a r on e s

t —T igh
. .
, , ,

vi to c r e s e ran . e r n ac .

B l lum Dui l h t b el l um L i m e l i e t D i d Eili —A l f Ul t

e n oc o e ac c a a n o ra nn n na s o s er .

B d b k iv h xxvi
79
e e, oo .
, c . .

9°
B ud i w p t ll yr i o f th y l H u f Al l yd h i f th Bil i pp e i g
e as a e rn a a sc on e ro a o se o c e, s a er a ar n

i th W l h g e
n e l gi e sxe d t N iu th
nea o f N ith d f th e
es f th t
an n e o enn s as e son o e on an a r o a
Eug i w h e nl w D m ll B i 642
o s e o na rec e n .

B k iii h i
97
oo .
, c . .

99
71 1 C o n gr e ss io B r itto n um et D al r ia dh a f o r L o ir ge c l a t ib u Br ito n e s d e vic ti
,
71 7 .
,

C o n gr es sio D al riada et B r itton u m pi

in l a de q u i vo c a tu r M in vir c c e t B rito n e s d e vic ti
su n t —T igh
. e rn ac .

B kv
93
oo ch. xxi . Se e p . 1 26 .

9‘
7 26 , N e c h ta in m ac D e r ili c o n s trin gi tur a p ud Dr uis t re g em . D gl un a de re g no

j
e e c tus es t e t Dr uis t d e re g no Pic to r um j
e e c tu s et El h p i n
pr o eo g t E oc h ac h

i ipit —T igh
re na . m ac
Eac h ac h re g n ar e nc er n ac

p D m h l l jug l atu e st —A l f Ul t
. .

95
6 9 7 Eu c h u ,
ne os o na u s . n na s o s er .

7 2 8 C th M
95
igh C e bi iti Pi
, d h ib f i ( i
a b tw th P i t th m lv )
on a ra r c c ar ac a e n . e .
, e e en e c s e se es ,

A e gu n t A l pi s ei i t tu i th (f gh t th t b ttl ) t 0 m b igh i ( th vi t y w
ne ss a c n ca ou a a e , e 1 e a r a e c or as
w i th ) A gu t b h dh m A l pi d i ( d th e f A l pi w l i th
n m en s e 1 0
) t o
ar a ac n an s n an s on o n as s a n e re e r

g b A
a gu t ( d A g s t k hi p
en s ner
) C t h t u dh iti ( an u f tu t b ttl b n u oo s e rs o n . a r a r an n or na e a e e

t w th ) Pi d h bh C i l C dh i t m b igh i ( d th vi t y w g i t
e en e c c ar ac ae ac a s en re e 1 0 e a at n an e c or as a a ns
th e m ) A l pi
sa t e b dh i h t d i d i l ( d h i t it i
n e 1 0 d ll hi m e ar a a cr c a e a a ne e n e an s e rr or e s a n a
, s en
w ere t k ) t g b N h t m De il i R igh i a Pi d h (l t th e ki g d m f th
a en e 1 0 a ec an ac r n c ar ac os n o o
—
, e
P i t ) T igh c T h Ul t A l dd ubi A l pi
c s . e rn a ff ugit . e s er nna s a n us e .
”

7 36 A
97
gu F gusa , Pic t m m v t vit gi
en D il i ta e t b ti u it D
s m ac
d er r ex o as a re on e s a r a o n un a
e t c om pul s it C re i ch et d uo s fil io s Se lbaic h e c a te n is a ll igavit, id e s t, D g on al et F e r a d ac h , of

P a ul o p t B ude u
os r s m ac A e n gusa m ic F e rgus a o biit —T igh . e r n ac .

7 3 6 B ll um i C o ir pr i i C al ath r os et Li i t D a lr iata i
95
,
e C un co u c at n n du n er et F o r tr e n n
et T al organ m ac F e r gus o fil iu m A in bh c e al l ac h fugie n tu m c um e xe r c itu
pe r se qu itu r in q ua
c o n gr e ss io n e m ul no ti bi
l e s c e c ide r un t A n na l s of Ul s te r .
— .

99
On e pp e ars to h ve p e ve d th t d iti o a y c c u t f h i d th
of th e c h r on c l e s a i a r se r e ra n r a o n o s ea

wh it t lls us th t h w as l i i G l l w y a fte h e h d de t y d it by s i gl p e
en e a e S a n n a o a , r a s ro e , a n e rs o n

w h l y i w it f
o a h im i th i k w d ove h gi g th e t
n a or f th f d f i n as h c oo r an n e n r an c e o e or o a r ve r a e

ro d m e ag hi p pl (Ces ty fu t tu
on Go l w y
s m il l
eo it d e t uyt d
e . u ul s e en o a , co e a vo s r , e n so

h m q i l y g yta e
o u espe s h y e p ad u t l t e d u n n
g d e u yve m c h vau c h s e o s n en a n a en r e n e n r re , c o e

e ito t e s ge t S l Ch ) T h s e f h i d e th m u t h v b e e
en r se n z .
-
th e t i d
ca a r on . e cen o s a s a e n on e as s e

of L h Ry oc wh e t m f lls i t th l h o th
an , th i d f w h i h i th f m f
re a s rea a n o e oc , n e n or s e o c s e ar o

L igh t a d th i f m i l g u p igh t pil la s t o e to w h i h th m e f L igh t Al pi

, an on s ar s a ar e r r n , c e na o a n,

o r th G ve f Al pi is giv
e ra o n, en .

By th P i t Si m
3°
u u ll y u d ers t
e d th P i t f G ll ow y
c s, d th i b tt l e e m
eon s a n an s e c s o a a , an s a s e s

to h v f l l o w d th e tt k u p
a e o th m by Al pi e d h i Sc o ts a ac on e n an s .

7 5 0 C th e ti P i t e s t B it c F
37
id a t T l g m gu
r t a b th i e t
c on e r on e s , es a a or an a er sa e ra a r ar

o f P i t w ith h im ) —T igh
,

Pi c d h im il l f i ( d h i b t h
c ar ac d l ugh t
a e r ss an s ro e r an a s a er c s . e r n ac .

7 5 0 B e l l um i t Pi t s e t B r itton is id s t G ue ith M c e t u
n er t ex um T l c o
g e o a c e r e or a or an a

—A
, , ,

B ri tton ibu s o c c iditur . n . Ca m .

39
7 5 6 , E a d b e rh t r e x , xviii
a n n o r e n s ui e t Un us t r ex Pic to r um duxe r un t e xe r c itum a d
. g i
ur b e m Al c l u th I b iq u e B r itto n e s in de ditio n e m r e c e pe r un t r m a d ie m e n s s A u u s
. pi i g ti .

De c i m a au e m t d ie j
e u s de m m en s s i in te r iit e x e r c itus p e om en n is qu e m d uxit ( E db h tus) a er

ivit te m —Si m
.

d e O uan ia ad N iw a n bir ig id e s t, a d n o va m c a e on o f Du h m r a

e ipitu —Si m
. .
,

33
7 7 5 , R e x Pic to rum C yn o th ex v giora ne h uj
us c oen ul e n ti vit s ae f r r. e on o

D urh am .

Af te r ki g o f th e P i ts w h i s tigm ti e d by S x
th e de a h t f A gu o n s Mac F e rgus , n c ,
o s a z a a on

w it bl h i t y f th d y ty t th
di g p i d g i b m b u
’
r e r as a oo u ran , e s or o e s ccee n er o a a n ec o es o sc re .

B uid i h i b th e
r ,
f ll w d h im
s th e th
ro whi hr, ft th od th f B idi
o e d i on r on e ,
c ,
a er e ea o ru , an an n

te v l f fi ft
r a ye o d u i g w h i h it w
een g i u pi d i
ar s , u e i by tw b th
r n c as a a n occ e n s cc s s on o ro ers,

re v td er e t th f m i l y f A gu i th p
on c e m o re f hi o d g a d o —C
e a t o n s n e e r so n s o s s o n an r n s n o ns an

ti M F gu l p b b l y m b f th e m e e qu i i g th s up m p w
ne ac er s , a so ro a a em er o sa r ac , ac r n e re e o er

t w d th e l
o ar f th
s t u y by d ivi g out C o l M c T ige w h l s t hi l i f f w y
c ose o e c en r r n na a e ,
o o s e a e e ars

l t i Ki ty
a er n Th m nf th ki g f D l i d tt t th xi t e c o f th l ittl
re . e na es o ree n s o a r a a a es e e s n e e e

ki g d m w ith t th w i g y fu th l igh t u p it h i t y th ugh f m th h t f

n o , ou ro n an r er on s s or ,
o ro e c ar a c e r o a

s ub qu t f th F i it m y b j t u d th t h w i m ’
se t A dh
en re e r e n c e o o ,e e a r, a e c on e c re a e as n so e se n s

th t f th l i
e r e s or e r o f Ki ty e A ft th d e th f D
e c
ne oci th l t f th th en r . er e a o on or n ,
e as o ese re

pi r nc es,w h i h h pp d h tl y ft e th c i
a f C t ti
ene o f u th s m ti f th e
or a r e a c c e ss o n o o n s an ne , n r er en on o

p vi w i l l b f d i y f th e I i h
ro n ce e l w h i h h v h ith t b e e p ub l i h e d
o un n an o r s an n a s c a e er o n s .

F th i ty y or d u p w d th r p m y f C s t a ti w u di p u t d d h
e ar s a n ar s, e su re ac o on n ne as n s e , an e

w u
as s d d up hi d th by h i b t h
ccee e A gu h i on D t d h i ph w E g
s ea s ro er n s, s s on ros ,
an s ne e o a n an

i th s m
n g ul
e d
a w hi h i
e re ub qu tl y b v b lar o r g t th er l y ki g s f S t c s s se en o ser a e am on s e e ar n o co

l d
an Hi . ig w u qu ti bl y s re fn sid bl i m p t
as n t diti es ti g on a an e ra o c on era e o r an c e , ra on c on n ec n

it w ith th t i ti f th P i ti h m
e e rm hy na d p onti g C s ta tio th l t f e c s on ar c an re rese n n on n n e as e as o

th P i c ti h ki g —a t di ti
,

e s wh i h m u t h v
n s w d it igi t vagu r e l l ti
ra on f c s a e o e s or n o a e co ec on o

s m
o m m
e t u h g b u t th i p i d H
o en o s c d h i b th an A gu e
e a um b d m
o t s er o . e an s ro er n s ar n ere os

s u pi i ousl y
s m
c g t th e i m d i t e p e d a on f K s th M Al pi i th D u o f m e a r e c e ss o r s o en n e ac n n e an

Al b th e o l d t k w g l gy f th l y ki g f S t l d w h i l t th fC
’
an ,
es no n m en e a o o e e ar n s o co an s e na e o on

st ti
an u k w
ne, g t th e p t l
n no t y fK n a m on th w as b by h i s
s dm y a e rn a an c e s r o en n e ,
orn e s on a n an

o f hi c wh w
s ra e , l d th u pp t h v l k d f th i titl t th th
o ou quit as m u h
s a e ar o a e oo e or e r e o e ro n e e c

t th i m t
o e r l t th e i p t
a ern a l li e f t y —f th m th f Al pi K e th s
as o r a e rn a n o an c e s r or e o er o n ,
n ne
’

f th e w
a t diti ll y d ugh t o f th e H u f F e gu ( I
r, as ra on a b k i t vi ii C l
a a er o se o r s. nn es, oo ar . . a e
n a m e , sh o w sth t th e l i e e xt ti f th f th e w
a b to th s u e s s i o
a n f th e so r ac on o e a r as n o ar e cc n o n.

Su h c u ces ia s w ul d b e x c t l y i
c c rd
s on e w it h th ld u t m m
o ti o e d by B de
e a n ac o an c e o c s o en n e ,

th t i c as o f d i ffic ul ty th e f m l e l i e w p e f rr e d t th m l e i
a
‘
n es a co ec e a n as r e o e a ,
. e n e ar nn

ti i th e f m l e l i to a di t a t m l h i F m t tt e di g t th e e xp re s i i a e e r ro no a n n o s
‘

—
on n e a ne s n . on n

c as es f d iffic uol ty th e e e f B e d w d s h b,
e
’
f t m i i t e p
s e t e d
ns S tl d o e s
’
or as e n O en s n r r .
”
co an

u d n h erE ly K i g v l i pp 1 8 1 9
er ar n s, o .
, .
, .

—
.

7 8 0
54
E l pi x S x u
,
m m it u A l
n re f U l t a on or r. nna s o s er .

7 89 B ll um i t
35 Pic t s ub i C o all m c T aidg vi c t u
, e t e t e v sit t C o
n er t ti vi t or
o n a s es a e n s an n c

7 90 , Ve l hic b e l l um C o n al l e t C on s t ti
an n s e c u n d um al os i ibr o —A
l s . n n a ls o f Ul s ter .

35
A n n o ab in c ar n atio n e D om i i n o c tin ge n te s im o ti r ces i m qu t o ar o c o n g r e ss i s un t Sc o tti
c um Pic tis in s o ll e m pn itate Pas c h al i . E t pl ur e s d e n ob il io rib us Pic to r um c e c id e r u n t . Sic que
Alpi n us R e x Sc o tto rum i t v c o r e xti tit, u n d e in s u pe r b iam t
e l a u s ab e is , a l e r o t c on c e r o t b e llo ,

te irc o de c im o k l a . Au gus ti j us d e em an n i a Pic tis vin c itur a tque t u r n c a tur .

—Ch r on ic les o
f th e

Pic ts an d S t p co s , . 2 09 .

37
T h e Ch r on ic l e o f H u n tingdon t e l l u t h t K y di uc e e de d h is f th A l pi in
s s a na us s c a er n

h is k i n g do mth t i th e ve , an d a n se n th y e f h i ig w h i c h c
ar o p d w ith th y 83 9
s re n ,
o rr e s on s e e ar ,

w hi l th D e i h pi t e h vi g
e an s ra s, a n occ u pi d th e P i ti h h
e s h d u h e d th Pi t w ho w e
c s s o re ,
a cr s e c s er

d f d i g t h e m el v
e en n w ith g s e s, a rea t l ugh t e K y diu p i g i t th i e m i i g t i
s a r, na s, as s n n o e r r a n n err

t o i t u d h i m g i s t th
r es, rne s ar s a a n e m ,
d h vi g l i m
an y m p l l d th m t t k fligh t
a n s a n an , co e e e o a e ,

an d w th fi t k i g o f th Sc t
as e rs n e o s who qui d th m ac h y f th w h l ref Al b d e o n ar c o e o e o an , a n

rul e d i it v r th e Sc ot
n o e s .

C u j u fil iu K y diu s s uc
s it i s na c e ss n re g no p ti a r s
qui vii °
r e gn i s ui a n n o , c um pir a tae an o D
ru m , o c c upatis l itto r ib u s , Pic to s s ua d e fe n d te en s, s tr a ga m a xi m a pe r tr ivis s e n t, i n r e l iq u o s
Pic to rum te r m in os tr a n s ie n s , ar m a ve r tit e t m ul ti s o c c is is fu g e re c o m pul it, Sic q u e m o n a r c h iam
to tius A lb an iae , qu ae n un c Sc o ti a dic itu r , p im u
r s Sc o tto r um r ex c o n q u is ivi t e t in e a r m o pi
su p er Sc o tto s r e gn avit .
—Ch r on ic l e s o
f th e Pic ts and p 209 Sc ots , . .

35
Ch r on ic l es o
f th e Pic ts and Sc o ts , ed it e d by Wm F Sk e . . ne ,
pp
9 , 2 1 , 6 5 , 84 , 1
. 02 ,

1 35, 1 54 , 1 84 , 3 6 1 , 362 : E . W R be t . o r son , Sc otla n d u n de r h er E a r ly K ings , vo l i , . . pp .

2 3- 39 ~

39
I n th e T r a c t of th e M en of A lba n w e ar e t ol d th t a th e a r m e d m us e r o f t th e C in e al
L o arn w a s se v
it i f th A i gi l l th t th
en h un dr e d m en ; bu t s o e r a a a e sev th h d d i
en un re s .
”

Ch r on Pi t
. d S t p 31 3
c s Th i man
( Ai gi l l ) w th co s , . . s na e r a a as e r e o re f l ik w i ppl i d t e se a e o

tw o di s t i t w h e p pl w
r c s s ubj c t t th Ci os l L d eo e ere e o e n ea o a rn , an c on r t ib t d h d d
u e on e un re

t th i m d m u t d w p b bl y th C m it e wh f ug h t g w ith
“
m en o e r ar e s e r , an ere ro a e o s o l o a on

Se lbh a c in 7 1 9 .

4°
tt y i m poss ib l th t th P i t ul d h v b
I t is u e r l xt e m i t d d th i l g g e a e c s co a e ee n e r na e an e r an ua e

e ra di t d by th e b k
ca e m a t f th i s ig ifi t t ib f Ki ty
ro en re d it i qu l l y i
n n s o e n n c an r e o n re , an s e a m

p b bl t h t u h
ro a e qu t if it v t k p l
a s c h ul d h ve
a c on p d th ti f v y
es , e er oo ac e , s o a e sc a e e no ce o e er

c on t e m p o y w it Th P i ti h
rar m d i pp
r e d b ut th
er . P i ti h p p l d th i l
e c s na e sa e ar , e c s eo e an e r an

gu g e a m i ed l ittl i fl u
re a nd by th as i f K th M A l pi pp
e n tl y i ence e ac c e s s o n o enn e ac n, a a re n n

righ t o f h i m t l e t y s th y w s a ern a t l t p i d by th f i l
an c f th m l l i
s r , of a e e re a a a er er o e a ur e o e a e ne

th e m saf m i l y i th p
e a f M l ol m th S n d d by th e i il e r son oi i igh t a c e ec on an e s m ar a c c e s s o n . n r

f th P i ti h H u se f A th l —
,

of h i m at e s l a c t of pi rn a n e s or s , S tl d u d h a r nce o e c s o o o . co an n er er

E ly K i g v l
ar p 37 3
n s, o . II . , . .

A t th i ti m th e P i t s w s th h i e f p ow e i Sc tl
e d b ut l ik th S t
c f A gy l
e re e c r n o an , e e co s o r e,

th y w divi d d m g th m e l v
e ere e T h e Pi t w
a on t h l iv i g i ud
e s es. c s e r e ra er n n a r e c on

f d e y th u d
e r ac fixe d m o h y
an d b i d th e d m es ti fe ud
n er a d b il i i d t t n ar c an , es es o c s an ro s nc en o
 2 1 8 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

t ib u l om m u iti es th B it s P i c t S x
r na c n S t d fi l l y th D
, e i d
r n on , s, a on s , c o s , an na e an e s , c ar r e on a

i t e m i s i v w f w ith
n r s e th fta r areh w i g l itt l e r ul t T h ugh u t th o n e an o v th er , o en s o n es . ro o e se en

an d igh th etu i s th e fi t f u t ib f que tly m t i de dl y

c en r e , fli t rs t f o r r es re n e n a c on c on a s or o

d b ta b l e l
e a d xt d i g f m th iv F th t th i v A l m d i th u ti f Sti
an ,
e en n ro e r er or o e r er on . n e co n es o r

l i g a d Li l ith g w
n n T h i gi n em t h v b o c u pi d by
. m ix d p p ul ti o
s re f on se s o a e een o c e a e o a n o

P i t A gl e
c s, d B it n d h s , anth c h i e f t ib e u ter d chon s th an d f u gh t man st e re e r s enc o n re ea o er , o o

o f th i b ttl —J h M ki t h H i t y f Ci vil i tion i S tl d v l i p 1 1 1

e r a es o n ac n os , s or o za n co an , o . .
, . .

S N t 33 p 2 1 7
41
ee o e , . .

W w de l ar d gai s t th e P i ts
49
ar as d h [ c K th ] g th d h is f r c t g th
e a n c an e en ne a e re o es o e er ,

an d m d h i w y i t th a e u tr y s S fu i a l y th did h
n o g t l y g i t th me co n . o r o us , en , e ra e no on a a ns e en ,

b ut ve th w m e na d l itt l e th t h p d ith
o en n h ly d b ut d t y d e on es , a e S ar e ne e r se x n o r o or e rs , e s ro e ,

w ith fi d w d r e anv y l ivi g t h i g w h i h h did t y ff w ith h im A ft w d i th

s or ,
e er n n c e no c arr o . er ar s, n e

s ixth y e r f hi ig w h th D i h pi t h d upi d th
a o s re n , t d w h il p l d i g
en e an s ra e s a oc c e e c oas , an , e un er n

th b d h d w ith
e sea oar m l l l u gh t
, a u h d th
, P i t w h w d f di g t h i l d
no s a s a er, cr s e e c s o e re e en n e r an s

K e th l ik w i e h i m l f l t u d h is m g i s t th m i i g f ti
nne ,
e s , se f th P i c t
a so rn e ar s a a n e re a n n ron e rs o e s,

an d i g th e m u t i
, c r o ss n ge th e i b d rs to w it th b kb o n a n r an f Al b i wh i h i on r or e , ,
e ac on e o an a , c s

c ll d D um lb
a e i S tti h h e s l w m
r a y f th P i t
an n d pu t th e co t t fligh t th u
s , e an o e c s, an res o s

a c q u i i g th l e s ve ig ty ve b th
r n e so u t i B u t th P i t b e i g
o re m wh tn i f d o r o co n r es. e c s, n so e a r e n o rc e

by th h l p f th e A gl k pt h a i g K e th f f u y
e e o n W k i g th m u b s
es, e r a ss n nne or o r e ar s . ea en n e s e

qu tl y h w v by u f
en ,
o e i e d d v i u
er , tl gth i th t w lfth y
n ore se n n roa s an ar o s m a ss a c r e s , a en ,
n e e ea r

o f h is ig h g g d th m v ti m i
re n ,
e en d y d s w pt d w
a e u tl m u l tit u d
e se en es n on e a , an e o n co n e ss es

o f th e P i ti h p p l S hc s t b l i h d d t gth d h i u th ity th
eo e o f r th v th e
e es a s e an s re n en e s a or enc e o o er

iv Ty b i d N th um b i t th e O k y I l — f m l y
.

w h ol e u t y f m th
co n r ro e r er ne , es e or r a, o r ne s es as or er

St A d . th A bb t f H y ( I
am n a n ,) h d e u d i h i p ph y o T hu
o t ly w on a ,
a an n o nce n s ro ec . s, no on e re

th e ki g d l d n f th t
s an ti d t y e d b ut w
ea e rs od t h t th i t k d a l na on e s ro , e rea a e r s oc an rac e , a so ,

l
a on g w ith th i l g g di l t w e e l t ;
e r ant h t w h t v f th i f u d i th e
ua e or a ec , r os so a a e er o e se s o n n

w iti g o f th
r n s i t i b l i v d by m t t b fi titi us
e an c e n s p yp h l —J h f F
s e e e os o e c o or a oc r a . o n o or

i l b k iv h iv
’
du n sCh r on c e , oo .
, c . .

D u i g th
43
ti p i d fr n tu y d h al f w h i c h h d w l p d i e th
e en re er o o a c en r an a a no e a se s nc e

N o th P i t w e v t d t Ch i ti ity by th p h i g f St C l um b
r e rn c s er c on er e th i o r s an e r e ac n o . o a ere s

h dl y t b f
ar d th o d fe i gl b tt l b tw
ou n th m d th S t
e re c or f D l i d o a s n e a e e een e an e co s o a r a a.

H d th y vi w d e h t h
a e h ti l
e e it i difli ul t t
ac t f th m
o e r as p w ful os e r ac e s , s c o ac c o u n or e or e o er

na ti f th e P i t p m itti g
on o m ll l y l ik th S t f D l i d t e i i u d i
c s er n a s a c o on e e co s o a r a a o r m a n n n s

tu b d pr e i f th w to ss e ss o n di t i t w h th y h d ttl d
o d p ie t th m i i
e s e rn f s r c e re e a se e an r or o e ss on o

St C l . b w fi d th ki g f th e N th
o um a e P i t s d v i g t xp l th m b ut ft
n e n o or e rn c en ea or n o e e e a er

t h t d t th
a xi t d a p w ful l m e t f p c
a e ere e d b
s e d f u i i th C l um bo er e e n o ea e an on o n on n e o an

C h u h —C l ti S tl d v l i p 2 7 6
rc . e c co an , o . .
, . .

T h S tti h l gy e d ubt
co ve l t th h op f g i i g th i p iti
s c er ,
no th o ,
ne r os e e o re a n n e r os on as e

C h u h f Pi t irc d f
o v i g th i p se i th
c av a , an Th cu o e f S tti h
re c o er n e r os s s on s e re . e oc rr nce o a co s

p i e h i g l i m t th P i ti h w by th P i ti h l w f u
r nc av n a c a o i om pe i d by c s c ro n e c s a o s c c e s s on ,
ac c an e

th i v i
e f th D
n as o n d th o h i g d f t u t i d by th
e P i ti h m y w h i h
an e s , a n e c r us n e ea s s a ne e c s ar c

O pp d th o se p b bl y ff d d f v b l pp t u ity —Sk
em , ro a I t d u ti
a t J h
or f e a a ora e o or n . ene ,
n ro c on o o n o

i l p x l ix
’
F d or Ch un s r on c e , . .

Th 44
s f th i ev l uti
c a u se b u but th d f t f th P i t by th D es
o s re o on ar e o sc re e e ea o e c s e an

(i 83 9) u t h v f i l it t d th
n m s i af ki g f S tti h d
e ac t ; d th
a e tu l e a c c e s s on o a n o co s esc e n an e na ra

out m co f th e l g s t uggl m g th v i
e o on t ib w h i h w d i m l y d ir th ugh th e
e a on e ar o u s r es, c e s c e rn ro

m i t h d s t d yt w d g t
,
a a en t ti
en c f p w m wh
o e—ar th f
s a r ea er c o n c e n ra on o o er so e er on e or o er o

th h i f t ib e w ul d g d l l y bt i
e c e r s d o y I t i t th i um t
ra ua w h ul d o a n an a s c e n an c . s o ese c rc s an c e s e s o

l ookf xpl ti or an e f th f u d ti f th m
an a hy O th
on o xpl ti h v b e o n a on o e o n ar c . er e an a on s a e een

o ff d u h
e re y l m i ge s th ff t f th S t l gy d
, s c as r o a b ut
ar r a f th m ,
e e
'

or s o e co s c er , an so on ,
n on e o e ar e

sa ti f t y I t i f
s a c or d p b bl y th t th t l y th
s s a e r , an um ul ti g f f th ero a n e are r e ru o re on e ac c a n orc e o

—M a ki t h H i t y f Civili ti i S tl d v l i p 1 2
.
,

s u rr o u di g i um t
n n c rc s an c e s . c n os ,
s or o za on n co an ,
o . .
, . 1 .
 T h e S c o ts an d P ic ts 2 1
9

‘5
We c an n o ig ifi t th orou gh l y u
f th e da y o qui d by n de rs an d t th e s n c an c e o as c e n nc s ac re

th e ki g s f th e D l i di
n o w it h u t li i g t a r alv w h t is t t be d
c r ac e , t o rea z n o o u r se es, a no o one a

on c e , th e h igh t d d f ivi l i ti whi h

s an p t d th e S t f I e l d d D l i d
ar o c z a on c se a ra e co s o r an an a r a a

f o m th e th
r ti i h biti g th B iti h I l
o er n a on s W h v n pi uou m m i l
a n e r s s es . e a e n o c on s c s e or a s

o f chsu i l diti a soc a u h th g t b ui l di g l ft by th R m

c on on , s d th e N m c s as e r ea n s e e o a n s an or an .

C l ti c ivi l i ti
e c t k th z a d btl p h p f b l h p I t m e ut m ph ti
on oo an o e r an su er, er a s a ee er s a e . ca o e a

c al l y i d n d d ti
re s s Am g I i h l i th
an m
e c or a y g l de on m e t .of on r s re cs e re a re an o n o rn a n s

e xq ui it e l y b s u ti ful d y m e t i l p tt
ea O f th t i k e t t
an m d s f je t glm r ca a ern . e r n s oo, a e o ,
ass , o r n a

m e t l st
n a d m l th
o n e , an m t f u d i l t ti m b l g i
e na e p p d ti g
, e re n an s o n n a er es e on n so re on e ra n a

p p ti t I l d t p i t t th c t o f f h i w h e th y d i t d b i g th e
ro or on o re an ,
as o o n o e en re as on en c e ra a e e n er .

Th e e m s t h v b
er s e g d d l f w h t m y b l l d l g t l xu y : th g t f lk
o a e een a oo ea o a a e ca e e e an u r e r ea o s,

f or i t e ly
n s an c l i ti c h d th i
,
a i ges d th i y h t E p i l l y th h i es
o r e c c e s as , a e r c a rr a an e r ac s . s ec a e s r n ,

th e e l i ti l v t m
c c es as t d l l th d
ca ti s d v t d t l igi w
es e n s , an i h d b u ti a e e c o ra on e o e o re on e re r c an ea

f l u . Th y h d m e ipt s b uti ful l y w itt

a d d
an u s c r d whi h w e se d i tl y ea r e n an a or n e , c ere nca n c os

a d fi
n l y w k e d bi d i g
ne I t i t th i s h
or d t n d b k n f w h i h th e fi es t
s . s o o n or on e o sac re oo s, o c n

s p i ec m ens b l g t I l d th t w m y tt ib ut th m e d i v l p i f i h bi d i g
e on o r e an ,
a e a a r e e e a ass o n or r c n n s.

T h h igh ivi l i ti oe f th C l ti S t i d d w c za iv d w ith b n o i gdf e e c co s, n ee ,

a s re c e e a e c om n e er

e nc e ll u d
a ar o Am g th ti
n . u d w h th f T t i C l ti igi on e na on s aro n , e er o eu on c or e c or n,

th ivi l i ti f th S t t h e
e c za on oi i g d t gth i g ivil i tie co s, i d th h igh i n a r s n an s re n en n c za on ,
r a se em n

r an k d giv us e
, an to b l i v t h t th P i t
es i t d fm
r as o n i g th l f i d p e e e a e c s, n s ea o ourn n e o ss o n e en

de nce, f l t th i p o iti
e i d by u ti g th D l i di v ig
e r s on th i w t
r a se co n n e a r a c so ere n as e r o n oo .
”

B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i pp 2 94 2 9 5 2 9 7
r on ,
s or o co an ,
o . .
, .
, , .

P ul p t b h l l i iiij ju f t i B l i i t D i t S tt
45
a o os a eo e o O i i n x e s ac o n o a r n er an ar o s e co os cc s

A h C hl m —Pi ti h Ch
.

s u t S tti
n co co i l
c T h i is th fi t pp
oc a i th Pi ti h
. c s r on c e . s e rs a e a r an c e n e c s

f th t e m S tti S t b i g ppl i e d t y p ti f th i h bit t f”

Ch i l
r on c e o e r co or co s e n a o an or on o e n a an s o

Pi t vi c a d it m
a , an t h ve b u d w ith
se e f t th
s o f th p vi a f Fi f i een se re eren c e o os e o e ro nce o e n

p a ti c ul bu t th e Ul t A l
r ar , d th d th f C t ti s er ki g f th P i t n n a s re cor e ea o ons an n e as n o e c s .

E h dius ut m fil iu R u
47
oc o gi B it a um p C i d i x fili g it i xi
e s n re s r an n o r ne os na e e a re n av an n s .

Li c t Ci i ium fil i m al ii dic u t h i g
e r c ; q
u u d l um p d i t q E c h di n c re n as s e eo o a n us or n a or ue o o o

fie b a t .
—Pi ti h c s Ch r on ic l e .

t i h d h e b m G e go i us M g u s G e g y th G t d i h i p
48
In h e r an s eco es r r a n , or r or e rea , an n s e rs on

t
r e s ore s th t u l i fS t e y l ty w h i h h d b p v t d t v th l i
r e ne o f p w
c o s ro a ,
c a een er er e o s er e e c a m s o o er

fu l c l l t ol H i th g
a e ra s t h ki g f h i g
. H d iv
e u t th
s D h h u bl
e re a e ro - n o s a e. e r es o e an e s , e m es

E gl d h e
n an qu I l d b ut h i m g i ity w ill p m it h im t t k
, c on ers m
r e an d s a n an m er o a e no ore a van

t ge f h i u s th to
a o s s th t th tw ki gd m
c c es igh tl y g v d th t th y
an se eid a ese o n o s ar e r o ern e ,
a e are r

o f th th i vd
e n or d th t t h i
e rn pt n p ti l y w i ld d by th l giti m t
a e rs , a n a e r sc e res ar e r e s ec ve e e e e a e

h i e r. All th i i j u t b u t t ue th t y f th ki g f S tl d w ith fiv y l m
s s s a o as r as e s or o e n o co an e ro a co

p i an o n s ro w i g th e b g e o f Ki g Edg i th D
n W h th tw u t i ft w ds
ar n ar n e ee . en e o co n r es a er ar

h d th i bitt
a q u l su h i v ti s w e th w y i w h i h th qu l w f ugh t i th e
e r er ar r e c n en on er e a n c e ar r e as o n

—B u t H i t y f S tl d l i p 3 3 1
,

cl i t o s er . r on s or o co an ,
vo . .
, . .

‘
See Ch 9
l f th Pi t d S t pp 9 2 09
r on i c e s R b t o S tl d u d h e c s an co s , .
, o e r s on s
’
co an n er er

E ly K i g
ar l i pp 5 4 5 5 ; C l ti S tl d v l i p 3 3 5
n s , vo . .
, .
,
e c co an ,
o . .
, . .

T h ugh w k ow l o f h i d ipl m y i th s t t t th
e n th w d f th D l w
e ss o s o ac n e a es o e n or ar o e an e a ,

we s e th t [E l f
c an d w
e b u y b th w ith B i i d th ki g d m f th S t T h
a re as s o e rn c a a n e n o o e co s . e es

t bl i h m
a t f th e D
s l w i M id B it i
en o th p f th pi t i C ith
an e a d th e n -
r a n , e re se n c e o e ra es n a n ess an

H b id e m d
r th e t t h i tu l ll i
es , a e f p d s th y w
es by th viki gs
s a es s na ra a es or , r e s se a e e re e n

a l ik e f m th th d f m th o u th th i l y h p f i d p d t xi t
ro e n or an l y i th e
ro e s ,
e r on o e o n e en en e s ence a n

h el p f W x O f th fi t t t w k w l itt l
o esse . T he w k f N th um b i h d give
e rs s a e e no e . rec o or r a a n

f e d m t th B it
re o f St th l y d t w h m th
o e mr f C um b i
ons i f m t h i ti m e
o ra c e, o o e na e o r an s s ro s

t f d T h s m w e k t d t it l d i l ti th ki g d m f B i i
r a n s e rr e . e a e D i
r c r es o r e o s o so a on e n o o e rn c a . e ra

f orm e d p t f th e D l w b t th
ar o ttl m t f th D did t
an e a h b y d th T y ,
u e se e en o e an e s no reac e on e ne,

f or B ii v g e d d pl u de d it h d b
e rn c a , r a ti ll m i d E gl i h d g v d
a an n re as a een , s re a ne n s , an o e rn e ,
as
2 20 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s-
of Am e r ic a

it w ould se e m by th e s t c k o f it ar l i e r ki g T h e w e k ess f th is t t e dr e w it t l El fre d s

,
o s e n s . a n o s a o
’

s i de d w e k w t h t th e B e m i i ul e E adw u l f f B m b o ugh w [El f d f i d

’
an no a c an r r, o a or , as re s r en .

T he m d d f th e D sa dr e w t h im th e k i g d m f th e S t
e re a o T h S t ki g an e s o n o o c o s. e co n

d m w h i h t it u t t l k e d l m os t u ee
o , c a m o g th
s o l k s f A gyl
se w
ur m b ra d th e a ns n a n e a e o r e, no e ce

w h ol e f N th B it i o f m C ith e or t th e fi th s f r th ve y
a n ,m e f th P i t s h d dis
ro a n ss o r ,
or e r na o e c a

a pp e e d t m m t w h th e p w f th P i t s s m e d t h v e a h e d it h igh t T h e
ar a a o en en o er o e c ee o a e r c s e .

P i ti h ki gd m h d i f t t g e t s fte r th vi t y f N c h t m e i 6 85 I n th
c s n o a r sen as o r a ne s a e c or o e an s er n . e

c en t u y w h i h f l l w d E gf ith s d f t its ki g du d th e S t f D l i d f m om i
r c o o e c r
’
e ea ,
n s re ce co s o a r a a ro n

na l d pe d ce t e t u l s ubj ti
n en th a x ti
o ac f A gu d Fi fe c
a i d th e i s teec on e nne a on o n s an a rr e r ea rn

b d t th
or er w h i l e t th
o u th t h i
e sea, ll i e w ith th e N th um b i s i
o th e w f
e so e r a an c or r an n ar ar e

w h i h b th w g d
c o th e W e l sh e xt e d d th e i b u d o
a e on th e s i d f C um b i St th n e r o n s n e o r a or ra

c l y de B ut th e h our f P i ti sh g e t e s w
. m k e d by th e xti ti
o f th e P i ti h
c m e r a n s as ar e nc on o c s na .

I th e m i d t o f th e i th
n t y th e d i e t l i e f th i y l h us e c
s n n to n e d
c e n ur d th e r c n o e r ro a o am e a n , an

u de k i g
n r- f th e S t s o f Dal i d K e
n o t h M Al pi s e de d th e P i ti h th e i igh t
co r a a, nn e ac n, a c n c s ro n n r

o f h is m at e l de c t F fi fty y
rn a m K s th d h is s u s rs m i d k i gs o f
en . or e ars or e enn e an cces o re a ne n

th P i t s
e A t th e m m e t w h v
c . h d h w v th e titl e p s d s udd
o n l y w y th e e a e re ac e ,
o e er, a se en a a ,

t ib w h i h h d giv it c h i f t th e th
r e c a g v its m e t th
en s lm d Pi t l d
e o ron e a e na o e rea , an c -
an
’

d i pp d f m h i t y t m ke m fi t f Al b Alb i d th e f r th l d o f ‘
sa e ar e ro s or o a roo rs or an o r an a , a n n o e an

th S t e —G e C q u t f E gl d c h i v
c o s.
’
re n 3 9 40 on es o n an secs

t ti R i Al b m itu —A l f Ul t
. . . .
, , , ,

A D 9 00 D m h
5°
. ll m . C , o na ac o n s an n an or r. n na s o s er .

57
E gli h Ch i l A
n 926 s S p r on c e , nno . ee .

Th m e59
f th th D l w f u d th e m lv b c k e d t l y by th i b thr e n
e n o e n or er n an e a o n se es a no on e r re

f m I l
ro d b u t by th e m
r e an f t te ,
u d th e b y th E gl i h f B e i i by th e
as s o s a s a ro n m -
e n s o rn c a ,

S ts u d
co C t ti by th W l h m
n er f C um b i
o n s an St th l y d
ne, I t i th t dy c u e e s en o r a or ra c e. s e s ea re r

ren c e f th f d
o i w h i h m k e th e t uggl e
e se c on e ig ifi t T h e l d di s ti ti ns
e ra c e s c a s s r so s n c an . o nc o

an d tip th i f
an m u t h v
a l dy i g
es o t p t p d w y b fo p pl s d iv e
rac e s a e a re a , n rea ar ,
as s e a a e re eo e so ers

co ul d h v b g th e e d i t
a e e h t by
een m m a d d f r bj ti a d th e m tl y
n o on os a co on re a o su ec on , n o e

c h t f th m y p i t d f w d t th t fu i
ar a c e r o e ar f b th N m o n e d B it i th g or ar o a s on o o or an a n r on n e en

era l b dy f th E gl i h
o ow hi h w t b
e th wo k
n f th s i g y —G e
r ac e , c as o e e r o e c om n e ars re n,

C q on t f E gl
u es d h v o 42 n an ,
c . se c . .

D i d h t
53
ub git S
e n ti m u s qu Du f d
e os e s s t W t m um t e ti , c itu co a e n oe er e er er or e rr e s r e xe r

v as at vit v l i v u qu C t
, na d p pul tu
a t —Si m
e ro sf D u h m d i G ti R g
e a e n e ss e O a s es . e on o r a , es s e .

F ug t d i d Ow ia o g C um b um t C t ti e g S t um t
e n e no re et i t v li e x ro r e o n s an no r e c o or erre s r e na a

itu S ti m ibi s ubj ug d p d m uit —Si m e

,

e rc co a s f D u h m E l si s ti l H i t y f an o er o . 0n o r a , cc e a ca s or o

D ur ha m . Se e al s o E n gl is h Ch r on ic l e , A n n o 9 3 3 .

54
Fl ore n c e o f W orc e s e r , An n o 9 3 7 t ’
th e E gil l s Sa g a A nglo Sa xon -
Ch r on ic le , A n n o
9 37 Si m e on o f D h m ur a sa y s, i n h is H is tory o
f th e K ings , th t a [E h e l s tt a f ugh t t W n o a en

du n e , an d
pu t Ki g O l n u af w ith s ix h un dr e d an d fi ft een s h ip C s, o n s an t ti ki g f th S t n ,
n o e c o s,

an d th e ki g
ith l l th i f
n of t A d i hi H i t y f th
th e C um bi r an s w a e r orc e s , o fligh t . n n s s or o e

Ch h f D ur c h m he [E th l t
o f gh t t We
ur du awhi h i l l l d A e tb u
sa y s e s an ou a on ne , c s a so c a e r n

B u
n an m e re or b y ig g i t O l f th f G th d th l t ki g w h o h d a i d
r n n an r , a a ns u a , e s on o u re ,
e a e n ,
a r r ve

w ith fl t f i h u d d d fi ft
a ee h ip u pp
o t e d by th uxil i i e o f th ki g e e t l y
s x n re an e en s s, s or e a ar s e n s r c n

sp k f th t i t y f th S t d C um b i
o en o ,
a s o sa , o e c o s an r an s .

55
I 9 4 5 E dm u d q d C m b l d I t m igh t t b
n a y t y x c tl y w h t
n c on u e re u e r an . no e e as o sa e a a

t it y i m t by th t m b t it w l l y th w h l
e rr or s e an p t f th i t St t h
a na e u a s c e ar e o e or a ar o e an c e n ra

clyd T h i t it y E dm u d b t w d M l l m ki g f S t d i ti tly
e . s e rr or t it i l a n es o e on a co , n o co s, s nc as a e rr or a

fif e . Th th k i g d m Of th B it w b m th e di
e n or y app g f ern n o e r on s n o ec a e or n ar an a e o

th h i e f th e S tti h c w
e rs o a d ft th e S tti h ki g t h m
co s lv s m d ro n n s o on a er co s n s e se e a e

th i w y u th f th F t h I th ig f E d d Ed i b u gh th b d f t s f
e r a so o e or . n e re n o a re ,
n r , e or er o r re s o

N th u b l d t th
or th b e
m S tti h p
e r an i oit w th b egi i g f
e n or , cam e a co s o s s e ss o n as e nn n o

th p e w h i h b ugh t th l
ro c e s s d b e tw F th d T w e d i t th p
c ro i f th e an s een or an e n o e o s s e ss o n s o e

S tti h ki g
co d w h i h th e e by tu ed th e m i t E gl i sh k i gs o f a N o th e
s n s , an E gl d c r rn n o n n r rn n an ,
 i
w h c h w as fo r a w h le m i or e gi
E n l sh h a n th e t so u th e rn En l a n d g itse l f .
-
Fr e e m an s
’
Sh e tc h f
o

55
Ch r on ic le s pp 1 0 1 5 1 1 7 4 302
o f the Pic ts and Sc ots , .
, , , .

Ch57
i l r on c e s d S t p 10 of th e Pic ts an co s , . .

5
H e is th e
5
m e D m l dus w h w s ki g f th Cum b i
sa o na wh e E dm u d vag e d o a n o e r an s n a n ra

th e ou t y i 9 4 5
c n r d w s th e s n f th a t E ug i u ki g f th e C um b i an s w h fo ugh t i
,
an a on o en s, n o r , o n

th b ttl o f B u
e a b u gh
e r n an r

—
.

975 D m l l,
m c a oi R i B t
na i in il i t i a T igh n re a n a r . ern a c .

9 7 4 D u w ll
,
w Ki g fn S t a t ha l y d e a w e t
n , pi l gr inm g t R m o (B ut y r c ,
n on a a e o o e r

Ty wy gi ) so Ch i l
on f th. P i t d S t pp
r on c es o7 7 1 2 4 e c s an co s , .
, .

I th e o th th
59
n ttl m t ff t d by E adm u d ti ll h ld good i pit f
n r e se e en id i t e ec e n s e ,
n s e o a ra n o

w h i c h th S t m to h v b
e c o s se et pt d by l t i i g f th D l w T h b ib f a e een em e a as r s n o e an e a . e r e o

th C um b i
e r e lm umr an d t u th e S t ki g
a s fe l l w w k
ce w ith B dg
o se c ff re co n as a o - or er a ar , a s e ec

tive l y it h d u d h im
as a f ll w w k
sec w ith E d u d w h i l
re f sh b
as a d w dd d e o - or er a m n , e a re on as a e

by th c e s i d u i g th i ig f th e f t
e s on r n f Edi b u gh w ith th d i t i t
s re n o u d it l g o r re s s o n r e s r c ar o n a on

—
,

i
w th t h u th e n h
e so o f th e F th t r th Ss o tti s h k i
re o g G e en C qu t f E gl d h or , o e c n r ,
on es o n an , c .

vii .
,
s e c . 1 2.
5°
I n te r fe c tu s e st a su s ih om in ibu s in F o th e r ke r n pe r pe r fid ia m F in ve l ae fil iae Cun c h ar
c om itis d e E n gu s , c u us j i
F in ve l ae u n c um fil iu m pr e d ic tu s K n ye th in te r fe c it a u d Dun s in o e n p
—
.

Ch r on ic le s of th e Pic ts and Sc ots , pp .

7 5,
1 2 89 .

5‘
A D
. .
99 7 , M ae l c o l a im m ac Do m n a ll Ri B r e a tan T u ais c e r t m or it u —T igh r. e rn ac .

59
Se e no e 1 t pt XX , Ch a er .

55
F o r dun , b k iv h l i
pp e t h ave di e d i 1 02 9 d t h v th e
oo .
,
c . x . M al c ol m a ar s o n an o a e n

bee d
n suc c e e lm e d by
tl t th D i h th iti e t l l u bu t th Sc t
th M l an o er a co -
so a e as e an s au or s e s e o s
’

c h i l s giv th e w h l f th p i d f th u it d ig t
r on c e e M l l
o e o di u i g y e er o o e n e re ns o on e a co m an n s n an

l igh t s th y gi v us it i e y t p k f th m
e , i th s n e c e ss a r
m f p o s ea o e as o n e , s n c e e r e ar e n o e an s o se a

ra ti g th i tw pu t ti
n e r I t w s th y u g
o re M l lm h w a d i g t th e
on s .m e a e o n er a co , o e ve r , a c c o r n o sa

a u th itior wh o w th es, f K e th th th w h h d th l g
as ig b i g ll d
e s on o enn , e o er , o a e on er re n, e n ca e

M M lb igid M Ru idh i
ac a r B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i p 3 4 1 T h i th y
ac a r .
"
r on ,
s or o co an ,
o . .
, . . s e or

w as fi s t ugg s t d by Sk i h i H igh l d f S tl d pub l ish d i 1 83 7 but w fte

r s e e en e n s an er s o co an ,
e n ,
as a r

w d ar i d d by h im t b u te bl e ( C lti S tl d l i p
s c o ns ere S p 238
o e n na e c co an ,
vo . .
, . ee . .

Ch 5“
i l f t h P i t d
r on c e s o S t p 3 66 e c s an co s , . .

A 55
m t pp d f t h i ty igh t t th p p l f N o th um b i
co e a e ar e t ibl e
or r n s o e eo e o r r a, a e rr

p g f th l ity by w h i h th t p vi w b u t t b e d l t d F
re s a e o e c a am h tl y f c a ro nce as a o o eso a e . or, s or a

t w d (t h t i
er ar ft
s th i ty d y ) e l y th w h l p p l ti f m th iv T t th
a s, a er r a s , n ar e o e o u a on , ro e r er e es o e

T w d d th i b d w
ee an u t ff ie r fli t i w h i h th y w
or e rs ,g g d w it h t
ere c o n a c on c n c e ere en a e a c o un

less m ul tit ude f S t t C rr u —Sim e o o f D u h m E l i ti l H i t y f D u h m

co s a a n. n o r a , c c es a s ca s or o r a ,

ch v . .

1 01 8 g e t b ttl w, fough t t C h m b t w e th e Sc t
a r a a d th E gl i h b t w
e as a ar a e e n o s an e n s , e een

th e f W l th f
son o l f th N th m b i a d M l l
eo ,
th e ar f K th ki g f
o e or u r an s , a n a co m ,
e s on o enn e ,
n o

th e Sc o ts ; w ith w h om i b ttl w Ow th B l d ki g f th Cl uti i n Si m f a e as en e a , n o e n an s . e on o

Wh i h [Uc h t d] b i g l i [by Ki g C u t] h i b o th E dul f u m e d Cu d l

c re e n s a n n n s r er a , s rn a e ,

ve y l t h f l
r d ti m i d
s o d d h im i
u it t m
an B ut f i g l t th S t h l d
, suc c ee e n c om a u . ear n es e co s s ou re

v g u p h i th d th f th w h m h i b th
en e on m i b v id h d l i g
e ea ll L o o se o s ro e r , as s a o e sa ,
a s a n ,
a ve a o

th i fan ti f ti d fim
or sa d I th i m
s ac w L th i dd d t th ki gd m f
o n an r c on c or . n s an n e r as o an a e o e n o o

th e S t Si m 0 D Ob
co s .
-
D e n e s es s . un .

We h ve th u th ity f th S a Ch i l f th e f t t h t U h t d w
e a orl i tw y s o e a x on r on c e or ac a c re as s a n o e ar

be f d th t C u t h d m d E i
or e a n D a hi u w h i l Si m
n k h is b th
a a e r c a an e , s s c c e s s or , e e on m a es ro er ,

Ead ul f C u d l u e e d him —C l ti S tl d v l i p 3 9 3
,

e ,
s cc . e c co an ,
o . .
, . .

55
E gl i h Ch i l An 94 5 sS p 3 00 r on c e , nno . ee . .

O h eyi g S g
5"
C ll t
r n d R b A lb i i
n pp 3 40 3 4 6 S A pp d ix P
a a a, o e c a n ea e e us an c s, .
, . ee en .
 59
F o r du n sa y s, c o us n i .

70
v d d th gh th w i k d
H e w as , h o w e f e r , m ur e re r ou e c e n ess o a fam l iy , th e m ur de r e r s o f b o th
hi g s d f th d g
r an t g df th th h d f w h i h w
a er an re a - r an a e r, e ea o c as M a c h a be us , s on f Fi l o by ne e,

wh h w om p ivi l y w d d t d th t B th g f
e as r o un e un o ea a o o n an e an d, b i g e n c ar r e i d t El gi h o n , e

d i d the d w b i d f w d y ft i th i l d
e r e , an as ur e , a e a s a er , n e s an of I on a . F or du b k v n, oo I

ch x l iv
. .

7‘
I n n es , A p 4 . . Sim .
, H is t D u n . .
,
i .
, 3, c. 5, 6 I bid .
, D e Obs D u n . .
,
p . 81 D e Ges tis ,
1 01 8 . O n c o m ar p i g it i m p ib l t d ubt th t th s i
n th e p a ss a fg es of Sm i e on is o ss e o o a e ce s on o

L th i
o by E dulf Cu d l w th
an aul t f th b tt l e f C h m th ugh th e i
as id t e r es o e a o ar a , o er e s an e v en

l t
r e u c an c e i th E gl i h h i l t l l ud t th d f t d it
n e n s c qu Th m
ron c e r o a e o e e ea an s c on s e en c e s . e en

o f th L th i e d i g t W l l i gf d
o an s , t i d th i l w
a c c or dn t m u lt d d o a n or ,
re a ne e r a s an c us o s na e re ,
an

th ugh th
o u th ity i q ti b l th f t i p b bl y t u f L th i l w b m
e a or s ues on a tu e, e ac s ro a r e, or o an a ec a e e ve n

a ll y th b i f S tti h l w
e as s C qu t i d d i t h tim did t l t th e l w d
o co s a . on es n ee n ese es no a er a s an

c u t m s
s o f th qu e d u l
o wh th y
e c on i t t t d i t pp iti w ith t h
re ,
n e ss ere e c om e n o c on ac an n o O os on os e

o f th qu e c on d th m f th L th i
e r or s , a n e i d u d th S tti h ki g i m u h
e en o e o an s r m a ne n er e co s n s n c

th e p iti
s am e th m osf K t u d on th ki g f M i
as e d W x p b b ly
en o en n er e n s o e rc a an e ss e ,
ro a

e x h gi g th
c an d itin f h d f
e th t f f v d f ti p vi
c on on o aS tl d ar a s s e or a o a a ore ro n er ro nce. co an

u d n h E
er ly K i g v l i p 9 6
er ar n s, o . .
, . .

T h Fi th f F th
79
e r o or .

S tl d h d
73
w
co ac h d h
an p m t d l ti g f o ti t w d th u th th
a no re e er er an e n an as n r n er o ar s e so , e

d p d t p i ip l ity f St th l y d h vi g
e en en r nc pp tl y du i g th u
a o f th ira ig c e, a n , a ar e n ,
r n e co rs e o s re n,

b fi ll y i p t d w ith th g t k i g d m Wh D l d
een na n c or ora e f th B g wh e r ea er n o . en on a , s on o e o an o

sh d i th b l dy figh t f B u
are n e bu gh d i d
oo pil g i g i 9 7 5 h o t h v br n an r ,
e on a r m a e n , e seem s o a e een

s u d d by h i
ccee eM l l w h d th i ti d by th I i h T igh
s s on a co m d th d t
, ose ea s no ce e r s e rn a c u n er e a e

o f 99 7 Th l t ki g f St th l y d
. e whas h f d n pl i h i t y i E g
o ra th c e, o as o un a ac e n s or ,
s o an e

B l d w h f ugh t by th i d f th Sc tti h ki g t C h
a ,
o o p b bl y
e s f th B iti h
e o e o s n a ar am ,
ro a a s on o e r s

M l l m w h f il y m h b
a co ose ; d i th p
am f th i E g
na th l ie f A dh
e e ars an n e e rs o n o s o an e ne o o
’
s

s on D l d pp
,
on a t h v b , a xti t T h e ars l i t u t h iti
o a f th tw l f th
e tu y
e c om e e nc . e e ar es a or es o e e c en r

gi ve th titl f ki g f th C m b i
e e o m i g u d bt dl y th
n o th Cu b i
e u r an s , e an n n ou e e n or ern m r a

or St th ly d t
ra M l lm g dc e, D o d it i p b b l t h t u p
a co
’
th
s f il u r an son , un c an , an s ro a e a on e a re

o f th l i f S t —
e B iti h p i
ne o th Ki g f S tl
co o d pl
r d hi g s d v th e p v
r n c es, e n o co an ac e s ran s on o er ro

i nce w h i h f m t h t ti
,
c l i g th l t
ro bl a f i d p d m e, d t b e ul d by
os n e as sem an c e o n e en e n c e , c e as e o r e

a se p t li f p i ar a e R b tne o S tl d u d r n c esh E ly K i g
. l i p 98 o e r s on ,
co an n er er ar n s , vo . .
, . .

W h l dy e h w th e p l iti l
a ve a r e a l ti f th S t w ith t h i
see n ut h o igh o ca re a on s o e co s e r so e rn n e

b o rsh d b ff t d by th
a ti
een a f th D ec e P d b tw th N j l s ttl d i
e ac on o e an e s . res se e e en e ors e ar se e n

C ith
a d th D
n e s s an l w f C t l E gl d th Sc t ki g w gl d t w l
e an e a o th e n ra n an ,
e o n s e re a o e c om e e

f i d h ip f W s x b t w ith th
r en s o qu t by th h u f [El f d f th D e l w d th
es e u e c on es e o se o re o e an a , an e

e xt i e n s on f th w E gl i h o l m t th ie ne w th b d th i d d f E gl i h
n s r ea o e r o n s ou er n or er, e r re a o n s

am biti b m i it t g t th th i d d f th D
on ec a e n s I th b ttl
u rn f B u
re a e r an e r re a o e an e .
'

n e a e o r n an

b gh th S t ki g C t ti f gh t i d by i d w ith th N th
ur e co n , o n s an g i t IEth l t ne , ou s e s e e or m en a a ns e s an .

E d m u d gi ft f u th Cu b i h w d th p i w h i h th E g l i h ki g t up Sc t
'
a n s o so e rn m r a s o e e r ce c e n s n s se on o

ti h f i
s d h ipr en T h di t i t w s th . f th h l d by th h ie f th S tti h
s r c w d f
as e n c e or e e e r o e co s c ro n , an or

a ti e t l t th p l i y f c il i ti
m a e as m t h v b
e o c c f l f
o th S o t p v d
on c a on s e e s o a e e e n s u c e ss u , or e c s ro e

lli w it h N th m b i B ut e v l li th y w til l p i g
’
E d da re i hi w s a es n s ars or u r a . en as a es e e re s r ess n

so u th w d th E g l i h e l
ar on A th F t h l y th E gl i h L w l
e n s r d th t
a m th . c r os s e or a e n s o an s, a n or e rn

B i i whi h h d
e rn c a p d th D i h tt l m t th t h g d th igh b i g D i i t
c a e sc a e e an s se e en a c an e e ne or n e ra n o a

p art f th D o l w I t m
e g d f m th
an e a D i h s t . m E g l i h eb f e w it h
er li e f ro e an s or as n s as e or , a ne o

na tiv l d m w h e ea m t h ve i h e it d th
or en b l d f it ld ki g H
o se e ed
o th a n r e e oo o s o er n s . aras s as e
l an d h ad b e en , a n d c h an N th m b i f B e d
ge d as it w C u th b t B i i
as fr om th e or u r a o a a or er , e rn c a

w as s ti ll t pti g b it to th l m e f th S tti h l m
a em n a e c an s n o e co s re a .

O i m p t t p os t w
ne l
or an dy t bl i h d N o th m b i as i l Wh th by
a re a es a s e on r u r an so . e er

p f l e i
e ac e u c E d ds p t
ss on on th e b d a f t e
re
’
f Edi b u gh p s d d i g h i
ar or n o , or er or r ss o n r a se ur n s

re ig i t S tti sh h d I t is
n n o co ta i if th g t f L th i by B dg f ll ow d th e
an s . un c er n e ran o o an a ar o e

ac qui iti s f E di b u g h ; b u t t th e l o
on o n f hi r i g th uth w d p e a f th e S o t c se o s re n e so ar r s sur e o c s

w s ta gl y f l t
s r on R i d up S x y
e . m k d by th P i ti h C i l m g th
a s on a on
’
are ar e e c s r on c e a on e

f Ki g K e th ; d m i d t th e t bl f [Eth l d ig Sc tti h h t w pt ’
d d ee s o n nne an a s r ou es o e re s re n a o s os s e

th e co u t y t th n r v y g t f Du h
o e B ut D h m w
er a es o c u d by th w d f Uh t e d
r am . ur a a s r es e e s or o r ,

an d th e h d f th
ea sl i m o d w e e h u g by t h i l
e s a n g tw i t d h i
ar a u d it w ll
ers r n e r on , s e a r r o un s a s.

Th e rai d d th figh t w m m bl e s th e p i g f e i f d
an e ere e ts wh i c h w e
ora a o en n o a s r es o es c e n re

f m t h i ti m
ro s t fo m m u h e f th h i t y f th
o r th C u t w h d l y t d
c o th e
e s or o e n or . n as ar sea e on

th r on e wh i 1 0 1 8 th e Sc t ki g M l l m m de
en n f h i o d N th m b i n ,d th a co ,
a a res n ro a on or u r a , an e

fl ow f it bl f l l figh ti g u d E l E dwul f i b ttl t C h m

er o s no es e n ro th e T w e d
n ar a n a a e a ar a , on e .

F w g i s h v t ld m
e a n e p w f ll y
a eth p l iti
o l h t f ki g d m th th i
or o er u on e o ca c a rac e r o a n o an s.

Ki g f w t D l i d ki g f th P i t l d f C b i th S t ki g h d ti ll w
n o e s e rn a r a a, n o e c s, or o um r a, e co n a no

b ly f G li d C ym i c p pl S x y th l d f th E g l i h
’
l
ee n ru e r on o ae c an r th eo es a on e an o e n s a c r os s e

i pl y h til f ti —th l d f —w h
.
,

F th h d b
or , a een s m a lios e ul h d b
r on er e an o an a e n r ac e os e r e a ee n

f l t i th
e n e ti o
e a ssf N o th um b i
r pn o y d W tSx r v l d h ip N w f r an su re m ac an es -
a on o e r - or s . o or

th e fi t ti m rs M l l m w E gl i sh
e a co g h i bj t L th i w ith it N th m b i
sa n m en am on s su ec s. o an , s or u r an

f m
ar d
e rs a n m e b m p t f hi d m i i
sea n , e ca A d f e a th fi t m m ar t f it ub o s o n on . n ro m e rs o en o s s

m is i s on it w a m t i m p t t p t T h w l th th i i l i ti th e ttl d i tit ti
as os or an ar . e ea , e c v z a on , e s e ns u on s ,

th e or d f th E gl i sh t
er o eit y w by th S tti h ki g p l d it t th h d f th S t
n e rr or on e co s n ,
ac e a e ea o e co

ti h l m T h e l
s rea . f Ki ty f th H igh l d th C y m y f St t h l y d
c an s o n re f ll i t
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-
.

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e vi de c e s e mn to b e w ith t h e m
e s S p 3 59 . ee . .
 C H A PT E R XV I

T H E B R I TON S

F Ro m an iz e d B r iton s a ft e r th e d e p a r tu r e o f th e i m p e r i al l e gio n s in
th e

th e e a r l y p a r t o f th e fi fth c e n tu r y w e h a v e n o d e fi n it e r e c o r d u n ti l th e ,

ti m e o f G il d as w h o w r ot e about 5 5 6 H is d e s c r iptio n o f th e c o n qu e st o f th e
,
l
.

i s l a n d by th e S axo n s is m o r e p ar ti c u l a r l y c o n fi n e d to th e e v e n t s w hi c h took
p l ac e in K e n t Ho w e v e r h e giv e s a b r i e f a c c o u n t o f th e i n h a bit an t s b e t w e e n
.
,

th e W a l l s a n d o f th e i r w e a k a n d i n a d e q u a t e d e f e n c e a g a i n st th e P i c t s a n d
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,

S c ot s T h e l e g e n d ar y ac c ou n t s o f th e b a tt l e s o f Ki n g A r thu r w ith th e Sa x
.
’

o n s as gi v e n in th e c o m pi l a tio n o f N e n n iu s w hi l e n o d oubt to a c e r t a i n d e g r e e
, ,

m ythi c a l a t l e as t Sh o w u s th a t th e po r tio n o f B r it a i n w ith w hi c h A r t h u r s

’

n a m e a n d a c h i e v e m e n ts w e r e e a r l i e s t c o n n e c t e d w a s n o t w ithi n th e bo u n d s

o f th e p r e s e n t W a l e s b u t in th e vi c i n ity o f C ar l i s l e an d to a g r e a t e xt e n t ,

n o r t h o f So l w a y Fi r t h T h e s e a c c ou n t s o f N e n n iu s a r e a s fo l l o w s
.

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,
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w i l l b e to y o u bot h a ,

fa t h e r an d a n a d vi s e r d e s pi s e n o t m y c o u n s e l s an d you Sh a ll h a v e n o r e a ,

s o n to f e ar b e i n g c o n q u e r e d by a n y m an o r an y n a tio n w h a t e v e r ; fo r th e

p e op l e o f m y c o un t r y ar e s t r o n g w a r l ik e an d r obu s t if you a pp r ov e I w i ll, , ,

s e n d fo r m y s o n an d h is b r ot h e r bot h v a l i an t m e n w h o a t m y i n vit a tio n w i ll

, ,

fig h t a g a i n s t th e S c ot s an d yo u c a n giv e t h e m th e c o u n t r i e s in th e n o r th
, ,

n e a r th e w a ll c a l l e d G u a l [ A n to n in u s s T h e i n c a u ti o u s s ov e r e ign h a v
’

in g as s e n t e d to t h i s O c t a a n d B h u s a a r r iv e d w it h fo r ty Sh ip s
,
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s a i l e d r o u n d th e c o u n t r y o f th e P i c t s l a i d w as t e th e O r k n e y s an d took , ,

po s se s s io n o f m an y r e gi o n s e v e n to th e P i c ti s h c o n fi n e s ,
.

g5 0 St G . e r m a n n s
. a f t e r V o r ti e r n s
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’

c ou n t r y At t h a t ti m e th e S a x o n s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d in B r it a i n bot h in
.
,

st r e n g t h a n d n u m b e r s A n d O c t a a ft e r th e d e a th o f h is fa t h e r H e n gi s t
.
, ,

c a m e f r o m th e s i n i s t r a l p a r t o f th e i s l a n d to th e ki n g d o m o f K e n t an d f r o m ,

h im h a v e p r o c e e d e d a l l th e ki n g s o f t h a t p r ovi n c e to th e p r e s e n t p e r io d ,
.

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t ar y f o r c e o f B r it a i n fo u gh t a g a i n s t th e S a x o n s A n d though t h e r e w e r e
,
.

m an y m o r e n ob l e t h an h i m s e l f ye t h e w a s t w e l v e ti m e s c h o s e n t h e i r c o m
,

m an de r an d w a s a s O ft e n
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c on que ro r T h e fi r s t b a tt l e in w h i c h h e w as
.

e n g a g e d w a s a t th e m o u t h o f th e r iv e r G l e n i T h e s e c on d t h i r d f o u r t h an d .
, ,

fi f t h w e r e o n an ot h e r r iv e r by th e B r ito n s c a ll e d Dub gl a s in th e r e gio n

, , ,

L in n iu s T h e s ix t h o n th e r iv e r B a s s a s
. T h e s e v e n t h in th e w oo d C e l id o n
.
,

w h i c h th e B r ito n s c a l l C a t Coit C e l id o n T h e e igh t h w a s n e a r G u in n io n .

C a s t l e w h e r e A r t h u r bo r e th e i m a g e o f th e Ho l y Vi r gi n m ot h e r o f G o d
, , ,

u p o n h is s h o u l d e r s a n d t h r o u g h th e po w e r o f o u r Lo r d J e s u s C h r i s t an d th e
, ,

h o l y M a r y put th e S a xo n s to flig h t a n d p u r s u e d t h e m th e w h o l e d ay w it h
, ,

g e a t Sl au gh t e r T h e n i n t h w a s a t th e c ity o f L e gio n w h i c h is c a ll e d C a i r
r .
,

Lio n T h e t e n t h w a s o n th e b an k s o f th e r iv e r T r ib r u it T h e e l e v e n t h w a s
. .

o n th e m o u n t a i n B r e gu o in w h i c h w e c a ll Ag u e d ,
T h e t w e l ft h w a s a m o s t .

s e v e r e c o n t e st w h e n A r t h u r p e n e t r a t e d to th e h i l l o f B a d o n
,
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m e n t n i n e h u n d r e d a n d fo r ty f e ll by h is h an d a l o n e n o o n e but th e Lo r d
, ,

2 24
a ff ordin g h im ssist an c e I n all th e s e e n g a g e m e n ts th e B r ito n s w e r e s uc
a .

c e s s fu l . n o s t r e n gth c an a v a i l a g a i n s t th e w i ll o f th e A l m ig h ty
Fo r .

T h e m o r e th e S a xo n s w e r e v an q u i s h e d th e m o r e t h e y s o u g h t f o r n e w,

s u pp l i e s o f S a xo n s fr o m G e r m a n y s o t h a t ki n g s c o m m an de r s a n d m i l it a r y , ,

b an d s w e r e i n vit e d o v e r fr o m al m o s t e v e r y p r ovi n c e A n d t h i s p r a c ti c e t h e y .

c o n ti n u e d ti ll th e r e ig n o f I d a w h o w a s th e s o n o f B o p a
,
h e o f th e S a x o n ,

r a c e w a s th e fi r s t ki n g o f B e rn i c i a a n d in C a i r E b r a u c
, ,
Yo r k] .

T he r iv e r G l e n i h a s b e e n u s u a ll y i d e n tifi e d w it h th e G l e n a r iv e r in ,

th e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f No r t h u m b e r l an d th e D u b gl a s I n th e r e gio n o f ,

L in n iu s w it h th e tw o s t r e am s c a l l e d D o u g l a s o r D u b h gl a s s in L e n n ox
, , , ,

w h i c h fa l l i n to Lo c h L o m o n d a n d a l s o w i t h th e D u n g l a s w h i c h f o r m e d
, ,

th e s o u t h e r n bo un da r y o f Lot h i a n th e B as s a s w it h an i s o l a t e d r o c k in th e ,

Fi r t h o f Fo r t h n e a r th e to w n o f No r t h B e r w i c k c a l l e d T h e B as s th e
, ,

w oo d C e l id o n w it h th e C a l e d o n i a n f o r e s t ; th e f as t n e s s o f
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,
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w it h th e c h u r c h o f We d a l e in th e v a l e o f th e G a l a W a t e r ; th e m o u n t
,

A gn e d w it h E d i n b u r g h I n th e c h r o n i c l e a tt ac h e d to N e n n iu s
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c all e d .
,

A r t h u r is s a i d to h av e b e e n s l a i n a t th e b a tt l e o f C a m l an in 5 3 7 in w hi c h h e ,

f ough t M e d r a u d Thi s Me d ra u d w a s th e s o n o f L l e u o f L o thi an I t is t r u e

. .
,

M r Gu e s t h as l o c a t e d th e Sit e s o f m an y o f t h e s e b a tt l e s in th e s out h b u t
.
.

th e p r e po n d e r an c e o f e vi d e n c e f a vo r s th e n o r t h e r n l o c a l iti e s a s giv e n a b o v e
’
.

T h e A r t h u r i an r o m a n c e s w h i c h a pp e a r e d a t a l a t e r d a t e t h a n th e N e n
,

n ius fr a g m e n t s a l s o p e r t a i n l a r g e l y to A r t h u r s a d v e n t u r e s in th e n o r t h a n d
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, ,

t h is to a far g r e a t e r e xt e n t t h an is g e n e r a ll y r e a l iz e d e v e n by t h o s e w h o ar e ,

fa m i l i a r w ith t h a t r o m an ti c l it e r a t u r e .
‘

T h e d ist r i c t in S c ot l a n d o c c u pi e d by th e B r ito n s a t t h i s ti m e c o m p r i s e d
all th a t p a r t o f th e c o u n t r y b e t w e e n th e C l y d e a n d th e So l w a y l yi n g w e s t o f

th e E sk e x c e pti n g th a t s o u t h e r n po r tio n w e s t o f th e Nit h o c c u pi e d in ,

P to l e m y S ti m e by th e No v an tae th e s uppo s e d p r og e n ito r s o f th e Nid u ar ian

,

o r G all o w a y P i c ts L a t e r th e B r iti s h t e r r it o r y w a s r e du c e d t h r o u gh th e
.
,

p ar ti al s u bj ug atio n o f G a ll o w a y by th e No r t h u m b r i a n s m e n tio n o f w hi c h ,

is m a d e a s e ar l y a s D u r i n g th e n e xt h u n d r e d y e a r s p r ob ab l y a b o u t ,

th e ti m e o f K e n n e th M a c A l pin s a c c e s s io n to th e P i c ti s h t h r o n e 84 — 4 t h e r e
’

3 4 , ,

s e e m a l so to h av e b e e n s e tt l e m e n t s m a d e by th e I r i s h o r D al r ia da S c ot s o r
P i c t s a l o n g th e w e st e r n an d sout h e r n c o a s t s o f G a l l o w a y .
’

I d a th e A n gl e w h o bui l t th e s t r o n g c i t a d e l o f B a m b o r o u h o n th e
, , g ,

n o r t h e a s t c o a s t o f E n g l a n d in ig d ov B i c i a f o r t w e l v e y e ar s ’
5 4 7 r e n e e r e r n , .

H is s u c c e s so r s a r e d e s c r ib e d by N e n n iu s a s f o l l o w s

6 3 A dd a , s o n
. I d a , r e ig n e d e ight y e ar s ; E th e l r ic , s o n o f A dd a ,
of
re
i gn e d fou r y e ar s T h e o d o r i c , s o n o f I d a r e ig n e d s e v e n y e a r s
.
,
F r e o th w ulf .

r e I gn e d SI x y e a r s ; in w h os e ti m e th e ki n g d o m o f K e n t by th e m i s s io n o f
.

G r e go r y , r e c e iv e d b a ptis m H u s s a r e ig n e d s e v e n ye a r s Ag a i n s t h im
.
.

f o u gh t f ou r ki n g s , U r i e n , an d R d e r c h e n a n d G u a ll a u c , an d M o r c an t
y , .

T h e o d o r i c fo u gh t b r a v e l y , tog e t h e r w it h h is s o n s , a g a i n s t t h a t U r i e n B u t .

a t t h a t ti m e so m e ti m e s th e e n e m y a n d s o m e t i m e s o u r c o u n t r y m e n w e r e d e

f e a te d , a n d h e s h ut t h e m up t h r e e d a y s a n d t h r e e n ig h t s in th e i s l an d o f
 T he B r iti s h ki n g R yde r c h e n ( o r Rhy dd e r c h ) m e n tio n e d in t h i s p a s s a g e
, ,

f oug h t a g r e a t b a tt l e a ga i n s t s o m e o f th e ot h e r W e l s h c hi e f s in
5 3
7 a t ,

A r d d yr e d ( n o w A r thu r e t ) o n th e r i v e r E s k a bout e ight m i l e s n o r th o f C ar

,

l i s le R h y dd e r c h w a s v i c to r io u s an d b e c am e s ov e r e ig n r u l e r o f a l l th e
"
.
,

n o r th e r n B r ito n s w it h h is c a pit al e s t a b l is h e d a t Al c l yd e
,
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,

w a s bo r n in 6 2 4 m e n tio n s h im in his L if e of Col um ba

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,
as Rod e r i on s s o n o f , ,

T o th a il w h o r e ign e d a t th e r o c k o f C l u a ith e ( P e t r a C lo ith e A l c l yd e o r

,
-
, ,

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.

r e s po n d e n t o f St Co l u m b a . H is d e a t h is s a i d to h a v e o c c u r r e d in
.

I n 6 4 2 th e A n na l s o f T igh e r n a c r e c o r d th e ki ll i n g o f D o m n a l l B r e c e
, ,

ki n g o f th e Dal r iad S c ot s a t Stra th c aw in by O an ( O w e n o r E u ge in ) ki n g o f

, , , ,

th e B r ito n s .

I n 6 5 4 O s w iu Ki n g o f B e r n i c i a d e fe a t e d th e B r ito n s a n d M e r c i an s u n d e r
, , , ,

th e c o m m a n d o f P e n d a th e M e r c i a n ki n g in a b a tt l e f o u g h t in Lothi a n a n d
, ,

t h u s ob t a i n e d s up r e m a c y ov e r th e St r a t h c l y d e p e op l e Th e i r s ubj e c tio n to .

th e A n g l e s c o n ti n u e d fo r a bo u t thi r ty y e ar s u n ti l th e d i s as t r ou s d e fe a t an d
,

d e a th o f E c gfr id a t N e c h tan s m e r e ( D u n n i c h e n ) in I n th e y e a r 6 5 8 ,

th e Ul s ter A n n a l s r e c o r d th e d e a th o f G u ir e t Ki n g o f A l c l yd e ,
Th e r e is .

th e n an i n t e r v al o f thi r ty s ix y e a r s b e fo r e a n ot h e r d e a t h r e c o r d a pp e a rs I n
-
.

6 9 4 T igh e rn ac m e n ti o n s th e d e a t h o f D o m n a ll m ac Avi n Ki n g o f A l c l yd e
, , ,

w h o m M r Sk e n e s u ppo s e s to h a v e b e e n th e s o n o f t h a t O w e n w h o is s a i d to
.

h a v e s l a i n D o m n a ll B r e c c in 6 4 2 D o m n a ll m a c Avi n w a s s u c c e e d e d by
.

B e l i o r Bi l i s o n o f A l pi n an d g r an d s o n o f th e s a m e O w e n I n 7 5 2 T igh e r
, ,
.
,

n a c r e f e r s to th e d e a t h o f T u a d a r m a c Bi l i Ri A l o c h l an d a ih ( T u a d u b r ,

s o n o f Bi l i Ki n g o f
,
F ou r y e ar s l at e r E a db e r h t Ki n g o f No r t h
, ,

u m b r i a an d A n g u s Ki n g o f th e P i c t s l e d an a r m y to A l c lyd e an d th e r e
, , , ,

c o m p e ll e d th e s u b m i s s io n o f th e B r iti s h
”
.

I t is p r ob a b l e t h a t St r a t h c l y d e r e m a i n e d u n d e r th e r u l e o f No r t h u m b r i a
f o r s o m e ti m e a ft e r t h i s c o n qu e s t T h e A n n a l s of Ul s te r r e c o r d th e b u r n
.

in g o f A l c l yd e in th e c a l e n d s o f J a n u ar y 7 80 a n d in 82 8 Ki n g E c gb r yh t is
, ,

s a i d to h a v e ov e r r un a n d s u b d u e d th e N o r t h W e l s h F r o m t h a t ti m e th e r e
"o
.

is but l itt l e r e c o r d o f th e ki n g d o m u n ti l n e a r l y h a lf a c e n tu r y l a t e r w h e n it ,

a g a i n a pp e ar s as th e B r iti s h ki n g d o m o f St ra t h c l y d e I n th e y e a r 87 2 th e .
,

Ul s te r A n na l s i n fo r m u s t h a t A r tgh a ki n g o f th e B r ito n s o f St r a t h c l y d e
, ,

w a s put to d e a t h a t th e i n s tig a tio n o f Co n s t a n ti n e ( s o n o f K e n n e t h m a c A l

,

p ) in ,
t h e n ki n g o f th e P i c ts T h e .d e s c e n t o f t h i s A r tgh a f r o m D u n n a gu a l ,

w h o s e d e a th is r e c o r d e d in 7 6 0 is giv e n in th e W e l s h g e n e a l ogi e s a tt a c h e d
,

to N e n n iu s .

Si m e o n of Du r h am re c o rds th e i n v a s io n of th e St r at h c l y d e d i s t r i c t by th e
D an e s in 87 5 u n de r th e le a de rs hip o f H al fd an w h o b r ought th e w ho le o f
, ,

No r t h u m b r i a u n d e r subj e c tio n a n d d e st r oy e d g r e a t n u m b e r s o f th e P i c ts (o f
,

G a ll o w a y ) a n d p e op le o f St r a t h c l y d e A r tgh a l e ft a s o n R u n w h o s uc .
"
, ,

c e e d e d to th e gov e rn m e n t a n d m a r r i e d a d a ught e r o f K e n n e th M ac A l pin

,
.

O n th e d e a th o f K e n n e th s s o n A e d h ki n g o f th e P i c ts in 87 8 B o c h a th e
’

, , , , ,

s o n o f R u n c a m e to th e th r o n e o f A l b an w hi c h h e h e l d fo r e l e v e n y e a r s
, , ,

h a vi n g a s s o c i a t e d w ith h im a n oth e r B r ito n C ir ic o r G r ig th e G r e go r y th e , , ,

G r e a t o f s o m e o f th e l a t e r S c otti s h hi s to r i an s D u r i n g thi s r e ign a l ar ge .

p ar ty o f th e B r ito n s ar e s a i d to h a v e l e ft St r a t h c l y d e fo r th e s o u t h an d to
h a v e fi n a ll y s e tt l e d in W a l e s E o c h a a n d G r ig s e e m to h a v e r u l e d j oi n t l y
”
.

f o r a ti m e ov e r St r a t h c l y d e a n d P i c t l an d u n ti l t h e y w e r e bot h e xp e l l e d in ,

Th e y w e r e s u c c e e d e d by Do n a l d in th e s ov e r e ign ty o f S t r a t h c l y d e
'

T h e l a tt e r d i e d in H e is s a i d by Sk e n e to h a v e b e e n th e l as t o f th e
f a m i l y c l a i m i n g R o m an d e s c e n t w h i c h h a d hit h e r to giv e n its ki n g s to A l
c l y de Do n al d w as s u c c e e d e d by a n oth e r Don al d a b r oth e r o f Co n s t a n ti n e
.

I I K i n g o f A l b an a n d s o n to t h a t A e d h m ac K e n n e t h w ho s e s i s t e r h a d
.
, ,

m a rr i e d R un th e f o r m e r Ki n g o f St ra t h c l y d e
,
.

T h e n e xt r u l e r o f w ho m w e h a v e a r e c o r d w a s O w e n o r E u g e n i u s w h o , ,

is m e n tio n e d by Si m e o n o f D u r h a m in c o n n e c tio n w it h Co n s t a n ti n e Ki n g o f
, ,

A l b an a s h avi n g b e e n d e fe at e d by th e S a xo n E t h e ls t an in
,
H e w as
th e s o n o f th e s a m e D o n a l d w h o b e c a m e ki n g in 9 0 8 O w e n s s o n Do n a l d ’
.
, ,

s u c c e e d e d h im a n d w a s ki n g in 9 4 5 w h e n th e ki n g d o m
,
w a s i n v a de d an d
,

c o n q u e r e d by E a d m u n d th e No r t h u m b r i an r u l e r w h o g a v e it up to M a l c o l m
, , ,

ki n g o f th e S c ots Do n al d h o w e v e r c o n ti n u e d as th e n o m i n a l r u l e r H e
.
“
, ,
.

a pp a r e n t l y r e c ov e r e d h is i n d e p e n d e n c e a f t e r M a l c o l m s d e a t h a n d r e ig n e d
’

fo r up w a r d s o f t h i r ty y e a r s T h e Pic tis h Ch r on ic l e s t a t e s t h a t in 9 7 1 C u i l
.
,

e an Ki n g o f A l b an an d his b r ot h e r E o c h o d iu s o r E o c h a w e r e Sl a i n by th e
, , , , ,

B r ito n s w h o w e r e u n d e r th e l e a d e r sh ip o f A r d ac h K e n n e th C u il e an s s u c
, .
,
’

c e s s o r a tt e m pt e d to a v e n g e th e l a t t e r s d e a t h by l a yi n g w a s t e th e B r iti s h te r
’

r ito r ie s b u t s u c c e e d e d in d oi n g t h i s o n l y a f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e l o s s to hi m s e l f ,
“7

a n d in th e f o ll o w i n g y e ar w as ob l ig e d to f o r ti f y th e f o r d s o f th e r iv e r Fo r t h

in o r d e r to p r ot e c t h i m s e l f fr o m th e c o u n t e r a tt a c k s o f th e B r ito n s -
.

T igh e r n ac r e c o r d s a pi l g r i m a g e m a d e by D o m n a ll s o n o f a in ki n g o f , ,

th e B r ito n s in 9 7 5 a n d th e s a m e e v e n t is m e n tio n e d in th e B r iti s h c h r o n i c l e

, ,

th e B r ut y T yw ys ogion w hi c h c a ll s h im D un w a l l a u n Ki n g o f St r a t h c l y d e
, , ,

a n d s t a t e s t h a t h e w e n t o n a pi l g r i m a g e to Ro m e T igh e r n a c s r e c o r d is
’
.

fo l l o w e d by an ot h e r in 9 9 7 m e n tio n i n g th e d e a th in t h a t y e ar o f M a l c o l m
, ,

s o n o f D o n a l d an d ki n g o f th e n o r th e r n B r ito n s M a l c o l m s e e m s to h a v e
”
, .

b e e n s u c c e e d e d by h is b r ot h e r a s th e n e xt r e fe r e n c e to th e St r a t h c l y d e ki n g s
,

m e n tio n s O w e n ( o r E ug e n i u s ) s u r n a m e d T h e B a l d s o n o f D o m n a l l a s r u l e r
, , ,

in 1 0 1 8 in w h i c h y e a r h e f o u g h t w ith M a l c o l m K i n g o f A l b a n a t th e b a tt l e
, , ,

o f C ar h am a g a i n st th e i r c o m m o n e n e m y th e No r t h u m b r i an D an e s On
, , .

O w e n s d e a t h in th e s am e y e a r h e w a s s u c c e e d e d by D un c an th e g r an d s o n
’ ”
, ,

o f th e S c ottish M a l c o l m This D u n c an o n a sc e n d i n g th e t h r o n e o f S c ot l an d
.
 NOT E S TO C HA P T E R XV I .

7
T hei g e nu n en e ss o u e m y f G il d
w be l k d
whi h h b d bt d
e t b
as , c as ee n o , a no oo e on as s a

li h d (
s e St ubb see d H dd C u il f B it i s an i Sk ( C l ti S tl d i 1 1 6
a an ,
o nc s o r a n , .
, en e e c co an , .
, ,

no e t ) giv iti l u t o f th
es a cr v i bi g ph i e s f G i ld
ca ac c o H n m s t h v b e e ar o u s o ra o as . e see o a e e n

b i 5 6 p b b l y i th N th W l h v l l y f th C lw y d ; t h v l ft B it i f
o rn n 1 ,
ro a n e or - e s a e o e o a e e r a n or

A m r i w h e th i ty y
or c a ld i 5 4 6 t h v w itt e h i H i t y th
n r e a rs o b ut 5 5 6 ,
or n o a e r n s s or er e a o or

5 60 ; t h v o d t I l d b tw e
a e c rosse 5 66 d 5 69 ; d t h v d i d th
o r e an i 5 70 F e e n an an o a e e ere n . or

th tu
e na d d t f th
re m pi l ti
an whi h b a e o th m f N ei s Gu t E ly
co a on c e ar s e na e o e n n us , ee es ,
ar

t p 36 d St v i t du ti t h i diti f h im I it l i t ’
E gli h S ttl m
n s e e en s , .
,
an e e n son s n ro c on o s e on o . n s e ar es

f m it is p b b l y f th
or , v th t y Littl h w v is t b gl d f m th
ro a o e se en c e n ur . e, o e er, o e e an e ro e c on

fu d h t i
se r f Gil d e or c o d it i ly h d th th t was u th ean li f t w hi h s on e r e an e re a e c an se e ar er ac s c

se em t be b dd d m g th l t l g e d o f N i us —J R G
o em e e a on T h M hi g f e a er e n s enn . . . re e n , e a n o

E gl n d p 23
an , . .

St G i l d .th e u th f q u ul u t ti D x idi B it i i i d i h is L if ;
as , a or o a er o s re a se , e e c o r an n a ,
s sa , n e

by o ym
an an u m k f R y i B itt y b ut 1 040 t h v b
n o s on o b t A l l u yd
u s, n r an , a o ,
o a e een or n a c , or ,

as h ll it i th m
e ca t f til gi
s , n f A l ut (A D 5 2 0) h i f th
e os er di g t h i
e re on o rec a . . s a e r , a c c or n o s

o th e bi g ph C ad f L l
r o ra v w it
er, f th f l l w i g
ar oc o t y ll d N u (or a n c ar an , a r er o e o o n c e n ur ,
ca e a ,

K ) d b i g th Ki g f S t l d th
au , an e n t b l f th o th ki g m i g it i
e n o co an ,
e m os no e o e n r er n n s e an n , s

p m d th t h w
resu e ki g p i
, a f St th l y d
e T he m
as a k f R uy h w v
n or ly r nce o ra c e . on o s, o e er, on

f th th l i u s vi th ugh h y t h t C uill u ( H u il ”
ca ll th s e bili i u e t a er no ss m s ca o c r, o e sa s a s e

p t m o t m p t i i i g s u e it —R it
,

C ar ad ) oc os r e A l f St
a r s,th lyde c n re no cc ss . s on ,
n na s o ra c ,

p 1 42
. .

S p 2 01 e 1 9
9
ee .
,
s c. .

O t h i d p tu f m B it i i 4 0 7 th R m
n e r e ar G ve m t p b bl y l l t d
re ro r a n n e o an o rn en ro a c a cu a e on

t bl i h i g th i u th ity t di t t d y d l ft t i ffi i l f ti v bi th t
r e- es a s n e r a or a no s an a , an e c er a n o c a s o na e r o

a dm i i t th g v
n s er t w hi h f e ti m t h y h d b f d t l i qui h F om e
o e rn m e n , c or a e e a e en o rc e o re n s . or s

ti m p vi u t th i B it i h d b e d ivi d d i t fiv p vi
e re o s o s r f whi h V l
a n ti th a e n e n o e ro nc es, o c a en a, e

n or th m t ern m d by T h os d i , i h
so n a u f th E p o V l ti i
e w l ft u d
eo o s us n on o r o e m er r a en n an ,
as e n er

th e l f Cu d d
ru e Ko th th ne f Ed a A t or u T diti s y th t h i
enn e , e s on o arn o r e ern s . ra on a s a s

m th w
o d ugh t
er f C l He
as a B iti h Ki g f St th c l yde w h o
a er o i p
oe v di n, r s n o ra ,
s e n am e s re se r e n

th t f th di t i t f Kyl i Ay sh i
a o e s r c d i u
o y h ym f Ol d Ki g C l e n r re an n o ur n rser r e o n o e.
"

(C l H oe ig ifi Ol d C l ) C u dd ofli i l titl e
en s n es ul f V l e ti w
o e Dux B it
. ne a s c a as r er o a n a as r an

i um
n ar Du k ,
f th e B it
or H l ft igh t e o f wh m b r l ik e th i f t h
on s . e e e s o n s , s om e o o e c am e , e r a er,

v y p w ful d di ti g ui h d F m
er o er an o f th M i s th
n u ty f M i
s e e th i ro on e ese , e r e on e co n o e r on s

—M xw l l H i t y f D umf i
.
,

na m d ; f e m th K e dig th ro u tyan o f C dig er, er ,

e co n o ar an . a e ,
s or o r es

an d G l l w y pp 3a 32
o a , . 1 , .

T h five R m i d t ib s f N th B it i
e o ti u d t
an z e u py th i r p c tiv d i t i c t
e o or r a n c on n e o oc c e r res e e s r s,

an dw k w i h i t y th Cu m b i
ere no n W l
n T h y m i d d ivi d d as f
s or as e r a n s , or a en ses. e re a ne e , or

m ly i
er l ,
h ip h i d p d t f th
n c an s th d
s , e ac lm t t t ivil w w th
n e en en o e o e r , an an a os c on s an c ar as e

c on s e qu Th y w en c e . xp d t p t d i ds f m th S t
e ere e d Pi t d t th e
os e o re ea e nr oa ro e c o s an c s an o

i i f s till m
n va s o n o d g a y—th S x —w h i th e fi fth e t u y xt d d
or e an e ro u s e n e m e a on s o, n c n r , e en e

th i c qu t s l g th
e r on t es t f N th B it i f m th T w d t th F th th e d
a on e e as c oas o or r a n, ro e ee o e or e

f t d O t di i
ea e d G d i f ll i g b k m
a n g th i
an u t ym a th e D m
en ii d th
a n ac a on e r co n r en , a n on an o er

u d d—th
,

t ib w h o c upi d th e L th i
r es oc S i g th p i l by w h i h th y w
e su o an s Pi t ee n e er c e e re rro n e e c s

u th —th
.

an d S t th
c o s on th d th S x th
e n or i h bit ts f Ay h i e R f e w
,
an e a on s on e so e n a an o rs r , en r

s hi L k h i D um f i h i Li dd d l T i td l G ll w y d th g t e p ar t f
re , an ar s re , r e ss re , es a e, ev o a e, a o a ,
an e re a r o

Dum b t h i d Sti l i g h i
ar on s f m d thr e an lv i t d i ti t ki gd m l l d Al l yd
r n s re , or e e m se es n o a s nc n o ca e c u

t p l i f th ki gd m —Al l uyd —w
.

Th e m e ro o s o d ubt itu t d
e n th b k f th Cl yd
o c as , n o o , s a e on e an s o e e,
b u t th e p re c se i l o c al ity i s n ot n ow k n ow n . D um b t ar o n r o c k w as th e m i p l a n ac e o f s re n t gth ,

and th e sea t of t y f th Al l uyd k i g d m p e t

th e re
gu l i . T h e h is i f w rs or o e c n o r se n s a s er e s o a

d m o ti es d f ig c ant g
h u h u t t h gor e t p ti
n ,
i
f s e
t roxi t — o ti w it h th e e re a e r or on o s en ce som e m es

P i t m ti
c s, so w it h th eS t ft
m es w i t h th S x de t l s f qu c o s, o tl y cl en er e a o n s , an no es re en on e an

a g i t a th
a ns T h ugh p t dl y d f t d d v u t h y
no er . o re ti u d t d f d t h m
ea e e ea e an o e rr n ,
e c on n e o e en e

l
s e ve sw it h g t pi it d m re ath s th i r tl an m i f l t th w igh t f t h i
or e an on c e e r res e ss en e es e e e o e r

sw o d —P t r H i t y f th C
a e rs o n ty f Ay v l i p 1 3
,
s or o e ou n o r ,
o . .
, . .

M N h i h i i t du ti t M l i
r . as , n th E s ly H i t y f K i g A th
n ro c on m k o er n , or e ar s or o n r ur ,
a es a

t t e t w h i h pp
s a m en t m t b w ll f u d d
c a C t i it i
e ar s o h ye th t t h
o e e o n e er a n s,
”
e sa s, a e r e ar e

tw C l ti —w m y p h p
o e c y tw C
e y m i — a l l iti i
er w h i
a h t h l
s sa g d f A t h u o d r c oca es , n c e e en s o r r an

M l i h v b d p l y i p l t e d d t th i d y
er n a e een ee i l ivi g t diti
m an h i h d by th ,
an o s a rem a n n ra on s c er s e e

p t y f th tw u t i
e as a n r o d th t ese ith f th m i W l
o co B it i w t f th e
n r e s , an a ne er o e s a es or r a n es o

S v e I t i i B itt y
e rn . d i th e l d C
s n b i ki g d m u th f th Fi t h f F th th t
r an an n o um r an n o so o e r o or a

th e l g f A th u d M li h v t k t d fl u i h d T C um b i h w v ”
d e en s o r r an er n a e a e n roo an o r s e . o r a, o e er,

m y ba dd d C e w ll w h
a th
e A th i or n a pl ,
th e re f m y f it e r u r an r om an c e ac e s e sc en e o an o s

a dv t u en d it is r es th m k bl th t w h l d fi d i th
an ra er dre t y t ibe
ar a e a e s ou n n e se c on c e n ur a r

t m dD
er e ii p i g C w l l d t ib f th e
am n o n o sse ss n u pyi g th
o rn g u d
a an a r e o s am e n am e occ n e ro n

wh i h f c th of h i
or m s xp l it i th e sc e n e th —Sk e e C l ti S tl d v l i pp 5 4 5 5
s e o s n e n or . n ,
e c co an , o . .
, . 1 -
.

If 4
y l ity ul d b e
an xt t d f m th m S tl d w l d h v full h i it
rea co e rac e ro e ,
co an ou a e s a re n ,

i m u h f th e
s nce ctiv m o th w d f th p n a rr a tb d e co B w i k w th J y
e s n or ar o e rese n or er . er c as e o e

use g d f Si L ar l t
e o d A i d ib
r an c e o b l dy b ttl ,
u d E d i b u gh C
an n e ur n tl e sc r es a oo a e ro n n r as e .

L l t diti
oc a d th
ra f pl
on a n h v gi v w h t u pp
e n am e s t h g i o t th eac e s a e en a s or suc a e n c e s c an o

S tti h c l i
co s th A th i h i t y S th u i ou R m
a m s on e r d ifi
ur an th b k f ths or . o e c r s o an e c e on e an o e

C ll d A t h Ov A th S t B A th
’ ’
w
ar r o n O
as c a e d w h r ur s on o r A th l en an e av e r ur s ea , en r ur , r ur e e ,

an d th l ik T h i ll t i
e e. R u d T bl it l f i t Sti l i g C tl
e us r o u s Th l pt u d
o n a e se s a r n as e. e scu re

t
s on e s i th h u h y d f M igl h
n e c mrc d w ar m o u t t th e m e y d a ve co e o n as a on m en o e m e or an

i
cr m es o f h i f ithl w if A f w m il
s a w tw d
ess B y H i ll e . p f th e G m es es ar ,
on arr ,
a s ur o e ra

pi th e
an s , m t f h ill f t h v re i t t t th p
n an s o a t th p i -
or fh a ptivity e an n e re s o e e as a n as e r s on o er c a .

I th p tty p t
n e l vi l l g
re f St w e th as o r aw G i th a t yf e o i i l tt ib o ere as a r o r s a n c u ar or c r m na s, a r

u t d t th
e i fl o f ei m g f th Vi gi b gh t by Ki g A th u f m J
n ue n c e o an a e o l em d e r n r ou n r r ro e r us a ,
an

th h i d
ere e n s r ne .

T h p i h f M ig l e i F f e ar s hi i th o p t m t i c hl y d w d w ith th
e , n o r ar s u re , s e s o os r en o e e se m on

m t en s d B c t e l l u s th t th y
an oem m m e t A t h u f l qu
s ha k w by the co e ora e r r s
’
a se ee n e re no n e

—B u t o
,

n am e f G o wh f ll ptiv t th P i t i th i
uan o r a , o et t w ith th B it a ca e o e c s n e r c on es e r ons . r n,

H i t y f S tl
s or d o l i pp 1 4 3 1 7 7
co an ,
vo . .
, .
, .

Se e A r th u r ia n L oc a l ities , th e ir H is tor ica l Or igi n , Ch ief Cou n try , an d F inga l ia n R e

la tion s , o h n S u ar tG iby J
l e n n e , M A , 1 86 9 t . . .

C 5
w ll w b qu tl y u pi d by th [S x ] t g
o rn a as su d th se pl f th en oc c e e a on s r an ers , an e ac e o e

B it t th u th f p
r on s ot S tl d b e so l i m it d t w h t w oft w d k re se nw th co an e c am e e o a as a er ar s no n as e

p i ip l ity f W l
r nc a Th w p t o f N th E g l d L a es. hi d Y k hi e n ar r o ar o or n an , a n c as re an or s re ,

b i g
e n pi d by th S x th w th u g p b t w th S u th B it
oc c u e e a d th
on s e re as s a a e e en e o ern r on s an ose

of S tl d co Th l ttan b l i tt l i d p d t t t
. ese k w a St th l y d
er e c am e a e n e en en s a e, no n as ra c e, eu

d w d w ith
o e t f pit l d ti l f t a s or t D m b to T hi ca t yi w a an na on a or re ss a u ar on . s c o un r s no

k w no th hi
n f Ay
as R f w L e S k Sti l i g d D um b t
re s o I t h d it r,w e n re ,
a n ar , r n , an ar o n . a s o n

sm al l p ti i th v t f th ti th gh w h i h it xi t d i i d p d
or on n e e en s o d b m e e m e rou c e s e n n e en e n c e , an eca

atl t w
as h ll , b b d i th gg g ti th t d th ki gd
as e s a see , a f S tl d S h
s or e n e a re a on a m a e e n om o co an . uc

w as e f th
on ly l m e t of th i gg g ti —B t H i t y f S tl d v l
e e ar e e n s o s a re a on . ur o n , s or o co an , o . I

p 82. .

Th s m 5
t u l b u d y w h i h p t d th
e a e na t f th w
ra t t ib ft
o n ar c se ar a e e e as e rn rom e es ern r es a er

w d d i vi d d th ki g d m
ar s f th St th l y d B it
e e f m t h t f th
n A gl o t ub o e ra c e r on s ro a o e n es a a s se

q t p i d th e p vi
ue n er of G l w i f m th t f L d
, i i th i m
ro t xt d e d
nce o a e a ro a o o on e a n e r os e en s en se

and w p t th c u ti o f L k A y
no se ar a e s d D um f i f m th L th i
e o d th
n es a n ar ,
r, an r es ro e o an s an e
 8
Se e pp . 2 69 - 70 .

9
I da , th e so n o f EOppa , p o s s e s se d c o un r e s o n ti th e l e f h an d t -
s id e of B it i
r a n, i . e of th e
H um b ria n s e a, a n d re ig ned t w lv y e e e ars , an d u n it ed D yn guayth Gua r th B e r n e ic h -
[D e i ra an d

B e i i ] —N
rn c a . e n n i us , 61 .

1°
T he n am e We l sh , or Wea las i g t
,
m e an n s r an g e rs , or for e ig n e rs , w as a ppl i e d by
th e E n gl i h s to al l th e C e l ti i c nha bit t f B it i
an s o r a n.

p 91
Se e Pr oc e e din gs Scottis h A n tiqu a r i a n Soc ie ty , vol . vi .
, . .

W
79
ive t m th i g l ik h i t o i e t i ty f e v t i th uth w t T h A
e ar r a so e n e s r c c r a n o en s n e so es . e n

gl w e p g
es erT h Pi t f N v ti h d g e l l y
a an s . l p d f m Ch i ti ity i t th i
e c s o o an a a en ra re a se ro r s an n o e r

or i gi l ul t f w h i h th e t diti h d b k pt l iv by th tiv b d
na c , o c d l ge p t ra on s a een e a e e na e ar s ,
an a ar ar

o f th W l h p p l ti
e i th e v l l y f A
e s N ith d Cl y d h d f l l w d th m T h
o u a on n a e s o n n an , , an e, a o o e e e

t f m C l H —Ol d Ki g C l B ut
.
,

W e l h l d w Gw d l w w h l i m e d d
s ea er as en o e o c a esc en ro oe en n o e.

l d by Rydde c h H e l —
,

t h w til l a R m p ty m g th
er e as s th B it o an th t i
ar a on e se n or er n r on s , e r a a s,

R d i k th e Lib l —w h dh d t C h i ti ity
o er c e ra o a ere o r s an .

T he g t i u b tw th e p g d C h i ti
re a w f o ugh t ut
ss e th b d e f een a an s a n r s an s as o on e or e rs o

D um f i es h i i 5 7 5 t pl
r s l l d A dd e yd
re w A th u t
n th S tti h b
,
a k f th
a ac e c a e r r ,
no r re ,
on e co s an o e

E k Gw m p w b ut f u m il e rt h f th i d g v th ti ll b e
’
s d lew en o s ca m as a o o r s no o s , an a e e na e s o rn

by t m l l d C w h i l w —th t i
.

m p ( p i ’
a s re a caG w d l w Gw d l w
e ar T h h ne o a s , c ae r en o e , en o e s ca . e ar s

u th i Dum f i hi p b b l y t k it Ryd d h R d i h p) ’
o f C ar r e rs n f m r ess re ro a a es s n am e ro c ae r erc , o er c s c am .

T h C h i ti
e h m pi Rydd
r s h w m pl t l y vi t
an c i u a db l f th St th
on er c as c o e e c or o s , an e c am e r u e r o e ra

l y d B it th tit l o f Ki g o f Al l u t M x w ll H i t y f D u m f i ”
c e u d r ons , n er e d G ll e n c . a e ,
s or o r es an a o

w a) “ p 3 4 °

73
R e e ve s
’
s ed iti 1 87 4 pp 1 5
on , , .
,
1 36 , 2 24 .

14
I t is c al l e d l ik w i by A d m e se , an an , P t Cl ith
e r a- o e , an d by th o i t w it e A
er an c en r rs , re

c l u ta , A l c w ith , A l d c l yh i t, an d A l c l u th a l l i pl yi g m n a roc k ,
or l ti u p th Cly d
e e va on ,
on e e,

n ow D b t um pti f D b itt
ar o n ,
Th f d
a c or r u on o un r on . e oun a ti on of th m hy e tb on a r c c an n o e

t i d If h w v w
as c e r a n e .
y d it t h L,
if f St N i i
o e er, e m a c re e e o . n an
[w itt i th t w l fth
r en n e e c en

t y] it e xi t d
ur ly th f
s e th ; w h it
so b te ar as e o ur en c e c an e rac e d w ith u fli i t t i ty s c en cer a n

t o f th t th —R it
, , ,

d w t
o n l y th l
o n e ar t l A
e c os e , a l f the C l d i Pi t eas ,
e en . son , n na s o a e on a n s , c s,

t
e c l vo p 1 32 . II .
, . .

T h p p l ti
15
f th i ki g d m
e o m
u at h v b e l o g d t th
on o tw v i ti f th s n o see s o a e n e o e o ar e es o e

B iti h
r s — th t h h l f i l di g D m f i h i b i g C y m i
ra c e e s ou ern W l h d th e a ,
nc u n u r ess re , e n r c or e s ,
an

n orth h l f h i g b e rn a pi d by th D m av n wh b l g d t th C i h v i ty
ee n oc c u e e a n o n II , o e on e o e orn s ar e .

Th pit l f th ki g d m w th t gl y f tifi d p iti

e ca a o e n th k th igh t b k
o as e s ro n or e os on o n e roc on e r an

of th C l y d e t d by th B it e, A l l ith er m ed by th G dh l i p p l D b t e th r on s c u ,
an e a e c eo e un r e a an , or e

f t f th B it
or o w De b t r b t th i t t w l l d C L l C l i l i th
on s , n o um ar on u e an c e n o n ca e ae r ue or ar s e n e

s outh p t m t l w y h v b
e rn ar i m p t t p iti
us a T h e k i gd m
a f th B it
s a e een an or an os on . n o o e r on s

h d t th i ti m
a a t it i l d ig ti b t it m
s e no h w
e rr t m d ki g f Al l uith
or a es na on , u s o n ar c s ere er e n s o c ,

an d b l g d t th t p ty
e on e g th B it o wh b a th p li ar m f R m d
am o n e r on s o ore e ecu ar na e o o an s , an

l i
c a m e d d t f m th i tR m
e sc e n ul i B it i
ro Th l w f u i e em t
e an c e n o an r e rs n r a n. e a o s c c e ss o n s s o

h v b
a e f p ly m l d
e en on e o t —C l ti S tl d v l i p 2 36
ure a e escen e c co an ,
o . .
, . .

64 2 D 75
ll b i th St thom n a i i fi -
ii D re c cb i t f t t xv n ca ra ac au n n n e an n n ecem re n e r e c us e s

—T igh
,

re g i ni b Oh su ge B it
a an r e r on um . e rn a c .

B d b k i v h xxvi S p 2 04
77

—
e e, oo .
, c . . ee . .

7 2 2 B 15
l i fi l iu E l fi m it u A
e C Bi l i El ph i
s x Al hl u ith e m o r itu
n or r. n am m ac ne re oc a r.

—T igh
. .
,

e rn a c .

T he au th or of Ga ll o w ay , A n c ien t a n d M oder n in ,
h is r e ad n i g of th e e ar l y an al is t n s h as
fal l e n i t n o th e ra th e r c are l e ss e r r o r o f c o n fu s n i g th e t
fa h e r s of th e S ra t th l y d c e k i g s with
n th e
ki n gs th e m se l v es. For i ta ns nc e , at p gea 91 ,
he sa y s : T he ne xt ki g n of Stra th cl uyd w as
Ow e n , w h o w as i gi
r ul n n 694 w h e n hi s son D an i e l ( D o m n al l ) d i ed . H e w as s u c c e e ded by
El h p i n ( Al pi n ) ,
wh pp o a ea r s as ki g i n n 7 7 2 w h e n h is s o n l d ed T h e re c o r d Bi i i .
”
of T igh e rn a c
for 6 9 4 is as fo ll ow s Do m n al l m a c A n [ vi
O w e n ] r e x Al oc hl uaith n e m or u r , it an d fo r 7 2 2
( n o t 77 2) th e s a m e r e c o r d r e a ds . Bil i m ac El h p i n re x Al oc hl u a ith e m or it u r.
”

‘9
7 5 6 , Ea dbe r h t r e x, v an n o r e n s u i e t Un u s t r e x Pic to ru mx iii
d uxe ru n t e xe r c itum
. g i ad

ur be m A l c l uth I biqu e B r itto n e s in d e ditio n e m r e c e pe r un t r m a d ie m e n s s A u u s

. pi i g ti .

Sm i eon o f Dur h am .

T he s u c c e ss e s o f t i qu t t th l w t
Ea db e rt re d u c e d th e fo r tu n es o f th e B it r on s in h s ar e r o e o es

e bb Kyl e w
. d d t ib u t y t N t h u m b i
as re n wh i h
ere l ea d y i l u d d C u
r ar i gh m ; o or r a, c a r nc e nn n a

an d h t l y ft th m i ddl
s or a f th er e t u y A l c l yde D um b t th t g t b l w k f th
e o e c n r , e or ar o n , e s ron es u ar o e

N th B it s u d d t th u it d f
or e rn r on ,
s f th N th um b i
rr e n e re d th P i t
o T he
e n e o rc e s o e or r an s a n e c s.

ca pt f A l l yde m u t h v th w th w h l
ur e o c f th s i e t B iti h t it i i th L e x
a e ro n e o e o e an c n r s e rr or es n e nno ,

whi h w c ub q ue re t l y is l u d d ise t h d i e enf G l g w i t

nc th p w f A gu t
e n e oc se o as o ,
n o e o er o n s, o

g th w ith g t p ti f th d b t b l l d b tw th F th d C l yd i il l y
e er a rea or on o e e a ea e an e e en e or an e, s m ar

i l d d i th C u b i
nc u e n di e ; d th e l ittl e p i c ip l ity f St th l y d w
m r an o c e se w an r n a o ra c e as no

co m pl t l y h m m d i
e e d u e u d d by h e ti l t it i th ugh th g du l d l i f
n an s rro n e os e err or es , o e ra a ec ne o

th N e th um b i p w t w ds th e c l
or r an f th o igh th
er tu y b l ed th p tty t t t
o ar os e o e e cen r ena e e s a e o

t u ggl
s r f e th r h u d d y
on or an oi p i u p i f
e n i l i dp d
re e ar s n a r e c ar o s s e c es o n om na n e en ence.

R b t o S tl a d u d
e r son , h co E ly K in
g v l i p
n 1 8er er ar n s, o . .
, . .

9°
E gl i h Ch n i l A s 82 8 S p 298
r on c e, n . . ee . .

‘
S 9
l th E gl i h Ch
e e a so i l A e 87 5 p 2 9 8 w h
n s i d c ibi g th
r on c e , m v t nno , .
, er e n es r n e sa e e en ,

th p pl e f St th l yd
e eo o l l d th St th l y d W l h
ra c e T he
ar e m St
ca l d W le e ra c e e s . na e r a ec e ea as

d e e d by Eth l w d i t th e L ti C b i whi h M Sk t th e fi t pp
’
i s re n r c e er n o a n am r ,
c r. en e n o es a s rs a e ar

an c e o f th t m C m b i e C mb i
er ppl i d t th p pl f St th l y d
u r , or u r a n s , as a e o e eo e o ra c e .

M h f i h uc i f m th m bigu u u f th pp ll ti
c on us on as a r s e n f C mb i ro d e a o s se o e a e a on s o u r a an

Cu b l d m Th f m
e r an . m w u d ubt dl y
e or ppl i d t er na ti t w i d xt t f e as n o e a e a one m e o a e e en o

co u t y n rt e t h i g t l t f m D um b t h i t N th W l f
s r c n a e as ro w h i h d i t i t it w ar on s re o or a es , rom c s r c as

e arly s p t d w h th g t p t f m d L
e ar a e en hi
e w dd d t th N th um b i
rea er ar o o ern an c a s re as a e o e or r an

d m i i
o A l ittl e l t
n on s . th g t f E gf ith t St Cu th b e t m u t h v v d th m d
a er e r an s o c r o . r s a e se e re e o e rn

c o u ti n f C um b l d
es o dW t l d f m th
e r an th C b i
an St th l y d w h i h
e s m o re an ro e n or ern um r a or ra c e, c

w as sti ll fu th t i l e d by th ttl m t f th A gl i th di e f C di d C
r e r c ur a e se e en s o e n es n e oc se o an a as a , a

d i t i t f w h i h th g
s r c o t p t if t th w h l e h d by th i ti m p b b l y f l l i t th e
c e re a e r ar ,
no e o , a s e ro a a en n o

h an d f th
s o t f th P i t
e an c e s ors o f G al l w y e c s o o a .

S th Cum b i
ou Cu b l
e rn d d t pp r a or t h v b i l ud d m g t th
e r an oe s no a ear o a e e en nc e am o n s e

c on qu d d i t i te re v d by th B it
s r c s re c o ft th d f t e re d d t h f E gf id t th b ttl e r on s a er e e ea an ea o c r a e a e

f N ht M Wh E dul f th bi h p i d ff th l i f St C th b t d St
’
o ec an s er e . en ar e s o c ar r e o e re cs o . u er an .

O w ld f
s a th p f
r om vi l e f p g
e fi
r o an e P e d th m t t t d
o enc p i
o a a a n as e r c e as n a, e os r us e c om an o n

o f h i h u i d fligh t w
s rr e E d d th S x A bb t f C l i las d th
re i l ittl
, e t a on o o ar s e an ere s e r e as o n o

d ubt th t t th i ti m th d
o a a d t f th m w h w th l d i th d y f E gf id
s e e e sc e n an s o e en o on e an n e a s o c r

s ti ll p pl d th b d
eo e g t d t th m
e roa t y f St C th b t F ty y
ac re s ran e l t it o e on as e r o . u er . or e ar s a er

i t l d h w E d d th
s o o f Ri i re th f, t h i ft i
e son o g t th bi l ity f D i
x nc, e o r e m os c e a n am on s e no o e ra ,

ro d we tw d ov th e h i ll
es ar d l w th L d E d ul fer pi s,
’
f th B m i i
an s e f e or ar ,
a r nce o e e c an r ac e o

Id ca, i d ff h i w i f i pit f th F ith d th p p l w i h

ar r e o s e
‘
n s d h ld f
e o ibl e r an e eo e s
’
s es,
’
an e o rc e

p se i
os f t
ss o n o it i h i g f m Ch t
e rr l St e t t th e D w
or e s r e a c t ti l l h l t b th l d
n ro es er e re o er en ,
e os o an s

an d l i f i th b ttl e f C b i dg e M
e n e a Al l th o m or g ui S x
r d th ugh o or . es e na es ar e en ne a on ,
an o

th o igi e rl B iti h p pul ti

na m y ti ll h v l i g
r s o d i d t th l k
a on d m u t i a f th i
s a e n ere am s e a e s an o n a ns o e r

pi c t u qu gi o it m y b f l y d ubt d w h th th y p i d ith t ib t
re s e re n, a e sa e s bm i i o e e er er u e or u ss o n

t th e S t —
e a e r

o B iti h p i c e w h o y t e t i d
co o r s v tige f u th ity v th fe ti l v l l y
r n e r a ne som e es s o a or o er e r e a e

o f th Cly d ; e d w h i l t S tti h C u m b i
e an St th l y d s ti u d u d th r l f
co s r a, or ra c e , c on n e n er e u e o a

b h f th M A l pi f m i l y f m th p i g f th t th t y ti l l th ig f M l
r an c o e ac n a ro e o en n o e en c e n ur e re n o a

c l m th
o Sec o d E g li h C um b i
e n , Cu m b l d w hn s it w tu d th uth
r a, or ity f e r an ,
en as no n er e a or o
 232 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

th e N th or um br i p vi it w i l ud d y b i d t h v m i d i
a n e a rl s , in w h o s e ro nce as nc e m a e sa o a e re a ne n

—
,

a s a t te f h y ti
o l l t h q
an a r c t S tl d d h E ly K i g v l i p 7 0
e c on ue s .
”
co an un er er ar n s, o . .
, . .

Th l t t t f th R m i d B it w
e as r e re a ll do igi ll y St th c l y d b t i l t
e o an z e r on s as c a e or na ra e, u n a er

ti m m es f qu t l y C u b i
or e re en m r a .

I th ty ti
n f th
e s c an h i l th di t i t i g
no c es o ll y ll d ki gd e c b t r o n c e rs e s r c s en era ca e a n om ,
u

th i h
s m a
y v b m f
a m th
e h bite enf u i g th t t ore m t w d th
ro ig h b i ge ti a o s n a er o ar s e ne or n na on s ,

th b an th w e c au se y fix d f m f
e rem h i l g
a s an v m t i S t t h el y d — Bu t
or o o n ar c ca o ern en n ra c e .
”
r on .

H i t y f S tl d v l i pp 1 82 2 7 8 2 7 9
s or o co an ,
o . .
, . , , .

Ag i 99
i 87 5 th a n ,
tln m y l lyi g fo th f m N th
,
e s am e r e s b l d l id w t e ss e n e ,
sa n r ro or um e r an ,
a as e

G l l w y d g t p t f St th l uyd T h u h
a o a ,
an a re a d by th i
ar ti bl N th m
o ra y c . s a r as s e e n sa a e or en ,
m an

o f th i h bit t e n f Al l uyda anlv d u p s o m i g ti g t W l c U d C

re so t ti th i e on e ra n o a es . n er o n s an n, e r

c h i f th ye ,
d i gl y t k t h i d p t u
e a c c or ; but w
n oo t d by th S x e r t L h e ar re ere e n c o un e r e e a on s a oc

m b a when , C t ti w s l i e re Th y h w v
o n s an pul d t h e i
n a il t s a nd f d . e ,
o e er, re se r as s a an s , a n orc e

th i w y t W l e w h A
e r a o w ath ki g b i g t th ti h d p e d by th S x
s, ere n ar a a, e n , e n a e m e ar re s s e a on s ,

a ss ig d th m di t i t w h i h th y w t q i
ne e a s r c d m i t i by th c w d I th e ful
e e re o ac u re an a n a n e s or . n

fil m t f th i s
en d iti
o t h y i d d th W l h i th b ttl f Cym id w h th S x
c on on ,
e a e e e s n e a e o r , ere e a on s

w e re d f t d d d iv
e ea e f m th d i t i t
an Th d r e den t f th St th l uyd B it
ro e s r c . e esc n an s o ese ra c r on s

ar e s id t b a d i ti gu i h d f
o e th th i h bit t f W l t th p
s n s e ro m t d y Th e o er n a an s o a es a e re s e n a . e

St th l uyd ki g d m w
ra c f u n g tl y w k d by th d p tu f
o as , o co y f th e b t
rse , re a ea en e e e ar re o s o m an o es

w i
a rr o r s d it ti d t b pp
an d b th by th S t
c on n ue d A gl S x o pi
e o Th re sse o e c o s an n o- a on r n ces . e

j di i u l ti
u c o f b
s se ec h f th S tti h l ion o a th i v e ig h d th ff t f
ra n c o e co s n e as e r so er n a e e ec o s e c ur

i gp
n b tw th tw
eac e e ti f s m e ti m
een H ti l iti
e h w v
o na t l on s gt h b k t or o e. os es , o e er, a en ro e ou

w ith g t fu y i rea qu r f C ul ,
—w h
n c on se d d th S tti h th en c e o i 96 5 h vi g en o as c e n e e co s r on e n -
a n

di h s d hi
on o r e w l tiv g dd u gh t f th l t e Ki g f St th c l uyd I
s o n re a e ,
a r an d t a er o e a n o ra . n c e n se a

th e i u l t th
ns i h bit t fl w t, e n u d a Ki g A d h d
an s h i g i t L th i
e o ar m s , th n er n r ac ,
an m ar c n n o o an , ere

e t d th S t T h b ttl w
n c o un e r e e fi co s . d vi t y d l e d f a th A l l uyd e as a e r c e o n e , an c or e c a re or e c en

i
s an s B th C l nd h i b th E h w
. o u en a l i Thi u s d i 97 1
ro T h S tti h
er oc a e re s a n . s occ rre n . e co s

th w
r on e d d by K as a sc e n th I I I [I L ] e d th w b tw th e S t
en n e d C bi an e ar e een c o s an um r an s

f A d h —w
.

c on ti u i g th l tt u d Du w l l i —th
n n ,
e a er , n er tl gth v p w d
n a n e suc c e ssor o r ac e re a en o er o e re

on th bl dy fi l d f V
e oo ; wh e th W l h Ch i l t t th vi t s l t
o a c o r n ar y ere ,
e e s r on c e s a e s , e c or os m an a

w i
ar r o r D w lli . ti d t R m i 9 7 5 T h St th l uyd ki gd m
un a n re re o w f i ly b ko e n . e ra c n o , no a r ro en

Up w ,
x d t th S tti h w
a s an n e e d th i h bit t b
o e co m ix d w ith th
s croS t d n ,
an e n a an s e c am e e e c o s an

Pi t Thi w
c s . u f ls f th
as a s S t T h gh th u t y h d b
c c e ss u e ra v u by or e c o s. ou e co n r a e en o e rr n

IEth l t th S x
e s an g i d p
, e a t dv t g O th
on s a ne t y E dm u d i 9 4 5
no e r m an e n a an a e . n e c on rar ,
a n ,
n

c d d Cu
e e b l d i E gl d t M l l m I
m e r an ,
n d iti n f u ity an d id ,
L th i
o a co .
,
on c on on o n an a . o an ,

w h i h h d p vi u l y b
c a h l d by E gl
re o d ws l d l iv
e en d pt M l l e III i 01 8 n an as a so e e re u o a co m n 1

th b l d —P t
, .
, ,

a ft th b tt l
er fC h
e w ith U h t d f N
a e o ar am H i t y f th C u ty c re o or um e r an . a e rs o n ,
s or o e o n

of Ay p 1 5 r , . .

A i l b i f t y i th
n o c c as o n a ly h il r ev l th xi e ty f th ul
en r n f th e e ar c ro n c e s r e ea s e an o e r e rs o e

Pi t d S t t
c s an i l th co sl f th g d u l d l i
o a va f th N th um b i
e m s e ve s o p w f th e ra a ec ne o e or r an o er or e

pu p r f
os e xt d i g th i w i fl u
o e en v th
n igh b i g p vi e f St th l yd
e r o n n en ce o er e ne or n ro nc o ra c e .

S m o u h m
e s ti c
y h i tig t d K
o ve s th t s k f h i d gh t th l l i
m a ave ns f a e en n e o ee or s au er e a an c e o a

B iti h p i ; d f w y
r s r nce l t th d
an th f A tgh Ki g f St th lyd w h i h i
a e e ar s a er, e ea o r a, n o ra c e, c s

a tt ib u t d by th I i h
r e l i t t th i t ige r s f C s t ti an n a th Fi t m y h v b
s s o e n r ue s o on an ne e rs ,
a a e e en c on

nec e t d w ith th p l i y f gg di m t d h v fu th d th l i m s f B h th
e s am e o c o a ra n z e en ,
an a e r e re e c a o oc a, e

f C t ti it dv t f E h t th S tti h th h tl y
’
s on o o n s an Th n e s s s er. w e a an c e m e n o oc a o e co s r on e as s or

f l l w d by i p t
o o e t qu m t hi o r an tiv p vi d ft
c on s e th fligh t d d th f th
en c es o s na e ro n ce , an a er e an ea o e

W l h p i Ryd d h p M vy h d d p iv d th
e s r nce e rc th B it
a f er f th i fi m n t a e r e e n or e rn r on s o on e o e r r es

su pp t or e rs , a
c i d bl b dy f th m on s f St th l y d
e ra l i qu i h i g th
e o i t u ty
o e en o ra c e , re n s n e an c e n co n r

o f th i f f th
e r t ut u d
o re a l d f th
e rs , s e m C o t ti t ,
n k th h
er a ea er o e na e on s an ne, o se e an o er om e

a m g t ki d d p p l i th uth C t ti f l l t L h b i tt pti g t
on s a n re eo e n e so . o n s an ne e a oc m a en n a em n o

fo rc e a p g e t h u gh G l l w y b t h i f l l w
as s a ro u di y d t th i l
a o a p er eve e d i u s o o ers, n sm a e a e r o ss , s r n
th i t p i ar ivi g i ti m to i t th N th W l h t th g e t b ttl f th C
e r en er r se , r n n e a ss s e or e rn e s a e r a a e o e on

w y wh a ,
th y w th l d ere e th w d f th i v l
on ewhi h an s u pp s , asd t b u e re ar o e r a or , c are ose o e oc c

pi d by th i d
e d t t th e p
e r escen t d y (A Ul t 87 6 87 7 A C b d B ty
an s a re se n a . n . . . ,
n . am . an ru

Ty wy 880 ; C l d i s. v l i b k iii h v p
a e on a ,
o . oo c . .
, .

Ch l m gi v th a m e rs f C t ti t t h i fi t l d w h i l s t
es e na e di g t
o o n s an ne o e r rs ea er, , a c c or n o

C d
ar a H b t w oc th ir h i f w h e t h e y
,
o ar h d W l
as eT e c l d t d iti
e f th i n r e ac e a es. o s om o ra on o s

m ig ti ra d t th
on ,
an hm t f th G l w gi s th I q i iti D vidi p b bl y
o e e n c r oa c en s o e a e an ,
e n u s o a s ro a

a ll ud D iv
es diti
‘
i um q q u i g t
e rs e s e l um c le i m
on es c rc t j u p ua e n s ur en es n on so e c s a e e s os

i
s e ss on e s d tu u tv u es r ti m t t xe r gi n m t t er ju h m b it t e xil
a i t d id o am re on e va s an e s e s a a or e s e o ra e

r u t n
( g
R. Gl g) I fe t it. w u l d ppas if S tti h np ty h acd d t d i t i f m th e
o a e ar a s a co s ar a a e s r se ro

d y a f K s o th M c Al pi enn e d u d t i ph by th xp ul i
a n , anf its tg it sec re a r um e e s on o an a o n s s , on

th i f E h t th S o tti h th o
e a c c e ss o n o oc d by tha l e ti o f D o ld i th
e c ig f
s r n e , an e e c on o na n e re n o

th dC
e se c on t ti o n s an ne .

With th t e ti g m ig t th l t m bl a c of i d p d
e re r a n e d p t d f m th
r an s , e as se n e n e en en c e e ar e ro e

B it r f th
on s o th d up th d
e n or th f t h i ki g D ld w h w p b b l y d c d
an on e ea o e r n on a , o as ro a a es en

t f K e th d u gh t t ti th Se d xp i e d l ittl d i ffi ul ty i p i g
’
an o enn C s a er, o n s an ne e c on e er nce e c n roc ur n

th l ti
e e ec f hi w b on oth D l d t fil l th v s o n t th ro H f th b
er h f th
on a o e a c an ro n e . en c e or a r an c o e

M A l pi f m i l y u pp l i d
ac n a f p i e s t St t h l y d e d l th ugh f
a r ac e th o r nc s o ra c e an a o or an o er

hu d d y n re th B it f th t d i t i t e
e ar s e i dir t t f
on s o i l i dp d a th y s r c r m a ne n a s a e o n om na n e en en c e , e

c e as e d t xi t s a p t p pl pp i g
o e s a se f w s ub qu t
ar a e i
eo lye, a e ar n ,
on a e se en o c c as o n s , m e r e as

a uxi l i i e i th m i e o f th S tti h k i g —S tl d u d h E ly K i g v l
ar s n e ar s e co s n s .
”
co an n er er ar n s , o .

i p 54
.
, . .

Th A gl s ely t i d t h i p w v th P i t f G l l w y d th C um b i
n e on re a n e e r o er o er e c s o a o a an e r an s

so u th f th S l w y t g t h
o e w it h th
o ity f C l i l w h i h E gf ith h t l y b f h i
a ,
o e er e c o ar s e, c c r ,
s or e or e s

d t h h d gi v
ea , t St C t h b t w ith
a en o f th l d. u d it u T h Cu b i
er ,
th s om e o e an aro n . e m r an s n or

o f th S l w y b e m o i d p d t d h d ki g f th i w g i f w h
a ec a e n e en en i ,
d d
an a n s o e r o n a a n ,
o om on e s rec or e

as dyi g i 6 4 9 n d th i 7 2 2 B ut th P i t f G l l w y ti i g d th y k f
n , an an o er n . e c s o a o a con nu n un er e o e o

th N th um b i
e or th ki g f th l tt
r an s , m g d i 7 50 t e x t G l l w y th d i t i t
n o e a er an a e n o an n e o a o a e s r c

a dj o i i g it n n th th d w t w h i h w t h
on e n or p t f th l d f th Cu b i
an es , c as en a ar o e an o e m r an s ,

th ugh it y h v l g b f b l g d t th P i t I th
o m a a e on m y
e ore w t k pl
e on e o e c s . n e sa e e ar , a ar oo ac e

b tw e th f een d th P i t e f L th i
o r m e r an wh ff d d f t e d l t th i l d
c s o o an ,
o su ere a e ea an os e r ea er,

T l g a or b th t th Ki g f Al b i b tt l t p l
an , ro er o e ll d M n t o i th Wl h an , n a a e a a ac e c a e o c e au c n e e s

Ch i l
r on d u ppc e , an d t b i th p i h f St th b l
s ose i th o u ty e f Sti l i g ; b u t i
n e ar s o ra an e n e co n o r n n

7 56 w d f th P i t
e re a d th N t h u b i
o e j i i g d p i g th C b i
c s an e or ly m r an s o n n ,
an re ss n e um r a n s s or e .

A ft w d l itt l i k
er ar w s f th ( x pt th t A l l yd w m
e s no n oth d t y d by th
em e ce a c e as or e an o n c e es ro e e

N m ) u til w e
ors e en d w t thn d f th i th t u y w h w
c om e o nt w it h W l h
o e en o e n n c en r ,
en e m ee a e s

t diti th t th Cu b i w h fu d t ub it t th E gl i h w
ra on a e m r an s iv d by th Ki g
o re se o s m o e n s ere re c e e e n

o f G w y dd i t th p t f N t h W l
ne n o l yi g b t we ar th D o d th C l w y d f or whi h a es n e een e ee an e ,
rom c

th y e m d t h v d iv
ar e a ut
e o E gl i h a ttl w h h d t bl i h d th m lv th
e r en o som e n s se e rs o a es a s e e se es e re .

H w m o h t u th t h uc m yb i r th i t y i t
ere i d t bu t it i p t th
a e n pi i fs s or s no ev en , s o en o e sus c on o

b i g b d t m xt t th f l ty l gy w h i h i d tifi th
e n as e o so e e en on f th C l w y d
e a se e m o o c en es e n am e o e

w ith t h t f th C l y d a It i
o dl e t y t h t th e l . tt b e i g C l t i
s n ee R ti e ss d o sa a e a er, n o a n o m an m es , an

Cl ut i ld W l h n o ld l y yi l d Cl d i l t
e s ,
c ou Wlh H on d d w k e d ll u n a er e s . a r as s e an ea en e on a

s i d th Cum b i
es, e d t h v ki g f th i
r a n s c e as e w i th l y p t f th t t h
o a e n s o e r o n ra c e n e e ar ar o e en

c entu y w h r S tti h l i
, f p i
en a t bl i h d it l f tA l l yd
co s ne o d i 9 4 6 th ki g d m r nces es a s e se a c e an n e n o

w qu d by th E gl i h ki g E d u d w h b t w d th w h l f it f
as c o n ere e n s n th igh a m n , o es o e e o e o ro m e ne

b h d f th
or oo D w t t th Cl y d
o e th S tti h ki g M
er en l l i
o e M l l e on e co s n ae c o u m or a co m , on

c on d iti th t h h l d i t h im by l d d
on a e s ou th h l p ti ip t d b i g i t d d
as s s an an se a, e e an c a e e n n en e

a g i t th Da ns e Will i th R d d th
an e s . th p t f C u b i i l u d i g am e e m a e e s ou e rn ar o m r a, nc n

th e ity f C l i l
c o ld m f ar f hi b
s e , an e ar d th u it ot p t h t th
or o n e o s ar o n s an s c am e o ass a e n am e

o f Cu be l d h m v i h d it h
r an as e th E gl i h i d
er s n ce f th b d a w h i l th s om e on e n s s e o e or e r, e e

n or t h p ti ern f w h i h th b i
or on f th C l y d f
, o d u h c i p t tp t i pk f e as n o e e or m e s c an m o r an ar , s s o en o
2 34 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

in th e Sa x on Ch r on ic le th t f th St a th l y de W l h m e as It m y h
a b
o dd d t h t th i s
e r c e s n. a e re e a e a

l t wa
as s ti l l m o l l y j i d t th S tti h
s r e c os e w wh D vi d b m ki g i 1 1 24
o ne o e co s c ro n en a eca e n n

b u t it p p l s wh eo f m ed e, d i ti t b ttal io o f C um b i
or s d T vi td l e m
a s i th
nc a on r an an e o a en n e

S ot h
c m y
c t th b a tt l o f th e St
ar a d ar d i 1 1 3 0 p e
e e v d th i Cym i h t i ti l g an n ,
r se r e e r r c c ar ac e r s cs on

a ft w d er H o w l t th W e l h l g u g l i g e d b tw
ar s. a e eth M s y s d th e C l y d w an a e n re e een e er e an e e

h v h w ev
a e, o m f di
er, no v i g but t j udg e f om p s g i th W l h T i d
e an s o sc o er n , , o r a a sa e n e e s r a s,

it m y b u m i d t h v b
a e s r p k
se l t as th fou t e
o a e th c t u y i th d i t i t f
een s o en as a e e r en en r n e s r c o

C h
arn o ( G
ane M v
see
y y i A h l e s
gy
’
p 4 0 1 t i d w h ve r b e tw
r an L d d rc e o o r a e re een ee s an

—Rh y C l ti B it i pp 1 4 6 1 4 8
. ,
,

D um b t th t m y t u ut to h v b
ar o n a a rn o
'

a e een . s, e c r a n , .
-
.

O th w t w
93
n th e d i t i t
e es upi d by th e B it
e re f St th l yd I th p vi
s r c s oc c e r on s o ra c e. n e re

o u s t u y d h l f th h d b
c en r an a w d t th e v l
a f th e C l y d w ith A l c l yd
e se a een n ar ro e o a e o e, e or

D um b t it t
ar o n a s gh ld d th s s ront f th B iti h d i t i t h d l g w ith G l l w y
o , an e res o e r s s r c s a , a on a o a ,

b e u d th d m i i o f th A gl
e n n er e o f N th um b in b u t th i r ul h d b
n o e l x d n es o or r a e r e a ee n re a e

du i g th p i d f d i
r n e g i ti i t w h i h th N th um b i ki g d m h d f ll
er o o sor an z a on d n o c e or r an n o a a e n , an

h d by d g
a b m l ittl e m
e re e s th ec o m i l wh e th i v i o f B i i by th B it
o re an n o na ,
en e n a s on e rn c a e r on

Gi i wh f
r c, ti m o u pi e d th
or a P i ti h th e l d t th
oc c v f th di t i ts f
e c s r on e , e o e se e r an c e o e se s r c r om

N th m b i
or u d th w h l
r a, f th B iti h t
an it y f m th Cl yd t th ive D e w t i
e o e o e r s e rr or ro e e o e r r r en n

C um b l d b e m e e r an c m e u it e d u d
ca th r ul e o f
on ei de p e de t ki g f th e B rit
or n n er e an n n n n o on s

—C l ti S tl d p 3 4 6
.

e c co an , . .

Et i 94
u tv n s c idit
o oc a x l i im x H ib
o anno c e iu m t h i pi c o pus p ud e c e s ss us re e rn e n s e ar c e s a

L iga h nec id t C m os m C u il
es Et m or tui u t i t m p
ac ach uj u D v l du e n n an or s n n e ore s on e a s

l igit —Ch
.

rex B it r um t D u ve
an n or l du fil iu E d e na i l f th Ps i t d S t s p 9 e r ex e ur . r on c es o e c s an co s , . .

F g t d i d Ow i
95
u a o g Cu m b u m t C t ti
e n e nog S t um tre e ti t ro r e o n s an no re e c o or , e r re s r e

na v li a itu S ti m ibi ubj g d pe d m u it

e xe r c co a Si m o
s f Du h m H i t d D u
s u an E o r o .
-
e n o r a , s . e n . c.
95
E ngl is h Ch r on ic l e , A n n o 9 4 5
—B
.

9 44 S r a h t t
c l de w a s r a a e d y vg by S x a on s r u ty Ty wys ogion
—A n
.
, .

94 6 , Str atc l u t vas ta ta est a Sa x o n ib u s . . Ca m b .

T h e l fe i giv s u l t
of t m p y ti
St C a dr oe
. f th e C um b i ki gd me s a m os a c on e o r ar no ce o r an n o .

St C d
. wa tiv f A l b
r oe as a d fl i h d i th
na ig f C t ti w h f ugh t t
e o an ,
an o ur s e n e re n o on s an n o o a

B u r b u gh
n an d l v rhi t g ,
an f ig m i i ea H t th
es t m C mb o o on a ore n s s on . e c om es o e e rr a u ro

rum ,
”
d D v l du th ki g w h
an o ul d
en a v th i p e p l e iv h im gl dl y d du ts
s, e n o r e o er s o , re c e es a an c on c

h im u qu e L id m s i it t m q u ot fi ium N m
a m c vtqu Cum b um
a e ae es c on n or an n or u a e r or .

Ch i l f th Pi t
r on c es od S t p 1 16 e c s an co s , . .

St ti m p d vit B it
97
a i m x p t P d t
re a C i di i i u t m xi m
r d i M oi
an n a e ar e e es res na occ s s n a a ce e n n

na C —Pi ti h Ch i l
o r n ar . c s r on c e .

H w 95
d ubt th
e f th t D
as , n o ld wh w o ki g f th C u b i w h his
, e s on o a on a o as n o e m r an s en

ki gd m w v u by Ki g E dm u d d b t w d u p M l lm Ki g f Al b
n o as o err n n d a n an es o e on a co ,
n o an , an

th i h w th t t h gh th v ig ty w
s s o s a w
ou t d i th S tti h ki g th l ie so fp e re n as n o ve s e n e co s n s, e ne o ro

vi i l ki g
nc a til l ni di p s s i f th i t it y —C l ti S tl d v l i p 3 82
rem a n e n os s e s s o n o e r e rr or . e c co an ,
o . .
, . .

With h im d d th ki g d m f St th l yd G ll w y
99
en e p ti e f it th f ll
n o o ra c e. a o a as a or on o en e

i t o th e ful l p ss i o f th e N rse m —Mac K e lie G l l w y A i t d M d

n o s se on p 92 o en , r ,
a o a , n c en an o er n , . .
 C H A P T E R XV I I

TH E N O R S E AN D GALLOWA Y

H E No rw e gi an an d D an i s h i n v a sio n s o f B r it a i n b e g an in 7 9 3 I n th at .

y e ar th e N o r t h m e n m a d e an att ac k upo n th e is l an d o f Li n d is farn e ,

w hi c h l i e s a l itt l e s out h o f T w e e d m outh T h e i r r a i d is t h u s d e s c r ib e d by

.

Si m e o n o f Du r h am
I n th e s a m e y e ar [ 7 9 3] o f a t r u t h ,
th e p a g a n s f r o m th e n o r t h e r n r e gio n

c a m e w it h a n a v a l a r m a m e n t to B r it a i n l ik e s ti n gi n g h o r n e t s , a n d ov e r r an

th e c o u n t r y in a l l d i r e c tio n s l ik e fi e r c e w o l v e s , p l u n d e r i n g , t e a r i n g , an d
ki ll i n g n o t o n l y Sh e e p an d ox e n , but p r i e s ts an d l e vit e s , an d c h oi r s o f m o n k s
an d n un s . T h e y c a m e , a s w e b e fo r e s a i d , to th e c h u r c h o f Li n d i s fa r n e , an d
l a i d a l l w a s t e w it h d r e a d f u l h a vo c , t r o d w ith u n h a ll o w e d fe e t th e h o l y p l a c e s ,
d u g up th e a l t ar s , a n d c a r r i e d o ff a l l th e t r e a s u r e s o f th e h o l y c h u r c h .

So m e o f th e b r e t h r e n th e y ki ll e d, so m e th e y c ar r i e d o ff in c h a i n s , m an y t h e y
c a st out n a k e d a n d l o a d e d w ith i n su l t s , so m e t h e y d r o w n e d in th e s e a .

T h e f o ll o w i n g y e arp ar ty o f No r s e m e n p l u n d e r e d th e m o n a st e r y a t th e
a

m o u t h o f th e W e ar w h e r e t h e i r c h i e f w a s ki ll e d an d th e i r fl e e t a ft e r w a r d s
, ,

w r e c k e d by a s to r m I n th e s am e y e a r o n e o f t h e i r fl e e t s l a i d w a s t e th e
.

W e s t e r n I s l e s an d s a c k e d th e c h u r c h o f I o n a F ou r y e ar s l at e r t h e y a g a i n
.

v i s it e d th e W e s t e r n I s l e s I n 80 2 th e y b u r n e d th e I o n a c h u r c h an d in 80 6
.

ki ll e d th e i n h abit an t s o f th a t i s l an d n u m b e r i n g s ixty e igh t p e r s o n s T h e s e

,
-
.

pi r a t e s w e r e d i s ti n g u i s h e d by th e I r i s h a s b e l o n gi n g to tw o r a c e s th e Fi n n
—
,

g a il l — w r,
- —
hit e o fa i r h a i r e d st r an g e r s ( N o r s e ) a n d th e Dub h ga ill b l a c k o r
, , ,

d a r k h a i r e d s t r an g e r s ( D an e s )
-
.

W h i l e it h as b e e n g e n e r all y c u s to m a r y to s p e a k o f th e m a s No r th m e n ,

ye t s o f ar a s S c o t l an d w as c o n c e rn e d t h e y a pp r o ac h e d it f r o m th e e a s t an d

in th e c a s e o f th e D an e s fr o m th e s o u t h e a s t —th e d i s t an c e b e t w e e n No r w a y
a n d S c ot l a n d b e i n g b u t a bout tw o h u n d r e d m i l e s Fi r s t s a i l i n g to th e O r k
.

n e y s t h e s e i n v a d e r s p r o c e e d e d d o w n a l o n g th e w e s t c o a s t i n to th e I r i s h Se a
,

an d m a d e t h e i r l a n d i n g s in I r e l an d C u m b e r l an d o r G a ll o w a y a s th e h o p e
, ,

o f p l u n d e r m ig h t l e a d t h e m T h e I r i s h g a v e to th e D a n e s th e n a m e o f
.

O stm e n o r M e n o f th e E a s t w h i c h p r op e r l y d e s c r ib e d t h e m b u t t h a t poi n t
, ,

o f th e c o m p as s fr o m w h i c h t h e y a pp r o a c h e d No r m a n d y a n d th e s o u t h e rn

c o a s t o f E n g l an d is th e o n e t h a t f u r n i s h e d t h e m w it h th e n a m e by w h i c h

t h e y ar e b e s t kn ow n .

T h e f o ll o w i n g a c c ou n t o f th e op e r a tio n s o f th e No r s e in No r t h e r n W e s t ,

e r n a n d South w e s t e r n S c ot l a n d is b a s e d c hi e fly o n th e Or h n c i a a n d o t h e r
,
y g n

No r s e s a g a s an d o n th e A n n al s o f T igh e r n a c an d o f U l s t e r ( s e e App e n
,

d ix e s O a n d P ) .

I n 82 5 B l a th m h a ic s o n o f F l a n n w a s ki l l e d by th e No rs e in I o n a
, , In .
 D ur i n g K e n n e t h s r e ig n h is c ou n t r y w as o f t e n h a r a s s e d by t h e s e t r o ub l e
’

s o m e vi s ito rs . L a t e r t h e y s e e m to h av e m ad e p e r m an e n t s e tt l e m e n ts in
s o m e p ar t s o f th e i s l an d p a r ti c u l a r l y in th e n o r t h a n d in G a l l o w a y
’
, I n th e .

l a tt e r d i s t r i c t t h e y i n t e r m a r r i e d w it h an d m a d e a l l i e s o f th e n a tiv e s w h o
‘

, ,

in ti m e b e c a m e k n o w n a l o n g th e w e s t e r n c o a s t o f S c ot l an d a n d in I r e l an d
s t r an g e r ( i c r e n e g a de ) G a e l s
”
a s th e G a l l ga id h e l or . .
, .

T h e fr a g m e n t s o f I r is h A n n a l s p u b l i s h e d by th e I r i s h A r c h ae o l ogi c al
So c i e ty s t at e t h a t in 85 2 a b a tt l e w a s giv e n by A e d h Ki n g o f A ile c h to th e , ,

fl e e t o f th e G all gaidh e l w h o w e r e s a i d to b e S c ot s a n d fo s t e r c h i l dr e n o f th e
,
-

N o r th m e n an d w h o t h e m s e l v e s w e r e f o r m e r l y c all e d N o r t h m e n T h e y w e r e
, .

d e fe a t e d an d s l a i n by A e d h m an y h e a d s b e i n g c a r r i e d o ff a s t r o p h i e s by
,

hi m s e l f an d Ni a ll T h e I r i s h j u stifi e d t h e i r a c tio n o n t h i s o c c a si o n by s ay
.

in g t h a t t h e s e m e n w e r e w o n t to a c t l ik e L o c h l an s ( No r t h m e n ) Ag a i n
“
.

it is s t a t e d o f t h e m in 85 8 t h a t th e G al l ga id h e l w e r e a p e o p l e w h o h ad r e
n o u n c e d t h e i r b a pti s m a n d w e r e u s u a ll y c a l l e d No r t h m e n
,
fo r t h e y h a d th e ,

c u s to m s o f th e No r t h m e n a n d h a d b e e n f o s t e r e d by t h e m
,
a n d t h o u g h th e ,

o r igi n al N o r th m e n w e r e b a d to th e c h u r c h e s t h e s e w e r e by f ar w o r s e in w h at ,

e v e r p a r t o f E r i n t h e y u s e d to b e I n 86 6 a l a r g e fl e e t o f D an i s h pi r a t e s
”
.
,

u n d e r c o m m an d o f H alfd an an d h is tw o b r ot h e r s a r r iv e d o ff th e c o a s t o f ,

E n gl an d A f t e r s p e n d i n g th e w i n t e r in E a s t A n gl i a t h e y i n v a d e d N o r th u m
.
,

b r i a took th e c ity o f Yo r k ki l l e d th e tw o r iv a l c l a i m an t s to th e N o r t h
, ,

u m b r i a n t h r o n e a n d m a d e E c gb e r h t ki n g
,
H e r u l e d fo r six y e ar s a n d w a s
.
,

s u c c e e d e d by R ic s i
g .

I n th e s a m e y e a r in w h i c h o c c u r r e d H al fd a n s In va s I o n o f No r t h u m b r i a
’

O l a f th e W h i t e th e N o r w e gi a n ki n g o f D u b l i n w h o h a d m a r r i e d a d au gh t e r
, ,

o f K e n n e t h M a c A l pin an d m a y h a v e h a d d e s ig n s upo n th e l a tt e r s t h r o n e
’

i n v a d e d Pic tavia w it h th e G al l s o f E r i n an d A l b an l a i d w a s t e al l th e
“ ”
,

c o un t r y ,
a n d o c c u pi e d it f r o m th e k a l e n d s o f J a n u ar y to th e fe as t o f St .

P a t r i c k ( M a r c h 7 th ) O n r e t u r n i n g t o I r e l an d h e took w it h h im both
1 .
,

booty an d h o s t a g e s F r o m th e s a m e s o u r c e w e l e a rn t h at in th e y e ar 87 0
.
‘

A l c l yd e w a s i n v e s t e d by th e No r t h m e n u n d e r O l a f a n d I m h a ir a n d d e s t r o y ed ,

a ft e r a f o u r m o n t h s s i e g e m u c h booty an d a g r e a t h ost o f p r i s o n e r s b e i n g
’

t a k e n O l af a n d I m h a ir s e e m a l s o to h a v e a t t a c k e d bo t h th e P i c t s o f
.

G a l l o w a y a n d th e A n gl e s o f B e r n i c i a fo r t h e y ar e s a i d to h a v e r e t u r n e d to
,

D u b l i n w it h tw o h u n d r e d s h ip s a n d g r e at booty o f m e n A n g l e s B r ito n s , , ,

a n d P i c t s a s c a ptiv e s I n 8 7 5 a D a n i s h a r m y u n d e r c o m m a n d o f H a l fd a n
’
.
,

a g a i n r a v a ge d N o r t h u m b r i a G all o w a y a n d St r a t h c l y d e an d m a de g r e at 6
, , ,

s l a u g h t e r o f th e P i c t s I n th e s a m e y e a r T h o r s t e i n th e R e d ( so n o f O l a f
.
,

th e W h it e by A u d u r d a u g h t e r o f th e N o r s e m an K e ttil F l a t n o s e ) w h o h a d
, , ,
 p r ovi n c e s o f S c ot l an d
a n d a dd ed C a it h n e s s S u t h e r l an d Ro s s an d Mo r a y to h is d o m i n io n
, ,
He ,
.

w a s s l a i n soo n a ft e r by th e A l b an i an s I n th e y e ar 87 7 th e D an e s a n d .

No r w e gi an s o f I r e l an d c o n t e s t e d fo r th e m as t e r y T h e F in n ga ill b e i n g .

s u c c e s s fu l
,
th e D an e s w e r e d r iv e n out o f I r e l an d an d e n t e r e d S c ot l a n d .

H e r e t h e y att ac k e d th e S c ots in Fi fe s h i r e an d s l e w a g r e a t m u l titu d e o f

.

t h e m tog e t h e r w ith Co n s t a n t i n e t h e i r ki n g B e t w e e n 885 an d 890 th e No r

, ,
.

w e gia n s c o l o n iz e d th e O r k n e y I s l a n d s a n d H a r o l d H ar fa gr Ki n g o f No r w a y , , ,

h a vi n g t a k e n po ss e s s io n g a v e t h e m to R o gn w a l d E ar l o f M a e r i
,
H e re , .

l in q u is h e d to h is b r ot h e r Sig u r d o n w h o m th e Ki n g b e s to w e d th e tit l e o f
, ,

j arl Sigu r d soo n a ft e r i n v a d e d S c ot l a n d an d r e c o n qu e r e d C a ith n e s s S u t h

.
,

e r l an d Ross a n d Mo r a y
, ,
H e w as ki l l e d in an e n c o u n t e r w ith M a e l b r igd a
.
,

a S c otti s h j a r l H is s o n Guth o r n s u c c e e d e d to h is e s t a t e s but d i e d w it h i n

.
, , ,

a y e ar . E ar l R o gn w al d th e n s e n t h is o w n s o n s H a ll a d an d E i n a r to , ,

r u l e th e O r k n e ys th e l a tt e r o f w ho m r e t a i n e d th e gov e r n m e n t u n ti l h is d e a t h
,

in 93 6 .

Abo u t 900 a D an i s h a r m y h av i n g i n v a d e d an d p l u n d e r e d I r e l an d c a m e
, ,

i n to S c ot l an d an d ov e r r an th e south e r n d i s t r i c t s fig h ti n g s e v e r a l b a tt l e s ,

w it h th e S c ot s in o n e o f w h i c h Ki n g Do n a l d w a s s l a i n
,
At t h i s ti m e th e .

N o r s e i n flu e n c e w as v e r y st r o n g in C a ith n e s s an d Sut h e r l an d t h o s e p r o vi n c e s ,

b e i n g r u l e d fr o m th e O r k n e ys T h e No r s e al s o e s t ab l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s in
.

th e W e st e r n I s l e s a n d in M an an d soo n c a m e to e x e r t a l m o s t a s g r e a t a n
,

i n flu e n c e t h e r e a s in G all o w a y I n 9 1 2 R o gn w a l d w it h a po w e r ful b an d o f
.
,

D an ish pi r a t e s i n v a d e d S c ot l an d an d r a v a g e d D un b l an e H e r e t u r n e d
, .

a g a i n in
9 8 h a vi n g vi s it e d an d p l u n d e r e d in I r e l an d in th e m e an ti m e
1 , .

T h e S c ots ki n g Co n st an ti n e h a vi n g u n it e d h is f o r c e s w it h t h o s e o f E a l d r e d
’

, , ,

r u l e r o f B e r n i c i a m e t th e D an e s in b a tt l e an d s u c c e e d e d in r outi n g th e m
, , .

Not w it h s t an d i n g t h i s t h e y s oo n a ft e r w a r d s s e c u r e d po s s e s s io n o f B e rn i c i a
, ,

w h e r e R o gn w a l d e s t a b l i s h e d h i m s e l f a s ki n g I n 9 3 7 th e S c ot s h a vi n g .
’
,

u n it e d w it h th e D an e s o f No r t h u m b r i a a n d t h o s e o f D u b l i n in m a ki n g w ar

a g a i n s t IEth e l s ta n sh ar e d in th e d i s a s t r o u s d e fe a t i n fli c t e d by t h a t ki n g
,

u po n h is e n e m i e s a t th e b a tt l e o f B r u n a n b u r h Soo f t t h i v t E i
g n a e r s e e n r c .
,

o f th e B l oo d y A x e so n o f H a r o l d H a r fa r Ki n g o f No r w a y c a m e to th e
, g , ,

c o a s t s o f E n g l a n d o n a p l un d e r i n g e x p e d itio n H avi n g b e e n o ffe r e d a .

s e tt l e m e n t in No r thu m b e r l an d by Ki n g f E th e l s tan h e s a t
e e d h i m s e lf t h e r e ,

w it h his fo l l o w e r s A ft e r h is d e a t h h is s o n s r e m ov e d to th e O r k n e y s a n d
.
, ,

in th e r e ig n o f th e S c otti s h ki n g I n d u l f ( 4 t h e y a r e s a i d to h a v e
95

Upo n th e d e a h o f t E i n a r E a rl
O r k n e ys in 9 3 6 h e w a s s u c c e e d e d
,
o f th e
, ,

by his s o n T h o r fin n c a l l e d th e Sk u l l c l e a v e r w h o m ar r i e d G r e l a u ga
,
“

,
”
,

d aug h t e r o f D u n ga d r o r D u n c an th e J a r l o f C a it h n e s s a n d t h u s c o n fi r m e d
, , ,

th e poss e s s io n o f t h a t p r ovi n c e to h is d e s c e n d a n t s H is e l d e s t s o n H a v a r d .
, ,

h a vi n g s u c c e e d e d to th e r u l e w a s s l a i n by h is o w n w i fe
; a n d L io tr th e
, ,

s e c o n d s o n a s s u m e d th e tit l e an d d o m a i n A n ot h e r b r ot h e r Sk ul i d i s p u t e d
, .
, ,
2 38 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

th e su c c e s s io n H a v i n g s e c u r e d th e suppo rt o f th e Sc o ttis h ki n g h e ga ve
.
'

b a tt l e to L io tr an d w a s s l a i n L io tr fought a s e c o n d b att l e w ith th e S c ots

.
,

a n d ki ll e d E a r l M a e l b r igd i t h e i r l e a d e r b u t r e c e i v ed a w o u n d hi m s e l f fr o m
,

w hi c h h e a ft e r w a r d s d i e d H l o d ve r th e su r vivi n g s o n o f T h o r fin n E i n a r so n
.
, ,

t h e n b e c a m e E ar l o f O r k n e y U po n his d e a th w h i c h o c c u r r e d abo u t th e
.
,

y e a r 9 80 Sigu r d h is s o n b e c a m e r ul e r Soo n a ft e r Fi n l e y ( o r F in l e ikr e o r

, ,

—
.
, ,

F in la e c s o n o f R u aid h ri an d b r ot h e r to M a e lbr igd i) w h o w as th e S c otti s h

Mo r m a o r ( E ar l ) o f Mo r a y m a d e War a g a i n st Sig u r d but w as d e fe a t e d by
, ,

h im in b a tt l e T h e l a tt e r in c o n s e qu e n c e g a i n e d po s s e s sio n o f Mo ra y
.
, , ,

Ro s s Sut h e r l an d an d D a l i all o f w h i c h p r ovi n c e s h e r u l e d ov e r in 9 89

, ,
“
,
”
.

Ho w e v e r F i n l e y m a c R u a id h r i e v e n tu al l y r e c o v e r e d Mo r a y a t a l a t e r d a t e
, ,

a n d c o n ti n u e d a s l o r d o f th a t d i s t r i c t u n ti l 1 0 2 0 w h e n h e w a s s l a i n by th e
,

s o n s o f h is b r ot h e r M a e l b r i d i
g ,
.

Th e s e so n s o f M ae l b r igd i a pp e a r to h av e b e e n M al c o l m w h o d i e d in ,

1 02 9 ,
a n d G il c o m ga in w h o w a s ki ll e d in 1 0 3 2
, T h e l a tt e r h a d m a r r i e d .

G r u o c h d a ug h t e r o f Bo e t e ( s o n o f Ki n g K e n n e th M a c M a l c o l m ) o r ac c o r d
, ,

in g to so m e a utho r iti e s a g r an d d a u gh t e r o f Bo e t e oth e r th an G r u o c h

, .

A ft e r th e d e a t h o f G il c o m ga in h is w ido w m a r r i e d M a c b e t h (s on o f Fi n l e y )
, ,

w h o d o u bt l e s s h a d a h a n d in th e ki l l i n g o f h e r fi r s t h u s b an d in r e t al i a tio n ,

f o r th e ki l l i n g o f Fi n l e y by G il c o m ga in a n d h is b r oth e r M a l c ol m m ac .

M a e l b r igd i ( s o c a ll e d by T igh e r n a c ) w h o d i e d in 1 0 2 9 is s pok e n o f by th e

-
, ,

a n n al i s t ki n g ) o f S c ot l an d U n d o ubt e d l y at t h a t ti m e th e ”
r i ( 01
“
as .

m o r m a o r s o f Mo r a y w e r e th e v i r t u a l r u l e r s o f th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f S c ot l a n d

l yi n g n o r t h o f th e G r a m pi an s U n d e r th e P i c tish s y s t e m o f d e s c e n t th e
.
,

r ig h t s o f a d e c e a s e d ki n g s b r ot h e r w e r e s u p e r io r to t h o s e o f th e ki n g s so n
’ ’

a n d a s t h a t s y s t e m p r e v a i l e d in th e Hig hl a n d s l o n g a fte r th e t e n t h c e n t u r y ,

Fi n l e y w o u l d b e th e n at u r a l s u c c e s s o r to th e m o r m a o r s h ip o n th e d e a t h o f
h is b r ot h e r M ae lb r igd i T h i s s u c c e s s io n ho w e v e r a s i n d i c a t e d abov e w a s
.
, , ,

d i s p u t e d by th e so n s o f M a e l b r igd i a n d th e y s u c c e e d e d in s e tt l i n g th e tit l e
,

fo r th e ti m e b e i n g by ki ll i n g t h e i r u n c l e A ft e r t h e i r o w n d e a t h s M a c b e t h
.
,

w a s th e n e xt in su c c e s s io n n ot w ithst an d i n g G il c o m ga in h a d l e f t an i n fa n t
,

s on ( Lu l a c h ) .

A fe w y e ar s t
b e gi n n i n g o f th e e l e v e n th c e n tu r y ( about
af e r th e
th e Or h n eyi nga Saga t e ll s u s Sig u r d E a r l o f O r k n e y m a r r i e d th e d a ug h t e r
, , ,

O f M e lk o l f ( M al c o l m ) Ki n g o f th e S c ot s an d by h e r b a d a s o n T h o r fin n
“ ”
.
, ,

W h e n th e l a t t e r w a s five y e ar s o l d th e Ki n g o f S c ot s g av e to T h o r fin n h is
,
“
,

r e l a tio n K a ta n e s [ C a it h n e s s] an d S u t h e r l an d a n d an e ar l s titl e a l o n g w i t h ’

, ,

it an d g a v e h im m e n to r ul e th e do m a i n a l o n g w it h h im
,
W h i l e t h i s Ki n g .
”

M al c o l m h a s b e e n i d e n tifi e d w it h M a l c o l m M ac K e n n e th ( g r a n d fa t h e r o f D u n
,

c an ) Ki n g o f So u t h e r n S c ot l an d by M e s s r s Sk e n e an d Rob e r t s o n a n d by
, ,
.

a l l l a t e r w r i t e r s f ou n d i n g o n t h e m t h e r e is n o c e r t a i n ty th a t t h e y w e r e th e
,

s am e . I n s o m e poi n t s th e p r ob a bi l iti e s fa vo r th e vi e w t a k e n o r igi n a ll y by

M r Sk e n e in h is H igh l a n d r s t h a t th e N o r s e s a g a s in t h e i r fi r s t m e n tio n o f
. e
, ,

Ki n g M al c o l m r e all y r e fe r r e d to M al c o l m m ac M a e l b r igdi Mo r m a o r o f
, ,
 M o r a y th e n w h o di e d in 1 0 2 9 an d w h o w a s th e r u l e r o f th e S c ot l an d
, ,

b e s t k n o w n to E ar l s S igu r d an d T h o r fin n ( Se e T h e No r s e S a g as A p .
“
,

e n d ix P )
p .

Fiv e y e ar s a ft e r T h o r fin n s bi r t h ( in in th e fi n a l st r uggl e w hi c h
'

took p l a c e b e tw e e n th e I r i s h an d th e D an e s E ar l Sigu r d w e n t to D ub l i n a s ,

a n a l l y o f th e l a tt e r an d t h e r e m e t h is d e a th a t th e b a tt l e o f C l o n t ar f
,
.

B e fo r e e m b a r ki n g fo r I r e l an d Sig u r d h a d s e n t h is you n g s o n T h o rfin n ,

to th e c h i l d s g r an dfa th e r M a l c o l m Ki n g o f S c ot l an d U pon th e d e a th
’

, ,
.

o f th e f a t h e r M a l c o l m ,
b e s to w e d C a it h n e ss an d Suth e rl an d upo n T h o r fin n ,

w ith th e tit l e o f e a r l an d g a v e h im m e n to e n a b l e h im to e s t ab l i s h
—
,

h is a ut h o r ity Sigu r d h a d th r e e so s by n a f o e wi
r m r f e Su m ar l id i B r u s i
E i n ar — am o n g w h o m th e O r k n e y s w e r e d ivid e d T h e y al l di e d
.
, ,

an d .

p r io r to 1 0 2 9 ho w e v e r ; an d b e fo r e Ki n g M a l c o l m s d e a th in 1 0 3 4
,
’

T h o r fin n t h e i r h al f b r oth e r h a d s u c c e e d e d to th e e a r l d o m o f O r k n e y
,
-
, .

O n Du n c an s a c c e s s io n to th e S c otti s h t h r o n e a ft e r th e d e a th o f M a l c o l m
’
, ,

t h a t ki n g a s s u m e d fu l l a ut h o r ity ov e r C a i t h n e s s an d b e s to w e d it u po n h is ,

n e p h e w M o dd an w it h th e tit l e o f e a r l D un c a n s c o u s i n T h o r fin n n a tu r a l l y ’

, , .
, ,

l ook e d u po n t h i s as a n a b r og a tio n o f h is o w n r ights an d th e tw o b e c am e ,

e n e m ies . Wh e n Mo dd an c a m e n o r t h w it h h is m e n fr o m S u t h e r l an d to t a k e
po s s e s s io n o f th e e ar l d o m h e w a s m e t by a s u p e r io r fo r c e u n d e r T h o r fin n
'

a n d c o m p e ll e d to r e ti r e D un c an at o n c e o r g an iz e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r m y
.
,

a n d h a vi n g s e n t Mo dd an to th e n o r t h ov e r l an d s a i l e d fr o m B e r w i c k to ,

C a ith n e s s w it h a fl e e t o f e l e v e n v e s s e l s T h o r fin n m e t th e fl e e t in th e .

P e n t l an d Fi r th an d though h avi n g w ith h im o n l y five w a r s h ips d e fe at e d

, ,

Du n c a n a n d ob l ig e d th e l a tt e r to r e ti r e to th e Mo r a y Fi r t h w h e r e h e
, ,

l an d e d an d s t ar t e d fo r th e so u th to ge t tog e th e r a n e w a r m y
,
E a r l Mod .

d an w h o in th e m e an ti m e h a d e n t e r e d C a it h n e s s w a s f o l l o w e d by T h o r fin n s
’

, ,

l i e u t e n an t a n d s u r p r is e d a n d s l a i n a t T h u r s o
,
D u n c a n c o ll e c t e d a s l ar g e .

a n a r m y a s po s s ib l e a n d h a vi n g e n t e r e d Mo r a y a g a i n m e t T h o r fi
,
n n in b a tt l e ,

a t T o r fn e s s o r B r o gh e a d w h e r e th e s e c o n d ti m e h e w a s c o m p l e t e l y d e f e a t e d
, , , ,

a n d h is f o r c e s r o u t e d E ar l T h o r fin n t h e n ov e r r a n an d sub du e d th e c o u n t r y
.

a s f a r s out h a s Fi fe Soo n a ft e r D un c a n w a s s l a i n by M a c b e t h th e Mo r
’
.
, ,

m a o r o f Mo r a y w hos e f a t h e r Fi n l e y h a d r e g a i n e d th e m o r m a o r s h ip a f t e r th e
, , ,

d e a t h o f E ar l Sig u r d M a c b e th a t th e ti m e m ay h a v e b e e n op e r a ti n g a s a n
.

”
a lly o f T h o rfi nn o r a c c o r d i n g to s o m e a c c o u n t s e n d e a vo r i n g to m a k e
—
, ,

g od h i w i fe s c l a i m to th e S c otti s h th r o n e a c laim w h i c h s e e m s to
’
o s ow n

h a v e b e e n a t l e a s t o f e qu a l m e r it w it h t h a t o f D un c a n h i m s e l f .

A ft e r D un c an s d e a t h M ac b e t h s u c c e e d e d to h is c r o w n ye t th e po w e r
’

o f E ar l T h o r fi n n a t t h i s ti m e w a s n e ar l y a s g r e a t a s h is o w n T h o r fin n po s .

s e s s e d th e n i n e e a r ldo m s o f Sut h e r l a n d Ro s s Mo r a y D al i Bu c h a n Ma r , , , , , ,

M e ar n s A n g us a n d G al l o w a y
, ,
a n d w ithout h is a s s i s t an c e th e Mo r m a o r
“

o f Mo ra y c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e su c c e e d e d in e st a b l i s h i n g h i m s e lf u po n th e

S c otti s h th r o n e I t is p r ob a b l e t h e r e fo r e t h a t M a c b e t h s r e ign m ar k e d
.
, ,
’

th e h igh e s t poi n t e v e r r e ac h e d by N o r s e i n flu e n c e in S c ot l a n d A s th a t .
 T he p ar t S c ot l an d n o w kn o w n by th e n am e o f G a l l o w a y e m b r a c e s th e
of

c o u n ti e s o f Ki r k c u d b r ig h t an d Wigto n w h i c h l ie w e s t o f th e l o w e r N it h
,

v all e y a n d south o f th e r an g e o f h igh hi ll s o r m o u n ta i n s t h a t fo r m th e

,

s o u t h e r n bo u n d ar y o f A yr a n d D u m f r i e s I n e ar l i e r ti m e s a ft e r its s e p a r a
.
,

tio n fr o m St r a t h c l y d e G all o w a y p r o b ab l y i n c l u d e d A n n an d al e ( in D um fr i e s )
, ,

th e tw o s o u t h e r n d ist r i c t s o f A yr ( K y l e a n d C a r r i c k ) a n d p e r h a p s a l s o a g r e a t
,

p ar t o f th e n o r t h e r n d i s t r i c t o f A yr ( CII n in gh a m e ) in a d d itio n
‘

It th us .
"

e m b r a c e d w it h i n its bo u n d s n e ar l y th e w h o l e o f th e s o u t h e r n a n d w e s t e r n

c o a s t o f S c ot l a n d f r o m th e m out h o f th e N ith to th e C l y d e .

St Co l u m b a p r e a c h e d to th e No r t h e r n P i c t s as e a r l y a s 5 6 5 but l o n g
.

b e fo r e t h a t St Ni n i a n h a d c o n v e r t e d th e G a ll o w a y P i c t s an d bui l t th e m is
.
,

s io n s t a tio n o r m o n a s t e r y o f C an d i d a C a s a o r W h it e Ho u s e a t W h itho r n o n
, ,

th e so u t h e a s t e r n c o a s t o f Wigto n s h ir e .

Ni n i an is s a i d to h a v e b e e n bo r n o n th e s h o r e o f So l w a y Fi r t h to h av e ”
,

b e e n th e s o n o f a ki n g o r n ob l e m an an d to h a v e s tu d i e d at Ro m e w h e r e
, , ,

h e w a s c o n s e c r a t e d a s Bi s h op by P op e Si r i c i u s H e s t ar t e d in 3 9 5 o n a m is
.

s io n to c o n v e r t th e A tte c o tts .

N o w , h e c h o s e h is s e a t in a p l a c e w h i c h is n o w c all e d With e r n [Wh itho r n ]

w h i c h p l a c e s it u a t e u po n th e s h o r e o f th e o c e a n w h i l e th e s e a s t r e t c h e s f a r
, ,

f r o m th e e a s t w e s t an d so u t h is i n c l o s e d by th e s e a it s e lf
, , ,
fr o m th e n o r th
p ar t a w ay is op e n e d fo r t h os e o n l y w h o a r e w i ll i n g to e n t e r T h e r e t h e n .
, ,

by th e c o m m an d o f th e m an o f G o d th e m as o n s w h o m h e h a d b r o u gh t w ith
, ,

h im e r e a c hurc h b e fo r e w h i c h t h e y s ay t h e r e w a s n o n e in B r it a i n b u i lt
,

o f s to n e
c.
! t

Thi s s to n e c hu r c h p r e s e n t e d s u c h a c o n t ras t to th e c u s to m a r y o ak e n s tr u c
t u r e s o f th e s u r r o un d i n g c ou n t r y t h a t it s oo n b e c a m e k n o w n fa r an d w i d e a s th e
W h it e Hou s e Ni n i an is s a i d to h a v e d i e d an d b e e n b u r i e d h e r e abo u t
.

I n B e d e s ti m e W h it h o r n h a d b e e n e r e c t e d i n to a n E pi s c o p a l Se e u n d e r th e
’

f o s t e r i n g c a r e o f th e No r t h u m b r i an ki n g s T h e Lo r d o f N o r th u m b r ia l ik e
.

w is e m a i n t a i n e d d o m i n io n ov e r m o r e o r l e s s o f th e t e r r ito r y a n d p e op l e o f
G al l o w a y .
’o
S u c h d i s t r i c t s a s d id n o t a c k n o w l e d g e h is sov e r e ig n ty r e m a i n e d
e it h e r u n d e r t h e i r o w n i n d e p e n d e n t c h i e fs o r w e r e i n c l u d e d in th e ki n g d o m

o f St r a t h c l y d e w h i c h a f t e r th e vi c to r y o f th e P i c t s a t N e c h tan s m e r e in 6 85
, , ,

h a d b e e n fr e e d fr o m th e No r t h u m b r i an yok e .

I n 7 4 0 A l pi n ( s o n o f E a c h a id h by a P i c tis h m ot h e r ) w h o h a d b e e n s u c
, ,

c e s s iv e l y ki n g o f th e No r t h e rn P i c t s ( 7 2 6 ) a n d ki n g o f th e S c ot s ( 7 2 9 ) an d

w h o l a t e r w a s d r iv e n o u t o f tho s e ki n g d o m s by A n gu s e n t e r e d G a ll o w a y
~

( Ay r s h i r e ) w it h a n a r m y a n d l a i d its t e r r ito r y w as t e I n 7 4 1 h e w as d. e f e a t e d
by I n n r e c h tac h n e ar th e D e e an d ob l ig e d to r e t r e a t to Lo c h Ry an w h e r e
”
, ,

h e w as a s s as s i n a t e d
”
.

I n 7 5 0 E a db e r h t Ki n g o f No r thu m b r i a a d d e d th e p l a i n o f Ky l e a n d oth e r
"

, ,
 T h e No rs e and G a ll o w a y 24 1

re gio n s to his G all o w a y d o m a i n T h e s e o t h e r r e gio n s ar e g e n e r all y

.

s u ppo s e d to h av e b e e n po r tio n s o f th e a dj a c e n t d ist r i c t s o f C u n in gh a m e an d

C a r r i c k in Ay r s h i r e T h e y w e r e r e t a i n e d a s d e p e n d e n c i e s u n ti l th e c l o s e o f
.
"

th e s a m e c e n t u r y w h e n by r e a so n o f c ivi l f e u d s a t h o m e a n d th e i n c r e a s i n g
, ,

i n v a s io n s o f th e No r s e m e n fr o m w it h o u t th e A n g l e s w e r e c o m p e ll e d to ,
”
w it h d r a w fr o m G a ll o w a y an d t h e i r s u z e r a i n ty w a s giv e n u p .

I t h a s u s u a l l y b e e n a s s u m e d by m o d e r n hi s to r i an s f o u n d i n g o n G e o r g e ,

C h al m e r s t h a t t h e r e w e r e r e p e a t e d i n v a s io n s o f G a ll o w a y fr o m I r e l an d d u r
,

in g th e s e v e n th a n d e ig h t h c e n t u r i e s an d t h t t h i s d i s t r i c t w as t h e n l ik e
,
a
,

A r gy l e in th e s ixt h l a r g e l y c o l o n iz e d by e m igr an ts fr o m U l s t e r T h i s
,
.

as s u m ptio n h as b e e n in a g r e a t m e a s u r e r e f ut e d by M r Sk e n e a n d a s th e .
,

qu e s tio n is o n e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e st a t t h i s poi n t it w i ll n o t b e a m i s s to ,

giv e h is a r gu m e n t s o m e c o n s i d e r a tio n I t is a s fo ll o w s .

C h al m e r s in h is Ca l edon ia ( i p
,
s t a t e s d og m a ti c a l l y th a t G al l o w a y
.
,
.

w as c o l o n iz e d in th e e ig h t h c e n t u r y by C r u ith n e [ P i c t s] fr o m I r e l an d a n d t h a t ,

t h e y w e r e f o l l o w e d by fr e s h s w a r m s fr o m th e I r i s h h iv e d u r i n g th e n i n t h an d
t e n t h c e n t u r i e s a n d t h i s s t a t e m e n t h a s b e e n ac c e pt e d an d r e p e a t e d by al l
,
”

s u b s e q u e n t w r it e r s a s if t h e r e w e r e n o d o ubt a bo u t it T h e r e is n o t a v e s tig e .

o f a ut h o r ity fo r it . G all o w a y b e l o n g e d d ur i n g t h e s e c e n t u r i e s to th e No r t h
u m b r i an ki n g do m a n d w as a p ar t o f B e r n i c i a B e d e in n a r r a ti n g th e fo u n
,
.
,

d a tio n o f C a n d i d a C a s a by St Ni n i an ( Book iii c h . s ay s q u i l o c u s a d .

,
.
,

p r o v in c ia m B e rn ic io r u m p e r ti n e n s ; an d t h e r e is a b u n d a n t e vi d e n c e t h a t
”

G a l l o w a y w as u n d e r th e r ul e o f th e No r thu m b r i an ki n g s a ft e r h is ti m e I t .

is a n t e c e d e n t l y q u it e i m p r ob a b l e t h a t it c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o l o n iz e d fr o m I r e
l an d d u r i n g t h i s ti m e w ithout a h i n t o f s u c h an e v e n t b e i n g r e c o r d e d e it h e r
in th e I r i s h o r E n gl i s h a n n a l s .

T h e o n l y a u tho r iti e s r e f e r r e d to by Ch a l m e rs c o n s i s t o f a n e n ti r e m is a p
p l i c a tio n o f tw o p as s a g e s fr o m th e Ul s te r A n a l s H e s a y s : I n 6 8 A D n .
“
2 . .
,

C a th a s a o th e s o n o f M a o l e d u n th e M o r m a o r o f th e U l s t e r C r u ith n e s a i l e d
, , ,

w it h h is f o ll o w e r s f r o m I r e l a n d a n d l an d i n g o n th e Fi r t h o f C l y d e a m o n g
, ,

th e B r ito n s h e w a s e n c o u n t e r e d an d s l a i n by t h e m n e ar M a u c h l in in A yr
, , ,

a t a p l a c e to w h i c h th e I r i s h g a v e th e n a m e o f R a t h m o r e o r g r e a t f o r t In ,
.

t h i s s t r o n gh o l d C a th as a o an d h is C r u ith n e h a d p r ob ab l y a t t a c k e d th e B r ito n s
w h o c e rtai y n l r ep u l s e d t h e m w it h d e c i s iv e s u c c e s s — Ul s ter A n s u b a n . .
,
.
,

6 82 . I n 7 0 2 th e U l s t e r C r u ith n e m a d e a n ot h e r a tt e m pt to obt a i n s e t t l e m e n t
a m o n g th e B r i t o n s o n th e Fi r t h o f C l y d e b u t t h e y w e r e a g a i n r e p u l s e d in
—
,

th e b a tt l e o f C u l i n T h e o r igi n a l t e xt s o f t h e s e p a s s
”
I b s u b an 7 0 2
. .
,
. . .

a g e s is a s f o l l o w s 6 82 B e l tu m R a th a m o ir e M a igil in e c o n t r a B r ito n e s u b i
.

c e c id e r u n t C a tu s ac h m ac M a e l d u in Ri C r u ith n e e t U l t a n fi l iu s D ic o ll a 70 . 2 .

B e ll um C a m pi C u i l i n n in A ir d o n e po tu m Ne c d a ig i n t e r Ul tu e t B r ito n e s u b i
fil iu s R a d ga in d c e c id it E c c l e s ia r u m D e i Ul a it v ic to r e s e r a n t
. No w b o t h .
,

o f t h e s e b a t t l e s w e r e f o u g h t in U l s t e r R a t h m o r e o r g r e a t fo r t o f M a igil in e
.
, ,

w h i c h C h a l m e r s s u ppo s e d to b e M a u c h l in in A yr w a s th e c h i e f s e a t o f th e , ,

C r u ith n e in D a l a r a id h e , o r D a l a r a d ia , a n d is n o w c a l l e d M o yl in n y Se e .

R e e v e s s A n tiq uitie s of D ow n a n d Con n or , p 7 0 A ir d o n e po tu m N e c d a ig, o r

’
.

A r d u ib h E a c h a c h , w a s th e B a r o n y o f I ve a gh , a l s o in D a l a r a d ia , in U l s t e r
( l b , 3 4 8) an d t h e s e e v e n t s w e r e a tt a c k s by th e B r i t o n s u po n th e C r u ith
n ig h o f U l s t e r , w h e r e th e b a tt l e s w e r e f o ug h t , a n d n o t a tt a c ks by th e l a tt e r

up o n th e B r i t i s h i n h abit an t s o f Ay r sh i r e
M r C h al m e r s
.
’
s c it a ti o n s a n d h is t h e o r y o f an e igh th c e n tu r y s e tt l e m e n t o f th e
I r i s h in G a l l o w a y is a v e r y c l e a r o n e th e fac t r e m a i n s th a t f o r s e v e r a l h u n fi
,
-

d r e d y e a r s p a st an d c e r t a i n l y as f a r b a c k a s th e ti m e o f K e n n e th M a c A l pin
,

t h e re h a v e b e e n a pp ar e n t in th e p e op l e t h e m s e l v e s d i r e c t i n d i c a ti o n s
o f l a r g e G a e l i c i n fu s io n s i n to th e G a l l o w a y pop ul a tio n w h e t h e r t h e i r o r igi n ,

b e I r e l a n d o r th e n o r t h o f S c ot l an d T h e m o s t n oti c e a b l e o f t h e s e e vi d e n c e s
.

a r e to b e f o u n d in th e l a n g u a g e a n d in th e n a m e s o f th e p e op l e U p to an d .

b e yo n d th e t w e l ft h c e n t u r y th e P i c t s o f G al l o w a y s pok e th e G a e l i c t o n gu e .

At th e b a tt l e o f th e St an d ar d in 1 1 3 8 th e w ar c r y o f th e G alw e gi a n s w h o -
,

w e r e in th e v a n o f th e S c otti s h a r m y w a s A l b a n a ic h ! A l b an a ic h
, th e
G a e l i c n am e fo r S c ot l an d an d th e E n gl i s h o n th e ot h e r si d e ar e s a i d to h a v e
a n s w e r e d b a c k in d e r i s io n ( I r i s h ! I r i s h ! ) To t h is d a y
“ ”
Y r y ! Yr y !
, ,

B e r is h is a t e r m o f c o n t e m pt in G a ll o w a y .

Mr Sk e n e w h i l e fu l l y a c k n o w l e d gi n g th e p r e s e n c e o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e
.
,

G a e l i c e l e m e n t in th e G a ll o w a y pop u l a tio n an d w h i l e e v e r al iv e to th e im ,

po r t an t h e a r in g w h i c h l an g u a g e s u st a i n s to r a c i a l qu e stio n s h an dl e s it in ,

t h i s c a s e m o r e w ith r e fe r e n c e to its e ffi c a c y a s a r e fu t a tio n o f th e c l a i m fo r

”
a C ym r o C e l ti c o r igi n o f th e G al l o w a y P i c t s
-
B u t in d oi n g s o h e i n c i d e n t
.

a l l y p r e s e n t s s o m e t e s ti m o n y w h i c h if it p r ov e s n o o n e t h i n g in p ar ti c u l a r
, ,

a t l e a s t s h o w s w h a t w a s th e v u l g a r O pi n i o n o f th e o r igi n o f th e G a l w e gi a n s ,

a bo u t th e ti m e o f J o h n K n ox T h is t e s ti m o n y is a s fo l l o w s
.

I f an y p a r t o f th e P i c ti s h p e op l e m igh t b e e xp e c t e d to r e t a i n th e i r pe c u
l i a r l a n gu a g e an d c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s , i t w o u l d b e th e P i c t s o f G a l l o w a y a n d if

th a t l an g u a g e h a d b e e n a Cy m r i c d i al e c t , it m u s t h a v e m e r g e d in th e sp e e c h
o f th e B r iti s h pop u l a tio n a r o u n d t h e m I n o n e o f th e l e g e n d s w h i c h s e e m s
.

p e c u l i a r l y c o n n e c t e d w it h t h e m , G a e d e l Fi c h t o r th e G a e l i c P i c t a pp e a r s a s
th e e po n y m u s o f th e r a c e a n d B u c h an a n t e l l s u s t h a t in h is d a y, t h a t is ,

in th e r e ig n o f Qu e e n M a r y , a g r e a t p ar t o f t h i s c ou n t r y s ti l l u se s its an c i e n t
l an g u a g e W h a t t h a t l an gu a g e w a s w e l e ar n fr o m a c o n t e m po r a r y o f
"
.

B u c h an an , Wi l l i a m Du n b a r , th e po e t , w h o , in th e F l yti n g b e t w e e n h im an d
K e n n e d y, t a u n t e d h is r iv a l w it h h is e xt r a c ti o n ”fr o m th e n a tiv e s o f G a ll o w a y
a n d C a r r i c k , an d s ty l e s h im E r s c h b r yb o u r b a i r d , a n d
”
E r s c h K a th e r a in e ,
h is po e t r y a s s ic e l oqu e n c e a s t h e y in E r s c h e r t u s e T h i s w o r d E ts c h
”
.

w a s th e t e r m a pp l i e d a t th e ti m e to S c ot c h G a e l i c , a s w h e n Sir D a v i d
Lyn d e s a y s a y s
tG m b eb
H a d Sa n c i til A ygl
e ro e en orn e n r e,

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r sc e oun
pyl s s a on e c om e.

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T h w l vi o E i h u f I u d t d
s n an e r sc e, en n e rs a n ,

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so i l id
e a re co s en n s e

It w th g d l g g f th i l d
as e u an a e o s an .

Mr M a c
. K P a t e r s o n s H istory of th e Coun ty of Ayr ( pp 1 4
e r l ie , in
’
.
,

e xp l a i n s th e r e a s o n s f o r th e s i m i l a r ity b e t w e e n th e G a e l i c to n gu e o f G a ll o w a y

a n d t h a t o f U l s t e r in thi s w i s e
,
 In 7 4 0 , ho w e v e r th e A l c l uyd e n s ian s o f Ky l e w e r e i n v a d e d by A l pi n
, ,

ki n g o f th e S c ot s w h o l an d e d a t Ayr w it h a l a r g e bo d y o f f o l l o w e r s H e I s
,
.

s a i d to h a v e w as t e d th e c o u n t r y b e t w e e n th e A yr a n d th e Do o n a s f a r i n l an d a s

th e v i c i n ity o f D a l m e l l i n gto n a b o u t s ixt e e n m i l e s fr o m th e s e a

,
There he .

w a s m e t by an ar m e d f o r c e u n d e r th e c h i e fs o f th e d i s t r i c t a n d a b a tt l e h av ,

in g e n s u e d A l pi n w a s s l a i n a n d h is a r m y tot a l l y r o u t e d
, ,
T h e s pot w h e r e .

th e ki n g w as b u r i e d l s c a ll e d a t t h i s d a y L a i c h t A l pi n o r th e G r a v e o f A l pi n ,
.

Ch al m e r s ob s e r v e s t h a t t h i s fa c t is i m p o r t an t a s s h o w i n g t h at th e G a e l i c
,

l a n gu a g e w a s th e n th e p r e v a i l i n g to n gu e in Ay r s h i r e N o d o u bt it is b u t .

it is o n e o f th e s t r o n g e s t a r g u m e n ts t h a t c o u l d b e u r g e d a g a i n s t h is t h e o r y
t h a t th e G a e l i c w a s s u p e r i n d u c e d u po n th e B r iti s h w h i c h h e h o l ds w as th e ,

l a n gu a g e o f th e C a l e d o n i an P i c t s as w e l l a s th e Ro m a n is e d t r ib e s
, ,
I f th e .

D a m n o n ii o f Ay r s h i r e s pok e G a e l i c in 83 6 th e y m u s t h av e d o n e s o l o n g b e
,

fo r e b e c au s e a t th a t p e r io d as w e h a v e s e e n th e S c ot s o f A r gy l e h a d m a d e
, ,

n o s e tt l e m e n t in Ay r s h i r e .

B u t th e f ac t t h a t t h e r e is a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e G a e l i c o f
th e G all o w a y C r u ith n e a n d th e G a e l i c o f th e S c ot s t h a t th e fo r m e r b e a r s a
m u c h c l o s e r a ffi n ity to th e I r i s h as it n o w e xi s t s —is s t r o n g e vi d e n c e t h a t
th e S c otti s h G a e l i c w a s n o t a d i r e c t i m po r t a ti o n f r o m I r e l an d an d t h a t th e ,

D a l r ia d s o f A r gy l e w e r e n o t p u r e l y I r is h T h o u gh o r igi n a l l y fr o m No r t h
.

B r it a i n th e C r u ith n e h a d b e e n l o n g r e s id e n t in I r e l an d an d d id n o t s e ttl e
, ,

in G a ll o w a y ti ll a bo u t fo u r c e n t u r i e s l a t e r t h a n th e r e t u r n o f F e r g u s to
A r gyl e s h ir e ; c o n s e q u e n t l y th e g r e a t e r s i m i l a r ity in l a n gu a g e a n d c u s to m s
c an e a si l y b e a c c o u n t e d fo r
”
.

T he vi d e n c e s o f a c o n s i de r a b l e G a e l i c a d m ixt u r e in th e b l oo d o f th e
e

e a r l y s outh w e s t e r n S c ot c h m e n a r e a l s o s h o w n in t h e i r p l a c e n a m e s an d s u r -

n am e s Thi s is p ar ti c ul a r l y th e c a s e in Ay r s hi r e w h i c h w a s th e n a tiv e
.
,

c o u n ty o f th e fi r s t e m ig r a n ts to A n t r i m a n d D o w n in th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y .

To a g a i n quot e th e a utho r o f th e H is tory of the Coun p of Ayr ( vo l i pp t

. .
,
.

9, I 6. 1 7)

In so Ay r s h i r e is c o n c e rn e d th e r e c a n b e n o doubt t h a t th e e ar l y
fa r as ,

I n h a bit an t s w e r e p u r e l y C e l ti c w h e t h e r c a ll e d B r ito n s B e l g ae S c ot s P i c t s , , , ,

o r C r u ith n e t h e y m u s t a l l h a v e be e n o f G a ll i c e xt ra c tio n
,
T h i s is a pp a r e n t in .

th e topog r a p h y o f th e c o u n t r y th e h i l l fo r t s s t o n e m o n u m e n t s a n d D r u i d i
, , ,

c a l a n d ot h e r r e m a i n s w h i c h h a v e e v e r y w h e r e b e e n f o u n d E v e n ye t n o t .
,

w it h s t an d i n g th e fr e q u e n t a c c e s s io n s i n l a t e r ti m e s o f S a x o n s N o r m an s
, , , ,

a n d F l e m i n g s th e b u l k o f th e pop u l a tio n r e t a i n s m u c h o f its o r igi n a l f e a t u r e s

, .

T h i s a pp e ar s in th e p r e v a i l i n g p a t r o n y m i c s m an y o f w h i c h p r e s e r v e t h e i r
,

C e l ti c p r e fi x e s s u c h as M C u l l o c h M C r e a t h M C r i n d l e M A d a m M P h a d
,
’

,
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,
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,
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,
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r ic ,
o r M Ph e d r ie s ; o r h a v e d r opp e d t h e m l ik e th e A l e x an d e r s A n d r e w s e s ,
,

K e n n e d ie s a n d B o n e s w it h i n t h e s e f e w c e n t u r i e s
, ,
C a m pb e ll is a n u m e r o u s .

s ur n a m e T h e C e l ti c l i n e a m e n t s a r e e r h a p s n o t s o s t ro n g in C u n in gh a m e
.

p ,

a t l e a s t I n th e m i dd l e po r ti o n o f it a s i n th e ot h e r d i s t r i c t s b u t t h i s I s e a s i l y
, ;
a c c o u n t e d f o r by th e e a r l y s e tt l e m e n t s o f th e D e Mo r vi l l e a n d ot h e r g r e a t
,

f a m i l i e s fr o m E n g l an d in th e r i c h e s t p a r t s o f it In P o n t s m ap s d raw n up
’

, .
,

a t th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f th e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y th e C e l t i c n a m e s a r e m o r e
,

n u m e r ous bot h I n Ky l e an d C u n in h a m e t h a n I n th e m a p s o f th e p r e s e n t d a
g y .

T h e G a e l i c l a n g u a g e is s a i d [ by B u c h an an ] to h av e b e e n spok e n In so m e
q u ar t e r s o f Ay r s h i r e so l a t e a s th e s ixt e e n th c e n t u r y .
of th e P i c ti s h n a m e s a r e j u s t a s c a p a b l e o f b e i n g e xp l a i n e d by a G a e l i c
d i c ti o n a r y a s t h o s e o f th e S c ots T h e d i ff e r e n c e l i e s c h i e fly in th e s p e l l i n g
.
,

a c i r c u m s t an c e w h i c h is n o t to b e w o n d e r e d a t .

T h e G a e l i c w a s n o t a w r i t t e n lan gu a g e T h e e ar l i e s t v e r s e s k n o w n a r e
.

th e D u a n a ,
s o r t o f g e n e a l ogy o f th e S c otti s h ki n g s c o m po s e d in th e ,

e l e v e n t h c e n t u r y d u r i n g th e r e ig n o f M a l c o l m C an m o r e
,
T h e I r i sh A n na ls
.

of Ul s te r a n d T igh e r n ac h w e r e n o t w r itt e n b e f o r e th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n tur y ,

s o t h a t a n y w r i t i n g s a t a ll e x t an t e v e n w h e r e G a e l i c n am e s o f p l ac e s o c c u r
in th e e a r l i e s t c h a r t e r s a ll m a k e a n e ar e r a pp r o a c h t o th e l an g u a g e a s it is

n o w s pok e n a n d u n d e r s to o d t h an th e W e l s h a u t h o r iti e s to w h o s e r e c o r d s o f ,

f a c t s w e a r e c h i e fly i n d e bt e d fo r a n y k n o w l e d g e w h i c h h a s b e e n p r e s e r v e d o f
th e P i c t s o r A l c l u yd e n s ia n s a n d w h o w r ot e a t a m u c h e a r l i e r p e r io d
,
T he .

a n n a l s o f th e l a tt e r c a m e to u s t h r o u g h an a n c i e n t C a m b r o B r iti s h m e d i u m -
,

t h o s e o f th e S c ot s t h r o u g h a r e c e n t l y w r itt e n an d n o d o u bt m u c h c h a n g e d
,

b r a n c h o f a ki n d r e d to n g u e .

A n o t h e r a r gu m e n t a g a i n s t th e I r i s h e xt r ac tio n o f th e S c o t s m ay b e d ra w n
f r o m th e s t a t e m e n t o f C h a l m e r s t h a t th e S c oto I r i s h b r o u g h t th e c u s t o m o f
,
-

w a r c r i e s w it h t h e m
-
. N o w in th e fi r s t p l a c e w e k n o w t h a t w a r c r i e s w e r e
, ,
-

n o t p e c u l i a r l y I r i s h ; an d in th e s e c o n d t h a t th e S c ot s d id n o t u s e th e a ffix
, ,

a bo ,
to t h e i r c r i e s s u c h a s B u t l e r a bo o r C r o m a bo w h i c h w as g e n e r a l ov e r
,
-
,
-
,

I re lan d . T h e i r n a t i o n a l w ar c r y w a s Si m p l y A l ba n ich fr o m A l by n th e
-
,

an c i e n t n am e o f No r t h B r it a in T h us w e s e e t h e r e w a s n ot h i n g I r i s h
.

e v e n in th e s t y l e o f t h e i r w a r c r y w h i l e th e c r y i t s e l f s h o w s t h a t t h e y w e r e
-

o f A l by n n o t o f I r e l an d
, . E v e n th e C r u ith n e o r th e w i l d S c o t s o f G a ll o
,

w ay ,
as t h e y w e r e t e r m e d in th e t w e l f t h c e n t u r y u s e d th e s a m e w a r c r y
,
-
.

At th e b a tt l e o f th e St a n d a r d in 1 1 3 6 t h e y l e d th e va n a n d r u s h i n g o n to
, , ,

b a tt l e th e c r y w as A l b an ic h Al b a n ic h A lb an ic h
,
T h an k s to Hov e
d e n w h o h a s r e c o r d e d th e c i r c u m s t a n c e w e h a v e h e r e s t r o n g p r e s u m p t iv e
, ,

p r o o f t h a t bo t h th e D al r ia d s o f A r gy l e an d th e C r u ith n e o f G a l l o w a y w e r e
o r igi n a ll y fr o m A l by n an d h a d p r e s e r v e d th e s a m e n a t io n al w ar c r y t h r o u gh
,
-
 T h e No r s e an d G a ll o w a y 24 5

out th e i r l o n g pi l g r i m a g e in th e No r th o f I r e l an d As th e t e r m A lby n o n l y .

a pp l i e d in a n c i e n t ti m e s to th e P i c t i s h c o u n t r y n o r t h o f th e Fo r t h th e c r y ,

w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n l o c a l l y a pp r o p r i a t e in G a l l o w a y ; h e n c e it w a s n o t
l ik e l y to h a v e b e e n a d opt e d a f t e r t h e i r a r r iv a l T h e w a r c r y in a n c i e n t l ik e .
-

a r m o r i a l b e a r i n g s in m o r e m o d e r n ti m e s m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s st r o n g e vi d e n c e
,

o f de s c e n t .

T a ki n g a ll t h i n g s i n to c o n s i de r a tio n it is d i ffi c u l t to a voi d th e c o n c l u sio n

,

t h a t t h e r e w a s in r e al ity v e r y l it t le d i ff e r e n c e o r igi n a l l y b e t w e e n th e
, ,

l a n g u a g e o f th e S c ot s P i c t s an d A l c l u yd e n s ia n s
, ,
I f t h e r e h ad b e e n a s .

g r e a t a d i s ti n c tio n b e t w e e n th e G a e l i c an d th e P i c ti s h l an g u a g e a s th e
a po c r yph a l s p e c i m e n l e ft by M e r l i n a po e t o f th e Sixt h c e n t u r y w o ul d l e a d
, ,

u s to s u ppo s e t h e r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n l itt l e u s e in a ppoi n ti n g G a e l i c c l e r gy

,

m e n ov e r a P i c ti s h p e op l e T h a t w h a t is n o w th e Lo w l an d d i al e c t h a d its
.

r i s e d u r i n g th e S c o tti s h p e r io d t h e r e c an b e l itt l e d o u bt T h e a n n e x a tio n .

o f Lot h i a n o c c u pi e d fo r c e n t ur i e s c h i e fly by th e A n gl e s b r oug h t t h e m i n to
, ,

c l o s e r c o n t ac t w it h th e i n h a bit a n t s o f th e a dj a c e n t d i s t r i c t s w h i l e a bo d y
o f S a xo n s ac t u a l l y e ff e c t e d a s e tt l e m e n t in Ky l e an d C u n in gh a m e T h o u gh .

t h e s e it m ay b e i n fe r r e d d id n o t l o n g r e t a i n po s s e s s io n o w i n g to th e d e
, , ,

c l i n e o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n p o w e r s ti l l th e p r ob a bi l ity is t h a t a p o r tio n b o t h
,

o f t h e i r l i n e a g e a n d l an g u a g e r e m a i n e d T h e m a n y S a xo n s b r oug h t i n to
S c ot l an d by M a l c o l m C a n m o r e —t h o u gh n u m b e r s o f t h e m w e r e e xp e l l e d
.

by th e S c o t s a ft e r h is d e a t h m ust h a v e t e n d e d g r e a t l y to d i s s e m i n a t e a
l a n g u a g e a l r e a d y c o n s tituti n g th e v e rn ac u l a r to n g u e o f th e e as t c o a s t fr o m
th e Fo r t h to th e T w e e d .

T h e Lo w l an d d i a l e c t o r igi n a ti n g in a c o m bi n a tio n o f th e o l d e s t a n d
,

p u r e s t T e u to n i c w ith th e n a tiv e G a e l i c o r B r i t i s h o w e s to t h i s u n i o n m u c h ,

o f t h a t p e c u l i a r s o f t n e s s c opio u s n e s s an d g r a p h i c po w e r f o r w h i c h it is d is
, ,

tin gu is h e d . O n e t h i r d o f th e l an g u a g e u po n c a r e f ul e x a m i n a t i o n w i l l b e
-
, ,

f o u n d to b e C e l ti c I t h a s a l s o a c o n s i d e r a b l e a d m ixt u r e o f F r e n c h th e
.
,

a c q u i s itio n o f w h i c h c an e a s i l y b e a c c o u n t e d f o r by th e n u m b e r o f No r m an

s e tt l e r s w h o c a m e a m o n g s t u s a n d th e s u b s e q u e n t i n t e r c o u r s e w h i c h took
,

p l a c e b e t w e e n F r a n c e an d S c o t l an d I n th e n e x t o r A n gl o S a xo n p e r io d
.
,
-

o f o u r h i s to r y th e g r o w t h o f th e S c otti s h d i a l e c t c a n b e s ti ll m o r e d i s ti n c t l y
,

t rac e d .

I n r e fe r e n c e to th e l a w s d u r i n g th e e r a o f w h i c h w e a r e n o w w r iti n g ,

C h a l m e r s Sh o w s t h a t t h e y w e r e C e l t i c a n d v e r y d i ff e r e n t fr o m th e S a x o n
,

b u t t h a t t h e y w e r e p e c u l i a r l y S c oto I r i s h a s in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h h is s y s t e m
-

, ,

h e a ffi r m s I S DY n o m e a n s s o c l e ar
, I t is n o t a t a l l p r o v e d t h a t th e l a w s o f th e
.

S c o t s w e r e d Iff e r e n t fr o m t h o s e o f th e P i c t s o r Lo w l a n d B r ito n s T h e pr e
O

, .

d o m i n an c e o f th e S c ot s b r i n g s t h e m d o w n m o r e n e a r l y to w r i t t e n e vi d e n c e
a n d t h e r e fo r e w e h a v e a b e tt e r k n o w l e d g e o f th e c u s to m s w h i c h p e v a i l e d r
u n der th e ir r ule O n th e c o n t r ar y w e a r e a l m o s t in tot a l ig n o r a n c e o f th e
.
,

l a w s by w h i c h th e P i c t s o r A l c l u yd e n s ian s w e r e gov e r n e d
T h e l a w o f t an i s t r y — b y w h i c h th e s u c c e s s io n o f th e c r o w n w a s r e g u
.

l a t e d — e x i s t e d a pp ar e n t l y a m o n g s t th e P i c t s a s w e l l a s th e S c o t s B e de .

c a s u a ll y i n f o r m s u s t h a t it w as a r u l e w it h th e P i c t s w h e n th e s u c c e s s io n
,
c a m e to b e d i s put e d t h a t th e p r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d b e giv e n to th e n e a r e s t
,

c l a i m an t by th e f e m a l e s i d e I t w a s t h i s l a w w h i c h p l ac e d K e n n e t h o n th e
.

t h r o n e in oppo s itio n to th e ot h e r c o m p e t i t o r B r e d
, , .

T h a t th e c u st o m s o f th e S c ot s an d P i c t s w e r e th e s a m e is a pp ar e n t fr o m
a n o r d i n a n c e o f Ed w a r d I i s s u e d w it h a vi e w t o th e s e t t l e m e n t o f S c ot l a n d
.
, ,
I n w h i c h h e s ays th e c u s to m o f th e S c ot s a n d P i c t s s h a ll fo r th e f u t u r e b e
,

pr o h ibit e d a d b e n o l o n g e r p r a c t i s e d Cu s tom s n o t c us tom w o u l d h a v e

”
,
n .
, ,
j u s ti c i a r i e s b e l o n g s to a l at e r a ge .

Mr Mac K. e r l ie r e fe r s to th e o n d i t io n s in th e d i s t r i c t
s am e c of m o d e rn
G al l o w a y ( Ga ll ow ay ,
A n cien t a n d M ode r n pp 6 2 — 63 ), .

T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n th e c o u n ty D o w n an d G a l l o w a y is t w e n ty tw o -

m i l e s , an d t h u s o n l y e igh t m i l e s f a r t h e r o ff th a n A n t r i m fr o m Ki n t y r e a n d
,

bot h to b e s e e n fr o m I r e l an d T h e e m ig r a tio n to G a ll o w a y m u s t h a v e b e e n
.

g r a d u a l , an d s p r e a d o v e r c e n tu r i e s , u n ti l th e U l s t e r s e t t l e r s w e r e so n u m e r
o u s a s to b e c o m e th e d o m i n an t p e o l e I t is to b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t th e
p
St r a th c ly d e ki n g d o m c a m e i n to e x i s t e n c e a bo u t A D 5 4 7 —8, w h i c h f u l l y
.

. .

ac c o u n t s f o r th e a b s e n c e o f i n f o r m a tio n in r e g ar d to th e e rr o n e o u s s u ppo s i

tio n t h a t G al l o w a y w as an i n d e p e n d e n t d i s t r i c t , w it h r ul e r s o f its o w n T h i s .

c o n ti n u e d u n ti l A D 1 0 1 8, w h e n St r a t h c l yd e a s a ki n g d o m c a m e to a n e n d
. .

but th e No r s e m e n t h e n got full po s s e s s io n o f an d s w a y o v e r G a l l o w a y , w h i c h

c o n ti n u e d fo r a bo u t tw o c e n tu r i e s , u n ti l th e ki n g s o f S c ot l a n d w e r e f u ll y

e st a b l i s h e d , a n d r u l e d ov e r th e w h o l e ki n g d o m , a s s i n c e k n o w n .

T h e p o p u l ar i d e a t h a t G a l l o w a y w a s a l l a l o n g a ki n g d o m in it s e l f is
p u r e l y i d e al , an d w it h o u t th e s l ig h t e s t b as i s fo r i t We w i s h t o d i r e c t a tt e n
.

tio n to th e c l o s e c o m m u n i c a tio n w h i c h e vi d e n t l y e xi s t e d b e t w e e n G al l o w a y
a n d I r e l an d f r o m th e e a r l i e s t ti m e s I t is e a s i l y u n d e r s too d f r o m b e i n g s u c h
.

c l o s e n e ig h bou r s . T h e r e a l s o c an n ot b e a d o u bt t h a t th e s t a t e m e n t w h i c h
e m i n e n t w r i t e r s h a v e h a n d e d d o w n is vi r t u a ll y c o r r e c t , t h a t th e G o i d e l s o r

G a e l s w e r e th e fi r s t C e l ti c i n h a bit a n t s , w h o a b s o r b e d th e a bo r igi n e s a s th e
s it u a tio n s o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s d e m an d e d , an d w h o in t u r n w e r e n e x t d i s l o d g e d

by th e C ym r i, an d o t h e r C e l ti c fr e s h h o r d e s w h o flo c k e d i n t o B r i t a i n , d r ivi n g
th e s a i d G o i d e l s n o r t h w a r d s , an d a c r o s s to I r e l a n d I f ot h e r p r o o f w e r e
.

w a n ti n g, w e h a v e it in th e s u r n a m e s , an d in th e n a m e s o f p l ac e s , m a n y o f
w h i c h a r e c o m m o n to bot h G a ll o w a y an d I r e l an d, b e i n g fo u n d o n both s i d e s
o f th e C h an n e l .

T h e r e w a s a m o r e o r l e s s c o n s i d e r a b l e T e u to n i c e l e m e n t i n t r o d u c e d i n to
th e pop u l a ti o n o f G a ll o w a y a t an e a r l y d a t e n o t o n l y by th e A n g l e s w h o

o c c u pi e d i t in B e d e s t i m e b u t to a fa r g r e a t e r e xt e n t by th e No r s e s e a ki n gs
’

,
-

a n d t h e i r f o l l o w e r s w h o s e tt l e d t h e r e in l a r g e n u m b e rs d u r i n g th e l a t t e r p a r t
,

o f th e t e n t h a n d fi r s t h al f o f th e e l e v e n t h c e n tu r i e s T h i s c on qu e s t o f
.

G all o w a y a n d n o r t h e r n S c ot l a n d h as b e e n b r i e fly s k e t c h e d in th e p r e c e d i n g
p a g e s L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r th e r e s u l ts o f t h a t c o n q u e s t T h i s s ubj e c t h a s
. .

b e e n t r e a t e d at s o m e l e n gt h by th e a u t h o r l a s t q u ot e d w h o s ay s ,

T he i de a h a s a l s o l a r g e l y p r e v a i l e d t h a t G a ll o w a y w a s fo r l o n g u n d e r
S a xo n r ul e , w it h n o o t h e r b a s i s , s o far a s w e c an t r a c e , t h an t h a t I n A D 7 2 3 . .

c o m m e n c e d a s u c c e s s io n o f bi s h o p s c o n n e c t e d w it h th e A n g l o S a xo n C h u r c h .

T h i s , h o w e v e r , w a s o f s h o r t d u r a t io n , a s th e l a s t bi s h op w a s e l e c t e d in 7 9 0 .

H e w a s s ti l l t h e r e In 80 3 , b u t th e l i n e e n d e d w i t h h im T h i s e c c l e s i a s ti c a l
.

e s t a b l i s h m e n t , w h i c h d id n o t e x i s t f o r a c e n t u r y , w a s d i s ti n c t f r o m d i s t r i c t
r ul e. T h e po w e r o f th e C h u rc h o f I o n a e x t e n d e d to N o r t h u m b e r l an d , u n ti l
th e A n g l o S a xo n s c o n fo r m e d to Ro m e in 6 6 4 T h i s l a tt e r w as th e c h u r c h
.
 th r u s t o n th e G a l w e gi an s an d fa i l e d at t h a t p e r io d A ft e r w ar d s w h e n Ki n g
,
.
,

D a vi d I w it h h is A n g l o No r m an s e tc s u c c e e d e d in e s t ab l i s h i n g th e
.
,
-
,
.
,

A n g l o C h u r c h o f Ro m e in S c o t l an d w it h o u t an a r c h bi s h op th e P op e d i
-
,

r e c te d t h a t th e P r i m a t e o f Yo r k s h o u l d c o n s e c r a t e a n d t h i s w as c o n ti n u e d ,

u n ti l an a r c h bi s h op w as e s t a b l i s h e d a t St A n d r e w s in A D 1 4 7 2 D ur i n g . . . .

t h a t p e r io d h o w e v e r S c ot l an d a s a c o un t r y w a s n o t s u bj e c t to E n gl an d
, , ,

an d s o it w as w ith G a l l o w a y an e c c l e si as ti c a l u n io n o n l y e xi s ti n g w ith ,

No r t h u m b e r l an d .

T h a t G al l o w a y w as o v e r r u n an d d e v a s t a t e d o n d i ff e r e n t o c c a sio n s is to b e
b e l i e v e d bu t p e r m an e n t s e tt l e m e n t d o e s n o t a pp e a r T h e c o n fu s io n h o w
,
.
,

e v e r a bo u t th e d i s t r i c t w a s k e pt u p
,
a n d u n d e r d a t e 87 5 w e ar e to l d t h a t

th e B r ito n s o f St r a th c l y d e a n d th e P i c t s o f G a l l o w a y w e r e r a v a g e d by th e
D a n e s o f No r t h u m b e r l an d ”
T h i s is c o r r e c t in o n e s e n s e a s th e I r i s h S c o t s
.
,
-

in G a l l o w a y t h r o u gh B e d e h a d t h e i r n a m e s t a m p e d in h i s to r y a s P i c t s ;
, ,

but w e h av e m e n tio n e d in its p r op e r p l a c e h o w it a r o s e T h e s t at e m e n t .

u n d e r d a t e 87 5 c o n v e y s t h a t G a l l o w a y a n d St r a t h c l y d e w e r e n o t u n it e d ,

w h i c h is e r r o n e o u s .

M a c k e n zi e in h is H is tory of Ga l l ow ay w h i l e j oi n i n g in th e u s u al opi n io n
, ,

( t a k e n fr o m u n i n v e s tig a t e d w r iti n g s
) y e t a d m it s t h a t f e w t r a c e s a r e l e f t in ,

s uppo r t o f A n g l o S a x o n o c c u p a tio n a n d a t W h it h o r n s p e c i a ll y th e p l a c e
-
, ,

w h e r e su c h Sh o u l d b e fo u n d I n th e a b s e n c e o f f a c t s h e t h e r e f o r e h a d r e
.
,

c ou rs e to m a ki n g o u t s o m e t h i n g f r o m th e n a m e s o f p l a c e s in w h i c h h e w a s ,

s i n g u l a r l y u n fo r t u n a t e H is e x a m p l e s w e r e B or e l n d E gl es ton a n d Ca r l e
. a ,
n ,

ton a s n o w sp e l l e d
,
T h e fi r s t h e d e s c r ib e s a s th e h a bit a tio n s o f th e s l a v e s
.

w h o w e r e e m p l oy e d by th e A n g l o S a xo n s to ti l l th e g r o u n d t e r m e d b o o r s an d -
, ,

h e n c e B o r e l an d T h e n e x t E n gl e s to n o r I n gl e s to n is d e s c r ib e d as a pp l i e d
.
, , ,

to fa r m s w h i c h h a d b e e n o c c u pi e d by th e A n gl e s T h e l a s t is C a r l e to n .
,

w h i c h l an d s h e s t a t e s w e r e s o c a l l e d fr o m th e c e o r l e s o r m i d d l e c l as s S a xo n s ,
-
,

w h o w e r e th e o w n e r s .

We t h u s h a v e G al l o w a y an d Ay r s h i r e t r a n s fo r m e d i n t o a n A n gl o S a xo n -

p r ovi n c e a s h avi n g b e e n fu l l y in t h e i r po s s e s s i o n T h e m e an i n g s giv e n o f

, .

a ll t h r e e a r e e n ti r e l y e r r o n e o u s Bo r e l an d a s B o r d l an d is to b e fo un d a s .
, ,

l an d s k e pt by o w n e r s in S a x o n ti m e s f o r th e s u pp l y o f t h e i r o w n b o a r d o r
“

t a b l e b u t it r e fe r r e d s p e c i a l l y to th e N o r s e m e n f r o m th e O r k e y s to G a l
, ,
n
l o w a y a s l a n d s e x e m pt f r o m s h tt th e l an d ta x f o r th e u p h o l d i n g o f Gov
, a
,
-
,
e rn m en t I n gl e s to n h a s b e e n c o r r u pt e d by s o m e w r i t e r s to E n gl is h to u n th e
.
,

a bo d e o f th e E n g l i s h w h e r e a s it is a l s o f r o m th e No r s e a n d r e f e r s to l an d o f
,

a c e r ta I n c h ar a c t e r o r q u a l ity U n d e r o u r r e fe r e n c e to th e No r s e o c c u p a.

tio n o f G all o w a y w e w i l l e n t e r i n t o m o r e p a r ti c u l a r s in r e g a r d to th e n a m e s
,

Bo r e l an d a n d E n gl e s to n L a s t l y C a r l e t o n b e i n g fr o m c e o r l e s is v e y fa
.
, , ,
r r
fe t c h e d I f it h a d b e e n fr o m a S a x o n s o u r c e a s i n d i c a t e d th e c l a s s f r o m
.
,
w h o m it is s a i d to h a v e b e e n d e r iv e d m u s t h a v e b e e n v e r y f e w t h r e e o r fo u r
( )
In n um be r Ot h e r l a n d s in Wigto n s h ir e a n d B o r g u e p a r i s h
.
, ,
Irk c u d b r i h ts h ir e got th e s a m e d e s ig n a tio n fr o m d e s c e n d a n t s w h o r e m ov e d
.

K
t l ere .
g ,

I n fa c t a l l th e e r r o n e o u s e x gg e r a ti o n s in r e g a r d to th e An l O S a x o n o c c u a
g
-
,

p a tio n o f G a l l o w a y h a v e a r i s e n f r o m th e N o r s e r u l e b e i n g o v e r l o o k e d T he .

s u ppo s iti o n h a s b e e n t h a t th e l a tt e r o n l y h e l d th e c o a s t w h e r e a s t h e i r r u l e
,
o f th e d i s t r i c t w a s t h o r o u g h
”
.

T h e e a r l i e s t r e c o r d o f th e a pp e a r a n c e o f th e N o r s e m e n in B r i t i s h w a t e r s
I s to b e f o u n d in th e A n g l o S a x o n Ch r o n ic l es T h e y r e s t a t e d to h a v e c o m e
-
. a
f r o m H a e r e th a l an d n o w Ho r d a l an d o n th e w e s t c o a s t o f No r w a y
-
, T he , .

I r I s h A n na l s a n d W e l s h Ch r o n ic l es gi v e th e d a t e o f t h e i r fi r s t a pp e ar a n c e o n
 248 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of Am e r ic a

th e I r i s h c o a s t a s A D 7 9 5 b u t it is c l e a r e n o u gh t h a t th e y w e r e k n o w n c e n
. .
,

tu r ie s p r e vio u s l y . Abo u t 87 2 Ki n g H a r o l d a i d e d by E a r l Rog n , ,

w a l d s ub d u e d th e H e b r i d e s i n c l u s iv e o f th e I s l e o f M an
, ,
T h o r s t e i n th e .

R e d s o n o f O l a f th e W h it e Ki n g o f D u b l i n an d E a r l Sig u r d s u b d u e d
, , , ,
C a it h n e s s an d Sut h e r l an d a s fa r a s E kkie l s b akkie a n d a ft e r w a r d s Ro s s an d
, ,

Mo r a y w ith m o r e t h a n h a l f o f S c o t l a n d ov e r w h i c h T h o r s t e i n r u l e d as
, , ,
r e c o r d e d in th e L a n dna m a boh -
.

Abo u t 9 6 3 Sig u r d s o n o f E a r l H l o dve r an d h is w i fe A u dn a ( th e d au gh

, , ,

te r o f th e I r i s h ki n g K ia r v a l ) b e c a m e r u l e r ov e r Ro s s an d Mo r a y S u t h e r
, ,

l an d an d th e D a l e s ( o f C a i t h n e s s ) w h i c h s e e m s a l s o to h av e in c l u d e d o l d ,
n

Str a th n a va r Sig u r d m a r r i e d s e c o n d l y th e d a u ght e r o f M a l c o l m ( M a l b r igid )

.
, , ,

c a l l e d Ki n g o f S c ot l a n d H e w a s s l a i n a t C l o n t ar f n e a r D u b l i n in 1 0 4
. 1
, .

By h is fi r s t m ar r i a g e h e l e ft i s s u e Su m ar l id i B r u s i a n d E i n ar w h o d ivi d e d , , , ,

th e O r k n e y s b e t w e e n t h e m By h is s e c o n d m a r r i a g e h e h a d i s s u e T h o r fin n
.
, ,

o n w h o m Ki n g M a l c o l m b e s to w e d th e e ar l d o m o f C a it h n e s s .

To q u ot e fr o m th e i n t r o d u c tio n Alia t Saga by D as e n t [Saga of B ur n t , ,

jV j a l ,
G e or ge W ehbe B ase n t I r e lan d kn e w th e m , [th e Viki n g s]
B r e tl a n d o r W al e s k n e w t h e m E n gl an d k n e w t h e m too w e l l an d a g r e a t p ar t
, ,

o f S c o t l an d t h e y h a d m a d e t h e i r o w n To thi s d ay th e n am e o f a l m o s t e v e r y .

is l an d o n th e w e s t c o a s t o f S c o t l an d is e it h e r p u r e No r s e o r No r s e d i s t o r t e d , ,
s o a s to m a k e it po s s ib l e f o r C e l ti c l ip s to utt e r it T h e gr o u p s o f O r k n e y .

a n d S h e t l an d a r e n oto r io u s l y No r s e ; b u t L e w i s a n d th e Uis ts a n d Sky e ,

a n d M u ll a r e n o l e s s No r s e an d n o t o n l y th e n a m e s O f th e i s l an d s t h e m
,

s e l v e s b u t t h os e o f r e e f s an d r o c ks an d l a k e s a n d h e a d l a n d s b e ar w it n e s s
, , , ,

to th e s a m e r e l a tio n an d Sh o w t h a t w h i l e th e o r igi n a l i n h abit an t s w e r e n o t

, ,

e xp e l l e d b u t h e l d in bo n d a g e a s t h r a ll s th e No r s e m e n m u s t h a v e d w e l t an d
, ,

d w e l t t h i c k l y too as c o n q u e r o r s an d l o r d s
”
, .

T h e f o r e goi n g e xt r a c t giv e s a d e s c r iptio n w h i c h i n v e s tig a tio n c o r r o b o r

ate s . T h e b l an k in th e h isto r y o f G a ll o w a y a ft e r th e t e r m i n a t io n o f th e
Str a th c l u yd ki n g d o m is n o w f u l l y m e t T h e o n l y d i ffi c u l t y is to d e t e r m i n e .

a t w h a t d a t e G a l l o w a y b e c a m e s e p a r a t e d fr o m Str ath c l u yd E ar l ( J ar l) .

M alc o l m w h o l iv e d n e ar W h it h o rn in 1 0 4 is th e fi r s t No r s e m an s p e c i all y
,
1
,

n am e d H is p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e is b e l i e v e d to h a v e b e e n C r u ggl e to n C as t l e
.
,

o f h i s to r i c r e n o w n in a f t e r ti m e s B og a n th e B a l d w h o f o u g h t a t C a r h a m
-
.
, ,

an d d i e d in 1 0 1 8 w a s th e l a s t Ki n g o f Str a th c l u yd
,
We h a v e t h u s o n l y a .

d i ff e r e n c e o f f o u r y e a r s an d c e r t a i n it is t h a t E a r l M a l c o l m w a s in G a l l o w a y
, ,

an d e vi d e n t l y l o c a t e d t h e r e a s o n e in p o s s e s s i o n I n th e B u r n t M a l w e fin d
'

th e f o ll o w i n g T h e y ( No r s e m e n ) t h e n s a i l e d n o r t h to B e r w i c k ( th e So l
w a y) an d l a i d u p t h e i r s h ip a n d f ar e d u p i n to W h i t h o r n in S c ot l an d a n d
, , ,

w e r e w it h E a r l M a l c o l m t h a t y e ar
”
.

An ot h e r p o i n t c e r t a i n fr o m c l o s e i n v e s tig a tio n is t h a t J a r l ( E a r l ) T h o r ,

fin n ( s o n o f Sig u r d I I ) r u l e d ov e r G a l l o w a y in 1 0 3 4 th e ti m e m e n tio n e d
.
, ,

a n d c o n t i n u e d to d o s o u n ti l h is d e a t h in 1 0 6 4 o r 1 0 6 6 I n 1 03 4
h e w a s t w e n ty s e v e n y e a r s o f a ge
-
I n S c o tti s h h i s to r y w e l e a r n n ot h i n g o f
.

h im a l t h o u gh in po s s e s s io n o f a l a r g e p a r t o f S c ot l an d
,
D u r i n g h is l i fe ti m e .

h e r u l e d G a l l o w a y f r o m So l w a y to C a r r i c k T h e E l a teyja r boh c o n t a i n s th e .

Or h n eyinga Saga c o m p l e t e in s u c c e s s iv e p o r tio n s a n d in M u n c h s H is tor ic

’

e t Ch r on ic on M a n n ia E a r l T h o r fin n is d i s ti n c t l y m e n tio n e d
,
.

I t is al s o r e l a t e d t h a t th e E a r l Gi l l e h a d m a r r i e d a s i s t e r o f Sig u r d I I .
,

a n d ac t e d as h is l i e u t e n an t in th e Su d r e ys H e is s a i d to h a v e r e s i d e d a t .

Ko l n e it h e r th e i s l an d o f Co ll o r Co l o n s a y an d w h e n Sigu r d fe ll a t C l o n
,

t a r f in 1 0 1 4 h e took T h o r fin n th e yo u n g e s t s o n u n d e r h is p r ot e c tio n w h i l e
, , , ,

th e e l d e r b r o t h e r s w e n t to th e O r k n e y s a n d d ivi d e d th e n o r t h e r n d o m i n io n s ,
am o n g s t th e m T h e tw o e l d e r b r oth e r s d i e d e a r l y In l i fe a n d B r us i a c c e pt e d
.
,

a p e n s io n fo r h is c l a i m t h e r e fo r e w h e n T h o r fin n g r e w up h e fou n d h i m s e l f
, ,

po s s e s s e d o f n i n e e ar l d o m s in S c ot l an d to w h i c h h e a d d e d a ll G allo w ay ,
.

M u n c h t h i n k s t h e y w e r e C a it h n e s s S u t h e r l an d Ro s s Mo r ay Bu c h an A t h o l
, , , , , ,

Lo r n Ar gy le an d G al l o w a y To quot e fr o m M u n c h :
, ,
. T h e Or h neyz nga
Saga s a y s s o e xp r e s s l y
”
.

O u t l ivi n g h is e l d e r b r ot h e r s h e ( T h o r fin n ) b e c a m e th e Lo r d o f O r k n e y
,

a n d S h e t l a n d ; C a it h n e s s w a s giv e n to h im by h is m a t e r n a l g r an d f a t h e r a n d ,

a ft e r th e d e a t h o f M a l c o l m he c o n q u e r e d Sut h e r l an d a n d R o s s ,

an d m a d e h i m s e lf l o r d o f G a l l o w a y in th e w i d e s t s e n s e o f t h i s d e n o m i n a tio n
—v iz fr o m So l w a y to C ar r i c k — w h e r e h e r e s i d e d fo r l o n g p e r io d s a n d
,

.
, ,

w h e n c e h e m a d e s u c c e s s fu l i n r o a d s s o m e ti m e s o n C u m b e r l an d s o m e ti m e s
, ,

u po n I r e l an d H e p o s s e s s e d b e s i d e s th e Su d r e ys an d p a r t o f I r e l a n d n o t
.
, ,

l e s s t h a n n i n e e a r l d o m s in S c ot l an d e tc A s M u n c h fu r t h e r s t a t e s a ll th e
,
.
,

H e b r i d e s an d a l ar g e ki n g d o m o f I r e l an d w e r e a l s o h is T h e Ske l d A r n o r .
,

w h o p e r s o n a ll y vi s it e d h im a n d m a d e a po e m in h is h o n o u r t e s tifi e s in it t h a t
, ,

h is ki n g d o m e xt e n d e d fr o m T h u r s o r o c k s to D u b l i n H e a l s o m e n tio n s .

t h a t T h o r fin n o bt a i n e d po s s e s s io n o f e l e v e n e a r l d o m s in S c ot l an d a l l th e ,

Su d r e ya r ( H e b r i d e s ) a n d a l a r g e t e r r it o r y in I r e l an d
,
H e fu r t h e r s t a t e s .

t h a t T h o r fin n s e n t m e n i n to E n gl an d to fo ra y a n d t h e n h a vi n g c o ll e c t e d a , ,

f o r c e f r o m th e p l a c e s n a m e d h e s a i l e d f r o m E n g l an d w h e r e h e h a d tw o
, ,

pit c h e d b att l e s : as A r n o r giv e s it So u t h o f M a n d id t h e s e t h i n g s

h a pp e n .

T h i s is c o n t e m po r a r y e vi d e n c e I n 1 0 3 5 w h e n R o gn wa l d a r r iv e d fr o m
.
,

No r w a y T h o r fin n w as m u c h o c c upi e d in S c ot l a n d an d t h e y m a d e an a l l i
, ,

an c e by w h i c h R o gn w a l d w a s to h a v e h is p ar t o f O r k n e y f r e e o f c o n t e s t
,

u n d e r c o n d itio n o f a s s i s ti n g T h o r fin n w it h a ll th e fo r c e s h e c o u l d c o m m a n d .

T h i s al l i an c e l as t e d te n y e a r s a n d d u r i n g t h a t ti m e T h o r fin n m a d e m an y
,

i n c u r s io n s i n to E n g l a n d a n d I r e l a n d H e g e n e r a l l y r e s i d e d in th e s o u t h
.

d u r i n g th e s u m m e r m o n t h s an d in C a it h n e s s o r r a t h e r th e O r k n e y an d
, ,

S h e t l an d I s l e s d u r i n g th e w i n t e r T h e y q u a r r e ll e d h o w e v e r a n d R o gn
, .
, ,

w al d w a s s l a i n i n 1 04 5 T h o r fin n d i e d a b o u t
. s ay s M u n c h o r ,

s ixty y e a r s a ft e r Ki n g M a l c o l m s o f ar a s th e e x a c t d a t e s c an b e as o e r

ta in e d
do
.

I n r e gar t T h o r fin n , it is s t a t e d t h a t h e r e s i de d lo n g a t C a i t h n e s s In
a p l ac e c a l l e d G a d d ge d l a r , w h e r e E n g l an d an d S c o t l a n d m e e t M un c h
”
.

c o r r e c t l y i n s i s t s t h a t G a d d e d l ar m e a n t G a ll o w a y w h i c h a t th e p e r io d
”
g ,

e xt e n d e d to A n n an o n o n e s i d e a n d C a r r i c k o n th e o t h e r in its w i d e s t s e n s e
— ,

o r , in ot h e r w o r d s , th e s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t o f S c o t l an d f r o m A n n a n d a l e
o n th e So l w a y to C a r r i c k o ppo s it e Ki n ty r e — a n d t h e r e fo r e in th e t r u e s e n s e
,

o f th e w o r d , th e bo u n d a r y t o w a r d s E n g l a n d M u n c h w a s to o c a r e fu l a .

w r it e r to c o n fu s e s u c h a s u bj e c t , a n d g a v e as h is opi n io n t h a t th e s e n t e n c e
w a s i n c o m p l e t e , h a vi n g b e e n i n c o r r e c t l y c opi e d f r o m th e o r igi n a l MS Th is .

b e l i e f h a s b e e n p r ov e d to b e c o r r e c t , a s w e w i l l h e r e a ft e r Sh o w .

We h a v e h a d m u c h as s i s t a n c e fr o m ot h e r e m i n e n t No r s e s c h o l a r s b u t
t h a t G a dd ge d l ar m e an t G all o w a y h a s b e e n c o n fi r m e d b e y o n d d i s p u t e by
th e l a t e G V igfu s s o n , w h o c o m m u n i c a t e d to u s p r iv a t e l y th e m i s s i n g p a s s a g e
.

b e fo re h is Coll ec ti on of Saga s w a s in th e p r e s s H e fo u n d it in a D a n i s h .

t r a n s l atio n , m a d e In A D 1 6 1 5 , a n d p r e s e r v e d In St o c k h o l m , fr o m a n a n c i e n t
. .

I c e l an d i c v e l l u m , w h i c h I s n o l o n g e r In e xi s t e n c e T h e e xi s ti n g p r i n t e d t e xt .

o f th e Or h ne in a Sa a w a s fo un d e d o n th e F l a te e n s is o n l y T h e p as s a ge
y g “ g y .

i n its pu r ity is S a t Po r fin n e r j a r l l o n g u m a K a ta n e s i e n R o gn va l d r i
,

E yju m Pa t va r a e in u s u m r i a t Po r fin n r j a r l h e rja d i u m Su d r e yja r o k

.
2 50 T he S c o tc h -
I r is h F a m il ie s of Am e r ic a

ve s tan u m Sko tl an d H an n l a par s e m G a ddge d l ar h e it a, par m ae tis t Skot

.

l an d Ok E n g l an d H an n h a fd i giOr k fr a s e r l id s u d r a E n gl an d at St r an d
.

b oggi T h e r o u g h t r an s l a tio n is E a r l T h o r fin n dw e l t fo r th e m o s t p a r t
”
.

in C a it h n e s s , b u t R o gn w a l d in th e I s l e s O n e s u m m e r E ar l T h o r fin n m a d e .

w a r in th e H e b r i d e s an d th e w e s t o f S c ot l an d H e l a y a t th e p l a c e c a l l e d .

G a d d ge d l a r , w h e r e S c ot l an d an d E n g l an d m e e t H e h a d s e n t s o m e fr o m .

h i m s e lf m e n to E n g l a n d f o r a s t r an d h e a d ( c o a s t fo r a y ) We w i ll giv e M r -
. .

Vigfu s s o n s n o t e s , w h i c h h e s e n t to u s in r e g ar d to th e f o r e goi n g (
’
1 ) En
R o gn w a l d r H an n l a , is t a k e n f r o m th e t r a n s l a tio n th e c a r e l e s s c opyi s t o f
’
.

th e F l a teyen s is h a vi n g h e r e o m itt e d a n d t r a n s po s e d a w h o l e i m po r t a n t p a s s
a ge . T h e s u gg e s tio n o f th e l a t e No r s e h i s to r i a n , P A M u n c h , is t h u s . .

c o n c l u s iv e l y p r ov e d to b e t r u e , bot h a s to th e i d e n tifi c a tio n o f G a d d e d l ar

g
G al l o w a y ( th e t r an s l a to r s p e l l s it G a ar d ge l l ar ) , as a l s o th e u n s o u n d s t a t e o f
th e t e xt M u n c h s u r m i s e d t h a t a ft e r K a tan e s i s o m e t h i n g, th e c op u l a
.

oh o r th e l ik e , h a d b e e n d r o pp e d o u t I t n o w is f ou n d t h a t a w h o l e s e n .

t e n c e h a s b e e n o m itt e d o r t r a‘n s po s e d ( 2 ) We h av e fo l l o w e d th e t r an s l a to r , .

w h e r e th e t e xt r u n s t h u s : G a a r d ge l l a r d e r m o d i s E n g e l an d 0 0, S c ot l an d
d a h a ff d e h an Se n d t n og e n a f s in K r igs fo l c k h e n paa E n g e l an d , e tc
’
T he .

E l a teye n s is is h e r e all c o n fu s i o n A S w e h a v e s h o w n , T h o r fin n r ul e d ov e r a
.

l a r g e p ar t o f S c ot l a n d an d a p ar t o f I r e l a n d H e a l s o c a r r i e d h is s w a y to .

po r tio n s o f E n gl an d, an d a t o n e ti m e w a s c h i e f o f th e T h in gm e n H e w e n t .

to R o m e , s u ppo s e d a bo u t A D 1 0 5 0 , s a w th e P op e , a n d o bt a i n e d a b s o l utio n
. .

fo r a ll h is s i n s H is p o s itio n is t h u s s h o w n to h a v e b e e n n o t o n l y t h a t o f a
.

w ar r io r b u t a l s o o f a c o n q u e r o r
,
.

T h a t G a ll o w a y w a s u n d e r h is s w a y is c l e ar T h i s opi n io n is full y e n t e r .

ta in e d a m o n g th e l e a r n e d in Cop e n h a g e n a n d a s m e n tio n e d to u s ar i s i n g ,

fr o m o u r i n v e s tig a tio n s g r e a t i n t e r e s t h a s b e e n e vi n c e d in th e u n iv e r s iti e s

,

t h e r e in r e g a r d to G a ll o w a y c o n s i d e r i n g it a t o n e ti m e to h av e b e l o n g e d to
,

th e s e a ki n g s-
I t t h u s a pp e a r s to u s as v e r y s t r a n g e h o w th e o c c u p a tio n o f
.

th e d i s t r i c t s in th e f u l l s e n s e by th e No r s e m e n h as e s c a p e d th e n oti c e o f
, ,

t h o s e w h o h a v e e n t e r e d o n G al l o w a y h i s to r y .

T h e d e s i r e to m a k e th e F e r g u s l i n e o f l o r d s o f G al l o w a y th e an c i e n t
i n h e r i t o r s h a s b l i n d e d r e s e a r c h I f th e c h a r a c t e r o f th e p e op l e h a d o n l y
.

b e e n c o n s i d e r e d s u c h a n o m i s s io n w o u l d n o t h a v e o c c u r r e d ; fo r w e t h i n k
,

n o o n e w i l l b e b o l d e n o u g h to d i s p u t e th e f a c t t h a t th e fo r t r e s s e s o n th e

c o a s t w e r e b u i l t by th e N o r s e m e n H a vi n g i n c u r r e d s u c h l ab o r is it to b e
.
,

s u ppo s e d f o r o n e m o m e n t t h a t t h e y w e r e e r e c t e d as c o as t o r n a m e n t s o r t h a t ,

th e fi e r c e n a t iv e s o f G a l l o w a y w o u l d h a v e p e r m itt e d s u c h e r e c tio n s if t h e y
h a d n o t b e e n s u b d u e d ? A l l th e D a n i s h r e c o r d s t e l l u s o f a c o n q u e r e d
p e op l e T h e fo r t r e s s e s n e v e r c o ul d h a v e b e e n b u i l t u n de r ot h e r c i r c u m
.

s t an c e s .

T h e r e c a n w e t h i n k b e n o q u e s tio n t h a t th e p r i n c ip a l fo r t r e s s e s in
, ,

G a ll o w a y w e r e e r e c t e d in th e ti m e o f J ar l s o r E a r l s M al c ol m an d T h o r fin n , , ,

l o g b e fo r e th e a pp e a r an c e o f Ki n g M a g n u s s ty l e d in th e a n n a l s Ch r oui
n , ,

c um Sc otor u m as Ki n g o f L a c h l an n
,
H is d e s c e n t w a s in 1 0 9 3 He . .

r e t u r n e d to No r w a y in 1 0 9 9 I n 1 1 0 2 h e c a m e b a c k a n d w a s ki ll e d in
.
,

Co n n au gh t I r e l an d in 1 1 0 3 H e w a s b u r i e d in St P at r i c k s C h u r c h Do w n
, ,
. .
’

,
.

H e o n l y r e ig n e d ov e r th e W e s t e r n I s l e s fo r Six y e a r s w h e n h e w a s s u c c e e d e d ,

by O l a v e w h o w a s a p a c ifi c p r i n c e a n d h is c o n fe d e r a c y w it h I r e l an d an d
, ,

S c o t l an d s o c l o s e t h a t n o o n e p r e s u m e d to d i s t u r b th e p e ac e o f t h e s e i s l e s
,

w h i l e h e l iv e d H e m a r r i e d A ff r i c a d a u g h t e r o f F e r g u s L o r d o f G a l l o w a y
.
, ,
.

T h e I n quis itio D a vidis a n e ar l y c o n t e m po r ar y d o c u m e t p a r ti c u l a r l y n oti c e s

,
n ,

th e i n fl u x o f a G e n ti l e a l ia s h e a t h e n pop u l a tio n a n d t h i s c o u l d o n l y be th e
, , ,
No r s e m e n a s bot h I r ish S c ots a n d S a xo n s ( s o c al l e d ) w e r e C h r isti an s in
, , , ,

t h e o r y a t l e a st fo r tw o o r t h r e e c e n tu r i e s b e fo r e t h a t t i m e
,
.

T h e No r t h e r n s a g a s 87 0 7 5 s h o w t h a t th e m a s s o f th e pop u l a tio n th e n
,
-
,

in G a l l o w a y w a s o f th e Cy m r i c r a c e s o m e t i m e s c a ll e d B r yt h o n s ; b u t th e ,

I r is h S c ots o r G a e l s fr o m th e c o u n ti e s A n t r i m a n d Do w n th e p ar ti c u l ar s I n
, ,

r e g ar d to w h o m w e h a v e a l r e a d y giv e n m u s t a l s o h a v e b e e n n u m e r o u s fo r , ,

in 87 6 th e C ym r i w e r e u n d e r t h e i r r u l e a n d t h o s e w h o w ou l d n o t s u b m it to ,

th e yok e r e t r e a t e d to W a l e s to r e j o i n t h e i r c o u n t r y m e n in t h a t q u a r t e r .

T h e No r s e m e n h a v e l e ft v ar io u s m a r k s o f t h e i r o c c u p a tio n o f G a l l o w a y I n
th e n a m e s o f p l a c e s an d a l s o i n s u r n a m e s .

U n d e r th e a ll e g e d S a xo n o c c u p a tio n w hi c h I s e r r o n e ous w e h av e r e fe r r e d , ,

to Bo r e l an d I n gl e s to n a n d C a r l e to n a t pp 87 88
, ,
T h e fi r s t tw o ar e f r o m ,
.
,
.

th e No r s e a n d th e l as t fr o m an I r i s h p e r s o n a l n a m e
,
T h e Lot h i an s w e r e .

f o r a ti m e in th e o s s e s s i o n o f th e A n gl o S a x o n s ( s o c a l l e d ) a n d ye t a ft e r
p , ,

c a r e fu l i n v e s tig a t i o n th e fi r s t I s n o t to b e f o u n d t h e r e a n d th e s e c o n d o n l y
, , ,

o n c e i n W e s t Lot h i a n We fin d a Bo r e l an d in P e e b l e s s h i r e a p r op e r ty s o
,
.
,

c a l l e d In C u m n o c k p ar i s h an d B o ar l a n d I n D u n l op p ar i s h Ay r s h i r e
,
Th ere ,
.

ar e a l so l a n d s s o c a l l e d In D u m fr i e s s h i r e n e a r th e m o u t h o f th e Nit h w h i c h , ,

Ti m o t h y P o n t giv e s in h is s u r v e y a s No r t h M id an d So u t h B o r d l a n d T h e , ,
.

B o r e l an d s in G a l l o w a y a r e s o n u m e r ou s t h a t w e m u s t d e a l w i t h t h e m a s o n e ,

f o r t h e r e ar e fo u r t e e n f ar m s w it h th e n a m e in th e St e w a r t r y an d t h r e e in ,

Wigto n s h ir e .

In B r e w e r s D ic tion a y of P h a s e a n d F a bl e B o r d l a n d s is i n t e r p r e t e d to
’
r r ,

m e an l a n d s k e p t by l o r d s in S a xo n ti m e s fo r th e s u pp l y o f t h e i r o w n
bo a r d o r t ab l e T h i s a pp r o ac h e s th e t r u e m e an i n g a n d is a l l t h a t c an b e
.
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,

f o u n d u n ti l w e c o m e to th e No r s e w h e n it is c l e ar e d u p We fin d in th e ,
.

O r k n e y s w h e r e th e N o r s e m e n s h e a d q u a r t e r s w e r e t h a t p a r t o f th e a n c i e n t
,
’

e s t a t e o f th e j a r l s ( e ar l s ) o f O r k n e y an d S h e t l a n d c o n s i s t e d o f th e bo d “
r

w h i c h w e r e th e q u a r t e r s o f th e j r l s w h e n o c c a s io n a l l y t r a v e l l i n g
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l an ds ,
a

t h r o u gh th e i sl an d s an d t h e r e fo r e e x e m pt f r o m s ha tt th e ta x u p o n a ll l a n d
, ,

o c c u pi e d by th e Ud e l l e r s o r O d e l l e r s fo r th e e xp e n s e o f gov e r n m e n t T h i s ,
.

s ha l t o r s ea t w as an a n c i e n t l a n d ta x p a y a b l e to th e C r o w n o f
, ,
N o rw a y -
.

Sh a tt in No r s e is to m a k e t r ib u t a r y a n d s ha tt l an d is t r ib u t a r y l a n d T he ,
-
.

U d e l l e r s h e l d l an d by u n i n t e r r u pt e d s u c c e s s i o n w it h o u t a n y o r igi n a l c h a r t e r ,

an d w it h o u t s u bj e c tio n to f e u d a l s e r vi c e o r th e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f an y ,

s up e ri or T h e e x e m ptio n o f th e
“
. b o r dl a d s f r o m s h a tt o r l an d ta x is n

s h o w n In s o m e o l d r e n t a l s o f O r k n e y I n a r e n t a l d a t e d 3 o th Ap r i l 1 5 0 3 .
,
,

t h e r e is th e fo ll o w i n g e n t r y M e m o r a n d u m T h a t a ll th e I s l e o f H o y is o f
.
,

th e a l d E r l d o m e an d B o r d l a n d q u h il k p a yit n e vi r s c a t T h e r e a r e s e v e al
,
. r

s i m i l a r e n t r i e s r e l a ti n g to o t h e r B o r d l a n d s in th e s m e r e n t a l In a late r a

h e ar in g d a t e 1 5 9 5 t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l f a r m s e n t e r e d — viz
.

r e n t al , ,
H a n ga .
,

b a c k n a s c a t q u i a Bo r l an d e tc N u m e r o u s o t h e r e n t i e s o f th e s a m e
, , ,
”
. r

d e s c r iptio n ar e giv e n T h a t th e B o r e l an d s in G l l o w a y h a v e a
. a

s i m i l ar d e r iv a tio n a s t h o s e I n th e O r k n e y s c an n ot b e d o u b t e d T h e o ld .

s p e l l i n g In G al l o w a y is B o r d l an d a s th e o l d d e e d s w i ll Sh o w T h e s am e , .

r e fe r s to th e l a n d s a l r e a d y m e n t io n e d a t th e m o u t h o f th e Ni t h D u m fr i e s ,

s h i r e s i d e B o r dl an d in fa c t a pp e ars to b e th e p r op e r s p e l l i n g t h r o u g h o u t
.
, ,

S c ot l an d .

T h e oth e r s p e c i a l n a m e is E n gl e s to n o r I n gl e s to n w hi c h w e m e n ti o n e d ,

a t p 87
. I n r e g a r d to it t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t tw o o p i n i o n s o e b e i n g t h a t it is
. n
,

d e r iv e d fr o m E n gl i s h an d an o t h e r fr o m th e S c otti s h i n gl e a c h i m n e y
” ‘‘ ”
, , ,

o r r ath e r fi r e p l ac e T h e r e a r e s e v e r al fa r m s b e ar i n g th e n am e in G a l l o w a y
.
,

a n d o n e s o c a ll e d In W e s t Lot h i an I n a c h ar t e r g r an t e d by Ki n g D a vi d I I . .
,
l a n d s s o c a ll e d h a v e it s p e ll e d I n gl yn s to u n , an d in a n ot h e r c h ar t e r by R ob e r t
I I , it is I n gl ys to u n ( Rob e r t s o n s I n dex of Ch a r te r s ) P o nt
’

.
,
i n h is m a
p .

d r af t e d b e t w e e n 1 6 0 8 2 0 , s p e ll s it E n gl is h to u n , w h i c h c a n n o t b e a c c e pt e d ,
”
-

f o r it is obvio u s l y i n c o r r e c t T h e s u r n a m e o f I n g l i s f o u n d in S c o t l a n d is th e
.

r oot o f t h i s e r r o r , a s th e a s s u m ptio n h a s b e e n t h a t it is a c o r r u p t io n o f
E n gl ish b u t oppos e d to t h i s i d e a is th e f a c t t h a t a l t h o u g h s e v e r a l i n d i
v id u a l s n a m e d I n g l i s ar e to b e f o u n d in th e po s s e s s io n o f l an d s a t a n e a r l y
p e r io d , n o t o n e o f t h e m is s ty l e d o f I n gl i s to n o r I n gl ys to u n T h e I n gl is e s .

o f M a n n e r s e e m to h av e b e e n th e c h i e f f a m i l y , a n d t h e y h e l d th e l a n d s o f

B r a n k s o m e o r B r a n ks h o l m , a ft e r w a r d s po s s e s s e d by th e S c ott s ( B u c c l e u c h ) .

T h e I n g l i s t o n in W e s t Lo t h i an p r ob a b l y got th e n a m e f r o m I n g l i s o f C r a
m o n d , th e fi r s t o f w hi c h f a m i l y w a s a m e r c h an t in E d i n b u r g h a b o u t 1 6 0
5 ,
th e R e f o r m a ti o n ti m e I t h a s a l s o b e e n ov e r l o ok e d t h a t
. E n g l is h is a d is
ti n c t E n gl i s h s u r n am e bo r n e by fa m i l i e s in E n gl an d , a n d an y a ffi n ity w i t h it
a n d I n gl i s h a s n o ot h e r b a s i s t h an s o m e s i m i l ar i t y in s o u n d We s ti ll a dh e r e .

to th e s a m e opi n io n a s giv e n by u s in La n ds a n d th eir Ow n er s in G a ll ow ay,

t h a t th e far m s in G al l o w a y c al l e d E n gl e s to n o r I n gl e s to n h a v e n ot h i n g to d o
w it h th e s u r n a m e I n g l i s , o r a s E n gl is h to u n b u t w e r e giv e n fr o m th e n a t u r e
o r c h ar a c t e r o f th e l an d , a n d a r e f r o m th e No r s e e ngi fo r m e a d o w l an d , o r a -

m e a d o w , w h i c h is a l s o f o u n d in A n gl o S a xo n a s i ng o r inge , a p a s tu r e , a -

m e a do w .

Wo r s a ae tio n s t h a t th e n a m e s o f p l a c e s e n d i n g in by a r e to b e
m en

f ou n d o n l y in th e d i s t r i c t s s e l e c t e d by th e N o r s e m e n fo r c o n qu e s t o r c o l o
n iz a tio n — a s Lo c k e r by in D u m f r i e s s h i r e App l e by an d So r by ( a p a r i s h an d
, , ,

s o m e f a r m s c o r r u pt e d to in Wigto n s h ir e e tc So r by is al s o to b e
“
b ie ,
.

f ou n d in No r t h Y o r k s h i r e a n d C u m b e r l an d w h e r e s e tt l e m e n t s e xi s t e d .

C am d e n m e n ti o n s a p e n i n s u l a c a l l e d F l e gg in No r fo l k w h e r e th e D an e s , ,

h a d s e tt l e d an d t h a t in a l i tt l e c o m p a s s o f g r o u n d t h e r e w e r e t h i r t e e n vil
,

l a g e s e n d i n g in by a D an i s h w o r d s ign i fyi n g a vi ll a g e o r d w e l l i n g p l a c e
“
-
,

a n d h e n c e th e bi l gin es o f th e D a n i s h w r it e r s a n d th e
“
-
a by l a w s in E n g ,
-

l a n d c o m e to s ig n i f y s u c h l a w s a s a r e p e c u l i a r to e a c h to w n o r vi ll a g e
,
It .

is al s o s o m e ti m e s in th e fo r m o f bu i a d w e ll e r an i n h a bit an t w h e r e a s ba er , , ,

or b y r o r b a e m e a n s a vi ll a g e e t c P o ll b ae in W igt o n s h ir e s h o u l d in c o r r e c t
,
.
, ,

f o r m h e Po ll r b a e th e m a r s h y o r boggy f a r m
,
We e n t e r e d o n t h i s s ubj e c t .

in o u r h i s to r i c al s k e t c h t o v o l ii o f L a n ds a n d th eir O w n e s in Ga l l o way I t
. . r .

is o f i m p o r t an c e a s it g o e s t o p r ov e w it h o t h e r e vi d e n c e w h a t w e h a v e h e l d
,

to a l l a l o n g t h a t i n s t e a d o f a m e r e c o a s t o c c u p a t i o n a s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d
, , ,

G al l o w a y w a s in th e fu ll po s s e s s io n o f th e No r s e m e n We w e r e t h e r e fo r e .

gl a d to fin d in P r o fe s s o r M a c K in n o n s a r ti c l e No V I o n T h e No r s e ’

,
. .
,
“

E l e m e n t s p u b l i s h e d in th e Sc ots m a n D e c e m b e r 2 1 887 th e fo l lo w i n g fr o m
,
”
, , ,

a vi ll a g e b e c o m e s by an d m a r k s th e D a n i s h s e tt l e
‘
h is pe n : B e r byr
’
e

m e n t in E n gl an d—W h itby D e r by S e l by App l e by ; a n d in th e I s l e o f M an

, , , ,

, , , ,

D al by S a l by J u r by T h i s fo r m is n o t c o m m o n in th e I s l e s T h e r e is
, , . .

E u r o pie b e a c h vi l l a g e in L e w i s h e n c e th e E u r o p a P oi n t o f th e m a p s
, ,
’

,
.

T h e r e is So r o by in Ty r e e an d So r ob a n e ar Ob a m Sh ia b a ( Sc h abby in O l d
,
.

r e c o r d s ) o n th e s o u t h o f M u l l c o n t a i n s th e r oot So d o N e r e by a n d C o n .
»

, ,

n is b y ( h on u ng a ki n g s vi ll a ge in I s l ay C an is b y in C a it h n e s s an d S m e r by
,
’

, ,

in Ki n ty r e
”
.

To c o n ti n u e th e g e n e r al s u bj e c t th e w o r d fl ow w e l l k n o w n in G al ,

l o w a y a s d o n a ti n g m ar s h y m oo r l an d is fr o m th e No r s e fl oi fo r a m a r s h y , ,

m oo r .

T h e n a m e s o f p l a c e s b e gi n n i n g o r e n d i n g w it h ga r th o r gua r d Sh o w w h e r e
th e S c an d i n a vi an s w e r e s e tt l e d in ga a r a e o r f a r m s w h i c h b e l o n g e d to th e
’
,
D an i s h c hi e fs o r Ud e ll e r s (bol dus fr o m o l d No r sk holl dr ) Wo rs a a e m e n
‘

.
,

tio n s t h a t t h e s e s e e m t o h av e b e e n th e p r op e r ty o f th e p e as an ts o n c o n d itio n ,

o f th e i r p a yi n g c e r t a i n r e n t s to t h e i r f e u d a l l o r d s an d bi n d i n g t h e m s e l v e s to ,

c o n t r ib u t e to th e d e f e n c e o f th e c o u n t r y I n G a l l o w a y w e h a v e G a r th l an d .

a n d C o ga r th a s e x a m p l e s Wo r s a a e d o e s n o t s e e m to h av e vi s it e d th e d is
.

tr ic t but to h a v e b e e n in D u m fr i e s s h i r e as h e r e f e r s to T u n d e r gar th App l e

, , ,

g ar t h a n d H un tga r th
,
.

T h e Ho l m s h e a l s o n oti c e s w hi c h a r e to b e fou n d in G all o w a y a n d ,

ot h e r p a r t s o f S c ot l an d a l so in E n gl an d w h e r e th e N o r s e m e n h a d s e tt l e
,

m en ts T h e n a m e is f r o m th e N o r s e h ol m r m e a n i n g a n i s l a n d I n a l o c h o r
. ,

r iv e r o r a p l a i n a t th e s i d e o f a r iv e r
,
I n O r k n e y t h e r e a r e th e p a r i s h a n d .

So u n d s o c all e d al s o fo u r i s l an d s I n S h e t l an d t h e r e a r e t h r e e s m a ll i s l an d s
,
.
,

an d a t Sky e t h e r e I s o n e e tc ,
.

A m o n g m a n y ot h e r No r s e n a m e s in G a l l o w a y t h e r e is T un g o r To n g u e , .

Wo r s aa e c all s th e Ky l e s o f T o n g u e in S u t h e r l an d s h i r e p u r e N o r w e g ia n
‘‘
,
”
, .

F l e e t th e n a m e o f a r iv e r i n A n w o t h p a r i s h is fr o m th e No r s e jl/ot pr o
, , ,

n o u n c e d In A n g l o S a xo n fl eot I n th e p a r i s h a t Sto n e yki r k a r e th e fa r m s .

an d b a y o f F l o a t l o c a ll y s t a t e d to h a v e b e e n s o c a ll e d fr o m th e w r e c k o f o n e
,

o f th e Sh ip s o f th e Sp a n i s h A r m a d a ; a n d to m a k e it c o m p l e t e th e h e a d l an d ,

c l o s e to c o r r u pt e d f r o m th e G a e l i c w o r d m on a dh th e h i ll h e a d to
,
Mo n e y , ,

h e a d fr o m m o n e y s uppo s e d to h a v e b e e n l o s t fr o m th e w r e c k
,
S u c h d e r iv a .

tio n s a r e e r r o n e o u s T h e n a m e F l o a t is fr o m th e No r s e fl ott w h i c h m e a n s
.
,

a p l a i n ; an d th e a c c e s s fr o m th e b a y w it h th e c h a r a c t e r o f th e f a r m s s o ,

c a l l e d tog e t h e r w it h th e h i s to r y o f th e l a n d s a dj oi n i n g f u l l y b e a r out th e
, ,

No r s e m e an i n g O n e o f th e O r k n e y I s l e s is c a l l e d F l ott a I t w as th e r e s i
. .

d e n c e o f th e h i s to r iog r a p h e r a pp o i n t e d by th e C r o w n o f No r w a y to g a t h e r
i n fo r m a tio n h is w o r k w a s t h e r e fo r e c all e d Codex F l ottic e n s es .

T h e No r s e w o r d Bo r g giv e n to a p a r i s h is n o w s p e ll e d B o r g u e a n d G a t a
, ,

c o r r upt e d to G a l tw a y .

I n th e b a y o f L u c e o r r a t h e r I n th e o ffin g a r e th e ,
S c ar Ro c k s an d , ,

w it h o u t r e fe r e n c e to t h e m Wo r s a a e m e n t io s s he r o r s hf e r a s th e N o r s e f o r
,
n a

i s o l a t e d r o c k s I n th e s e a w h i c h t h o s e w e r e f e r to t r u l y a r e B e gbi e ( B a gb ie )
,
.

a n d K il l in e s s a r e a l s o No r s e .

T h e No r s e n a m e s in G a ll o w a y a r e f a r fr o m b e i n g e xh a u s t e d a s w i l l b e ,

f o u n d by r e fe r e n c e to th e p ar i s h e s a n d l an d s giv e n in L a ds a d th eir n n

Wo r s a a e r e fe r s to Ti n w al d
D u m fr i e s s h i r e a s u n d o u bt e d l y i d e n t i c a l
in
w it h T h in gva l l o r T in gvo l d th e a pp r op r i a t e S c a n d i n a vi a n o r No r s e t e r m fo r
,

p l a c e s w h e r e th e T h i n g w a s h e l d E l s e w h e r e h e s t a t e s t h a t t h e y s e t t l e d .

t h e i r d i s p u t e s an d a r r a n g e d t h e i r p u b l i c a ff a i r s a t th e T h i n g s In c o n n e c t i o n .

w it h t h i s h e m e n t i o n s Di n g w a l l In C r o m a r ty Ti n g w a l l I n th e S h e t l an d I s l e s , ,

a n d T yn e w a l d o r Ti n g w a l l I n th e I s l e o f M an .

We w i l l o n l y a d d h e r e o n e o t h e r w o d a n d a w e ll k n o w n o n e o v e r S c o t r -

l an d—viz
,

ki r k w h i c h is fr o m h ir he th e D a n i s h fo r c h u r c h I th e O l d
.
, , , . n

No r s e it I s hir bya I n th e s a m e l an g u a g e t h e r e I s hi he ga a r d o r g th an d
. r -
ar

hz r hju ga r dr a ki r k o r c h u r c h y ar d
-
,
I n th e G e r m an i t s hi c h e a n d in . i r ,

A n gl o S a xo n c h ur c h ,
.

Wo r s a a e c o r r e c t l y m e n tio n s t h a t o l d I r i s h au t h o r s c a ll e d th e i n h abit a n t s
Of D e n m a r k D ubl oc h l a n n oc h— d a r k L o c h l a n s—th e w o r d L oc h l n w i t h t h e m a

b e i n g th e u s u al a pp e l l a tio n fo r S c a n d i n a vi a I t 1 5 a l s o giv e n s L oc h l in a d . a n

L oc h l a n n I n th e G a e l i c it is s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r a s in t h a t l a n g u a g e D ubh
.
,

L oc hl in nea c h m e a n s a D a n e a n d E ion L oc h l in ne a c h a No r w e gi a n ,
T h e lat n -
,
.

te r a r e a l s o fo u n d c all e d F in gh ein te in G a e l i c Wo r s a ae r e p e at s t h a t th e
n .
b e s t an d o l de st I r i s h c h r o n i c l e s d i s ti n gui s h b e t w e e n th e l ight h a i r e d F in n
L oc hl a n noc h o r F ion n L oc h l a n n a zgh , th e No r w e gi an s , a n d th e d a r k h a i r e d
D ubh L och l a n noc h o r D ubh L och l a n n a zgh , th e D a n e s o r , w h a t is th e s a m e
,
-

b e t w e e n D ubhga ll , D ubh Gh oz l l , an d F in nga l l , E ion n Gh oil l -

.

NOT E S TO C HA P T E R XV II .

7
Dur i n g th e l a tt e r
K e t h ig y
p e p l pp i l se as i ti n w ith
e a rs o f
’
nne s re n, a o e a e ar n c o soc a o

th e N w gi pi t
or d j i i g i th i p l
e an d i g xp d iti
r a e s , an wh t m d G ll
o n n n e r un er n e e on s , o ar e er e a

g aid h el T h i . i f m d by th e o m bi
s n am e ti f th tw ws d or G l l s te g a c na on o e o or s a ,
”
a r an er,

f or eig e d n G idh lr , an th ti o l m f th G l i a e eIt w ,

”
t i ly fi t p
e na na na e o e ae c r ac . as c er a n rs a

p l i d t th p p l f G l l w y d th p p
e o e eo e o f t h i p o vi a G l w ith i f m d
o a ,
an e ro e r n am e o s r nce, a e a, s or e

f m G l w yd d l th W l h qu iv l e t f G l l g idh l
ro a e ,
It eem t h v b
e e s ppl i d t
e a n o a a e . s s o a e een a e o

th em G li as a u d th e ul f G ll
ae f
c r ac e ig : G ll w y b i g f
n er tu i r e o a e or ore n e rs a o a e n or cen r es a

p vi c f th A gl i ki gd m f N th um b i
ro n e o e d th t m
n c G ll h vi g b
n o ppl i d o or r a , an e er a a n een a e

t tho S x e b f it w s l m t x l u iv l y pp p i t d t th N w gi
a on s e or e a d D
a ih os e c s e a ro r a e o e or e an an an s

pi t ra es. T w ds th d f th oigh th e t u y th p w f th A gl i G ll w y m
ar e en o e e c n r e o er o e n es n a o a see s

t h ve b
o a we k d d th
e c om e tive b g t a en e t th i i d p e de t ti
,
an e na r ac e s e an o as s e r e r n e n n ac on .

C l ti S tle d v l i p 31 1
c co an ,
o . .
, . .

S p 2 08
9
ee . .

D i w th d i t i t th u p ti d u t m gs t th N th m w h p e p l d th
e ra as e s r c s or on e o a on e or en o o e e

an c eni t ki g d f N th m b i w h i l t B
n om i i d th t it y f St C t h b t b t w e
o or u r a, s e rn c a an e e rr or o . u er , e e n

T e e s an d Ty e m t h v b til l upi d by S x p p i t y t
ne, s e o a t i xte t
e een s occ e a a on ro r e ar ,
o a cer a n e n

in a d p d t e d iti
en e x m p l ifi d i
en th
c on W gild f th N th on , L d i w h i h th e
as e e n e er s o e or er n ea , n c

H ld i o k d t tw i th v l u f th T h g A u
r s re c on e a d t i t t f
ce l i ti
e a e o e e n . s r e an c er a n es o a c o on z a on

o f th i d ipti i ff d d by th t p g ph y f th d i t i t th u ll tt d th C t
s escr on s a or e d e o o ra o e s r c s s a o e , e a s er an

th B y i v i b l y m
e ki g th p
n ar a f th N th ar t ly n d i t b ut e re s e n c e o e or m en ,
no on as a om n an , as a n

t l upyi g l
a c ua oc c d ly f n By t b f
c a ss d t th an th w d f th e T as o n our s ar e o e oun o e n or ar o ees ,

w h i l t th s h t i t bl f m T t Tw d d i f w i t
e c es e r s rac e a ev b y d th t
e ro ees o ee ,
an n a e n s an c e s en e on a

r iv it m y b f l y
er, m d t h t th
a gh th t it y f St C u th b t w d i i d d by
e sa e as su e a ou e er r or o . er as v e

R gi l d H y I v b t w
e na h i f ll w Sk l i ar d O l f th T e w as th
een th b u d y s o o e rs u an a ,
e e es e n or e rn o n ar

o f th t l ttl m t d th t D i l w
e a c ua se e p d t en ,
g t th D
an a e r a a on e as ro e ou am o n s e an e s .

Th C t d th B y i C m b l
e a s er d d W tm an l d t l l t th p
e td y f n u e r an an es o r e an e a e re se n a o a

c on s i d b l l i ti e ra i d t th b l k m l d f th w t u
e c o on z a on am t d pp stl y e ea o o r an s o e es ,
n c on n e c e a ar e n

w ith th D f th Y k h i
e T yth i g
an e s o wh il t b y
e d th S l w y
or s t f w
re r n s. s e on e o a no a e

By b tw s th A
e d th E k m
een k th
e hm t f th N th m i th
r m an a n e t s ar e e n c roac en s o e or en n e e as

e rn di i i f d
v s on o D f i hi f wm o ttl p t ti g i t G l l w y C
e rn um by
r e ss re ,
a e se ers e n e ra n n o a o a . an n o ,

D b y Wy b y P
un n a b y M id d l b y L k by
se d Sib l b y e rc e i D um f i hi e d e oc er an a o c c ur n r e ss r an

—S tl d u d h E ly K i g v l
, , , , , ,

S byor d A pp l by i Wigt
an hi e n pp 4 3 2
ons re . co an n er er ar n s, o . II . , .
,

4 37
f Ul s te r
7
A n n a ls
‘
o .

5
87 1 , A m l a iph et I m h a r d o th u idh e c h t a fr ith is i d u A th a c l ia th a Al b i a n dibh c e d a ib l o n g
( c am e a g i a n to A th a c lia th fr o m Al b an w ith 2 00 s h ip )
pr ae d a m
s et a xi m a h o m in um A n lo g
—A
,

r um et B r ito n um et Pic to r um d e d u c ta e s t s e c um a d H ib e r n ia m in c a ptivita te . n n a ls o

f
5
Pr e dic tus e xe r c itus D
[ a n o r um
] se in d u a s p t ar e s divis it, un a p a rs c um H a lde n e ad

gi
re N d h ym b
on e n or an r o ru m s e c e s s it e t e a m va s ta vit e t h ye m a vit j uxt fl um a en qu od dic itu r
Ti e et t t m g t m
n o a en e s uo d o m in e tui s ub d id it e t Pic to s a tqu Str a th d uc c e n se s d e po pu l a ti
e

u t —
s Si
n D 87 5 m un C o n gr e s s io Pic to rum fo r D ub gall u g
e t s tr a es m a n a Pic to rum fac a g t
—A
. . .
,

e s t. n . Ul t .

7
E n gl is h Ch r on ic le , A n n o 9 24 . Se e p . 2 9 8.
 T h e No rs e an d G a ll o w a y 25
5

5
Or h n eyin ga Saga , Coll de R e bu s A l ba n ic i s ix P . . Se e A pp end .

7 t t t iv p p ti
So it w as h a Sc o l a n d r e c e e d a o ul a f i m ig t f m N w y l g th e on o m r an s ro or a a on

sea b d f m C ith
o ar rot Fi f I L th i
a d N th u b l d t h y
n ess o te . d i gl dn o a n an or m er an e m e an m n e

w it h th p pl f ki d d
e eo wh h d
e o a d f m J u tl
n re d Z l d d F i l
rac e dt o a c r oss e ro an ,
e a an ,
an r e s an o

th t f E gl d I t i f
e c o as o th
n h g th t d m ti t d h
an . s iv h d f w
rom e c an e a o es ca e e ac s u c c e ss e or e o ne

co m th t w l
e rs , ll h i t i l h l d p
a e ose th i a i g p t f t dh v
s or c a o u on e r c om n as a s e ar a e ac ,
an a e so

m u h d i ffi
c l ty i i d ti fyi g th l d w h b ugh t t h
cu n en v n W t y w h it
e ea e rs o ro em o er. e can n o sa e re

w as t h t th fi t a f T ut
e i rs th m an o e tf t i S t l d d w h th h e f u d
e on c n or ern r ac se oo n co an ,
an e er o n

th l e d m pty
an i h bit d by C l t B u t w k w p tty w ll th t f
e or n a e th f u th e s . e no re e a rom e o r c en

t u y t th t th th i
r o e p d v th l d th t i w L w l d S t l d d th t if
en s r ac e s rea o er e an a s no o an co an ,
an a

th y f u d C l t th
e o n th w e p e d w t w d t j i th e om m u ity f t h e i fe l
e s ere , ese er r ss e es ar s o o n c n o r

l w C e l t th t h d
o -
s d v a f m I l a d c ro s s e o er ro re an .

O f th e t m y h i t y f w h i h u h s or tte e d f gm e t o l y
s or o b v d th c s c sca r ra n s n c an e rec o ere ,
e

g e n e ral i flu n th fu t u e f S t l
e n c e on d m y b th u e bb vi t d A f r o th Fi th fco an a e s a re a e s a r as e r o

F th t t h d N th um b i w h e e th N
or s re c e or l t p d i t d I t g du l l y
r a, r bi d e ors e e e m e n re om na e . ra a c om ne

w ith ki d d l n t re th i d f E gl d w h il
e em en s on th w d f th fi t h th w e s e o n an , e n or ar o e r ere as a

c m bi
o ti w ith f sh i v d f m S di vi
na on re d g e l pe u
n a ers
y ro
e m i c an na a , an a en ra r ss r e on an r a ns

o f C l ti ei h bit y if th w e
c n a h
an c m i ,
l g th th t d i t i t
ere re suc p re a n s , a on e n or -
e as e r n s r c s a re s

s u e d ivi g th m w s t w
r r n d i t th e m u t i
e d i t i t p p l d by th i
e ar I i h ki d d
n o o n a n s r c eo e e r r s n re .

O k y b
r ne m p vi e f N w y w ith t e d y t t t h th p w
eca e a ro nc o f th t t t
or a ,
a n enc o s re c e o er o a s a e

o v th dj i i g m ai l d T h H b i d
er e a o n n d th i l d al g th w t
n an . t e f e r e s an o er s an s on e es c o as , so ar

as th y h l d e ut y ei d u m o t f p m
an t tt ln t t th
ce S d i v i en l i t
or h d er an e n se em en o e c an na an c o o n s s , a

a s t f g ve m e t i th e I l f M
ea o o rn B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i pp 3 1 7 3 30
n n s e o an .
”
-
r on , s or o co an , o . .
, .
, .

Suc h i th ac u t giv
7°
u by th
s e ga o f t h i w
co nM i us uppl e m e ts it by t l l
en s e sa s ar . a r an s n e

i g u th t i th e y ear 1 04 0 D
n s a n h d K i g o f S o ti a w l i i ,u t um on n c th e 1 4 th f a ,
n c ,
as s a n n a n , on o

A ugu t by h i g e l M b e th d s
s ,
s en f Fi l e h w h su
ra , ac d d him i th ki g d a , on o nn a c , o c cee e n e n om .

M b th w t th i ti m e th e R i r M m a o f th d i t i t f My h vi M y w h i h
ac e as a s o or or e s r c o r ae or or a , c

fi ll y b e m e th e s t f w
na ca d wh Du c ea tf o d w i d t thar , a n h i ft i fo id en n an s e n ar a n e o e c e a ns r a ,

h p b b l y c m e t h is as s i t
e ro a a w ith th e m o f M y d fi l l d th pl w h i h M d
s an c e en o or a ,
an e e ac e c o

d an h df m aly u pi d
or m m
er de f h is
oc c m y ; b t th e ti w h i h u it d th
e as c o m man r o ar u e c n e e or ao r s

o f M y w ith th e ki g f th S t w s til l v ry sl d
o ra n s o Th y h d e ft
co s b as a e en er on e . e a as o en een

s ubj t t th N w gi e l
ec o e t h y h d b t th S tti h ki g
or e an a r s as d wh Du ue a ee n o e co s n s an en n c an s s

t i e d th i
a n u hi g d f s cr t d h e w th t T h fi w ul d w b e b l t
s n e ea ,
an i t i p es sa a or nn o no a e o m a n a n os s

i
s on o f h is h dit y t it i th i t t f th e M m
e re ar e rr f M y ee m t h v p ev i le d
or e s , e n e re s s o or ao r o o ra s o a e r a

o ve th s f th e m m de f th k i g m y d h e w s gu i l ty f th t h ous t f
r o e o co an r o e n
’
s ar , an a o e r e ac er ac o

l yi g th e u f t u t D u
s a n n d tt h i g h i f t u e t th
or na e f Th fi
n c an , an a ac n s or n s o os e o or nn.

T h e u th iti f th e h i t y f M
a or b t h k w th i g f E l T h fi
es or s or d h is o ac e ne no n o ar or nn an

c o qu n t s O th o th h d th g qu l ly ig
es . n e M b th d h i d i g
er an , d h d t
e sa as e a n ore ac e an s o n s , an a o

d i gui s th e f t th t T h fi w tt ki g h i w
se ac a u i or d w h h d d iv d h i
nn as a ac n s o n co s n , an on e o a er e s

r igh t t th ki g d m f m th e
o e n u f m w hi h T h fi
o ro h d qui d h i t th
s am e s o l rc e ro c or nn a ac re s o e e ar

d m o f C ith o by c a l i g h i i d tity u d
n e ss , th t pt u u
on c e a nf K l K li
s en n er e c on e m o s n am e o ar or a

Hu d n w h il
as o n m ,f th h i l h v t f d t M b th w h t w t
e so e o e c f Th
ro n c e s a e r an s e rr e o ac e a as r ue o or

fi nn th t h e w l
, a g d f Ki g M l l m
as a s o a d W l h Ch i l d
r an s on o i t him n a co ,
an a e s r on c e e n om na es

Ki g f O k e y T h t u th m t b th t th
n o r n . qu t f th p vi
e r see th f M y s o e a e c on es o e ro n c es sou o o ra ,

w hi h t c k pl oo ft th i b ttl w th e j i t w o k o f T h fi
ac e a er s d M b th a d th t th y
e, as o n r or nn an ac e ,
an a e

d i vi d d th ki g d m
e f th
e l i
n Du b t w e th m ; T h fi
o o e c i vi g th
s a n di t i t n ca n e en e or nn re e n e s r c s

w h i ch h d f m ly b e
a u d or h i f th er w ith th dd iti
en f th n th er t t xt d
s a er, e a on o os e o n e e as c o as e en

i g as f
n Fi f th e Fi t h
ar a s f T y eA c d i g t th e O h yi g S g
or r h p oss se d
o a . c or n o r ne n a a a, e es

i
n n e e ar ld m i S tl d th e w h l
o s f th Sud y
n co d l g e iki i I l d
an , d th is
o e o e re s , an a ar r n r e an ,
’
an

i s c on fi m d by th St Ol f S g w h i h t ll u t h t h h d th e g t t ik i f y l
r e e . a
'
s a a , c e s s a e a r ea es r o an e ar

o f O k y h p r ne e e d Sh e t l d e d th O k y th Su d ys
os s ss d l ik w i an g t iki in an e r ne s, e re ,
an e se a re a r

Sc o tl d d I l d
an an M b th obta i d th i w h i h D u
re an .
’
ac t gth m i l y l y
e ne ose n c
'
n c an s s r e n a n a
th e d i tri t s uth as c t f th e T y w ith th e e t l di t i t i w h i h S o e th e pital is
o nd w es o a ,
c n ra s r c n c c n . ca ,

itu t d C u b i d L o th i p b ab l y e m ai d f ith ful t th h i ldr f D u c an

”
s a e . m r a an an ro r ne a o e c en o n .

C l
e ti S t c l d v col i pp an0 —
4 3 4 05 ,
o . .
, . .

T th e xi t o f N w gi ki g d m t th i p i d l ti g fo th i ty y ars du i g
e s en c e o a or e an n o a s er o as n r r e , r n

w h i h M c b t h ul d
c a a t ib u te y f T h fi I m u t q lly d m u T h h i l f
r e as r ar o or nn ,
s e ua e r. e c ro n c e s o

E gl d Sc tl d
n an ,
d I l d o i l t u p th i s ubj t w h i l t th g
an ,
an r e an ly y t h
are t s en on s ec ,
s e sa as o n sa a

Th fi or pl u d d th c u t y f
nn n e reFi f d t u d t C ith es w h h dw l t
e o n r as ar as e an re rn e o a n s, ere e e

am gs t th G ddg dl
on v y y fitti g ut fl t fo
e a e uar , f pi
”
y th e m l
e er e ar n o a ee r a co r se o rac n or a

s um m u p ti
e r oc c f O k y j l i th t ge
a on Th y m ke
o an llu i t h i pl
r ne i g ar n a a . e a no a s on o s ac n

o ffi c ers o v th qu d d i t i t
er e di g t th e i v i b l
c on ere u t m f th e ti m d i
s r c s , a c c or n o n ar a e c s o o e an n

d e sc ribi g h is p e d i g ft h i vi t y th i e xp i s a
n ro c e n s a t g th u p th er s c or ,
e r r e s s on re n o s r on er an on e

i f h i m u di g i u i u p E g l d w ith h i ph e w R g w l d i th e d y
o c c as on o s ar a n nc rs on on n an ,
s ne o n a , n a s

o f H d ar u te w h a c an ft g t i t y th j l ,
en a i d to h v r g d v r l l E gl d
er a rea v c or e ar s a re sa a e an e o e a n an

i n ar m s l yi g a d b u i g i e v y qu t e
,
s a n n Th c qu f S tl
rn n d th e m i n u pp er t ar r. e on e ror o co an , a n s or

o f M b th w ul d h v
ac e , ly be o bl ig d t yi l d h e i th O k e y t h i ph w
a e s c ar c e en o e o e a s ar n e r n s o s ne e

R g w l d b k d by
o n a f , f th ac h ip e d Th fi a m to h ve b
or c e o f h r ee s s n or oe s or n n see a een o a c ar

t t ll w h i d p d t t
ac e r o a o um th tit l
s f h i g w h il t h w
e en en t e t d w ith th t o f
o ass e e e o n ,
s e as c o n n e a

j arl A. ki g ul i g u d nj l w ld h v b r n v l ty i h i t y T h e s upp t giv

n er a ar ou a e ee n a n o e n s or . or en

to M b th by th N w gi
ac e d th p ee f S x
or m y t L um p h
e a n s , an e qu ll y e rese n c o a a o n ar a a n an ,
ar e a

d ubi u ; f N m ti d i ti w ith Si w d xp d iti f u y ’

o th s mor e or ans en on e n c on n e c on ar s e e on o r e ar s

b f e w O b e P t t H ugh d th s w h h d ugh t fug t th e C u t f

e or , ere s rn en e c os , ,
an o er , o a so re e a o r o

M b th b u t tw y
ac e a b f th pp
o o f th A g l D i h E l
e a rs e or e ( F l Wig e a e ar a n c e o e n o- an s ar or

—S tl d u d h E ly K i g v l
. . .
,

co an n p 4 7 8 479
er er ar n s, o . II .
, .
, .

77
C l ti S tl d e l i c pp 4 1 1 4 1 3 P f
co an M u h i h i H i t i t Ch i
,
vo . .
, .
-
. r o e ss o r nc , n s s or e r on con

M ann i m th d i t i t
a ,
na C ith e s Suth l d R
es e se M y B u h Ath l L
s r c s as a n s ,
e r an , oss , or a , c an , o , orn ,

A gy l
r d G ll w y
e , an a o a .

I t i h dl y p
79
i bl th t th t gl e d t l f M c b th m u de o f D u c
s ar oss e a d h is e an a e o a e
’
s r r n an an

us u p ti r f th th
a on o
e f S ti w i l l v b
e l ly uron v l l d bu t th i m u h e m s t l
o co a e er e c e ar nra e e , s c s e o er

a b l y t i th t M b th ul d i
c er a n ,
a t w ith th p w f l N
ac e E l Th fi
r e wh c
n c on c e r e o er u or s e ar or nn ,
o su

cee d d E l M l k ff
e arM l l m t Wh ith e o d ord i g t th Ch a co i m Rg m a or n , an , ac c o r n o e r on c u e u

M i
a n u ce , l iv d l g t G ddg ddl i [G l l w y] th e p l e w h E gl d d S t l d
“
e on a a e a o a , ac ere n an an co an

m ee t M x w ll H i t y f D f i
. a ed G ll w y p 4 3
, s or o um r es a n a o a , . .

W k w h i t i ll y th t i th w t g u p ft g ou p f N
73
e no , s or c a i v de w e e
,
a n e es , ro a er r o ors e n a rs r

a b b d i t th I i h p ki g p p ul ti
so r e n o e Al th ugh th e N
r s -
m
s eaw qu
n f o a on . o ors e en ere c on e r o rs o

th H igh l
e d gi d g
an it re h d l d th m
on ,
an i vil i d l g u ge b b d
a ve m o n ar c s an or s, e or e c z e an a a sor e

th e rud th ugh f d m t ll y t g
er o d ll p k th I i h t g u t g th
un a en a T h u in
s ro n er, an a s o e e r s on e o e er . s,

l ang g th T u t i b m
ua e. e p i eth t
on c L w l d th C l ti m g th
eca e su re m e n e e as ern o an s, e e c a on e

w t es ern m u t i F o
g l i
n a ns. w f th w h l q ti ro mi p ai —
'

b t
en era t h i g v e o e o e ue s o n , an m r e s s on u no n

t g th
s ron eri p i i
a n an v y d th t th p p ti f th T ut i
m r ess on th t m
s c on e e ,
a e ro or on o e e on c rac e a ca e

i t th u f th G l i i l g t h th p p ti
n o e se o e f th C l ti
ae c c s t h t m i t th
ar er an e ro or on o e e c ra e a ca e n o e

us e o f th T t i e S x P h p t u d t f ph y i l th l gy m y th u
eu on c or a on . u t f
er a s s en s o s ca e no o a s acco n or

th e t t f pp
c o n ra s s o i th H igh l d ; i
a d i t i t th p pl b i g l g l i m b d
earan c e n e an s n on e s r c e eo e e n ar e- e

an d f i w ith h i i
a r, li d t d ; i o th a r m ll l ith e
nc d d u ky w ith bl k h i
ne o re n er s , s a , ,
an s ,
ac a r.

B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i p 2 07
r on , s or o co an ,
o . .
, . .

It i m k d by W s re [J ar J b A
e m u e W A u t f th D
o rs aae d en s ac o s ss n or s a ae , cc o n o e a n es an

N th or i E gl m en d S tl d n d I l n d an th t th l gu g f th L w l ds f
,
co an ,
an r e an ,
a e an a e o e o an o

S tl d i
co an m u h l ik t h t f S di vi th t m w k d th
s so c e a st of J ut l d c an na a a sea en r ec e on e c oa s o an

an d N w y [ e or pu t d t ] h v b
a ar bl t re v w ith et d i ffi c ul ty i th i m th
o a e een a e o c on e rs e ou n e r o er

t g w ith th p p l th
on ue Al e th t th p pul l gu g e f th L w l d c o t i
eo e e re so , a e o ar an a o e o an s n a ns

a s ti l l g e t um b f Sc
r a er n d i vi w d d ph er o th v th di l e t f th e N th
an na an or s an rase s an e en e a c o or

o f E gl d
n H t t i dditi th t th
an . e s a es , l ti h ip f th N th E gl i h m e w ith
n a on , a e n e ar re a ons o e or n s n

th e D d th
an e s a n S di vi s i fl t d b t h i p p ul
o er c an g d i th f l k l
na an d s re ec e o n o ar so n s an n e o - o r e , an
 T h e N or s e an d G a ll o w ay 2
57

is e ve n m o r e so ith e g e a t i m m igr ti s f N th m t k
in th e Sc o tti sh L o w l an ds , wh r r a on o or en oo

pl c M de S di vi an h as h g d
a e. o rn i d bl y b ut i th e I l d i w h i h i pu
c an na c an e c on s e ra n c e an c, c s re ,

it s affi ity w ith th

n i t S tti h i g e t T h e L d P y i th e tw l g u g as
e an c e n co s s r a . or
’
s ra er n o an a es ,

g i v by
en P i k r t w i ll h w n t h i T he t h
on g p h y ,
d p u i tis tit ut
o th s. e or o ra an r on nc a on c on s e e

p i c ip l di ff e
r n a I t i o b vi u s th t th ass i m i l ti
ren c e . f I e l d i i t S tti h w
s tt d d o a e a on o c an c n o co s as a en e

w i th d i ffi cul ty
no It w o i de d by e w it — d t ly w e th i k f
as c th e
ns re s om r ers an ru so , n rom

f th e p pl e —t h t th S
. ,

ch c te
ar a d cu t m r an s o di vi sp t y g v t th S tti h
o eo ,
a e c an na an oe r a e o e co s

s m e o f it w i l d
o dd d gs tl y t by th e C e l ti l m t I t i t t e d th t th S di
n ess , a e rea o c e e en . s s a a e ca n na

vi an d th Sc tti h m us i
an l
e v y i ilo W s m ti w h v
c l dy
s c a e s ar e er s m ar . o rsaae en o n s , as e a e a re a

t t d th t it w s p i l t it f th Sc d i vi th t th y v y qu i kl y c c om m d t d
s a e ,
a a a s ec a ra o e an na an s a e er c a o a e

t h m s el v to th m
e es d u t m f th ee t i wh th y ttl d T h e y v
an n e r s a n c s o s o c o un r e s ere e se e . e en

s m ti m e
o e qu it f g t th e i m th t g u w ith u t h w e ve l i g th ir igi l d
s e or o r o er on e, o ,
o r, os n e or na an

c h t i ti ti o l s t m p T h w ll k w
ar a c e r s c na v na ll d th D a b g f h th i s m
. e e - no n
‘
ra en ,
’'
ca e e an e ro o ea en ,

wh i ch w b f e tu i es
as orn ed vi e w d w ith up ortiti u w i th B iti h I l
c n r w ll
,
an e s e rs o s a e n e r s s e s as e

as l wh e w
e se t put er i de f l g ft th y b m Ch is ti i d A d i g t
,
as no as or on a er e eca e r an z e . c c or n o

W rsaae it w as b
o ,
u ti l b ou t A D 1 1 00 b u t G l l ow y l g d b i g it to d t e m
o rn e n a . . a a a e en r n s a a so e

y ear l t e s G ll w y A i t
a r. d M d a p 112 o a n c en an o er n

d I rvi e i n t o th e e d i t r i c t s —C ri c k Ky l e
. .
, ,

Ay h i
7"
i d ivi d d by th
rs iv D
re s e e r e rs o o n an n r s ar , ,

an d Cu i gh m nn n A t w h t p i d th e a th w e e . t di t h i ff d i
a tp i lyer o se re e er erec e n o a s er om s no re c se

k w no Wy t u th
n . b l d g e erall y c u at e h o i c l e of Sc tl a d p k in g of
n o n, e ve n e r a e an n a c r c r n r o n , s ea

th w e f Al pi w ith th P i t
ar s o y n e c s , sa s

H e w an of w e r e al l G al l uw a y
T ha re w es h e s l ayn e , an d d e de aw a y .

As th e de ath of i gt Al pi
th e o th b
n k f th e
o c c u rr e d in 7 4 1 ,
n e ar D al m e ll n on , on n r an s o

Doo it m y b e i f d th t A y h i w th
n, a i t g l p t f G l l w y Y t th ugh
n e rr e a rs re as e n an n e ra ar o a o a . e , o

th i s w a th e e it i w l l k w t h t th w
s c as , h e i ff u d s th p u l y C l ti
e l f
no n a ere e re n o s r s n er e re e c ru e o

th c u t y w h i h p v i l d u ti l th
e o n r ,
l ve t h c tu y d f m h t
re a f D vi d I it i
e n e e e n cen r an ro c ar e r s o a . s

evi d t th t i h i ig if t p vi u l y th b u d i e o f G all w ay h d b e g tly

en a n s re n , no re o s ,
e o n ar s o a e n re a

l i m it d e Pt . H i t y f th C u ty f Ay
a e r so n , p I s or o e o n o r , . .

G ll w y i tl y c m p h e d d t l y th u t y w k ow by th t m e d
a o a an c e n o re n e no on e co n r no n n a na ,
an

th St w e t y f Ki k c u db igh t b ut l th e g t t p t if t th w h l f Ay h i
e ar r o r r It ,
a so re a e s ar ,
no e o e, o rs re .

h d it
a w pi
s o d it w l w
n It
r ncesk w l d g d h ow v an f ud t y d p d s o n a s . ac no e e ,
e er, a e a or e en en c e

on S tl d co Th i d p d e v d l y t u ppl y th e v ig w ith ude u di c ipl i d

an . s e en en c ser e on o s so ere n r n s ne

so l di wh
er s, dd d t h t th t o a th t th t gth f h i m i
e ra er o e e rr o r an o e s ren o s ar es .

Ev t l t p i d th ig f R b t B u th
en a so a e a tl e f I v i e w s
er o u t d as e re n o o er r ce , e c as o r n a ac c o n e

to b e i G ll w y n Th e i a t
o u pp a th t p pl f S x o igi
. re h d by
s r e as o n o s o se a a eo e o a on r n e n c ro ac e

de g ree
s th i t G ll w y T h
on e an c e n
m f pl i C i gh m g a ll y S x
o a . e na es o ac es n un n a ar e e n er a a on .

Th m
e na f th u t y it
e o l f is S x I Ky l t h e i
e co m m ixt u
n r f S x seAll th a on. n e er s so e re o a on . e

na m i C es ik np u l y G li
a rr c L d H i l A l f S tl d v l i p 1 1 8
ar e re ae c .
”
or a es , nna s o co an ,
o . .
, . .

We ca
75
t t i l y i f f m th i L if [f N i i ] th t th w
nno , c er a n
y Pi t i
, n er, ro s e o n an a ere ere an c s n

G ll w y t th i p i d N i i
a o a ,
a wil l b l wh
s g f m W h ith
er o . i t th n an , as e e se ere seen , oes ro or n n o e

co t y f th e S u t h P i t t
un r o v t th t i d l t u p p l
o er n T h i xt t
c s o c on er a o a ro s eo e . ere s e an ,
”

s y U h
a s m
s g u I i h L if f th m N i i
er, a on wh i h ho r i p td
r s ,
a e o e sa e n an , in c e s re or e

t h v h d
o a l
e b th St P l b i by m
a a so , w ad i hi L ro if by J h f er, e e a na e , as e rea n s e o n o

T i m uth —R it
.
,

n o A . l f th C l d i Pi t t so n , nna s o e a e on a n s , c s, e c

I th t gi it i s u pp d i th w te p a t f th i l d f B it i w h th e
7°
n a re on s o se n e es rn r o e s an o r a n e re

oc t t hi g
e an s r e c m d m ki g n it w e o e ith i d tw
as a n ar gl d ivi d th t th i
,
an a n , as re , n er s e o an es, e a s

d y [
a 1 1 5 0] th lm f th S t d A g l es w h i h ti l l th
e re a sl t ti mo b l gi g t e co s an n , c , ese as es e on n o

th A gl e i p v d
n t
es , l y by h i t o i l e
s ro d b ut by ac t u l m m
e no y f i divi dual to
on s r ca r c or a e or o n s

ki g f it w —Ail d Vit N i i i h i
,

ha veh d a a n o s o n re , a n an ,
c . .

77
A il d L if f N i
re i c h iv , e o n an , . .
 73
p e h p t Wh ith
I t is r th f e l e m g th e t w f S tl d th t h u
a s o o rn ,
e r e or , a on
‘

a on o ns o co an , a on o r

i du e f
s h vi g m i t i d th w
or a n h ip f th Al m igh ty u i t errupt e d for fi ft
a n a ne e h u d éd
o rs o e n n een n r

y e ar
s — M x w l l H i at y f D eum
f i ,
d G l l w
s or y p 3 o r es a n a o a , . .

Wh it h ( S x -
) i p
er n e l i th w h it ha u ;on th ig i fi
m c ti o n l ik e w
es i e o f L u h p i bi
e e- o se e s n a , s , o o a

an d C did an T h i f m u m i w itu t u p th
a -c a s a . s a ti t l p i ul a f G l
o s an s on as s a e on e c on nen a en ns o a

l w y
o a w Wigt,
no hi wh w h i c h F gu
o ns re L d o f G ll w y b tw e sev
, e r e , o r n e ar d ,
er s, or a o a , e e n en an

e igh t t u i ft w d f u d d p i y f th e m n m
c en r es a er ar , o d ot ( n h s b
e asa t d) r or o sa e a e an n as a een se r e

up on th l ittl i l e d t th p i t e f it
s an C di d a tu l c us i
e o n t i A gl i
o . an a c a sa vo c a r o n e x r e rn s n ae

j uxt S ti m fi ibu ubi b tu N i i qui it ti B itt qu i p i m u ibi d m Ch i ti

a co a n s, ea s n a re esc ,
na on e r o, r s e r s

p rae d i ti cam v on e
g e l i vit S e tu m h u N i i p l m vi tutibu xp ta t ti
an za . an c nc
‘
n an r ae c a ru r s e er es an

q uit S ib it Al ui u
as . cr i pi t l d f t
, c j u d m l i di
n s, n : e D pe s o a
v t a ra r e s e s e oc c ens e r c or es r ae

pi t ti u
e a im it t m u t
s n an t i m i i h b ti m m i m i
a e n os r l i ti im i p t i
no n s a ea s e or a n e c c es a s an c ss a r s

v t i Ni i
es r pi pi q ui m l ti l uit vi tutib u s i u t ih i up d l tum e t pe ar m i
n ae e sco , u s c ar r s, c m n er e a s r c na

m t ic a r ti quae ar bi p fid l
s, t s di ipu l
ae n o Eb
s er i e c l i ae c h l as ti
e e s n os r o di t sc os orac e n s s c es s o ca re c a

su t i qu ib u t f c i ti g i ud iti i ti m i ( Wi l l i m
”
n ,
n s e a tf en s co ul s n c tit te m
n ov er on em , e ac e n s rac a a a . a

of M lm bu y D G P b k iii )—R it
a es r , e Aes . l f G ll w y
on .
, oo . son , n na s o a o a .

M xw ll H i t y f D f i
79
a e , d G ll w y p 2 9
s or o um r es a n a o a , . .

B d b k v h xxiii
9°
e e, oo c . .

B u t th A tt tt P i t d id
e de g eco b u t th i ti m v y i m p or t t h ge i th i
c s un r o a o s e a er an c an n e r

f ore ig l ti n re a Th u on s f E dw i
. Ki g f B i i b m
e s c c e s s ors o th p i f th i n ,
n o e rn c a . eca e , as e r ce o e r

a ll i an c e , d igh ar v l d f G l l w y d u d t h m th
- r or o e r - or tiv h i f ul d th e
s o a o a ,
an n er e e na e c e s r e

p pl —M xw l l H i t y f D f i
eo e. a e ,
d G ll w y p 3 6 s or o um r es a n a o a , . .

T h t p t f G l l w y wh i h l y l g th
a ar o a o t a t th g te t di t
c a f om a on e s e a- c o a s , or a e re a s s an c e r

th e t f gv m t w
sea o o w ve u by th N th um b i S x w h o m d ttl e
ern en , as n o o rr n e or r an a on s a e se

m t i it T h f m w h i h
en s
n . s ti l l
e ty l d I gl t
ar s th ugh t t h v d iv d
c ar e s e n es on s ar e o o a e er e

th i e r m f m th A gl
na e wh
ro th p ed th m n d m t es m g o ll y t en o s s e ss e e ,
an o es see e n e ra
'

h v b
a e i t h i v i i ity
een n Th l ve w h m th y
e r c n p l y d i till i g th g u d w e
. os e s a s o e em o e n n e ro n er

t m db
er e d th p l e w h i h th y i h bit d
oo r s , a n e upi d
ac s ti ll m d B l d c e n a e o r oc c e are s na e o o r an s .

Th l e d an ll d C l t
s ca e l bt i d th i ar e o n s f m th l m i d dl
a so o l s f a ne e r n am e ro e c e or e s , o r e c as o

s i
oc e ty m g th a S x on th t h b e i g th ah ig h
on s t d th l v t
e h l w t — M k
an e s e n e es an e s a es e o es . ac en

z i H i t y f G ll w y v l i p 1 3 0
e, s or o a Th d e iv ti
o a ,
o di . d by M M K
.
, . li . e se r a o n s are s c u ss e r . ac er e,

wh ib th t th N e d G l i ttl
o a cr
s es em o th th t th A gl
e o rs an S p 24 7 ae c se e rs , r a er an o e n es . ee . .

741
97
b ttl e f D um C th m il b t w a o th C uith igh
r d th D l i d
a g i ta e e en e r n an e a r a s a a ns

h t h —A
,

I nn rec acl f Ul t n na s o s er .

W h il i di g th ugh f d i G l e pp h w ki l l e d by m a h i d d i w o d d
99
e r n ro a or n na e as a n en n a o ,
an

h i b i l pl
s ur a i m - k d t th i d y by l g t
ac e s ar e ll d L i h t A lpi o A l pi s G v
a a ar e s on e ca e a c n n s
’
ra e,

—
,

w h i h gi
c v t h es t t h f m
e n am ef L i h t o w h i h o it t d e M xw l l H i t y f D u
ar o a c n c s an s. a e , s or o m

f i
r d
es a nG l l w y p 37 a o a , . .

H d f m Ki ty
e c r o ss e t Ay rod th m ove d s o u th w
n d
re A g at d l f m i
o r , an en ar s . re ea o sc on

ce ti h on p i d h
as a c c o m i m v t W yan et u h b i m p l i it l y b l i v d w h
s o e m en s . w t n o n as ee n c e e e o ro e
p ,

h i Ch s i l b t 7 00 y
r on c e aft th ou v t d h t b
e a rs n s i de ad l t ge ther e e en ,
an as no een co re a o er

t u tw th y i e g d t th
r s or n r tt A d h h
ar o o d e d it er m a e rs . n e as r e n er

H w f w l l G ll w y e an o e rr e a a o a ,

Th w h l y d d d w y e re es e s a n e , an e e a a .

T h e s t o y o f th e d v t ti o
r f th d i t i t te th l i
as a T he i
n o doubt t h t h
e s r c re s s o n ese n es . re s no a e

ne v v er o Wigt h i e r ra n w ve i it H w ons ly
r e , n or th b d f p as e tG l n n . e as o n on e or e rs o re s e n a

l w y
o a d th ,
w
an l i t i b ttl
e re i g
as s a n ll y upp ,
d bu t by
no n i wh l ya e , as s en era s ose ,
a n a s s as s n o a

i w it f
n h im t th p l
a or L h R y w h th
a e ll bu
ac e , n e a r p t Ay h i f oc an ,
ere e sm a rn se ar a e s rs re rom

Wigt h i on s A u p igh t pi ll
re t n m k th p t d w r l l d L i h t Al pi
ar whi h
s on e ar s e s o an as c a e a c n , c

—
. ,

i th S t I i h m
n e c o o- th t r s g f l A b i
e an s G ll w y A i
e s on e o r t d M d p 6 5 r a ve o n . a o a , n c en an o er n , . .

Bed 93 ti ti e , c onf Ch i l A n ua 7 50 on o r on c e , n no .
 Kyl e ,
a c c or d n i g to Bu c h an a n ,
w as so de s ig t n a ed fr o m C o il us , K in g of th e B it r on s , who
w as i i t d i th d i t i t T h l
s la n a n d n e rr e d hi t i i f m u th t i vi l w h vi g
n e s r c . e e a rn e s o r an n or s s a a c ar a n

en s u d b tw
e the B it w h een u pi d th u th
e d w t f S tl d
r on s d th S t o oc c d e e so an es o co an ,
an e c o s an

th e P i c t , w h w
s ttl d i th o th d th w e t th e pp i g m i s m t
e re se e n th
e n or an n or - s , O os n ar e e n e ar e

b k f th D
an s o d th t by
e t t g C il u w h h d di s p t h d p ti
oo n an a ,
f hi a s ra a em ,
o s, o a a c e a or on o s

for c e s n or th w d w p d b t w th S t d P i t
ar ,
as e n c o m d o pl t l y ut d
as s e H e een e c o s an c s, an c m e e ro e . e

w as p d v
ur s u e t k d l i i
,
o fi ld er a i th p i h f T b l t
en , an w h i h ti ll
s a n n a e or m oo r , n e ar s o ar o on ,
c s

t i th
re a n s f C il fi l d
e n am e o C il u fi l d M d i qu i h v g d d th i
o s e , or fo s s
’
e . o e rn n re r s a e re ar e s a s on e o

th e f bl a f es o ly h i t r y T d iti
o u r e ar b t th f t f m uc h b ttl e h vi g
s o . ra o n c o rr o ora e s e ac o so e s a a n

b f ugh t —P t
een o H i t y f th C u ty f Ay
. a e r so n v l i ,
p 2 s or o e o n o r , o . .
, . .

E db t f
a iv d i ti m t i f
e rc
’
s I h t h i p urs u i n g A l pi
o r c e s a rr e d f te d
n e o r e n or c e nnre c ac n n s
’
e ea

ar m y Th . ul t w th t l l C i k d Kyl w e dd d t th N th um b i
e res as a a lm Th i
a rr c an e re a e o e or r an r e a . s

w as th h igh ti de k f S x d m i i i th
-
e m ar th I t h i l d i g th l tt h l f
o a on o n on n e n or . s c ron c e s ur n e a er a

o f th igh th t y h w th t th d
e e c e n ur ti d i ffi ul ti f th N th u b i
s o a l d f
e om e s c c es o e or m r an o ve r - o r s o

G ll w y h d b m
a o a ap i g t d ive t th m f m l l th ugh t f fu th
ec o e so r e ss n qu t as o r e ro a o o r e r c on es
—M xw ll H i t y f D f i p 3 8
.

a e ,
s or o um r es , . .

Th ti h d w um d th e i
ese n a on s m l e l a ti o n t
a no ch th e t g i t we t
res e r n or a r o ea o r e as a a ns s

—th P i t d A gl g i i l l i
e c s an d pp n d t th m th B it
es a a n d th S t
n a an c e , a n O ose o e e r on s an e co s .

Si m e on f D u h m t l l u th t i
o 7 44
r b ttl e w f gh t b t w
a e s th
s P i t d th a n a a as ou e een e c s an e

B itr bu t by th P i t Si
on s , u u ll y u d e t d th P i t f G l l w y d th i b ttl
c s, m eon s a n e rs a n s e c s o a o a , an s a e

se e m s t h f l l w d th
o a ve tt k u p th m by Al pi
o o e d hi S t e a It w f l l w d by
ac on e n an s co s . as o o e a

co m bi d tt k u p
ne th B it
a ac f Al l yd by E db on t f N th m b i
e r d A gu ki g
on s o c e a erc o or u r a , an n s, n

o f th P i t e Th c s h il
. x d t B d t l l u th t i 7 5 0 E db t dd d th p l i f
e c r on c e a n n e e o e e e s s a n a erc a e e a n o

C yil w ith th gi t h i ki gd
o er T h i i vi d tl y Kyl i A y h i
re on s o s d th th
n om . s s e en e n rs r e , an e o er

re gi w
on s p b b l y C i k d C u i gh m
er e ro a th t th ki g f N th um b i dd d t
ar r c an n n a e , so a e n o or r a a e o

hi p s e i
oss f G ll w y
ss o n s th th i d f th S l w y th w h l f Ay sh i re —C l tic
o a o a on e n or s e o e o a e o e o r e

S tlco d v l i pp 2 94 5
an , o . .
, .
-
.

Con e c t e d w ith th e th
n d i vi i f Ay h i th i th l d h y m f re e s on s o rs re e re s e o r e o

Kyl f m e or a an ,

C i kf ar r c or a c o o ,

C u i gh f b tt d h n n am e or u e r an c e e se ,

A d G ll w y f w n a o a or oo.

Th d s im il
e se , an p pul a d t diti y li
ar w
o th y f p e e v ti o
r an the y ra on ar n e s , a re or o r s r a n as c on

s tit t it w
u e , as p pul l dm k i t ti ti w h i h pp l y
ere , o ar dy t t t th
an h g ar s n s a s cs , c su a rea es o e c an es

th t m va co di t i c t
e o S m er a t df d i ff s rt di g m ki g . o e c on en or a er e n rea n , a n

C i kf m arr c or a an ,

Kyl f w e or a c o ,

b u t th fi t w ul d s e e m to b e th e p p
e rs o I t i th m t ge l d ld th ro er one s e on e os n e ra an as o as e
—P t
.
,

d y a f B ll d
s o e en H i t y f th C en . ty f Ay v l i p 4
a e rs o n , s or o e ou n o r , o . .
, . .

G du ll y th Viki g pi t
95
ra a pt u d th C l d i e h n
; t h i b l k hy u l ra e s c r e ro n e a e o n an s or e s e r ac s

f u d
o n g d h l t i th l h f th w t i th fi d f N w y d th B l ti
as oo s e er n e oc s o e es as n e or s o or a an e a c ,

wh enc eth e y h d i l d I f d b tt th Li d i f a sa e . d w it
on a m d if th
a re no e er an n s ar n e , a n no see e as e

p g t h m t fi th
a an orc d h i us f St N i i re t W h it h e B t t th w l ik
sac r e s r ne o . n an a o rn . u o e ar e

p w ro f th i A tt
ess o tt t th P i t f G ll w y m t h v dd d th t l t f
e r eco an c e s o r s e se c s o a o a see o a e a e e a en o

f i g dip l m y by m
ar - s e e n f w h i h th
o N em
ac , i t d f d l ti g th i l d l ik
e an s o c e ors en , ns ea o e so a n e r an e

th t w ith fi d w d w i d d t f t i e w ith th m d m k
e res re an s or , m e re u se n uc e o r a e rn s e an a e c om on c a .

Wh t w a th t e re p i d by Ch i ti f th i ll i
e e rm s w it h p g
a v w be r s an s or e r a an c e a an s c a n n e er n o re

v l d I t i pl i f m th pl
ea e . s f N
a n igi ro tt d th ugh th St w t y
e ac e - n a m e s o o rs e o r n sc a e re ro e e ar r

an d th e h i m s g t h i G l i d S x p e h t h t th w
re , a on ose p m n t S di ae c an a on s e c , a e re as a er an e n c an

i
n a v an ttl m t th e e b ut w r l ft t i m gi w h th th l ti o b tw e th tw
se e en r , e a e e o a ne e er e re a ns e e n e o
2 60 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
, ,
of Am e r ic a

r ac e s th w e re f v l d d t ib t y
ose o w h t h e th y m
o ly be
e r- o r f ll w pi t es
s an r u ar ,
or e r e e re c am e e o -
ra .

A t l l v t th
a e en s ti t th G l l w y m th
e c on n ec p t f th C l ti on c os iti e a o a en e re s ec o o er e c c o m m un es .

Th I i h h e r s i l M F i bi d l
c th t th y
r on c e r , u d th i b pti ac d h d th
r s, e c ar e s a e ren o nce e r a sm an a e

c us t m f th N
o s o m d it i i th
e i th ors e t y th t th y fi t pp m ti d
en , an s n e n n c en ur a e rs a e ar en on e as

G l lg idh l
a a f ig G l t ki g w ith th Viki g p t i pl d i g d d v t ti
e or or e n ae s , a n e n s ar n un er n an e as a on .

t y f C di d C w p d —M xw ll H i t y f
,

S it c m t p
o a th t th i m
e o as s a e r on a s e r o an a as a as s are a e , s or o

D mf i u d G l l w y pp 3 8 3 9
r es a n a o a , .
, .

Wh t m t h i d e d th m pl e t e d u ti o f th D l w w th h til i ty t th
a os n er e co e r c n o e an e a as e os o e

E gl i h
n l s f th tt
ru e o th f it th h s til ity f B i i f St th l y d
e s a e s n or d b ll o , e o o e rn c a , o ra c e , an , a ove a ,

o f th S t e Th co s fe d e . y g i t [Eth l t h d b b gh t t g th by th i t igu
e c on rac a a ns e s an a een r ou o e er e n r es

o f th S t ki g C s t ti
e co nd t h ug h C ,
t ti i d p i th i d f t l ft th th
on an ne an o o n s an ne ,
n es a r a s e ea , e e ron e

for a m t y th p l i y f h is
o n as e r M l l w m u h th
, e o h i f th
c o E d d s on a co m as c e s am e a s s a er s.
’
a m un

w as n o s o o n e r m t f th D l w t h h d l t w ith th i s d i ffi ul ty i th e
as e r o e th T h an e a an e ea c n n or . e

E gl i h b l d f th B
n s i i
oo w p b bl y d w i g th e m t l t t th E gl i h
o e e r n c an s h as ro a ra n a as o e n s m o n ar c ,

f or aft B er b hw h ru n a n th i g f th i h til ity B ut C um b i w f m

ur e e ar n o im p t n o e r os . r a as ar or e or

an t th B i i f it w th ugh Cum b i t it y th t th O tm [of I el d] c ul d

an ern c a, or as ro r an err or a e s en r an o

t ik e m t il y
s r os B it i i t th e D l w
e as ac r oss r a n n o an e a .

U de E db h t th N th n r b i upa yh d
er h d f s th e d i t i t
e f K yl
or um r an s re m ac a r e ac e as ar a s r c o e

i Ay h i
n ; rs d th re pt f A l l w yd by h i
an ll i th P i t
e ca i 7 56 m d t l
ur e o v th c s a es, e c s, n see e o ea e e

re s t f St th ly d t h i m y B t f m th t m m t th ti d h d t
o ra c e a s d g td f t
erc . u ro a o en e e a ur n e a re a e ea

h tt d E db e h t h p h y w h i h f ll w d h i ig d i t i t ft d i t i t
’
s a e re a d i th r s o es an n e an ar c c o o e s re n s r c a er s r c

m u t h v bes a t f m th w k d g p f N th u b i til l th
e en or n ro t f th l i
e ea en e r as o or m r a, e c e ss a i on o e ne

o fh bi h p s t Wh ith (B dul f th l t bi sh p f Wh ith

er s o a f th A gl S x
ern u a , e as o o ern o e n o- a on s c c es
‘

i wh
s on m i p
os e n a vd w et d i 7 9 1 Sim Du h d
s r e se r ) t l l th t h
e ,
as c o n s e c r a e n . . r . a . an n . e s a er

fron ti h d b p u h d b k l t t C l i l B ut v
er a een s eft th l d th t
ac m i d t
a m os o ar s e. e en a er e an a re a ne o

h er h d b a i E gl i h p ee n i f n ly n t y d h l f it w til l E gl i h l d
s o s s e s s on o r n e ar a c e n ur an a a as s no n s an .

It g s tl d w
re a wan f E gl i h b l d
-
o d
n e rs th Ch h f Li d i f
ere o e w i hl y n s oo ,
an as e ur c o n s arn as r c

en d w d h o it p i t h d w
e e re , p b b l y E gl i h t
s B ut th
r es q d C um b i h d
oo as ro a n s oo . e c on ue r e r an s a

b l ft by E gf ith th i l d i it l l m w fi d fe w t c f y m ig ti
een e c r on e so , an n s oc a na es e n ra e s o an ra on

o v m er f m th o o rs t ro e e as .

Al g th I i h Ch l th b t s f th N o w gi pi at w t h i k s th e
“
on e r s an n e e oa o e r e an r es ere as c a os

o f th D i h e i
an s th t t d th I l
c or s a r s o n f M w h i h th y q d d
e e as e r n c o a s an e s e o an ,
c e c on ue re an

h lfa l i d vd
c o on z e t ti g p i t f m w h i h th m ud m d th i w y t th
,
ser e as a s ar n -
o n ro c e ar a ers a e e r a o e

O pp it h os T h i ttl
e s or e s. t h d f th w d D f i h i
e r se dem e n sth r e ac e as ar n or ar as um r ess r e , an s ou

w ar d p h p , t th l itt l g u p f
er a s, t h vi ll g w h i h w fi d i th C h h i e p i ul
o e e ro o n or ern a es c e n n e es r en n s a

o f th Wi e l B t it i th l k d i t i t
r ra . d i thu th f u L s hi t h t th y l i
e a e s r c an n e n or o o r a n c as re a e e

th i k t c es . W h i l th i u t l i f th l i f w b i g pl t d b t th l k th e s o er o n or e rn e as e n an e a ou e a es, e

B itr f St th l y d w
on s o b u y p u h i g th i
ra c q t t th e th ; i E d m d d y
ere s s n e r c on ue s s o e sou n a un
’
s a ,

i d d w fi d th i b d
n ee , e n id f th D we r t b t w h th f m th l g p
or e r c ar r e as ar a s e er en u e er ro e ar e s ac e

o f C m b i u g u d th y h d w
r an ro th e mn f St th l y d f m t h i ti m d i pp
e a on ,
or n o, na e o ra c e ro s e sa e a rs ,

an d i pl d by th
s re m
ac e o f C um b i W h th St th l y d
e na C um b i eit ul r a . e er as ra c e or r a, s r e rs

h d b
a m g th pp
een a t f th W t S x
on dv
e o th y w on en s o g th f d e es -
a on a an c e e e re am on e c on e er

t g i t E dw d th y w e
a es a a ns a g th f d
ar t g i t E th l t
as e d it w er am o n e c on e e ra e s a a ns e s an an as n o

d ubt i
o tu f n re l ik j u ti rn i th h ti l iti or a g i t h i m l f th t E d u d i 9 4 5
e nc on n e os es a a ns se a a m n ,
n ,

h i d ll Cum b l d B t h e t u e d h i w qu t d itl y t c c t by u i g it t
ar r e a e r an .
’
u rn s ne c on es a ro o a o un s n o

bi d t h i m e l f th e m t d g u m g h i f
n o s f h gos t d th g t p t f it t
an ero s a on s oe s or e r an e e re a e r ar o o

th S tti h k i g th t th t M l l m h l d b hi f ll w w k by s ’
e co s n , on e erm s d l d a a co s ou e s e o -
or er e a an an .

I thn ti f th i n th d p d y w
e erec on o th s f or ti g th ugh ern m e en en c e see e sam e o rc e s a c n , o on a or e

di t t fi l d w h i h h d l dy b gu th d i i t g ti f th E gl i h l m i th f
s an e ,
c a a re a ti e n e s n e ra on o e n s rea n e orm a on

o f th g t ld
e rea i f th
e ar t t I t i m m di t
o r m an r e s o lt h w v w e dv e e as e r n c o a s . s e a e r e su s, o e er , er a an

t g u
a eo gh S t d W l h m
s e n ou wh . l gu h d ti ll
co w f m d th
an hi f f e s f an , ose ea e a no or e e c e orc e o

o pp iti t E gl i h up m y i th
os on o th w
n s t t v i s th red f th O tm ac n e n or , er e se a ar a n c e e r oa o e s an
 T h e No r s e an d G a ll o w a y 26 1

w as c l os e d , w h l e th e i fi de l ity t ki g m e d t of th e Sc o n se e o be s e c ur e b y th e i p oss ibil ity

m

of h ol d i g n Cum bi r a a g i t e vol t w ith u t th u pp o t f h i

a ns r o e s r o s fe l l o w - w o r ke r i th s o u th
n e
”

—G
.

re e n , Con q u es t of E ngla n d , ch . vi. , s e c s . 1 4 -

1 7 .

.
95
Ce l tic Sc otla n d , vo l i , . . p . 1 32 .

97
Sir H e r b t M xw er a e ll , H is to ry of D u m f r ies and Ga l lo w ay , p .
51 .

In th i b ttl y L
s a t th t th bi h p f D u h m
e , sa s am xh t d th l di e rs
b ar d e , Af er a e s o o r a h ad e or e e so

t figh t th e S tt
o e, y d u t A l b y
co Al b y es c rf t t h ie w m o th u gh e l h d an an a er e r o n a n n e r , as o a a

b e th i e B ut th e E gl i h e
en e r s . l dy u t m g t th m u h h yl f h tt th t
n s s ou o rs sen a on s e s c e a e o sc o a

a ft er aw h yl e th y t u ed t h i b k d i fi
e th e rn w l y f th i m t th
e r um bac es , an , n ne, ar e as s a ne o e o e n er

o f d th y w an f th i b g f Alb y m k d w ith Y y Y y St d d
e e ar e , or e r ra o an , oc e r , r , an ar a

t m f g t p h t th a t tim e as M tth w P i w it e th i w h w o k h ow eve

er e o rea re r oa c a a e ar s n e ss n ose r r,

fou d —R it
, ,

no s u h th i g i t b
c n A
s l f G l l w y p 2 64
o e n so n ,
n na s o a o a , . .

m ity b t w th St th l y d B it d Ul s t m e w uld t e d t m k th e
95
Th e en e e en e ra c e r on s an er n o n o a e

G l l w y P i t th w i th i l t w ith th e i
a o a c s ro g f Ul t
n d e r d ubt i t o
u e r c on e n e rs o s er , an no o n e rc o rs

b e tw th m w f e q t d g
een e ll y m i bl
as l di g t i t m
r ue n i g d l ti h ip
an e n e ra a ca e, ea n o n er a rr a e an re a on s

o f bl d oo B ut th e i t th l t g u d f r b e l i vi g th t G ll w y w
re s no v e t th i
e as ro n o e n a a o a as o e r run a s

by th p pl e f m th Opp s it e I i h c oa t —M xw ll H i t y f
.

tim i e h ti l
n a os e s e n se e eo ro e o r s s . a e , s or o

D um f i d G ll w y p 3 6
r es a n a o a , . .

T h e p ti f th e P i ti h p e pl w h i h l g t
or on o t i d th m c w e th s P i ts f o e c on es re a n e e na e er e c o

G l l w y C m pl e t e l y
a o a . d d by th e B it
o f St th l y d d i l t e d f m th
s u rr o u n e t r on s o ra c e , an so a ro e re s

o f th P i c ti h ti p t t d by m u t i b i
e s na on ,
th ro ec e th d th th w t a o n a n ar r e r o n e n or ,
an e se a o n e es

an d s u th o d m i i gf
,
an tu i u d th m i l d i i
re a n n f th A gl
or c e n f N th r es n er e no na om n on o e n es o or

um b i th y m i t i d i l t d d m i i d p de t p iti i
r a, e a n a ne an f th i l d
so a e an se - n e en n os on n a c or n e r o e s an ,

an d pp a d i ti t p p l u d
e ar a s a th e m sf Pi t nc l t eoth t w l fth t u y w h
e n er na e o c s as a e as e e c en r , en

th e y f m e d or d ivi i f th S tti h
on e m y t th e b tt l e f th St
s on o d d e co s ar a a o e an ar .

W fi d th f e th t i th i e m t di t i t i w h i h th P i t m i d d th i
n , e re or e , a n s r o e s r c ,
n c e c s re a ne un er e r

d i s ti tive nc m s s p na t p e pl e s l t es a th t w l fth
a e tu y l gu g
ar a e id d o a a e as e e c en r ,
a an a e c on s e re

th e i t l gu g f G l l w y w ti ll p k
an c e n an a e o l t th ixt th tu y d th t
a o a as s s o en as a e as e s e en c en r an a

G l i —C l ti S tl d v l i pp 2 0 2 2 04
,

l gu ge w
”
an a as ae c . e c co an ,
o . .
, .
-
.

I t w i l l th
99
b t h t t th i N th A t i th M l l f Ki ty
us e se e n a ly f u t o ose n or n r m ,
e u o n re , on o r e en

m il e d i t s t b i g i igh t d w ith
s an ,
e n ty l dy
n s tt l d i A gyl h i ,
an ym c oun r m e n a re a se e n r es re , e as e an s

o ff e d f re l vi g H ib or i ea d n d d l y p e d v i A D 4 9 8 d th
ern a an , as r e c or e , a c o on ass o er n . .
,
un er e

l d
ea h ipe rs f F gu M oM E er Th s i t s
or h p i l m ac ti t b ar c a . er e s no uc S ec a en on o e

f u d f th
o n o u th e m v e so t b u t th t b e d bt th t i th m w y th I i h
rn o em en er e c an n o a ou a n e sa e a e r s

D l i d —b e i g
,

S ti i
co D w n t — u th o n , e c pp it t G l l w y
. so ly t w
e rn ty tw a r a a n o os e o a o a ,
on en -
o

m il di t t
es d lw y m
s an , l an t b a x pt i th i k w th it ff d
a s ore or ess o e seen , e ce n c ea er , o e re an

i du m t f t h m t p
n ce en v th
or d m e e p ti l l y
o m m
as s i ti o er t ere ,
an or ar c u ar as co un c a on s e e m s o

h ve xi t d p ev i u l y w ith G l l w y w h i h th
a e s e r o i s t b li v w t t Th t
a o a ,
c ere s r e as o n o e e e as c o n s a n . a

su h c x d t k pl i upp t d by th p p l f d i G l l w y f t th R m
an e o us oo ac e s s or e e eo e oun n a o a a er e o an

p i d A w h v l dy m ti d C h l
er o . s e a i hi C l d i
e a rea giv th p i d f th en on e , a m e rs , n s a e on a , es e er o o e

se ttl m e t i th i th d t th tu i
e n n e n nW i d th t it u t h v b g b t th
an en c en r es. e c on s er a m s a e e un a ou e

sa m ti m
e th m ig ti t A gyl h i e w h i l i t w f m
e as e e ra ong du l h t o xt d r es r ,
e as o a or e ra a c ar a c e r , e en

i g v
n o ve l t u i
er se d rat i m di t u h w h i h w il l
c en r e s , an tf t no tig f an m e a e r s , c ac c o u n or n o a ve s e o

au th ity or g u d by D Sk as a r It i h w v e ti d i th Pi ti h Ch i l th t
r . en e . s, o e e r, m en on e n e c s r on c e a

th ttl m t w m de b u t A D 850 by t t g e m w h t h y l w th h i f i h bit t

e se e en as a a o . . s ra a , en e s e e c e n a an s,

w h i h l ttc t t a t i l ik l y
e r s a e m en gh b t t h i v y t h t th y h d b i G l l w y f
s e e n ou u s c on e s a e a ee n n a o a or

so m e ti m d h d b e , an u th u pp ti g w h t w h v m ti d th t th
a e c om e n um e r o s, us s or n a e a e en on e , a e

c l i ti h d b g d l G ll w y A i t d M d
o on z a on a e en ra pp 5 2 5 3
ua .
-
a o a ,
n c en an o er n , .
,
.

A l pi
5°
ki g f th S t f D l i d ( t t b
n, n o f d w it h h im w h
e p ih d
co s o a r a a no o e c o n u se o er s e

i Gl
n pp i
en a h d b xp l l d f m h i ki gd m by th N th P i t H i
n a een e e e ro s n o e or e rn c s . s s on

K th ( i G e l i Ci dh ) ft w d
en n e n a w c d , K naeth M Al pi h d t k ,
a fug er ar s re n o ne as enne ac n ,
a a e n re e

i G ll w y
n a By th h lp f h i l tiv th
o a . d th
e o ope
e ti o f th N m e h
s re a es e r e , an e c - ra on o e o rs e n, e
w as a bl g i n h i ki gd m f D l i d d ft w d d f t th e N th e rn P i t i th
e to re a s n o o a r a a an a er ar s e ea or c s n e

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m m
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givi g h i d ugh t i m i g t G l l w y h i f l l d O l f th Wh it
n s a er n ar r a e o a a o a c e ca e a e e.

I th m n y 84 4 i w h i h K e sa eth w w
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an . n er an c a on e c as n ar a r ou e em a e ne .

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son o n s an n. n co an a r, a ca re ar o n n , an e

a g t p a t f Alb
rea t e ti g w ith m u h b ty d m y ptiv t G ll w y w h
r o an re r a n th c oo an an ca es o a o a enc e e

il d i tw h u d d sh ip t D ubl i —M xw ll H i t y f D u m f i
, ,

w h l p ty
”
o e ar sa e n o n re d s o n . a e , s or o r es an

G ll w y pp 4 0 4 1
a o a , .
, .

37
T he m e f H th d na u th l t m
o g t th bi h p f Wh ith
ea or e occ i Fl rs as e as a on s e s o s o e rn n or .

Wig A pp . d h is p d .
, B dw u lf i
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re u d
e c e ssor , 7 96 Th t p a , s a e o . un . n er . e o o

g ph y f G l l w y a d th e l g u g
ra o a o ap k by th G l w gi (w h
n an k w l dg d a e on ce s o en e a e an s o ac no e e

a K e k i y C Ci idh t P dl ) d i ti g i h th m f m th B iti h
f St t h l y d —
n nn en- nn no a en-c en e s n u s e ro e r s rac e

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e ly h t pp d t th G l w l
a en se s o B d e ar c a r e rs a s o o se o e a a e n se s . e a,

h w v
o e k w f P i t i th e d i
er, ne o f C no di d C ( A pp dix K )
c s n d qu tl yoc e se o an a asa v . en , an c on se en

th y e th v
m us iv d t al t p i d th u gh it w l d b d i ffi ul t t p i t w ith
e ar r e a som e a er er o ,
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t i ty t th i O i gi l h m
a n o S m
e r u th r iti b i g th m f m D l i d
na o e. ki g th m
o e a or es r n e ro a r a a, m a n e

C ith e r I i sh P i t ;
ru n o d th d d i tir f m c s u hu h an i G ll w y t e i t e ca on o nu e ro s c rc es n a o a o sa n s

p pul i th
o ar th t f Ul dh m t f v th i
n e n or e as j tu o Th ae f G ll w y i
see s o a or e r c on e c re . e n am o a o a s

p b bl y t
ro a bl e t it rac e ap ti by G l l i th i o A gl i
s t g —R b t
oc c u a on a ,
n s c as e n an s ran ers o er son ,

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an h E ly K i g
n er l i p 21 er ar n s , vo . .
, . .

A m igh ty d v t ti
39
f St th l y d d G ll w y i
e as a d d i 87 5 by Si
on o ra f c e an a o a s re c o r e n m e on o

Du h m r d th i i
a ,
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or a e i d t n e nna s o s er ,
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b l dy d f t f th P i t by th D ubh g l l D
oo e ea o e c s e a or an e s .

33
Th xt i m p t t p e ne g t pp i G ll w y h i t y i R l d th D
o r an e r s on a e o a ear n a o a s or s on a e an e ,

tit l Ki g f N th um b i tyl d l D uk f th G l w gi
u ar n o or i
r a, igh t f th
s e i t a so e o e a e an s , n r o e an c e n

sup i ity f th S x ki g
e r or o th P i t With O l f f th B g (A l f C u )
e a on n s o ve r e c s . a o e ro ue s m a a ra n ,

g d r an f Ol f th W h it
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,
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a m n ld t f N ro th m b i t t k
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ou oO f t h i p vi or h u r a o a e re u e n a o a . s ro n ce e

an d hi ti d ul ti l l th l
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n ue t y B u t th w D b h g l l
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p viro G ll w y
nce. u t a f ito t l p iti b t w
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e c a us e o uv s n m e ro s s a o a s an s an n e s, so co e

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n en or n a e s, as m o g m
en n i r es ee an as e er en s nc e a n ar

ti m e p w o ers.

Sig u d th St ou t E l f O k y g r e d of T h rfi , th e Sk ull l v
ar o w L d f
r ne ,
r an son o nn -
c ea er, as or o

G l l w y i 1 00 8 H i
a o a i d t l i ut
n t w . ti v p i s M l lm wh
re s en m e e n an as a na e r nc e, a co ,
ose na e

pp g E l M l k ff —H i t y f D um f i d G ll w y p 4 2
”
a i th
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I 1 05 7 M l l
34
C
n — f th m a co m d d D tt k d th u u p
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,
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Th fi or h v i g d i d i th
nn a m y n M l l m t p d tl y
e n e sa i d h i w i d w I gi
e e ar , a co m os ru en m ar r e s o n

bi g or f th P i ti h
,
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e c s r ac e , di t i t
ere f S tl d r n n n er s r e e ors e s r c s o co an ,

i l d i g G ll w y C
nc u n l i d ti
a w
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on so Th N a i fl on as n o e or er o e a . e orse n ue n c e ,

u d n i d by th fl e ts f th b ttl e f C l t f w t d i l y th w
erm ne e e c o eTh i l a d o o n ar ,
as s e a on e an e . e s an
 T h e No r s e and G a ll o w a y 263

of B it i r k e d it w w ith
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as as c en r es o o as r so n se n o e
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an Ch han li v d f m c
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p i by th p g N m l t h i fl
r e ss o n e a an t le t
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l w y h w d
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es a onld k dm i i
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c s om e e em l f o n on e r o e r- or s e a on e ar s o

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or r a e a on d th N o h ad w er ed as an n ,
as e o an an e orse an

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ra d as i l ffi ity t e d th e
e as l d th e
n s c an rac a a n ur n sca e , an

G l w gi b m l i g f th S tti h ki g
a e an s eca e e es o e co s n .

I th i m n l d th ds i i f th N
an n e r c o s e m v G ll w y d u h p t e om n on o e or se en o er a o a . an s c ar s

l
a on g th S l w y h e f D um f io a hi s th y h d b
ore o bl t h l d by f r ess Th i re as e a een a e o o orc e . e r

t gth v l y i t h i h ip b t f t h i h di w k m t
s ren e er a n e r s p b bl y m i i s, u o e r an or so e r ac e s ro a re a n n a

p ul i ki d f l i ff t w e w h i h m y b e e t v i u p t f th
ec ar n o c o r, t u h C tl
c a se n a ar o s ar s o e c oas , s c as as e

F thea d C dh id u
e r an th I l ar f W h ith o d P t C tl
n n e ar th h e f Gl s e o or n an or as e on e s or e o as s e r

p ih —
,

t on M xw ll pp 4 3 44
ar s . a e , .
, .

55
G l l w ll i G l w di i t m d i th
a a a or I i h A a l G ll g dh l
e a m es l er
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pl i d t th p pl f th I l
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eo me o f G l w di i it m e s esxt d d . it d e na e o a e a n s ore e en e s e n s e c on s s e

o f th d i t i t e xt di g f m S l w y t th C l y d e b u t i it l i it d
s r c s e en n ro i w h i h it i
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u se d h it i ere ,xt iv w ith th m d s c o- e u tie ns f Wigt e d Ki k db igh t I th e

e o ern c o n es o on an r cu r . n

N g it i t m d G ddg ddl i
or s e s a as s er e a e .

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o s r c s o r a a an a a a a e ar o a e een o a rea e en o c en

pi d by th N w gi s d w t th p i d w h th
e e or e an g ul i fi t pp
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e ro e c on o ose n a e c e s o ere e rr or a orn o ru e o er

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’
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1 1 54 f th fl t o f G ll g d l A
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n er ll i g e co N w gi (A l f th F
m an o M t ac s c e n ,
a or e an nn a s o e ou r a s er s ,

M Vu i h l ik w i ac t t th t b f S m l d ti m
r c e l l th i l
se s a es d f M a e ore o er e
’
s e, a e s an s r om an

n an (M ) t A (
anO k y ) o d l l
rc ath b d i rg t
ne y f sD B ,
ant ( D ba t ) e or er n c o un r r om un r e a an um ar o n

t C t (C it h
o a a ) i th a th w i th p
n ess n i f th
e n or L hl h ( N w gi
,
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as r e a ne o e lv i th w
ae d e o ose an s ro ec e em se es n e oo s or

u t i ti g th xp l it f S m l d h y h did t ti l l h
’
m o n ; d i
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e sa s e no c e ase e

h d l d th w t i d f Al b f m th L hl ’
a c e ar e e es ern s h e o an ro e oc an n a c .

It
“
p b b l th f seem s th t thro tiv f E g di
a e, d G l lw lli h d i
e re or e , a e na es o r a a an a a a a r se n

u d n S er l d d F g
om e r e d h d fi an l l y xp l l d th N w gi
er us , a n f th i ta d na e e e e or e an s rom e r c o as s , an

th t w i g t th l g p
a o n io f th e on t y by th N w gi os se ss on o ll t f th i p t e c oun r e or e an s , a rac e o e r are n

a
g h d d i pp
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o f w
a ne f tiv l drac e o na e or s .

T h tw d i t i t e pp h w v
o l
s r c s a ly t d w ith h th i th
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a tt m pt m d by th G dh l g i t th l i g th ity i S t l d —Sk
e s a e e ae ea a B d
a ns e ru n au or n co an . en e , or un ,

v l ii
o .p 43 1 .
, . .

M hl 35
q iv l th
uc e ss e i f S d i vi
u oca p ti p
ar e d i th p l
e rem a n s o c an na an o c c u a on r e s e r ve n e ac e

f th th w t M y h i ll ti l l b tit l f l l —th N fi l f t '

n am e s o e s ou -
th
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pl ti ll y p fix d t th G l i b
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, as n r e . e e - no n es -
s a e ,
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or

d w ll i g e hn t i ti c f D i h t h th
,
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a es e ac e n

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ern s r c s th c L k by th d w l l i g f L d
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 T H E AN G L E S
ET UR NI NG g a i n to th e s ubj e c t o f M a c b e th s s o c all e d u s u r p a tio n it
a
’
-
,

m ay b e s t a t e d t h a t in a d d itio n to th e c a u s e s a l r e a d y s ugg e st e d a s
,

l e a d i n g to h is r e vo l t w e fin d a n oth e r r e as o n giv e n by s o m e o f th e e a r l y
,

c h r o n i c l e r s in a pp a r e n t j u s tifi c a tio n o f his c o n d u c t in s l a yi n g D un c an

a n d po ss e s si n g h i m s e lf o f t h a t r u l e r s ki n g d o m T h is e xp l an a tio n is t h a t
’
.
,

M ac b e th s w i fe G r uo c h w as th e d au gh t e r o f t h a t Bo e t e ( o r B o e dh e )
’

, ,

M a c K e n n e th w h os e s o n w a s s l a i n by K i n g M a l c o l m M a c K e n n e th about
1 0 3 3 in or d e r to p r e p ar e th e w a y fo r th e p e ac e a b l e as c e n sio n to th e th r o n e
,

o f h is o w n d a ug h t e r s s o n D u n c an l
’
.
,

T h e tit l e o f B o e te s h e i r s to th e c r o w n a c c o r d i n g to th e c u s to m a r y o r d e r
’

o f d e s c e n t at th a t ti m e w as sup e r io r to t h a t o f M a l c o l m s h e i r s T h e re ’
.
,

fo r e it h a s b e e n c o n t e n d e d t h a t as M a l c o l m h a d w r o n g fu l l y r e m o v e d
, ,

B o e te s s o n by ki l l i n g h im an d t h us m a d e th e w a y c l e ar f o r th e s u c c e s s io n
’

o f his o w n g ran dso n it w as n o t u n n a tu r a l th a t th e c l a i m s o f th e l a tt e r s h o u l d

,

b e c o n t e st e d by th e ot h e r h e i r s o f Bo e t e a n d th e i r r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s B e s ide s ’
.

th e s o n w ho m M al c o l m ki ll e d B o e t e h a d l e f t a l s o a d a u g h t e r G r u o c h w h o
, , ,

m a r r i e d i n to th e f a m i l y o f th e Mo r m a o rs o f Mo r a y c a r r yi n g h e r c l a i m s w ith ,

her . H e r husb an d G il c o m ga in m a c M a e l b r igd i m a c R u a id h r i w a s s l a i n in

, ,

a fa m i l y qu a r re l but l e f t a s o n by G r u o c h n a m e d L u l a c h a n i n f an t w h o
, , , ,

t h u s r e p r e s e n t e d th e l i n e o f Ki n g K e n n e th Ma c D u ff G r u o c h n e xt m ar r i e d .

M ac b e t h m ac F i n l e y m ac R u a id h r i ( s e c o n d c ou s i n to G il c o m ga in ) w h o h a d
,

s u c c e e d e d to th e m o r m a o r s h ip o f Mo r a y By th e h it h e r to p r e v al e n t P i c ti s h .

syst e m o f al t e rn a tio n L u l a c h w a s th e r igh t fu l ki n g ; an d as gu a r d i an an d

,

r e p r e s e n t a tiv e o f h is s t e pso n M a c b e t h s too d fo r th e c h i l d s c l a i m s o n th e ’

S c otti s h c r ow n a s a g a i n s t Du n c an s o n o f M a l c o l m s d aught e r B e th o c by
, ,
’

, ,

C r i n an .
’

M a c b e t h r e ign e d fo r a bo u t s e v e n t e e n y e a r s an d th e c o n t e m po r a r y r e ,

c o r d s o f th e p e r io d a ll s e e m to i n d i c a t e t h a t h is r u l e w as o n e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e

b e n e fit to th e ki n g do m I n 1 0 4 5 an a tt e m pt w a s m a d e by C r i n an th e
.
‘
,

f a t h e r o f D u n c a n to d e th r o n e M a c b e t h
, b u t it p r ov e d a bo r tiv e r e s u l ti n g in ,

th e d e a t h o f C r i n a n an d in c o n s e q u e n c e th e m o r e s e c u r e po s s e s s io n o f
“
, ,

th e c r o w n by M ac b e t h I n 1 0 5 0 th e l a tt e r m a d e a pi l g r i m a g e to Ro m e
’
. .

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, , ,

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v an t a g e o f th e d e a t h o f T h o r fin n M a c b e th s m o s t po w e r ful c o a dj u to r th e
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.

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c ivi l iz a t io n o w e t h e i r o r igi n to t h i s a m a l g a m a t io n an d a r e in a g r e a t m e as u r e ,

d u e to th e i n f u s io n o f T e u to n i c b l oo d i n to th e v e i n s o f th e C e l t w e c an n ot ,

d o b e tt e r in t h i s c o n n e c tio n t h an to c o n s i d e r a t l e n gt h th e n a t u r e an d e xt e n t
of th e E n g l i s h e l e m e n t s e n t e r i n g i n to th e c o m po s i tio n of th e f e u d a l

S c ot c h m an .

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in th e n o r t h an d w e s t o n e c o n s i d e r a b l e s o u r c e o f th e T e u to n i c s t r e a m it
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fo r m i n g th e m o d e r n c o u n t i e s o f H a dd i n gt o n R o xb u r g h Li n l it h go w E d i n , , ,

b u r gh B e r w i c k e tc I t h a s b e e n d e e m e d p r op e r to giv e t h i s h i s to r y in th e
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s o f ar a s t h e s e a r e p r e s e r v e d in th e h i s t o r y o f Gi l d a s th e w o r k s o f B e d e a n d , ,

in th e E ngl is h Ch r on ic l e t h e s e t h r e e b e i n g o u r c h i e f a u t h o r iti e s fo r e ar l y
,

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.

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,

t u r y—as i d e fr o m th e b r i e f d e s c r iptio n s o f N e n n i u s a lr e a d y gi v e n a n d s i m i l ar ,

r e f e r e n c e s to b e f o u n d in th e W e l s h Book o f th e P r i n c e s ( B r u t Z w
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d t h e A n n a /e s C a m b r id — c a n o n l y b e i n f e r r e d f r o m su c h re c o r d s
 T h e A n gl e s 26 7

as r e m aI n of th e e arl e r i E n g l i s h c o n q u e st of th e south e r n po r tio n s of th e

is lan d
Gi l da s w as w r itt e n a bout 5 5 6—
.

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73 1 a n d th e E n g l i s h o r A n g l o S a xo n C h r o n i c l e is th e w o r k o f v ar iou s h a n d s
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b e t w e e n B e d e s ti m e a n d th e m i ddl e o f th e t w e lft h c e n tu r y th e e ar l i e s t
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c opi e s e xt an t b e a r i n g e vid e n c e s o f a d a t e so m e y e ar s p r io r to 9 00 .

G I LDA s H I ST O RY OF BRITAIN

T h e n al l th e c ou n c i l l o r s tog e th e r w it h t h a t p r ou d ty r an t G u r th
r ige r n [
2 ,

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an d m e n to r e p e l th e i n v a s io n s o f th e n o r t h e r n n a tio n s Not h i n g w a s e v e r
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T h o s e v e r y p e op l e w h o m w h e n a b s e n t t h e y d r e a d e d m o r e t h an d e a t h it s e lf
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a r e th e p r i n c e s a s it is s a i d o f T h a f n e o s givi n g c o u n s e l to u n w i s e P h a r a o h
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.

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t h r e e cyul s a s t h e y c a ll t h e m t h a t is in t h r e e s h ip s o f w a r w it h t h e i r s a i l s
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c o u n t r y t o w h i c h th e y w e r e s a il i n g t h r e e h u n dr e d y e ar s an d h a l f o f t h a t ,

ti m e a h u n d r e d an d fi fty y e ar s s h o u l d p l un d e r an d d e s poi l th e s a m e T h e y
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.

fi r s t l an d e d o n th e e as t e r n s i d e o f th e i s l an d by th e i n vit a tio n o f th e u n l u c ky ,

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.

t h a t ti m e th e g e r m o f i n iq u ity a n d th e r o o t o f c o n t e n ti o n p l a n t e d t h e i r poi s o n
a m o n g s t u s a s w e d e s e r v e d a n d s h o t f o t h i n t o l e a v e s an d b r an c h e s
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t h e y fa l s e l y s a i d a n y d an g e r s in d e fe n c e o f t h e i r h o s pit a b l e e n t e r t a i n e r s
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.

m o n t h l y s u pp l i e s a r e n o t fu r n i s h e d in s u ffi c i e n t a b un d a n c e a n d t h e y i n d u s ,

tr io u s l y a gg r a v a t e e a c h o c c a s i o n o f q u a r e l s a yi n g t h a t u n l e s s m o r e l ib e r a l i t y
r ,

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a s h o r t ti m e t h e y f o ll o w u p t h e i r t h r e a t s w i t h d e e d s
, .

24 . F o r th e fir e O f v e n g e a n c e j u s t l y ki n d l e d by fo r m e r c r i m e s s p r e a d
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o f th e i s l a n d an d d ipp e d its r e d a d s a v a g e t o n g u e in th e w e s t e n o c e an
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fu l fi l l e d in o u r c a s e w h a t th e p r o p h e t d e s c r ib e s in w o r d s o f l a m e n t a tio n
T h e y h a v e b u rn e d w it h fir e th e s an c t u a r y t h e y h a v e p o ll u t e d o n e ar t h th e
t a b e r n ac l e o f th y n a m e A n d a g ai n O G o d th e G e n t i l e s h a v e c o m e i n t o
.
,
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t h i n e i n h e r it an c e T h y h o l y t e m p l e h a v e t h e y d e fil e d e tc So t h a t a l l th e ,
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.

c ol u m n s w e r e l e v e l le d w i t h th e g r o un d by th e fr e q u e n t s t r ok e s o f th e

S l pp 00— 20 e e a so . 2 2.
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a roun d th e m o n e v e r y s i de L a m e n t a b l e to b e h o l d in th e
.
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s t r e e t s l a y th e top s o f l o fty to w e r s t um b l e d to th e g r o u n d 5 , ,

w a l l s h o l y al t a r s f r a g m e n t s o f h u m an bo d i e s c ov e r e d w i t h l ivi d c l ot s o f
, , ,

c o a g u l a t e d b l oo d l ooki n g as if t h e y h a d b e e n s q u e e z e d tog e t h e r m a p r e s s ;
,

a n d w it h n o c h an c e o f b e i n g b u r i e d s a v e in th e r u i n s o f th e h o u s e s o r in , ,

th e r a v e n i n g b e l l i e s o f w i l d b e a s t s a n d bi r d s ; w it h r e v e r e n c e b e it s pok e n
f o r t h e i r b l e s s e d so u l s if i n d e e d t h e r e w e r e m an y f o u n d w h o w e r e c a r r i e d
, , , ,

a t t h a t ti m e i n to th e h igh h e a v e n by th e h o l y a n g e l s
,
S o e n ti r e l y h a d th e .

v i n t a ge on c e s o fi d e g e n e r a t e d an d b e c o m e bitt e r t h a t in th e w o r d s o f
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,

h usb an d m a n h a d tu r n e d h is b a c k .

25 .So m e t h e r e fo r e o f th e m is e rab l e r e m n an t b e i n g t a k e n in th e
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m o u n t a i n s w e r e m u r d e r e d in g r e a t n u m b e r s ; oth e r s c o n s t r a i n e d by fa m i n e
, , ,

c a m e an d yi e l d e d t h e m s e l v e s to b e s l a v e s fo r e v e r to th e i r f o e s r u n n i n g th e ,

r i s k o f b e i n g i n s t an t l y s l a i n w hi c h t r u l y w a s th e g r e a t e st fa vo r t h a t c o u l d
,

b e o ff e r e d t h e m : s o m e ot h e r s p a s s e d b e yo n d th e s e as w ith l ou d l a m e n t a tio n s
in s t e a d o f th e voi c e o f e x h o r t a tio n T h ou h a s t giv e n u s a s s h e e p to b e
.

s l a u h t e r e d an d a m o n g th e G e n ti l e s h as t t h ou d i s p e r s e d u s Ot h e rs c o m
g ,
.
,

m itt i n g th e s a fe g u a r d o f t h e i r l iv e s w hi c h w e r e in c o n t i n u a l j e op a r d y to th e , ,

m o un t a in s p r e c ip i c e s t h i c k l y w o o d e d fo r e s t s a n d to th e r o c k s o f th e s e a s
, , ,

( a l b e it w i t h t r e m b l i n g h e a r ts ) r e m a i n e d s ti ll in t h e i r c o u n t r y
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m e a n w h i l e an oppo r tu n ity h a pp e n i n g w h e n t h e s e m o s t c r u e l r obb e r s w e r e

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r e t urn e d h o m e th e poo r r e m n a n t s o f o u r n a tio n ( to w h o m fl o c k e d fr o m

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d iv e r s p l a c e s r o u n d a bo u t o u r m i s e r a b l e c o u n t r y m e n a s f a st a s b e e s to t h e i r
hiv e s fo r fe a r o f an e n s u i n g sto r m ) b e i n g s t r e n g t h e n e d by G o d c all i n g u po n
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h im w it h a ll t h e i r h e a r t s as th e po e t s a y s Wit h t h e i r u n n um b e r e d vo w s “
, ,

th e y b u r d e n h e a v e n t h a t t h e y m igh t n o t b e b r o u gh t to utt e r d e s t r u c tio n

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took a r m s u n d e r th e c o n d u c t o f A m b r o s i u s A u r e l i an u s a m o d e s t m an w h o , ,

o f a l l th e Ro m a n n a tio n w a s t h e n a l o n e in th e c o n fu s io n o f t h i s t r o u b l e d
p e r i o d by c h an c e l e ft a l iv e H is p ar e n t s w h o fo r t h e i r m e r it w e r e a d o r n e d
.
,

w it h th e p u r p l e h a d b e e n s l a i n in t h e s e s a m e b r o i l s an d n o w h is p r og e n y in
, ,

th e s e o u r d a y s a l t h o u g h s h a m e fu l l y d e g e n e r a t e d fr o m th e w o r t h i n e s s o f t h e i r
,

a n c e s to r s p r o v o k e to b a tt l e t h e i r c r u e l c o n q u e r o r s a n d by th e goo d n e s s o f
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o u r Lo r d obt a i n th e vi c t o r y
6
2 A ft e r t h i s s o m e ti m e s o u r c ou n t r y m e n so m e ti m e s th e e n e m y w o n
.
, , ,

th e fi e l d to th e e n d t h a t o u r Lo r d m igh t in t h i s l a n d tr y a f t e r h is ac c u s t o m e d
,

m a n n e r t h e s e h is I s r a e l i t e s w h e t h e r t h e y l ov e d h im o r n o t u n ti l th e y e a r o f
, ,

th e s i e g e o f B a t h h i l l w h e n took p l ac e a l s o th e l a s t a l m o s t t h o u g h n o t th e
, ,

l e a s t s l a u gh t e r o f o u r c r u e l fo e s w h i c h w a s ( a s I a m s u r e ) f o r ty f o u r y e ar s
,

a n d o n e m o n t h a f t e r th e l a n d i n g o f th e S a x o n s a n d a l s o th e t i m e o f m y o w n ,

n a tivity . A n d ye t n e i t h e r to t h i s d a y a r e th e c iti e s o f o u r c o u n t r y i n h a bit e d

a s b e f o r e b u t b e i n g f o r s a k e n a n d ov e r t h r o w n
,
s ti l l l ie d e s o l a t e o u r f o r e ig n ,

w a r s h a vi n g c e a s e d b u t o u r c ivi l t r o u b l e s s ti l l r e m a i n i n g
,
F o r a s w e l l th e .

r e m e m b r a n c e o f s u c h a t e r r ib l e d e s o l a tio n o f th e i s l a n d a s a l s o o f th e u n e x ,

p e c te d r e c ov e r y o f th e s am e r e m a i n e d in th e m i n d s o f t h o s e w h o w e r e
,

e ye w i t n e s s e s o f th e w o n d e r fu l e v e n t s o f bot h an d in r e g a r d t h e r e o f ki n g s
-
, , ,

pub l i c m a gi s t r a t e s an d p r iv a t e p e r s o n s w it h p r i e s t s an d c l e r gy m e n d id a l l
, , ,

a n d e ve ry o n e o f t hem l iv e o r d e r l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s e v e r a l vo c a tio n s .

B u t w h e n t h e s e h a d d e p ar t e d o u t o f t h i s w o r l d a n d a n e w r a c e s u c c e e d e d , ,

w h o w e r e ig n o r an t o f t h i s t r o u b l e s o m e t i m e a n d h a d o n l y e xp e r i e n c e o f th e ,

p r e s e n t p r o s p e r ity all th e l aw s o f t r ut h a n d j u s t i c e w e r e s o sh ak e n an d
,
 T he A n gl e s 26
9

su bv e rt e d t h a t n o t s o m u c h as a v e s tig e o r r e m e m b r a n c e o f th e s e vi r t u e s
r e m a i n e d a m o n g th e a bov e n a m e d o r d e r s o f m e n e x c e pt a m o n g a v e r y f e w
-
,

w h o c o m p a r e d w i t h th e g r e a t m u l ti t u d e w h i c h w e r e d a i l y r u s h i n g h e a d
,

l o n g d o w n to h e l l a r e a c c o u n t e d s o s m a l l a n u m b e r t h a t o u r r e v e r e n d
, ,

m ot h e r th e c h u r c h s c ar c e l y b e h o l d s t h e m h e r o n l y t r u e c h i l d r e n r e po s i n g
, , ,

in h e r bo s o m .

N E N N I US -
G E N EA LO G IES OF T H E K I NG S E T C ,
.

57 ( B e.r n i c i a ) — Wo d e n b e g a t B e l d e g w h o b e g a t B e o n e c w h o b e ga t ,
r ,

G e th b r o n d w h o b e g a t A l u s o n w h o b e g a t I n gw i w h o b e g a t E d ib r ith w h o
, , , ,

b e ga t E s a w h o b e g a t E o ppa w h o b e g a t I d a B ut I d a h a d t w e l v e s o n s
, ,
.
,

A d d a B e l r ic T h e o d r ic E th e l r ic T h e o d h e r e O s m e r an d o n e qu e e n B e a r
, , , , , , ,

n o c h E a l r ic
,
E th e l ric b e g a t E th e l fr id th e s a m e is A e d lf e d F l e s a u r
. Fo r r .

h e a l s o h a d s e v e n s o s E a n f id O s w a l d Os w i n O s w y O s w u d u O s l a c O ff a
n ,
r , , , , , , .

O s w y b e g a t A l fr id E lfw in an d E c gfr id ,
E c gfr id is h e w h o m a d e w a r a g a i s t
,
. n

h is c ousi n B r u d e i ki g o f th e P i c t s a n d h e f e ll t h e r e i n w it h a l l th e s t e n gt h
,
n ,
r

o f h is a r m y a n d th e P i c t s w it h t h e i r ki g g a i n e d th e vi c to r y
,
a d th e S x o s n n a n

n e v e r a g a i n r e d u c e d th e P i c t s so a s to e x a c t t ib u t e f r o m t h e m Si n c e th e r .

ti m e o f t h i s w ar it is c all e d G u e ith l in G ar an .

B u t Os w y h a d tw o w iv e s R ie m m e l th th e d a u gh t e o f R o yth s o n o f , ,
r
,

Ru m a n d E an fi e d th e d a u g h t e r o f E d w i s o n o f A ll a n
—
.
, ,

5 8 ( K e.n t ) H e gi s t b e g a t O c t a w h on b e g a t O s s w h o b e g t E o r m e ,
a, a n

r ic ,
w h o b e g a t E t h e l b e t w h o b e g a t E a db a l d w h o b e g a t E r c o m b e t w h o
r
, ,
r ,

b e g a t E gb e r t
—
.

59 ( E. a st A n g l i a ) Wo d e n b e g a t C a s s e r w h o b e g a t T i ti o w h o b e g a t ,
n n,

T r igil w h o b e g a t R o d m u t w h o b e g a t R ippa w h o b e g a t G u i l l e m G u e c h a
,
n , ,
r ,

[ U ffa o r W ,
u ff a ] w h o w a s t h e fi r s t ki g o f t h e E as t A n g l e s G u e c h a b e gat
n . r

U ffa w h o b e g a t T ytill u s w h o b e g a t En i w h o b e ga t E d i c w h o b e g a t A l d
, , ,
r ,

w u l f w h o b e ga t E lr i c
—
.
,

6 ( M
o e.r c i a ) Wo d e n b e g a t G u e d o l g e a t w h o b e g a t G u e a g o n w h o , ,

b e g a t G u ith l e g w h o b e g a t G u e r d m u n d w h o b e g t O s s a w h o b e g a t O n ge
, ,
a ,
n,

w h o b e g a t E a rn e r w h o b e g a t Pu bb a ,
T h i s Pu bb a h a d t w e l v e s o n s o f .
,

w h o m tw o a r e b e tt e r k n o w n to m e t h a n th e ot h e s t h a t is P e d a a n d a a r
,
n .

E a d l it is th e s o n o f P a n t h P e d a s o o f B u bb a E a lb a l d s o n o f A l gu i g
a
,
n
,
n , ,
n ,

son o f a a son o f P e n da ,
s o n o f Pu bb a n e r t s,
o n o f O ff a s o n o f .
,

T h in gfe r th , s o n o f E n w u lf, s o n o f O s s u l f, s o n o f a a , s o n o f Pu b b a
—
.

61 ( D e i.r a ) Wo d e n b e g a t B e l d e g, B r o n d b e g a t S i a
gg ,r w h o b e g a t
Siba l d , w h o b e g a t Z e gulf, w h o b e g a t So e m il , w h o fi r s t s e p ar a t e d D e u r f r o m
B e r n e ic h [ D e i r a fr o m B e r n i c i a] So e m il b e ga t Sgu e r th in g, w h o b e g a t .

G iu l gl is , w h o b e g a t Ul fr e a , w h o b e g a t I ffi, w h o b e g a t U l l i , E d w i n , O s fr id,
a n d E an fr id T h e r e w e r e tw o s o n s o f E d w i n , w h o fe l l w it h h im in b a tt l e a t
.

Me ic e n , an d th e ki n g d o m w as n e v e r r e n e w e d in h is fa m i l y , b e c a u s e n o t o n e
o f h is r a c e e s c a p e d f r o m t h a t w a r ; b u t a l l w e r e s l a i n w it h h im by th e a r m y
o f C a tguo ll a u n u s , ki n g o f th e G u e n e d o ta ki g t
[C a d w a ll a ,
n o f th e w e s e rn

B r ito n s ] , O s w y b e g a t E c gfr id , th e s a m e is A il gu in , w h o b e g a t O s la c h , w h o
b e g a t A l h un , w h o b e g at A d l s in g w h o b e g a t E c h un , w h o b e g a t O s l a ph I d a .

b e g a t Ea d r ic , w h o b e g a t E c gul f, w h o b e g at L e o d w al d, w h o b e g a t E at a , th e
s am e is Gl in m a u r , w h o b e g a t E a db e r t an d E gb e r t , w h o w as th e fi r s t bi s h op
o f t h e i r n a tio n .

I d a , th e s o n o f E o ppa , po s s e s s e d c o u n t r i e s o n th e l e ft h a n d s i d e o f -

B r it a i n , z c , o f th e H u m b r ia n s e a , a n d r e ig n e d t w e l v e y e ar s , an d u n it e d
’

. .

D yn gu a yth G u a r th B e r n e ic h [ D e i r a an d B e r n i c i a]
-
.
 62 Th e n D utigirn a t th at ti m e foug h t b r a v e l y a ga in s t th e n a tio n o f
.
'

th e A n g l e s At t h a t t i m e T a lh a i a r n C a ta gu e n w a s fa m e d fo r po e t r y a n d
.
,

N e ir in a n d T a l i e s i n a n d B l u c h b a r d an d C ian w h o is c a l l e d G u e n ith G u a u t
, , , , ,

w e r e a l l f a m o u s a t th e s a m e ti m e in B r iti s h po e t r y .

T h e g r e a t ki n g M a il c u n r e ig n e d am o n g th e B r ito n s z e in th e d i s t r i c t
'

, , , . .
,

o f G u e n e d o ta b e c a u s e h is g r e a t g r e a t g r a n d fa t h e r C u n e d d a w i t h h is
,
- -

, ,

t w e l v e s o n s h a d c o m e b e fo r e fr o m th e l e ft h an d p a r t i e fr o m th e
,
-
,
. .
,

c o u n t r y w h i c h is c a l l e d M a n a u G u s to d in o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r ty s ix y e ar s ,
-

b e fo r e M a il c u n r e ign e d a n d e x p e ll e d th e S c o t s w it h m u c h s l au ght e r fr o m
,

t h o s e c o u n t r i e s an d t h e y n e v e r r e t u r n e d a g a i n to i n h a bit t h e m
, .

63 . A d d a s o n o f I d a r e ign e d e igh t y e a r s ; E th e l r ic s o n o f A d d a
, , , ,

r e ig n e d f o u r y e a r s Th e o d o r i c s o n o f I da r e ig n e d s e v e n y e ar s F r e o th w ul f
.
, , .

r e ig n e d s ix y e a r s I n w ho s e ti m e th e ki n g d o m o f K e n t by th e m is s io n o f
.
,

G r e go r y r e c e iv e d b apti s m
,
H u s s a r e ign e d s e v e n y e ar s Ag a i n s t h im
. .

fo u g h t f o u r ki n g s U r i e n a n d R yd e r th e n a n d G u a ll a u c an d M o r c an t
, , , , .

T h e o do r i c f o u gh t b r a v e l y tog e t h e r w ith h is s o n s a g a i n s t t h a t U r i e n But

, , .

a t t h a t ti m e so m e ti m e s th e e n e m y an d s o m e t i m e s o u r c o u n t r y m e n w e r e

d e f e a t e d a n d h e s h u t t h e m u p th r e e d a y s a n d t h r e e n ig h t s in th e is l an d o f
,

M e tc a u t ; a n d w h i l s t h e w a s o n an e xp e d itio n h e w a s m u r d e r e d a t th e ,

i n s t an c e o f Mo r c a n t o u t o f e n vy b e c a u s e h e po s s e s s e d s o m u c h s u p e r io r ity
, ,

ov e r a l l th e ki n g s in m i l it a r y s c i e n c e E a d fe r e d F l e s a u r s r e ig n e d t w e l v e .

y e a r s in B e r n i c i a an d t w e l v e ot h e r s in D e i r a an d ga v e to h is w i fe B e bb a th e
, , , ,

t o w n o f Dyn gu o a r o y w h i c h f r o m h e r is c all e d B e bb a n b u r g [B am b o r o u gh ]
,
.

E d w i n s o n o f A ll a r e ig n e d s e v e n t e e n y e a r s s e iz e d o n E l m e te an d e x
, , , ,

p e l l e d C e r di c it s ki n g ,
E an fl e d h is d au g h t e r r e c e iv e d b a pti s m
. o n t h e
, , ,

t w e l ft h d a y a ft e r P e n t e c o s t w it h all h e r f o ll ow e r s bot h m e n an d w o m e n
, , .

T h e fo l l o w i n g E a s t e r E d w i n h i m s e lf r e c e iv e d b a pti s m a n d t w e l v e t h ou s an d ,

o f h is s u bj e c t s w it h h im If an y o n e w i s h e s to k n o w w h o b a ptiz e d th e m it
.
,

w a s R u m M a p U r b ge n [ R h u n s o n o f U r i e n ] h e w as e n ga g e d f o r ty d a y s
,

in b a ptizi n g a ll c l a s s e s o f th e S a xo n s an d by h is p r e ac h i n g m a n y b e l i e v e d ,

o n Ch r is t .

64 . O s w a l d s o n o f E th e lfr id r e ig n e d n i n e y e a r s th e s a m e is O s w al d
, ,

L l a u igu in h e s l e w C a tgu b l au n [ C a d w a l l a] ki n g o f G u e n e d o t in th e b a tt l e , ,

o f C a ts c a u l w it h m u c h l o s s to h is o w n a r m y
,
O s w y s o n o f E th e lfr id .
, ,

r e ig n e d t w e n ty e ig h t y e ar s a n d s ix m o n t h s
-
D u r i n g h is r e ig n t h e r e w a s a .

d r e a d fu l m o r t a l ity a m o n g h is s u bj e c t s w h e n C a tgu a l a r t [ C adw al l a de r] w as ,

ki n g a m o n g th e B r ito n s s u c c e e d i n g h is fa t h e r a n d h e h i m s e l f d i e d a m o n g s t
, ,

th e r e s t . H e s l e w P e n d a in th e fi e l d o f G a i an d n o w took p l a c e th e ,

s l a u g h t e r o f G a i C a m pi an d th e ki n g s o f th e B r ito n s ,
w h o w e n t o u t w ith ,

P e n d a o n th e e xp e d itio n a s fa r a s th e c ity o f ju d e u w e r e s l a i n ,
.

65 . T h e n O s w y r e s to r e d al l th e w e a l t h w h i c h w a s w it h h im in th e ,

c ity to P e n d a
,
w h o d i s t r ib u t e d it a m o n g th e ki n gs o f th e B r i t o n s t h a t is , ,

A tb e r t J u d e u B u t C a tga b a il a l o n e ki n g o f G u e n e d o t r i s i n g u p in th e
.
, ,

n ig h t e s c a p e d t o g e t h e r w ith h is a r m y w h e r e fo r e h e w a s c a l l e d C a tgab a il
, , ,

C a tgu o m m e d E c gfr id s o n o f O s w y r e ig n e d n i n e y e ar s
.
,
I n h is ti m e th e ,
.

h o l y bi s h op C u t h b e r t d i e d in th e i s l an d o f M e d c a u t I t w as h e w h o m a d e .

w a r a g a i n s t th e P i c t s a n d w a s by t h e m s l a i n ,
.

P e n d a s o n o f Pybb a r e ign e d te n y e ar s h e fi r st s e p ar a t e d th e ki n g d o m
, ,

o f M e r c i a fr o m t h at o f th e No r th m e n a n d s l e w by t r e ac h e r y A n n a ki n g o f , ,

th e E as t A n gl i a n s an d St O s w a l d ki n g o f th e No r t h m e n
,
. H e f o u g h t th e ,
.

b a tt l e o f C o c b o y in w h i c h fe ll a a s o n o f Pybba h is b r ot h e r ki n g o f th e
, , , ,

M e r c i an s a n d O s w al d ki n g o f th e No r th m e n a n d h e g a i n e d th e vi c to r y by
, , ,

d i a bo l i c al a g e n c y H e w a s n o t b a ptiz e d a n d n e v e r b e l i e v e d in God
.
, .
 T h e A n gl e s 2 7 1

66 . From o r l d to C o n st an tiu s a n d R u fu s a r e
th e b e gi n n i n g of th e w ,

u n d to b e fi v e t h ou s a n d s ix h u n d r e d a n d fifty e ig h t y e a r s -
.
,

A l so fr o m th e tw o c o n s ul s R u fu s a n d R u b e l iu s to th e c o n s u l Sti l i c ho
, , ,

a r e th r e e h u n d r e d an d s e v e n ty th r e e y e ar s
-
.

A l s o fr o m S t i l i c h o to V al e n ti n i an s o n O f P l ac i d a a n d th e r e ig n O f , ,

V or tig e r n a r e t w e n t y e ig h t y e a rs
,
-
.

A n d fr o m th e r e ign o f Vo r tl ge r n to th e qu ar r e l b e t w e e n G u i to h n u s an d
A m b r o s iu s a r e t w e l v e y e a r s w h i c h is G uo l o ppum t h a t is C a tgw a lo ph
, , ,
.

Vo r tig e rn r e i gn e d in B r it a i n w h e n Th e o d o s iu s a n d V a le n ti n i an w e r e c o n
s u l s a n d in th e f o u r t h y e ar o f h is r e ign th e S a xo n s c a m e to B r it a i n in th e
, ,

c o n s u l s h ip o f F e l ix an d T a u r u s in th e f o u r hu n d r e d t h y e ar fr o m th e ,

i n c ar n a tio n o f o u r Lo r d J e s u s C h r i s t .

F r o m th e y e ar in Wt h th e S a x o n s c a m e In to B r i tal n a n d w e r e r e c e 1 ve d ,

by Vo r tig e r n to th e ti m e o f D e c i u s an d V a l e r i an a r e si x ty n i n e y e ar s
, ,
-
.

T H E V E N E R A BL E B E D E S E C C L E SI A ST I C A L H I ST O RY
’

B e de B e d a s u r n am e d o n a c c o u n t O f h is l e ar n i n g a n d pi e ty V e n e r
,
or , , ,

able w a s bo r n a bout th e y e ar 6 7 3 p r ob a b l y in w h a t is n o w th e p a r ish o f

”
, ,

Mo n k t o n n e a r We a r m o u th in Du r h a m H e w a s e d u c a t e d in th e m o n as t e r y
, ,
.

o f St P e t e r a t We ar m o u th a n d a f t e r h is t w e n ti e t h y e a r r e m ov e d to th e n e ig h
.
,

bo r i n g m o n as t e r y o f S t P au l at J ar r o w w h e r e h e d i e d a b o u t 7 3 5 H is
.
, _
.

m ost v al u a b l e w o r k is th e H z s tor z a E e el es z a s tz ea Ge n tz s A ngl ar a m an e c c le s i

' ’ ' ' '

a s tic al h i s to r y o f E n g l an d in five book s to w h i c h w e a r e i n d e bt e d fo r a l m o s t ,

a ll o u r i n fo r m a tio n o n th e e a r l y h i s to r y o f E n gl a n d b e f o r e th e y e a r 7 3 1 .

B e d e g a i n e d th e m a t e r i a l s fo r t h i s w o r k p a r t l y fr o m R o m a n w r it e r s b u t ,

c h i e fl y f r o m n a tiv e c h r o n i c l e s a n d biog r a p h i e s r e c o r d s an d p u b l i c d o c u , ,

m en ts ,
an d o r a l a n d w r itt e n c o m m u n i c a tio n s fr o m h is c o n t e m po r ar i e s .

Ki n g ZEl fr e d t r an sl a t e d it i n to A n gl o S a xo n
.
-
.

B e d e s c hi e f s o u r c e s fo r th e d e s c r iptio n o f B r it a i n a r e P l i n y So l in u s
’

, ,

O r o s i u s an d Gi l d a s ; S t B a s i l is al s o c it e d ; an d th e t r a d itio n s w h i c h w e r e
,
.

c u r r e n t in B e d e s o w n d a y a r e o c c a s io n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d T h e h i s to r y O f th e
’
.

Ro m an s in B r it a i n is fo u n d e d c h i e fly u po n O r o s i u s E utr o piu s a n d Gi l d a s , , ,

c o r r e c t e d in s o m e p l a c e s by th e a u t h o r a pp a r e n t l y fr o m t r a d itio n o r l o c a l ,

i n fo r m atio n Do c u m e n t s pr e e xi s ti n g in a n hi s to r i c a l fo r m a r e o c c a s io n a l l y
.
-

q u ot e d a m o n g t h o s e o f w hi c h u s e h a s b e e n m a d e b e i n g th e s e of G r egory
,

t/ze G r ea t w r itt e n by P a u l u s Di ac o n u s ; th e M z r a el es of E t/zel be r ga A bbess

'

, ,

of B a r king th e L if e of Se bbz ki n g o f th e E a s t S a xo n s ; th e L ege n d of

'

f Cu t/w f
’
F u r s ey th e L ege n a Lin disf a r n e an d th e T r ea l z se o f A r c u l f
'

o ef t o

T he ut h o r s e e m s to h av e b e e n a t w o r k o n h is Hi s to r y d o w n to th e ti m e
a

o f h is d e a t h T h e f o l l o w i n g e xt r a c t s ar e m a d e f r o m G il e s s t r a n s l a tio n
’
.

B OO K I C H P T E R
A I —. T h i s i sl an d a t p r e s e n t fo l l o w i n g th e n u m b e r o f th e
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book s in w h i c h th e Divi n e l aw w as w r itt e n c o n t a i n s five n a tio n s th e E n gl i s h , , ,

B r ito n s S c ot s P i c ts a n d L ati n s e a c h in its o w n p e c u l i a r d i a l e c t c u l tiv a t i n g

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th e s u b l i m e s t u d y o f Divi n e t r u t h T h e L a ti n to n g u e is by th e s t u d y o f th e.
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S c r ipt u r e s b e c o m e c o m m o n to all th e r e s t At fi r s t t h i s i s l an d h a d n o ot h e r
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 t t but th e B r ito n s fr o m w ho m it d e r iv e d its n am e an d w h o 1
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o v e r i n to B r it a i n a s is r e po r t e d fr o m A r m o r i c a po s s e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s
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so u th e r n p ar t s t h e r e o f W h e n t h e y b e gi n n i n g a t th e s o u t h h a d m ad e
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s e l v e s m a s t e r s o f th e g r e a t e s t a r t o f th e i s l a n d it h a pp e n e d t h a t th e
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w e r e d r iv e n by th e w i n d s b e yo n d th e s h o r e s o f B r it a i n an d a r r i v ,

th e n o r t h e r n c o a s t s o f I r e l a n d w h e r e fi n d i n g th e n a tio n o f th e S c ot
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b e gge d to b e a ll o w e d to s e tt l e a m o n g t h e m bu t c o u l d n o t s u c c e e d in c ,

in g t h e i r r e q u e s t I r e l a n d is th e g r e a t e s t i s l an d n e xt to B r it a i n a n d
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th e w e s t o f it ; b u t a s it is s h o r t e r t h an B it a i n to th e n o r t h s o o n th e r
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h an d it r un s o u t fa r b e yo n d it to th e s o u t h O ppo s it e
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o f Sp a i n t h o u g h a s p a c i o u s s e a l i e s b e t w e e n t h e m
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s a i d a r r ivi n g in t h i s i s l an d by s e a d e s i r e d to h a v e a
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w h i c h t h e y m ig h t s e tt l e T h e S c o t s an s w e r e d
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c o n t a i n t h e m bot h ; b u t We c an giv e yo u goo d

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to d o w e k n o w t h e r e 1 3 an ot h e r i s l an d n o t fa r f ,

w h i c h w e o f t e n s e e a t a d i s t an c e w h e n th e d a y s ,

t h it h e r yo u w i l l O bt a i n s e t t l e m e n t s ; 0
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s h all h a v e o u r a s s i s t an c e
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po s s e s s e d o f th e s o u t h e r n N o w th e P i c t s h a d n o w iv e
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th e S c ot s ; w h o w o u l d n o t c o n s e n t to g r an t t h e m u p
t h an t h a t w h e n a n y d i ffi c u l ty s h o u l d ar i s e t h e y s h o u l d ,

th e f e m a l e r o y a l r a c e r a t h e r t h an f r o m th e m a l e : w h i
k n o w n h a s b e e n ob s e r v e d a m o n g th e P i c t s to t h i s d ay
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B r it a i n b e s i d e s th e B r ito n s a n d P i c t s r e c e iv
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w h o m ig r a ti n g f r o m I r e l an d u n d e r t h e i r l e a d e r
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th e P i c ts w h i c h t h e y s t i l l po s s e s s F r o m th e n a m e o f t h e i r c o m m a .

t h e y a r e to t h i s d a y c a l l e d D al r e u d in s fo r in t h e i r l a n g u a g e Da l s ig , ,

a p ar t . I r e l a n d in b r e a d t h an d fo r w h o l e s o m e n e s s an d s e r e n ity O f c l i:
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f ar s u r p a s s e s B r it a i n I t is p r o p e r l y th e c o u n t r y o f th e S c ot s
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m ig r a ti n g f r o m t h e n c e a s h a s b e e n s a i d a d d e d a t h i r d n a tio n in B r ita
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th e B r i t o n s a n d th e P i c t s T h e r e is a v e r y l a r g e g u l f o f th e s e a v
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f o r m e r l y d ivi d e d th e n a ti o n o f th e P i c t s fr o m th e B r ito n s ; w h i c h g u l f
Fi r t h o f C l y d e ] r un s fr o m th e w e s t v e r y far i n t o th e l a n d w h e r e to t h i s , ,

s t a n d s th e s t r o n g c ity O f th e B r ito n s c a ll e d A l c l u ith T h e S c ot s a r r ivir ,

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th e n o r t h s i d e o f t h i s b a y s e tt l e d t h e m s e l v e s t h e r e
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C H A P T E R X I I n th e y e a r 4 0 7 Ho n o r i u s th e yo u n g e r s o n o f T h e o d
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a n d th e f o r t y f o u r t h f r o m A u g u s t u s b e i n g e m p e r o r tw o y e ar s b e f o r e tl
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v a s io n O f Ro m e by A l ar i c ki n g o f th e Got h s w h e n th e n a tio n s o f th e f
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S u e vi V an d al s an d m an y ot h e r s w it h t h e m h a vi n g d e fe a t e d th e F r an k :
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p as s e d th e R h i n e r a v a g e d all G a u l G r a ti an u s M u n ic e ps w as s e t 1
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ty r an t an d ki l l e d I n h is p l a c e Co n s t a n ti n e o n e o f th e m e a n e s t SO l
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o n l y fo r h is n a m e s s a k e an d w it h o u t a n y w o r t h to r e c o m m e n d h im
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c h os e n e m p e ro r A s s oo n a s h e h a d t a k e n upo n h im th e c o m m a n
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p a s s e d ov e r i n to F r an c e w h e r e b e i n g O ft e n i m po s e d u po n by th e b a r b a
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w it h f a it h l e s s t r e a ti e s h e c a u s e d m u c h i n j u r y to th e C o m m o n w e
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Wh e r e upo n Co u n t Co n st a n ti u s by th e c o m m an d o f Ho n o r i u s m a n , ,

i n to G a u l w it h an a r m y b e s i e g e d h im in th e c ity o f A r l e s an d pu t h
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de at h .H is s o n Co n s t a n s w h o m O f a m o n k h e h a d c r e a t e d C ae s ar w as
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pu t to d e a t h by h is o w n Co u n t G e r o n tiu s a t Vi e n n e
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 T h e A n gl e s 2 73

T h e n th e Ro m an s c e as e d to r u l e in B r it a i n a l m o s t 4 7 0 y e ar s a ft e r C a i u s ,

J u l ius Cae s ar e n t e r e d th e i s l an d T h e y r e s i d e d w it h i n th e r a m p ar t w h i c h
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a s w e h a v e m e n tio n e d S e v e r u s m a d e a c r o s s th e i s l a n d o n th e s o u t h s id e o f
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it a s th e c iti e s t e m p l e s b r i d g e s a n d p av e d r o a d s t h e r e m a d e t e s ti fy to this
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d ay b u t t h e y h a d a r ig h t o f d o m i n io n ov e r th e f a r t h e r p ar ts o f B r it a i n a s ,

a l s o ov e r th e i s l an d s t h a t a r e b e yo n d B r it a i n
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C H A P T E R X I I F r o m t h a t ti m e th e s o u t h p ar t o f B r it a i n d e s titut e o f
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a r m e d s o l d i e r s o f m a r ti al s to r e s a n d o f a ll its a c tiv e yo u t h w h i c h h a d b e e n
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l e d aw a y by th e r a s h n e s s o f th e ty r an t s n e v e r to r e t u r n w a s w h o ll y e xpo s e d , ,

to r api n e a s b e i n g t o t al l y ig n o r an t o f th e u s e o f w e ap o n s W h e r e upo n t h e y
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su ff e r e d m an y y e a r s u n d e r tw o v e r y s a v a g e f o r e ign n a tio n s th e S c ot s fr o m ,

th e w e s t an d th e P i c ts fr o m th e n o r t h
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o n a c c ou n t o f t h e i r b e i n g s e a t e d out o f B r it a i n b u t b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e r e ,

m ot e fr o m t h a t p ar t o f it w h i c h w as po s s e s s e d by th e B r ito n s tw o in l e ts o f
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th e s e a l yi n g b e t w e e n th e m o n e o f w h i c h r u n s in fa r a n d b r o a d i n to th e
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l an d o f B r it a i n fr o m th e E a s t e r n O c e a n an d th e ot h e r fr o m th e W e s t e r n
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t h o u gh t h e y d o n o t r e a c h s o as to to u c h o n e an ot h e r T h e e a s t e r n h a s in .

th e m i d s t o f it th e c ity G iu d i T h e w e s t e r n h a s o n it t h a t is o n th e r igh t
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h an d t h e r e o f th e c ity A l c l u ith w h i c h in t h e i r l a n gu a g e sig n ifi e s th e Ro c k

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C l u ith [ C ly d e] fo r it is c l o s e by th e r iv e r o f t h a t n am e
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to Ro m e w it h l e tt e r s in m o u r n fu l m an n e r p r ayi n g fo r s u c c o ur s a n d p r o m i s , ,

in g p e r p e tu al subj e c tio n p r ovi d e d t h a t th e i m p e n d i n g e n e m y s h o u l d b e

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d r iv e n a w a y A n ar m e d l e gio n w as i m m e d i a t e l y s e n t t h e m w h i c h a r r ivi n g
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in th e i s l an d a n d e n ga gi n g th e e n e m y s l e w a g r e a t m u l tit u d e O f t h e m
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d r ov e th e r e st o u t o f th e t e r r ito r i e s o f t h e i r a ll i e s a n d h a vi n g d e l iv e r e d ,

t h e m fr o m t h e i r c r u e l o pp r e s so r s a d vi s e d t h e m t o b u i l d a w a l l b e t w e e n th e
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tw o s e a s a c r o s s th e i s l an d t h a t it m ig h t s e c u r e t h e m ,
a n d k e e p O ff th e ,

e n e m y ; a n d t h u s t h e y r e t u rn e d h o m e w it h g r e a t t r i u m p h T h e i s l an d e r s .

r a i s i n g th e w a l l a s t h e y h a d b e e n d i r e c t e d n o t O f s to n e a s h a vi n g n o a r ti s t
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c a p a b l e o f su c h a w o r k b u t o f s o d s m a d e it o f n o u s e
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it fo r m an y m i l e s b e t w e e n th e tw o b a y s o r i n l e t s o f th e s e a s w h i c h w e h av e ,

s pok e n o f ; to th e e n d t h a t w h e r e th e d e f e n c e O f th e w a t e r w a s w a n ti n g
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t h e y m igh t u s e th e r a m p ar t t o d e fe n d t h e i r bo r d e r s fr o m th e i r r upti o n s o f
th e e n e m i e s O f w h i c h w o r k t h e r e e r e c t e d t h a t is O f a r a m p a r t O f e xt r a
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o r d i n a r y b r e a d th an d h e ig h t t h e r e a r e e vi d e n t r e m a i n s to b e s e e n a t t h i s
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d ay I t b e gi n s a t a bo u t tw o m i l e s d i s t a n c e f r o m th e m o n a s t e r y O f Ab e r
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c u rn ig o n th e w e s t a t a p l a c e c a l l e d in th e P i c tis h l an g u a g e
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but in th e E n gl i s h to n gu e Pe n n e l tun an d r u n n i n g to th e w e s t w a r d e n d s
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n e a r th e c ity A l c l u ith .

B u t th e f o r m e r e n e m i e s w h e n t h e y p e r c e iv e d th a t th e Ro m an s o ld i e r s
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w e r e go n e i m m e d i a t e l y c o m i n g by s e a b r ok e i n to th e bo r d e r s t r a m p l e d
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a n d ov e r r a n a ll p l a c e s an d l ik e m e n m o w i n g r ip e c o rn bo r e d o w n a l l b e fo r e
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t h e m H e r e u po n m e s s e n g e r s ar e a g a i n s e n t to Ro m e i m p l o r i n g a id l e s t
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t h e i r w r e t c h e d c o u n t r y s h o u l d b e u tt e r l y e xti r p a t e d a n d th e n am e O f a ,

Ro m an p r ovi n c e s o l o n g r e n o w n e d a m o n g t h e m ov e r t h r o w n by th e
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c r u e l ti e s o f b a r b a r o u s f o r e ig n e r s m ig h t b e c o m e u tt e r l y c o n t e m ptib l e A,
.

l e gio n is a c c o r d i n g l y s e n t a g a i n a n d a r r ivi n g u n e xp e c t e d l y in a u t u m n , , ,

m a d e g r e a t s l a u g h t e r O f th e e n e m y O b l igi n g a ll t h o s e t h a t c o u l d e s c a p e to
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fl e e b e y o n d th e s e a ; w h e r e a s b e fo r e t h e y w e r e w o n t y e ar l y to c a r r y o ff ,

t h e i r booty w i t h o u t an y o ppositio n T h e n th e Ro m an s d e c l ar e d to th e .

B r i t o n s t h a t th e y c ou l d n o t fo r th e futu r e u n d e r t a k e s u c h t r o ub l e s o m e e x
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pe d itio n s fo r t h e i r s a k e a d vi s i n g t h e m r a t h e r to h an d l e t h e i r w e a po n s l ik e
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m e n , an d un de r a t k e t h e m s e l v e s th e c h a r g e o f e n g a gi n g t h e i r e n e m i e s w h o ,

w o u l d n o t p r ov e t oo po w e r fu l f o r t h e m u n le s s t h e y w e r e d e t e r r e d by ,

c o w a r d i c e ; an d t h i n ki n g th a t it m igh t b e so m e h e l p to th e a l l i e s w h o m
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t h e y w e r e fo r c e d to a b a n d o n t h e y b u i l t a s t r o n g s t o n e w a l l fr o m s e a to s e a
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in a s t r a ig h t l i n e b e t w e e n th e to w n s t h a t h a d b e e n t h e r e b u i l t fo r f e a r O f th e
e n e m y an d n o t f ar f r o m th e t r e n c h o f S e v e r u s
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T h i s fa m o u s w a l l w h i c h 1 8 .
,

s ti l l to b e s e e n w a s b u i l t a t th e p u b l i c an d p r iv a t e e xp e n s e th e B r it o n s a l s o
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l e n d i n g t h e i r a s s i s t an c e I t is e igh t fe e t in b r e a d th a n d t w e l v e In h e ig h t
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in a s t r a ig h t l i n e fr o m e as t to w e s t a s is s ti ll vi s ib l e to b e h o l d e r s ,
Th is be .

in g fi n i s h e d t h e y g a v e t h a t d i s pi r it e d p e op l e goo d a d vi c e w it h p a tt e r n s t o
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f u r n i s h t h e m w ith a r m s B e si d e s t h e y b u i l t to w e r s o n th e s e a c o as t to th e
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s outh w a r d a t p r op e r d ist a n c e s
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w h e r e t h e i r s h ip s w e r e b e c a u s e t h e r e a l s o
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th e i r r u ptio n s o f th e b ar b a r i an s w e r e a pp r e h e n d e d a n d so took l e a v e O f ,

t h e i r fr i e n d s n e v e r to r e tu r n a g a i n
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A ft e r t h e i r d e p ar t u r e th e S c ots an d th e P i c t s u n d e r s t an d i n g th a t t h e y
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h a d d e c l a r e d t h e y w ou l d c o m e n o m o r e s p e e d i l y r e t u r n e d an d g r o w i n g , ,

m o r e c o n fi d e n t t h an t h e y h a d b e e n b e fo r e o c c u pi e d a l l th e n o r t h e r n an d ,

f ar t h e s t p ar t O f th e is l an d a s fa r a s th e w a l l ,
H e r e u po n a ti m o r o u s g u a r d .

w a s p l a c e d upo n th e w a l l w h e r e th e y pi n e d a w a y d a y a n d n ig h t In th e u t
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m o s t fe a r . O n th e ot h e r s i d e th e e n e m y a tt a c k e d t h e m w it h h ook e d
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w e a po n s by w h i c h th e c o w a r d l y d e fe n d an t s w e r e d r a gg e d fr o m th e w a l l
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a n d d a s h e d a g a i n st th e g r o u n d At l a s t th e B r ito n s fo r s a ki n g t h e i r c iti e s
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a n d w a l l took to flig h t a n d w e r e d i s p e r s e d
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T h e e n e m y p u r s u e d an d th e .
,

s l a ug h t e r w a s g r e a t e r t h an o n a n y f o r m e r o c c a s io n ; fo r th e w r e t c h e d
n a tiv e s w e r e to rn in pi e c e s by t h e i r e n e m i e s a s l a m b s a r e to rn by w i l d ,

b e a s t s T h u s b e i n g e xp e l l e d t h e i r d w e l l i n g s an d po s s e s s io n s t h e y s a v e d
.
, ,

t h e m s e l v e s fr o m s t a r v a tio n by r obbi n g an d p l u n d e r i n g o n e a n oth e r a d d i n g ,

to th e c a l a m iti e s o c c a s io n e d by fo r e ign e r s by t h e i r o w n d o m e sti c b r oi l s ti l l , ,

th e w h o l e c o u n t r y w a s l e f t d e stit u t e o f f oo d e x c e pt su c h a s c o u l d b e ,

p r o c u r e d in th e c h a s e
—
.

C H A P T E R X I I I I n th e y e a r O f o ur Lo r d 4 2 3 T h e o dosi u s th e yo u n g e r
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n e xt to Ho n o r iu s b e i n g th e f o r ty fifth f r o m A u g u st u s gov e r n e d th e Ro m a n
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e m pi r e t w e n ty s ix y e ar s -
I n th e e igh t h y e a r O f h is r e ig n Pa ll a d iu s w a s s e n t
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by C e l e s tin u s th e Ro m a n p o n ti ff to th e S c ot s t h a t b e l i e v e d in C h r i s t to b e
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t h e i r fi r s t bi s h op I n th e t w e n ty t h i r d y e a r o f h is r e ign ZE tiu s a r e n o w n e d
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p e r s o n b e i n g a l s o a p a t r i c i an d i s c h a r g e d h is t h i r d c o n s u l s h ip w it h Sym
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m a c h u s f o r h is c o l l e a g u e To h im th e w r e t c h e d r e m a i n s o f th e B r it o n s
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s e n t a l e tt e r w h i c h b e g a n t h u s To E tiu s t h r i c e Co n s u l th e g r o an s O f , ,

th e B r ito n s A n d in th e s e q u e l o f th e l e tt e r t h e y t h u s e xp r e s s e d t h e i r
c a l a m iti e s T h e b a r b a r i a n s d r i v e u s to th e s e a th e s e a d r iv e s u s b a c k
to th e b ar b a r i a n s : b e t w e e n t h e m w e a r e e xpos e d to tw o s o r ts o f
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to p r e a c h th e w o r d O f G o d to th e E n g l is h n a tio n .

I n th e y e a r 5 9 7 , th e a fo r e s a i d t e ac h e r s a r r iv e d in B r it a i n b e i n g a bout
th e 1 5 0 th y e ar f r o m th e c o m i n g o f th e E n g l i s h i n to B r it a i n .

I n th e y e a r 6 0 1 , P op e G r e go r y s e n t th e p a ll i n to B r it a i n to A u g u s ti n e
, ,
w h o w a s a l r e a d y m a d e bi s h op h e s e n t al s o s e v e r a l m i n i s t e r s o f th e w o r d
,
am o n g w h o m w a s P a u l i n us .

I n th e y e a r 6 0 3 , a b a tt l e w as f ought a t D e gs a s tan e .

I n th e y e a r 6 0 4 , th e E a s t S a xo n s r e c e i v e d th e f a it h o f C h r ist , u n d e r Ki n g
S ab e r t, an d B i s h op M e l l it u s .

I n th e y e ar 6 0 5 , G r e go r y d i e d .

I n th e y e ar 6 1 6 , E t h e l b e r t , ki n g o f K e n t , d i e d .

I n th e y e a r 6 2 5 , th e v e n e r a b l e P a u l i n u s w as , by A r c hbishop Ju s tu s o r
,
d a i n e d bi s h op O f th e No r t h u m b r i an s .

I n th e y e ar 6 2 6 , E an fl e d a , d a u g h t e r to Ki n g E d w i n , w as b a ptiz e d w ith
t w e l v e ot h e r s , o n W h it S a t u r d a y
-
.

I n th e y e a r 6 2 7 , Ki n g E d w i n w a s b a ptiz e d , w it h h is n a tio n , a t E a s t e r .

I n th e y e a r 6 3 3 , Ki n g E d w i n b e i n g ki l l e d , P a u l i n u s r e t u r n e d to K e n t .

I n th e y e a r 6 4 0 , E a d b a l d , ki n g o f K e n t , d i e d .

I n th e y e a r 6 4 2 , Ki n g O s w a l d w as s l a i n .

I n th e y e ar 6 4 4 , P a u l i n u s , fi r s t bi s h op o f Yo r k , but n o w o f th e c ity o f
R o c h e s t e r , d e p ar t e d to o u r Lo r d .

I n th e y e a r 6 5 1 , Ki n g O s w i n w a s ki ll e d , a n d Bi s h op Ai d a n d i e d .

I n th e y e a r 6 5 3 , th e Mi d l a n d A n g l e s , u n d e r t h e i r p r i n c e , P e n d a , r e c e iv e d
th e m y s t e r i e s o f th e f a it h .

I n th e y e a r 6 5 5 , P e n d a w a s s l a i n , a n d th e M e r c i a n s b e c a m e C h r i s ti an s .

I n th e y e ar 6 6 4 , t h e r e h a pp e n e d a n e c l ip s e o f th e s u n E ar c o n b e r t, ki n g
O f K e n t, d i e d a n d C o l m an r e t u r n e d to th e S c o t s a p e s ti l e n c e ar os e

C e a dd a a n d Wi l fr i d w e r e o r d a i n e d bi s h o p s o f th e N o r th u m b r ian s .

I n th e y e a r 6 6 8, T h e o d o r e w a s o r d a i n e d bi s h op .

I n th e y e a r 6 7 0 , O s w y, ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s , d i e d .

I n th e y e a r 6 7 3 , E gb e r t , ki n g o f K e n t , d i e d , an d a s y n o d w as h e l d a t
H e r t fo r d , in th e p r e s e n c e o f Ki n g n r id , A r c h bi s h o p T h e o d o r e p r e s i d i n g :
th e s y n o d d id m u c h goo d , a n d its d e c r e e s a r e c o n t a i n e d in te n c h a pt e r s .

I n th e y e ar 6 7 5 , Wu l f h e r e , ki n g O f th e M e r c i a n s , d yi n g, w h e n h e h a d
r e ig n e d s e v e n t e e n y e a r s l e f t th e c r o w n to h is b r ot h e r E t h e l r e d .
,

I n th e y e ar 6 7 6 , E t h e l r e d r a v a g e d K e n t .

I n th e y e a r 6 7 8, a c o m e t a pp e a r e d Bi s h op Wi l fr i d w as d r iv e n fr o m his
s e e by Ki n g n r id an d Bo s a , E a t a , a n d E a d h e d w e r e c o n s e c ra t e d b i s h ops

in h is s t e a d .

I n th e y e a r 6 7 9 , E l fw in e w as ki l l e d
'

I n th e y e ar 6 80 , a s y n o d w as h e l d in th e fi e l d c a ll e d H e th fe l d , c o n c e r n
in g th e C h r i s ti an f a i t h , A r c h bi s h o p T h e o d o r e p r e s i d i n g ; J o h n , th e R o m an
a bbot , w a s a l s o p r e s e n t . T h e s a m e y e ar a l s o th e Abb e s s Hi l d a d i e d a t
Str e a n e s h al c h .

I n th e y e a r 6 85 , n r id , ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s , w a s s l a i n .

T h e s a m e y e ar , L o th e r e ki n g o f K e n t , d i e d
, .

I n th e y e a r 6 88, C ae d w al l a, ki n g O f th e W e s t S a xo n s , w e n t to Ro m e fr o m
B r it a i n .
 I n th e y e ar
A r c hbishop T h e odo r e d i e d
6 9 0, .

6 9 7 Q u e e n O s tr ith a w a s m u r d e r e d by h e r o w n p e op l e t h a t
, ,

o f th e M e r c i an s .

I n th e y e a r 6 9 8 B e r th r e d th e r o ya l c o m m a n d e r o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s
, , ,

wa s s l a i n by th e P i c t s .

I n th e y e a r 7 0 4 E t h e l r e d b e c a m e a m o n k a ft e r h e h a d r e ig n e d t h i r ty
, ,

y e a r s ov e r th e n a t i o n o f th e M e r c i a n s an d g a v e u p th e ki n g d o m to C e o l r e d
, .

I n th e y e ar 7 0 5 A lfr id ki n g O f th e No r t h u m b r i an s d i e d
, , ,
.

I n th e y e a r 7 0 9 C e o l re d ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s h a vi n g r e ig n e d s ix y e a r s
, , , ,

w e n t to Ro m e .

I n th e y e a r 7 1 E a r l B e r tfr id f ou gh t w it h th e P i c t s
1 ,
.

I n th e y e a r 7 1 6 O s r e d ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s w a s ki ll e d ; an d
, , ,

C e o l r e d ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s d i e d ; a n d E gb e r t th e m a n o f G o d b r ought
, , , ,

th e m o n k s o f Hii to O b s e r v e th e C a t h o l i c E a st e r a n d e c c l e s i a s ti c a l to n s u r e .

I n th e y e a r 7 2 5 With r e d ki n g o f K e n t d i e d
, , ,
.

I n th e y e ar 7 2 9 c o m e t s a pp e a r e d th e h o l y E gb e r t d e p a r t e d an d O s r i c
,

di e d .

I n th e y e ar 7 3 1 A r c h bi s h op B e r tw a l d d i e d .

T h e s a m e y e a r T a tw in e w a s c o n s e c r a t e d n i n th a r c h bi s h op o f C a n t e r b u r y ,

in th e fi f t e e n t h y e a r O f E th e l b a l d ki n g o f K e n t ,
.

Wlza tf ol l ow s fie by ’ ’ ’
in Me yea r 73 5
'
’
to a n ot/ iz a n a B ea e
pp
a ea r s ze r . a te a .

I n th e y e a r f r o m th e i n c a r n a ti o n o f o u r Lo r d 7 3 2 , E gb e r t w as m a d e
b ish op o f Yo r k , in th e r oo m o f Wi lfr i d C un e b e r t, bi s h op O f Lin d is fa r ian s ,
die d .

A D 7 3 3 , t h e r e h a pp e n e d an e c l ip s e o f th e s u n , o n th e 1 8th d a y b e fo r e
. .

th e k a l e n d s o f S e pt e m b e r , a b o u t th e t h i r d h o u r o f th e d a y s o th a t al m o s t

a l l th e o r b o f th e s u n s e e m e d to b e c ov e r e d w it h a b l a c k a n d h o r r i d s h i e l d .

I n th e y e ar fr o m th e i n c a r n a ti o n o f o u r L o r d 7 3 3 , A r c h b i s h o p T a tw in e
h a vi n g r e c e iv e d th e p all by apo s t o l i c a l a u t h o r i t y , o r d a i n e d A lw ic h a n d Sig
f r i d bi s h op s .

A D 7 3 4 , th e m oo n , o n th e 2 d b e fo r e th e k a l e n d s o f F e b r u ar y , a bo u t th e
. .

ti m e O f c o c k c r o w i n g, w a s , fo r a bo u t a w h o l e h o u r , c ov e r e d w it h a b lo o d y
-

r e d , a f t e r w h i c h a b l a c k n e s s f o l l o w e d , a n d s h e r e g a i n e d h e r l ig h t .

I n th e y e a r fr o m th e i n c a r n a tio n o f o u r Lo r d 7 3 4 , B i s h o p T a tw in e d i e d .

I n th e y e ar fr o m th e i n c a r n a ti o n o f o u r L o r d 7 3 5 , Not h e l m w a s o r d a i n e d
a r c h bi s h o p a n d Bi s h op E gb e r t , h a vi n g r e c e iv e d th e p a ll f r o m th e a p o s t o l i c

s e e , w as th e fi rs t c o n fi r m e d a r c h bi s h o p a f t e r P a u l i n u s , a n d o r d a i n e d F r i t h

b e r t an d F r ith w a l d bi s h o p s an d th e p r i e s t B e d e d i e d .

A D 7 3 7 , too m u c h d r o u g h t r e n d e r e d th e l a n d u n f r u it f u l , a n d C e o l w u lf,
. .

v o l u n t a r i l y r e c e ivi n g th e t o n s u r e , l e f t th e ki n g d o m to E a d b e r t .

A D 7 3 9 , E th e l ar d , ki n g o f th e W e s t S a x o n s , d i e d
. . as d id A r c h bi s h op
,

Not h e l m .

A D 7 4 0 , C u t h b e r t w a s c o n s e c r a t e d in Not h e l m s s t e a d E th e l b a l d , ki n g
’
. . .

o f th e M e r c i a n s , th r o u g h I m pi o u s f r a u d , w a st e d p a r t o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s ,
t h e i r ki n g E a d b e r t, w it h h is ar m y , b e i n g e m p l oy e d a g a i n s t th e P i c t s Bi s h op .

E th e l w al d d i e d a l s o , an d C o n w u lf w as c o n s e c r a t e d in h is s t e a d A m w in .

a n d E a db e r t w e r e s l a i n .

A D 7 4 1 , fi r s t a g r e a t d r o u ght h a pp e n e d I n th e c o u n t r y
. . C h a r l e s , ki n g o f .

th e F r an k s , d i e d ; an d h i s s o n s , C a r o l o m a n an d P e pi n , r e ig n e d in h is s t e a d .

A D 7 4 5 , Bi s h op Wi l fr i d an d I n gw a l d , bi s h op o f Lo n d o n , d e p a r t e d to o u r
. .

Lo r d .
 A7 74
. D
,
. G o d ,
H e r e f r i d ,
d i
th e m a n o f e d .

A 75 ,
. 0 D C u.th r e d ,
ki n g o f th e W e s t S a xo n s ,
r o s e up a g a i n s t Ki n g E th e l
b al d a n d A n g u s ; T h e n e o r u s a n d E an r e d d i e d ; E a d b e r t a d d e d th e p l a in
o f Ky l e an d o th e i p l ac e s to h is d o m in io n s
”o '

A D 7 5 6 in th e fi f t h y e a r o f Ki n g Ra d b e r t , o n th e i d e s o f J a n u a r y , t h e r e
. .

h app e n e d a n e c l ip s e o f th e s u n ; a ft e r w a r d s , th e s a m e y e a r an d m o n t h , o n th e
t h b e fo r e th e k a l e n d s o f F e b r Iia r y th e m oo n s u ff e r e d an e c l ip s e b e i n g m o s t
9 ,

h o rr i d l y b l ac k .

A D 7 5 6 , Bo n i fa c e , c a ll e d a l s o Wi n fr i d , bi s h op o f th e F r a n k s , r e c e iv e d
. .

th e c r o w n o f m a r ty r d o m , w it h fifty t h r e e ot h e r s ; a n d R e d ge r w a s c o n s e -

c r a t e d a r c h bi s h op in h is s t e a d , by P op e St e p h e n .

A D 7 5 7 , E th e lb a l d , ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s , w a s m i s e r a b l y m u r d e r e d , in
. .

th e n igh t , by h is o w n t u to r s B e o n r e d b e g an h is r e ig n Cyn e w u l f, ki n g o f
th e W e s t S a xo n s , d i e d a n d th e s a m e y e a r , O ff a , h a vi n g v an q u i s h e d B e o n r e d ,

in a b l oo d y m an n e r , s o u gh t to g a i n th e ki n g d o m o f th e M e r c i a n s .

A D 7 5 8, E a d b e r t, ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s , r e c e ivi n g St P e t e r s to n
’
. . .

su r e , f o r th e l ov e O f G o d an d to g a i n th e h e a v e n l y c o u n t r y by vio l e n c e , l e f t
th e ki n g d o m to h is s o n O s w u l ph .

A D 7 5 9 , O s w u l ph w a s w i c k e d l y m u r d e r e d by h is o w n s e r v a n t s
. . an d E th

e l w al d , b e i n g c h o s e n th e s a m e y e ar by h is p e op l e , e n t e r e d up o n th e ki n g
do m in w h o s e s e c o n d y e a r t h e r e h a pp e n e d a g r e a t t r ib u l a tio n o f m o r t a l ity ,
a n d c o n ti n u e d a l m o s t tw o y e a r s , s e v e r a l g r i e vo u s d i s t e m p e r s r a gi n g , b u t

m o r e e s p e c i al l y th e d y s e n t e r y .

A D 761 . A n gu s , ki n g o f th e P i c t s , d i e d ; w h o , fr o m th e b e gi n n i n g to
.
,

th e e n d o f h is r e ig n , c o n ti n u e d a b l oo d y ty r an n i c a l but c h e r Os w i n w as al s o
sl a n i .

A D . . 6
7 5, Ki n g Al c r e d w a s ad v an c e d to th e th ron e .

NOT E S TO CHA P T E R XV I I I .

T h e Ul s te r A n n a l s h a v e in 1 03 3 Ma c i B t
m e c oe e m e c i C in a e dh a d o m ar bh a dh la ( sla ni
by) M l l i i Ci d h
ae c o a m It h m e c um d t h t t h i n aeB t w th a f.
”
as u s ua ll y b e e n a ss e a s oe e as e s on o

K enneth f D b h th p d
, son f M l lm m
o uK th ,
d th e p td re e c e s sor o ae c o ac enn e ,
an us r e re se n e

a i l b h f th h
r va ; b t th d t
ran c w i ll
o t d it f th ie d h i f th
ous e K th u e a es no a m o s, an s a er en n e

m t b pl d g
us e ti f th b k H m y ith h v b
ac e a e n e ra th onm K th ar er ac . e a e er a e ee n e sa e enn e

wh w o f th as f M l l m th
a m ki g B
er o t h i b th th
a co K th ,
f M l us a n oe e s ro er , or e enn e ,
s on o a

co lm w h l w C t ti
o s e f C il i i 99 7 d wh
o n s an i pp d by F du t b
n , son o u e n ,
n , an o s su os e or n o e

h i i ll giti
s et b th F d m a e t ll th t th l d u t m f th u c i
ro er. or f ki g un e s us a e o c s o o e s c es s on o n s .

l t d w ith
as e t b k u ti l th ti ou f M l lm
a reaf K th w h f f n f th d i e m e o a co ,
s on o en n e , en ,
or ear o e s

m m be m t f th ki gd
er en wh i h igh t p h p
o l t th
e f m th t ki g by
n om g ,
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as a h i d th h l d b
a o r e ve r a e n c e or e ac n a er s ea s ou e

d d i th g
su c c e e e t f th k i gd m by w h v w
n e t th
o ve rn m e n ti b i g th xt O e n o oe er as a e m e e n e ne

d d t —th t i
e sc e n an d gh t r a ph w s, i a th e s ont th l ivi gor a au e ,
a ne e or a n ec e , n e ar e s en n .

F il i g i th e e h w v th
a n n xt h i b g tt
s f th o yl e ll t
er, l t k h ld e n e e r e o en o e ro a or co a era s oc s ou

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,

p th
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an c e .
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or un ,
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co lm tu ll y i u d f m l d
ac a t th iss ff t ts e th uth
a ity f F d l
or a e c re e o s e ec res on e a or o or un a o n e ,

whi h c h dl y b
c an pt d f th v t f th i
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e ac c e M l lm m
e t h v or e e en s o s e ar er . a co s ee s o a e

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re a m lif er y m p e tit o wh h oul d c l i m
e o re m l n ro e an co or o s a as a a e

d t C l t S tl d p 3 99
°

d e sc e n an .
-
e ze co an , . .

A t h i d th i 1 03 3 th
9
s w eap ow e rful dul t c ll t e l t s i e th e uc c ss i
, n ,
ere as n o a o a ra o e z on s e on .

H i e i d t h v p vi d d f th i by p tti g t d e th th e g d
s sa o a e ro f K e th I V [II I J
or s u n o a r an so n o enne . . ,
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e e vi d enc e m igh t b eg tte d i u h d th e r re s nce s c a ea

xt ign —B u t H i t y f S tl d
,

w o ul d h e l pt o c l e ar u
p th e t gira c m yt i s er es of th e ne re . r on , s or o co an ,

v ol . i .
, p .
34 3 .

pp
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It a e ars fr o m th e c h ar u l a r t y of St A n dr e w s h a
. t tG r uo c h , fil i a B oa lze , w as th e w fe
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of M b th ac e s on of F in n l o e c h , an d r e ig n e d al o n g w ith h im i
w h l e L u l ac h , h is s u c c e ss or , is
—C/
, ,

t e rm e d in on e o f th e L ti a n l it s s ne p os
fi l ii B oe a e
’
. z r on ic l e s o
f tbe Pic ts and Sc o ts , p . 1 47 .

T h e fo u n da ti on fo r Sh a k p es e ar e s
’
t g dy i
ra e s th e a c c oun t giv en by H ec t or B oec e , wh i ch

w as c o pi ed i t n o H ol i n s lm l
’
s Ch r o nic le an d th e n c e c am e to th e h a n ds of th e p t oe . B oec e s
’

s ort yi s as foll o w s
N h t l g fti h p it oc an o u th e d w de f l th i g b q hil k f l l ow it
r, a n an e u n c an on r u n , e u o s on e ,

an e g t l t re ti i a th e ra l m B on v t u n M kb e th B
e re a q h w p e . d t F e a en re ,
a an an u o er a s s an o ores ,

q b i Ki g Du c
u a r nh p it t b f nth ti m an e d t b th g it t h
a n w o l th it i
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el g d
ra e an th w i d T h y w j git b th pe pil l t b w i d i t i T h fi t f
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th i a m i d t M kb th H l T h
sa o a f Gl m i e th,
d id H l T h
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C wda er d th th i d an i d H l K i g f S tl d e r Th
sa id B q h
,
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a e, n o co an en sa an u o, u a .

w em e nb e y sa u m i ful t m
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ht di d g e t e ti b t g t l d h ippi d ki gd m ht
’
noc li l on e an s an r r n d g i m
s, o re or sc s an n o es an ev s e n oc .

T th i
o w e it th fi t f t h i w i d i t i
s , an s r e W h wm rs f l i it
o pp i g t th th
r e r s s er s, e sc a ore e c e a er n o e an

t h im
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or o ki g h i m pi
c ll a d h pp l i
n o d e an e f n , s e re sa en un a e e , an n an e O

h i bl ds l l fti h im s u
u e sa id b e tr th w l l vi b ki g b t f th l cce m
e c o n r ar , y o sa ne r e n ,
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a r o, er e e e eld n th fi t tw a d id f e r e r su c um ,
as e rs o a o re .

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e m en e id h i m e, M l lm p i n f C bi t ig i fy
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'

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o un c re n th e r un a th o llo e rn Al e c r o un ,
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t unit b s pp t f B
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2 84 T h e S c o tc h -
I r is h F a m il ie s Of Am e r ic a

ye t s . i ” -
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’
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4
M a c h b e t fil ius F in l a c h c o n tul it pe r s u fl r a g us o ra tio n u m et Gru o c h filia B o dh e r e x e t

re gi a S ot u m K y k
n c D o m ipot ti t K l d i p f t i ul
or , r n ess L hl i e um o n en e a e e s, r e a ae ns ae oc ev ne c

s ui s fi ibu t t m i is
n s e er n .

Cu m m i l ib t t c ll t fu it v i ll d e K yr ke
o n Der a e m ipo te ti t K al d i
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o m imun t t
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o n er e e e xa c c o n e r e f ti s re s, e co s e a c s e s n e re ec one

p ti t i e itu t v ti
on s e s ne se d pi t ti i t u it u
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p t ti l l t C um s um a v
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it ti i t u it u t p 1 14 1 2 ”
s d e c ar a ti n um
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et A d w or a o su ra s . tr . o . n re s, .
, .

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5
h i u m ar b dha d i C ie Ab D u i ll d
an c o ar a e n r a n c r a an s n r n an nca an

xx l h —A l f Tig/
. . .

o cu h igh m i ll f i i
s soc a e a e r s. . n ae ae c . n na s o ze r n a c .

P b b l y t bt i b l u ti f th e u d f D u
5
ro a o O a n M ri u t e ll u th t i
a so on or m r er o n c an , as a an s s s a n

th y e 0 5 0 th ki g f S ti M b e th d f l y di t ibu t d i lv t th p
e ar 1 e n o co t R ma, ac a ,
re e s r e s er o e oo r a o e.

d i g t th O k yi g S g ( M A d d iti p Th fi l f O k y
’
A c c or n o e r ne n a a a r. n e rs o n s e on , . or nn , e ar o r ne ,

w t t R m i th m y
en o o d s w th P p
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e sa bt i e d b so l uti o
e e ar ,
“
an a e o e, ro o e O a n a n

fo ll hi
r a i s s ns .

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ere s ai g M b th i F l
s n ar
f W a sa t p 6 26 e o n c e rn n ac e n or e n c e o o r c es e r , .

A 1 05 0 R
nno S t um M b th d ,
R m
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s i m p l y dd P up ib u ; L v a s 9 b u a t h t w d f ll w i th t xt P 1 1 2
er s
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. .
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, eca se a or o o s n e e , s . .

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or s o t bl i f or un M h b d R m
, oo a ra s s no a e n e re n c e . ac e e a o an

p f t
r o e c us I d x d F d u T h f n m F e d u ad h i p u b l i h or w l n . t h t us ro or n , an s s er, e ea rn , a

M b th w t t R m
ac e d th
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’
e re e or na n

s ni u t d th t M b e th b ib d th u t f R m
a e a ac H i l es A l f S tl d
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vo .

I . p 4
, . .

Si w d w 7
d ub l y ar t d w ith th h u f C i
as o th bb t of D u k l d f h i
c on n e c e e o se o r n an , e a o n e ,
or s

w if t Al dgith h l f i t f E l E l d d w m i d t M ld d f C i
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e s au n , a, a -
s s er O ar a re , as ar r e o a re ,
son o r n an ,

an d Ki g D u n hi lf i d ith th i t
n c an th u i
m se f E l Si w d by w h m
m arr e e er e s s e r or e co s n o ar ar , o

h h d e a M l l m —C l ti S tl d l i p 4 08
a son , a co . e c co an ,
vo . .
, . .

I 1 054 Si w
8
n d th v l i t d uk e f th N th u m b i ar ,
by th e m ad f Ki gan o e or r an s , e co m an o n

E dw d w ith b th ar , m y f h s d p w e f l fl t w t i t S tl d d f ugh t a
o an ar O or e , an a o r u ee ,
en n o co an an o

b ttl w it h M b th ki g f S t s d m y t h u d f th S t d l l th N m
a e ac e ,
n o co f ,
an an o s an o e c o s an a e or an s , o

wh m w o h v b v m d m ti b i g ki ll d put h im t fl igh t d
e a e a o e a e tit u t d Ki g
en on ,
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son th ki g h de m m n d d o I t h t b ttl
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f l l —F l
.
, ,

h w v o hi e er ,d m y f th E gl i h d D
s s o n an an f W o t e n s an an e s e . or en c e o or c es e r .

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n er e e ar u ts f th e e xp diti
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th ly
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or e a e o t d i th S e Clor i l u d e th
an , c s a so e n e r e n e a x on z r on c e n er e

s am e d t pl i g th d f t d d th f M b th w h i h i d M l l m C m
a e, ac n e e ea an t th ea o ac e , c ra s e a co e an o re o e

th i th
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ki ll i g M b th n d t i g M l l m t h i f th
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n s ll w h i h n h d i d i 1 05 5 h m u t h v
a i f m hi g v (l ik e R g
c ,
as e e n , e s a e r sen ro s ra e e

i l d H y Iv ) t
na ff t T h t th d f t f M b th i 1 05 4
ar o e ec t ib ut d v t u ll y t th
. a e e ea O ac e n c on r e e en a o e

s u f M l l m i 1 0 5 8 i h igh l y p b b l ; b t th e m i e p
c c e ss o a co n t ti s f th A gl s ro a e u sr r es e n a on O e n o

N m w it or an t t df r m om t g i t th e
e rs c a n n o u t f th c
s an t mp y d or a en a a ns ac c o n o e on e o r ar an
 m ore i m p ti ar al au th o ri ti —E Wi ll i
es . . am R ob e r t s o n, Sc otl a n d u n der ti er E a r ly K in gs , vol .

ii .
, p .
4 00 .

A n ew c a us e fo r ac ti on h ad n o w m a de it sel f fe l t . T he fligh t of a b dy o Of N o r m an s to

th e Sc o tti h s i t
c o ur f m t xi l f d
on G th
o d w n e s r e u rn Th p w
’
f ro e e or c e on e t uggl
s r e . e o er o

M b th h d b d bl d by h i l
ac e a een ll i w ith th
ou O k y j le d hi pti f
s c o se a an c e e r ne ar s , an s re c e on o

th N me th t d d g t th E gl i h l m I t w
or an s r ea e n e by th e ki g d
an er th t o e n s re a . as n
’
s or er
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a

Si w d m ar h d v th e b d
ar c t figh t M
e o b ther Th d g w ord i p ll d er I 1 05 4
o ac e . e an er as s o o n s e e . n

i a N th u m b i fl t pp d ff th S tti h
or r an ee t d N th um b i
a e ar e y m tM o e co s c oas ,
an a or r an a rm e ac

b th d h i O k y l l i i d p t b ttl T h E gl i h vi t y w
e an s r ne a es n m pl ta th e es era e a e . e n s c or as c o e e

N o m s w e u t t pi
r an d M b th fl d t h i N
re c o l li t p i h ft
e c e s , an f y ac e e o s or se a es, o er s a er ou r e ar s

o f u si g t uggl w ith D u c a
n c ea n s r M l l m w h o m Siw d pl c d
e th Sc tti h
n n s
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—G
, ,

th ron e C q t f E gl
re e n , d h xi on 8 ue s o n an ,
e .
, .
, .

Th S x 9
C/ ei l m k a m
on ti f M l ol m i
z r on c e ti w ith t h i xp d iti
a es no en on o a c n c on n e c on s e e on

b ut Fl f W t dd t
or e n c e o t pp tl y t k f m th S
o rc e s e r a sC/ i l
o an a c c o u n ,
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th t it w m d j
a as g i t h tath f e th
n ss n r e i d w S ti
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on

th th e A g l i t D i
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n e M l l u an gi C b m fil i m t
,
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j us t g
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reu it Me b t h h w v
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”
i l A l R i
acA l b ti lle , o e er, a e ar s n e r s i n n a s as an

1 05 7 d M i u
, an t t d i ti tl y th t h ig d ti l l th t y
ar an s s a es whi h i s l iv nc a e re ne a e ar , c s c on c us e as

t M l
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a n It i en m k bl h w v th t
a e n O co an n . s re ar a e, o e er , a

i th i s p
n ge h e i t ll d fil iu gi S tt
as s a s no b t cafil i gi C m b
e d s re s co o r um u us r e s u r o r um an

Si m m
e on se e tt h g i d Du
s no k i g f th S t f h m k M b th th
o a ve r e c o n z e n c a n as n o e co s, or e a es ac e e

im m e di t u a e s f M l l f K
c c e s s or O th A m iiijM l l m
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ki g f C um b i
n o d t th i ti m L th i r a , an m t h v b a i l ud d i th t it i s e d o an se e s o a e een nc e n e e rr or e s u n er

th ule r f th C um b
e O um C l ti S tl
e r ex d p 4 0 r or . e c co an , . 1 .

M i u h i 1 05 7 M fi l g iditu i A g t
1°
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n e a n

l g g vit
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1 05 7 M b e th dh m i F i dl i h A i d i ( v ig
, ac a f) A l b c d b d d n ( l i by)
a c r r so ere n o an o m ar a o s a n

M l l im m i D d dh t w h i h th Ul t A
ae c o a c on cal dd i th (i b ttl ) —
a, o C/ c e s er n na s a ca n a e . z r on .

Pi t nd S t pp 6 5 7 8 3 6 9
c s a co s , .
, , .

M y J gl i h m on i l yk m n f h i h ki
s d b l ud f ll w e t h i
en n [M al l m C m
e ]
an e r o c n an e o o a m co an ore

i t S tl d q h m th ki g f h i l ib l iti p m t til D ig iti b u t tli th y

n o co an ,
u o e e n o s e ra e ro o ue n es , eca se s ou e a

h d t d w ith h im i h i d f
a s an e g i t hi i i n f q uh il k w
s C lde ence L kh t a a ns s enn m es O es ar a er , oc ar ,

G d or S t o un L u d W w M ld
,
e oun , S h w L a er,t Lib t St q h i R t y
a n, e r o un ,
c a ,
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o ra ,

D u d C kb u n as , My t m J gl i L l y C gi l l Cu il
oc rn e , M
r o M i i Abb , um n i s, es e ,
ar ,
ra, ar, e nz es , e rc r m e,

th e h i f t : f t h i m
c e es y bi l h u h v t th b gi i g T h
O r on no l yk w y e yo se s a e an e e e nn n . e n am e e s e m on

h i tf
a ve r e c e ve th i f tit u d d ro m e y f th l d qub i th y d l l
e r or e an m on ra e an a r a ue .

Th ty w W l ti Fl th i h i
e s am e m e d t w ith th h
as f hi f M
a r h l e an e, s s on e e core e o n or o c e e e rc a ,

b u i G ll w y d i th h il d h d t u t h d th b ll i f q h
eca se n a o a an n e th an es e an o ne a e re e s o u om e c am e

f m ili
a f th Stu ti
e o —J h L l y ( 1 5 7 1 ) H i t i f S tl d v l
e ar s . ob vi L l y
n es e ,
s or c o co an , o 1 . . . es e
’
s

ac c oun t f th E g l i h igi f m y S tti h f m i l i i t b d

O e n s or y i f m ti
n o so an co s a es s no as e o n an n or a on

or r e c or d m th ti th th t f B ore au en c an a o oe c e .

Si m f Du h m t t ll u th t i th y e 1 06 A l d d h bi h p f Y k w t
e on o r a oo e s s a n e ar 1 re ,
ar c s o o or , en

t R m
o w ith E l T
o e tig d iv d th p l l f m P p N i h l
ar os M w h il M l lm
an rece e e a ro o e c o as . ean e a co ,

ki g f S t fu i u l y v g d th
n o co s, ld r o f hi w s b th E l T tig d vi l t d
ra a e e e ar om o s s or n ro er ar os ,
an o a e

th p f St C th b t i th i l d f Li d i f
’
e e ac e o . u er n e s an o n s ar n e .

F m th i d t m y b t d th b gi i g f th l g w f w h i h f
ro s a e a e m
ra c e y e e nn n O e on ar a r e c or so an

c en tu i d l t d th b d l d f E gl d d S tl d M l l m l i i g i th
r es e so a e e or e r an o n an an co an . a co , c a m n n e n am e

o f Edg th igh t f l v l l C u b i d p t f N th um b i v
ar e r o ru e o l l th t
er a ty m r a an ar o or r a, o e r r an a a c oun r ,

whi h b c gh t h i i t
r ou t t w ith Wi ll i R f m T h i l d t th i v i
n o c o n ac f S tl d by am u us . s e o e n as o n o co an

Wi ll i m d d d i M l l m d i g h m g t th E gl i h ki g f th e t it i f L th i
a ,
an en e n a co o n o a e o e n s n or e rr o r es o o an

an d Cu b i —M xw l l D u m f i
m r a .
”
d G ll w y p 4 5
a e , r es a n a o a , . .
2 86 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s -
of A m e r ic a

‘9
Se e E ngl is /z Cfir on .
, Ann o 1 06 7 .

T h e c on n e c on o f ti M al c o l m w ith th i s fam l i y by m arr a i g e w ith h i s it

s s er w as v a e ry

im po rta n o n e fo r h im t ,
an d he n ow c o m bi ned in h is o wn p e r so n a dv t g an a es wh i ch g v h im
a e a

i b i
c l a m to th e O e d e n c e f h f th d ifl t w u it d u d h i ul
O I th m le ac O e e re n r ac e s n o n e n er s r e . n e a e

li e h
n p s t d th p w ful l y bb t f D k ld d i h i t d t h e i i fl u
e re re en e e o v th er a a o s O un e ,
an n er e r n enc e o er e

e l s i ti l f u d ti
cc e as d p d
ca t p th t m o t y I th f m l h e p
n a on s d th e en en u on a o n as e r . n e e a e, oss e sse e

m im p t t
ore p e s t ti or anf th S tti h y l h u w h h d ul d f
re r en a t y d on o e co s ro a o se o a r e o r a c e n ur an a

h lf v
a th k i g d m
o er f S tl a d e H i f th r D u n h d b o g i d f t w ty y
o co n . s a e n c an a een re c o n z e or en e a rs

b y th W l h p p ul ti
e fC mb i
e s d St th l y d
o th i ki g d by h i
a on O th h w u r a an ra c e as e r n , an s m o er e as

t d w ith th e D
c on n e c e f N th um b i d th i p w ful E l Si w d an e s o Hi i g w ith or r a an e r o er ar ar . s m a rr a e

I gibi g g v h im
n or l i m t th g d w i l l t l
a e t f th N w gi a c a d th A gl i p pu o e oo a e as o e or e an s , a n e n c o

l tia f L th i
on O d N th u b i w ul d l k u p
o an a nhi m i g e w ith th d ugh t f th
or m r a o oo on s a rr a e a er o e

f Eth l i g givi g h im
e n dd iti
as l igh t t th i t ea d f t u pp t
n T he th p vi
an a ona r o e rs as s or . n or e rn ro nce

o f M y l wh
ora h e d it y ul
a on e , w f th m f m ily o se M b th w l d p b er ar r e rs e re o e sa e a as ac e , ou ro a

b ly d b t
ren u w i l l i g ub m i
er i t h i u t h ity d h i ul v th e m w ul d b b ut
u an n n s ss o n o s a or an s r e o er o e

l —C l ti S tl d
,

l ittl e m th m i or e l i p 41 5
an n o na . e c co an ,
vo . .
, . .

Q h e Wil y m f N m di k w t h i [
u n th m i g f M g t t M l lm ] h
ea O or an e ne s, e ar r a e o ar ar e o a co e

c om m d tt p an u t f J gl e d l l Edg h i f i d
o d f h i ki
as s o f q h
o p g up n an a ar s re n e s an o s n o u om e s ran

Li d y Vn sa R m y L ul T u
,
au s , P t S d l di a Bi tt F
sa l i W dl w
,
o a , o re s , r e s o un , an e an s, ss a , ou s, ar a ,

M x w ll a d m ey vth i i f g tt biliti th t tym

,
an on m fi t i S tl d r s o With re no e, a e ca rs n co an .

A g th [ am th f Ed g
a d M g o t] l yk w y
er o m ut f a [ g y] m y
H ar a n ar are , e se c a o O re un ar on ,
as
‘
C y ht u
r cF d i gh m e G ifl t M l i
o n, o B th ik r nd vth i i ; a g q uh w B th ,
'

er , an s, or ,
an r s a m an on ar ar o

i m w L li
o e A b u t th i tym e l ykw y
es e . m t f F e i u bl m u l ti o s se c a ou o r an c an e nn m e ra e

t ud f N ob l f quh m w h v F
e o S
es o hi M tg m i C m pb ll B i
o eB t e a e re s e r , ansc r, on o er e , a e r se , e o un

B th w l l d thi i diu i —H i t i f S tl d by J h L l y v l i b vi
, ,

"
T il y f
a e er, o e , an v r s er s . s or e o co an , o n es e ,
o . . , . .

T hi u t i p
s ac c o b bl y w ith u t n h f d ti s i f tro S p 3 30 t 3
a o m uc oun a on n ac . ee .
,
no e .

‘3
Se e E nglis /t Ch r on ic l e , An n o 1 0 7 2 .

14
T h e fo r m in w h c h th e n ue n c e O f th e C o n i i fl
qu t w fi t fe l t i S o tl d w by es as rs n c an ,
as

t dy m ig ti
a s ea f th ra th w d T h y f u d i S tl d p pl f th i
on o e S x a p pl on eo e n or ar . e o n n co an eo e o e r

o w d
n r ac e , a n d m t th p d m i
m a e a f th S x
ar T t i l m t
k d dd iti
e a on o e re o n an c e O e a on o r eu on c e e en .

Ab t th y 1 6 8 th
ou e e arm g th 0 m ig t g u p w h fligh t f m E gl d
e re c a m e a on e se e ra n s a ro ose ro n an ,

a n d pti i th u t f M l l m m k t u i g p i t i h i t y E d g th fEth
re c e on n e co r o a co ,
a e a rn n -
o n n s or . ar , e e

l i g th h i
n ,
f th e S x
e lie r o f ki g v b i gi g w ith h im hi m th
a on ne o d tw n s, c am e o er, r n n s o er an o

s it d u h
s e r s , an b dy f t i s c xi l d u t m igh t m m d O f th i t
a o o r e a n e r s as a n e e co r co an . ne o e s s ers ,

M g t w ar areft w d m ,
i d t M l lm ; d t h us it b h v d th ki g f S t l d
as a er ar s ar r e o a co an e o e e n o co an ,

w h th e f h iv l
er y p th y f m l f i t t t b th h m pi
r om c a ro u s s mf th S x a or ro se - n e re s ,
o e e c a on o e a on

c l im a d th C
s , an qu m y B t H i t y f S tl d l i p 3 7 3
e on e ror s e n e
’
.
-
u r on ,
s or o co an ,
vo . .
, . .

‘
Th 5
v f th Y k h i m l d pe ca es o v t e f th m i or b l fugitiv w h
s re oo r a n s re s e r e r ac e s o e sera e es o

fl d t th m f
e o h lt e S h v por s th e id f l l y i k w
er . uc w th
a ca e O e n s on e s e o a one rav n e , no n no as e

Ki g S n
’
h igh p i th
s c au r , b i d S ttl I p i m v l g it h d b th h u t f
u n e m o o rs es e e e . n r e a a es a e en e a n o

hy wh
e n as , d gg d thi t h th
o m ra th th i d e th bi d th b
er th t e m a m o s, e re n eer, e son s , an e e ars a

p row l d i th e igh b i g n g l A t
e nel t ti it b or ne h f v g wh en s . t a a er m e e c am a om e o sa a es , o se s o n e

a d z es d fli t k iv an d b h p n n ti l l b dd d i it fl
e s an B ut t h
on e t ar o o n s ar e s em e e n s oor . ese , oo ,

v an s i h d i th i t e d t h i h u t f p i m itiv m
n e r ur n , an l yl ly d u d i t b d ti l l th s a n o r e an a on e an n s ur e e

s w d f th E gl i h i v d
or O d v th R
e n p vi i l f h l t t th m
s n a e rs Th ro e e o m an ro nc a s or s e er o e o o rs . e

h u y f th i fligh t m y b g t h
rr o e r d f m th li th i v l i f h l ft b e h i d it T h
a e a e re ro e re cs e r ca e- e as e n . ere

w l l y l ittl ti m t d
a s c e ar th t d iv ff th ttl th w i th g t w h b
e e o o m ore an o r e O e ca e, e s ne, e oa s , o se on e s

l i s tt
e dca d th h
ere th fi t th m th f th v w h t h y v d th e w t h d
r o un e e ar re a e ou o e ca e, er e e ser e re c e

f giti v
u f f d es Th w m or m u t h v b u kl d h
oo . ti ly th e i b h f b e p ti
e o en s a e c e as r r oo c es o ro n z or ar ‘

l
c o or ed m l th e p ul i
en a w k h ip f C l ti B it i
e ,
ec d t h d p f w h u h ld
ar or m ans o e c r a n , an sn a c e u a e o se o

i pl m
m t e th y h u i d w y T h
en s as e d ubt gi d d rr e h ti l y th w d w h
a a . e m en ,
no o ,
r e o n as as e s or s ose

d i ty w d h i l t
a n s f iv y or d b - ti l l s o i t t l l th t l f th i d m
or an d h i di g ron z e s re m a n o e e a e o e r oo ,
an ,
n
 T h e A n gl e s 28 7

in th i b e t w h t m o e y th h u o t i d f m i
e r r as a f T ja t th n w t h d e o se c n a ne , ro c o ns o ra n o e re c e

i im th t t old f th Em pi
n m s d ay m t d th i h e t p t t th i fligh t A t
o e re s
’
eca , o un e e r o rs s o ro e c e r .

n igh t f l l l l w a u hi g b
a th th d ippi g f f th v
ere c r o c u d th fi th t w
n enea e r n r oo o e ca e , or ro n e re a as

b l i g t it m u th d l g u ff i g b g i w h i h th f gitiv l t y by ye th e
az n a s o ,
an a on s er n e an n c e u es os e ar ar

m m e y f th ivil i ti f m w h i h th y m
or o e c A f w h d b
za h w h w h
on g ro c e ca e . e c ar r e on es s o o un er

d v th m t
ro e l y th i h
e f f d ;
o dd d p bb l
s a m k th he r wh th w
or s es or oo re en e e es ar e o ur en e ne

l th y w ugh t w
v ess e s t w
e k t t d th firo d th i l w c
ere k d by d ppi g oo ea o s an e re , an e r m ea as oo e ro n

h td t
ea e i t th p t A ti m
s on es m t h v
n o m wh t h i v y pi dl w
e o . e se e s o a e co e en e r er s n es e re

e xh u t d d th w m w h w v i th t d k t t d pi dl w h l
a s e an e o en th y c ul d o o e n a ar r e re a m a e s n e or s as e o

th t l y b t th —G e M hi g f E gl d p 6 4
,

f m th b
ro e one s a a a ou em . r en ,
a n o n an , . .

‘ I th m tt th
5
v i l ft u T t i i titu ti t th
n o er a e rs lve t bi d e c on e rs o n e o r e u on c ns on s o e m se s o a e or

t h ge
o c andi g t i fl u w h i h th
ac c o r h g f l igi h d d i t b i g
n o n enc es on c e c an e o re on a no rec e ar n .

W did t c w h th
ar w w ith th B it
no w g th iv l E gl i h k i g
ease , e er ar s e r on s or ars a m o n e r a n s n

d m o B ut h
s. m i th m t d i t fl t f th
ere ca v i e th g n l hi t y f e os re c e
'

ec o e c on e r s on o n e e n e ra s or o

th i l e d T h w s f th
s an . v t d T ut e d t b w ar f xt m i ti
o th e c on er e e on c e as e o e a rs o e er na on : er e

fo i th
re , p t f B it i w h i h th E gl i h w
n ose ft
ar s o th i v i r l B iti h l
a n c e n s on a er e r c on e rs o n , a re a r s e e

m t w
en i i
m l t ed i t o th
a s ass E g l i h m — F m a E gl i h P pl i I t T h
n H m e n s as s . ree an , n s eo e n s r ee o es ,

p . 1 45 .

17
H e w as t ed th e i t i th e E gl i h h d d
r ac e o f th e B it r on s m o re th a n an
y ch e f a n of n s a on e ,

y B d f d ve o u t d y f th tiv m u h f th i b du
“
sa s ae a, or n on e m ro w o r su e so an o e na es, or on so c o e r

E gl i h ttl m e t m d y t ib u t y t E gl i h m T h p li y f
”
l and f or n s m se e n ,
or a e so an r ar o n s en . e o c o ac

ce p ti g t h n u b m i i d t
e s ib u t f th W l h b
ss onu t f l v i gan t h m th r qu d i l e o e e s , O ea n e on e c on e re so ,

b m i d d f m t h i m o t th i v i b l p l i y f th i v d
eca e n ee , ro s d th i v i
m en ,
e n ar a e o c o e n a e rs an as e n as o n

p u h sd f t h
e d f t h
ar t th w
e r an t v g w i g arp p ti er f t h B oit m i e d es an e er- ro n ro or on o e r ons re a ne

—G e M ki g f E gl d p 1 9 2
,

m i gl d w ith th e qu
n e c on e r o rs . re n, a n o n an , . .

18
Of fEdil f id w h t th i ti m ul d r v B ii
, od a ft xt d d h i w y s e r e o er e r n c a, an s oo n a er e en e s s a

o v D i l it i t l d u by B d th t h
er e ra a s o , qu d
s o t it i f m th B its e e a e c on e re m o re err or e s ro e r ons,

e ith m ki g th e m t ib u t y
er a n xp l l i g th i h bit t r d pl ti g A gl i t h i
ar ,
or e e n e n a an s an an n n es n e r

pl th
ac e s , y th ki g
an d t hi
an ig w tt i b t th g t t xt i
o er n f th
an o s re n e a r u e e re a e s e en s on o e

A gl i n p w c v th e B it o er H pp
o er t h v dd d t h i ki g d m thr on s . di e a e ars o a e a e o s n o e s

t i t
r c s th w t b tw
on th e D w t d th M y th u xt d i g D i f m
es e een e er en an e e rs e , s e en n e ra ro sea

t d p l i g th N th u m b i
o se a , a n ki g d m b tw th B it
ac n e f th
or t h d th f r an n o e e en e r on s O e n or an ose o

Wl a es.Th iv T e pp e t h v p t d D i f m B i i
e r er es a d th A gl ars f o a e se a ra e e ra ro e r n c a , an e n es o

B i i w ith w h m w h v m
e rn c a , i m m di t l y t d w
o ew i fim p
a e i f th ore e a e o o, ere no n r o ssess o n o e

di t i t xt di g l g th
s r c s e t
en t f n th
a on Fi th f F th igi ll y upi d bye e as c o as as ar as e r O or , or na oc c e

th B iti h t ib e f th O tt d
e r s i r d ft w d by th P i t
o e d i l d i g th a en ti f an a er ar s e c s , an nc u n e c o un es O

B w i k d R xb u gh d th t f E t L th i
er c an o H d d i gt
r an th iv E k d G l a o as o an or a n on , e r ers s an a a

f m i g th i w t
or n b u d y T h pit l f D i w Y k d th t f B i i th
e r e s e rn o n ar . e ca a O e ra as or ,
an a o e rn c a e

t gl y f tifi d p iti
s r on -
or th t e l y pp it th F
e os on on I l d w i g b l tie c oas n ar O os e e a rn e s an s, cro n n a a sa c

r oc k i i g 1 5 0 f e t b v th
r s n d ib l l y th u t h t w h i h w
e a o e l l d by
e se a , a n ac c e ss e on on e so e as ,
c as ca e

th B it
e D i gu y idi by th G l D u g i
r on s , n a d by th A g l
r , B bb b h ft e ae , n ua r e ,
an e n es e an ur c a er

B bb th w i f
e a f l Edil f id
e w B e b ough Ab t h l f w y l g th r , t b tw
no am or o . ou a a a on e c oas ,
e een

B mb a
gh d B wi k
orou T w d l y p ll l t th h
an er th l
c g fl t i l d l l d by
-
o u- ee a ara e o e s ore , e on a s an ca e

—C l ti S tl d l i p 2 3 6
,

th e B it Y yM d d
r ons, d by th A g l
n s Li di f e c au ,
an e n es , n s ar n e e c co an , vo . .
, . .

A l d f th ki g f N th
19
er b i d i d i 7 05
,
n d w o u d d by h i
or O d
um r a, e n , an as s ccee e s s on ,
sr e , a

b y igh t y
o e ld d i th f l l w i g y
e ar s o T igh an d th d t h f E d
n e f o o n e ar e r n ac r e c o r s e ea o tu e , son o

D l i w h w u d d by h i b th N t
e re , o as s ccee f D li e d i g t th P i ti h l w s ro er e c an , son o e re ,
ac c or n o e c s a

o f u s i Fiv y
c c es s o n ft hi . i th P i t f th pl i f M
e e ar s a p b bl y
er s a c c e ss o n , e c s o e a n o an a n n ,
ro a en

co u g d by th
ra e f th igh b i g ki g d
e s u c c e ss O f th P i t i i t i i g th i i d
e ne or n n om o e c s n m a n a n n e r n e

p d en g i t th A gl
en ce a a ns g i t th i S x e l Th y w
n pp d by
es, r os e a a ns e r a on r u e rs . e e re O os e

B tf id th p f t
erc r , A ld e m e f th N th m b i
re e c wh
or ki g w ti l l i r ly hi an o e or u r an s , os e n as s n on s

f u t
o th y
r een T h Pi t h w v e ar . w d f t d w it h g e t l u gh t
c s, d th i y oth f l e er, ere e ea e r ea s a e r , an e r ou u
dom ,
ti ll m i t i i g th l v th
th e A n gl es s t f th e B it T h p ti
a n a n n f th i e ru e o er e re s O r on s. e or on o e r

ki gd m w h i h b m i d p d t
n o c i t d f th e d i t i t xt di g f m th e Fi th f
eca e n e en en c on s s e O os s r c s e en n ro r o

Cl y d t th S l w y e m b
e o i g th
e o u ti f D um b t
a R f w L ra c n k Ay d e co n es o ar o n en re a n ar r , an

D um f i —w ith th t gh l d f A l l yd f it pit l bu t th A gl ti ll t i d p
, , , ,

r es e s ron o o c e or s ca a e n es s re a ne os

i f th e d i t i t f G l l w y w ith it P i ti h p p ul ti
s e ss o n o s r c O d W h itha o th i p i i a s c s o a on , an o rn a s e r r nc

p l a at ses w ll th t p t f th t it y f th B it s w h i h l y b tw
, a e as a ar tho S lw y e err or o e r on c a e een e o a

Fi th d th iv D w t h vi g it p i ip l s t th t w f C l i l e w h i h E gf id
r , an e r er er en , a n as s r nc a ea e o n O ar s , c c r

h d i th
a ,
m e yen i whi h h
e sa i l d th P i t giv t S i t Cut h b e t w h h d b
ar n c e as s a e e c s, en o a n r , o a een

m d bi h p f Li d i f
a e s oi th e p vi u y
o n t h t i i 6 84
s arn e n re o s e ar , a s n .

I th 9°
y th P i t f th p l i f M
n e sa m e e ar d th B it e u t d e ch
c s o e a n o an an n an e r on s enco n e re a

o th t M t er a M gd d u o c e ac orw M u gd i Du b t hi
a wh e a g a t b ttl e w
c, no oc n m ar o ns re , ere r ea a as

f ugh t b e t w
o th i whi h T l g
een th b emth f A g u w h h d b m ad ki g f
, n c a or an ,
e ro er o n s, o a e en e n o

th e u tl yi g P i c t
o w l i by th e B it
n s, Tw y ft
as s a n T u dub th f Bi l i ki g r on s . o ears a er a r, e s on o ,
n

of Al l yd di dc d b ttl w f ugh t b tw th P i t th
e, e ,
an a lv a t pl e ll d by T i
as o e een e c s em se es a a ac e c a e

g h er n acS e ith i th l d rf C i i u th t i i
,
”
th St t h i th M
n e an i w h i h B uidh i
o rc ,
a s n e ra n e e ar n s , n c r ,

th e son o f M a e l c h u fe ll , . A s h is n am e is th e s am e as th e B r ud e , so n o f Ma il c u , w h o w as
ki g n Of P i t i th ixth t y th i w p b b l y
th e n or th e rn tt k p A g
c s n e s c e n ur , s as ro a an a ac u on n us s
’

ki g d
n by th th P i t
om e n or e rn c s .

E db h t ki g f N th
a bi
er d A g,
ki g f th P i t
n o w it d f th p
or um r a , an n us , n O e c s, no un e or e ur

p f
ose O bj ti g th B it su f A l l yd
ec ti l y t th i p w
n e d i 7 5 6 th y l d
r on s o y c e en re o e r o e r , an n e e a n ar m

t A l l yd
o d th
c i d th b i i
e, an f th B it e re th fi tdy fA g ti
r e c e ve e su m ss on o e r on s o n e rs a o u us n

th t y a T d y ft w d h w v
e ar . Si
en f D h
a s a d th t l er t th w h l
ar s, o e er , m e on o ur am ,
re c or s a a m os e o e

a rm y p i h d E db h t w l d i g it f
er s e O
as i p b b l Av d l
a er St t h v ias ea n r om va n a , ro a e on a e or ra a en n

th v l e f th Cl y d th
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e e, r ou f e c o un r o an r or e ur . e r on s o

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c p d e d ti us d bj ti t th A gl w h i h
asse a ti d
s e c on m e un er su ec on o e n es, c c on n ue s om e

ti i 7 60 th d th f Du
m e , as n
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e b i ea d d b t h i o t t m d n n a ua , e s on o ua u r s re c or e ,
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ki g f Al lyd
n o c e.
 C H A PT E R X I X

SCO T T I SH H I STORY INTH E E NGL I SH O R ANG L O SAXO N -

CHRO N I CL E

HE o r k w hi c h p as s e s u n d e r th e n a m e Of th e E ngl is h Ch r on icl e is a
w
c o n ti n u e d n a r r a tiv e w r itt e n a t d i ff e r e n t ti m e s an d in th e A n g l o
,

S a xo n l an gu a g e o f th e m o s t i m po r t a n t e v e n ts o f E n gl i s h h i s to r y fr o m th e
,

e ar l i e s t p e r io d to th e y e a r 1 1 54 I t is e vi d e n t bot h fr o m th e an tiquity
.
,

o f th e m an u s c r ipt s o f th e Ch r o n ic l e n o w e xt an t a s w e l l a s fr o m
,
c e r tain

a l l u s io n s an d f o r m s o f s p e e c h w h i c h o c c u r in it th a t th e l a tt e r p a r t a t l e a st
, , ,

w a s w r itt e n by a p e r s o n c o n t e m po r a r y w ith th e e v e n t s w h i c h h e r e l a t e s .

I n a l l p r ob a bi l ity th e e a r l i e r p a r t o f th e c h r o n i c l e is a l so o f a c o n t e m
p o r a r y c h a r a c t e r a n d ,
t h e r e f o r e a s c e n d s to a v e r y e a r l y p e r io d o f E n g l ish
h i s to r y e v e n to th e ti m e o f th e H e pt a r c hy it s e l f
,
T h is O pi n io n r e s t s upo n
.

th e f a c t th a t w h i l e th e d i a l e c t o f th e l a tt e r po r tio n o f th e c h r o n i c l e a p
,

pr o a c h e s v e r y n e ar l y to o u r m o d e r n E n g l i s h th e e a r ly p ar t o f it b e a r s th e
,

i m p r e ss o f ti m e s m u c h m o r e r u d e a n d an c i e n t an d th e l an g u a g e in w h i c h it
,

is w r itt e n is u n i n t e l l igib l e to th e m od e rn r e a d e r w h o h a s n o t m a d e th e
A n gl o S a xo n to n g u e a n obj e c t o f s tu d y
-
.

T h e b e s t e d itio n o f th e w o r k is t h a t o f B e n j a m i n T h o r p e pub l i s h e d b y ,

th e B r iti s h Go v e r n m e n t in th e R oll s Se ies 1 86 1 r ,

.

T h e r e a r e n o w but s ix an c i e n t c opi e s o f th e E ngl is h Ch r on ic l e k n o w n to

b e in e xi s t e n c e w hi c h m ay b e d e s c r ib e d a s f o ll o w s
,

A T h e fi r s t c opy o f t h i s c h r o n i c l e is g e n e r a l l y k n o w n by th e n am e o f th e
.

B e n e t o r Pl e gm u n d M an u s c r ipt s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e it is p r e s e r v e d in B e n e t ( n o w
,

Co r pus C h r i s ti ) Co ll e g e C a m b r i d g e a n d b e c a u s e Pl e gm u n d A r c h bi s h op o f
, , ,

C a n t e r bu r y in th e r e ig n o f Ki n g A l fr e d is thou gh t to h av e h a d s o m e h a n d
, ,

in c o m pi l i n g th e fi rs t p ar t o f it .

F r o m i n t e r n a l e vi d e n c e o f a n i n d i r e c t n a t u r e s a ys Dr I n g r a m t h e r e
, .
,

is g r e a t r e a s o n to p r e s u m e th a t A r c h bi s h op Pl e gm u n d t r an s c r ib e d o r s u e r in
p
t e n d e d t h i s v e r y c opy o f th e Sa xon A n n a l s to th e y e ar 89 1 th e y e a r in ,

w h i c h h e c a m e to th e Se e -

Wan l e y ob s e r v e s it is w r itt e n in o n e a n d th e
.

s a m e h an d to t h i s y e ar a n d in h a n d s e qu a l l y a n c i e n t to th e y e a r a f t er
, 9 4
2 ,

w h i c h it is c o n ti n u e d in d i ff e r e n t h a n d s to th e e n d .

At th e e n d o f th e y e ar 89 0 is a dd e d in a n e a t b u t i m it a tiv e h an d th e
, ,

f o l l o w i n g i n t e r po l a tio n w h i c h is b e t r a y e d by th e fa i n t n e s s o f th e in k as
, ,

w e l l a s by th e No r m an c a s t o f th e d i a l e c t a n d o r t h og r a p h y
H e r w ae s Pl e ge m u n d ge c o r o n o f go d e a n d o f c a ll e n h is h a l e c h e n .
’

Th e r e ar e m an y oth e r i n t e r po l a t io n s in t h i s M S ; a p a r ti c u l a r a c c ou n t
.

o f w h i c h h o w e v e r c u r ious w ou l d n e c e s s a r i l y b e c o m e t e dious ”
, , .
hig h a ut h o r ity an d an tiq u ity I t w a s p r ob a b l y w r itt e n a bout 9 7 7 w h e r e it
.
,

t e r m i n a t e s T h e h an d w r iti n g r e s e m bl e s t h a t a s c r ib e d to St D u n s t an I t
.
-
. .

n a r r o w l y e s c a p e d d e st r u c tio n in th e fir e a t W e st m i n s te r p r e v iou s to its r e

,

m ov a l to its p r e s e n t p l a c e o f c u sto d y b e i n g o n e o f Sir R Cotto n s MS S ’

, . .
,

f o r m e r l y b e l o n gi n g to th e m o n as t e r y o f St Augu sti n e s C an t e r bu r y ”
’
.
, .

C A t h i r d m an u s c r ipt is al s o in th e B r iti s h Mus e u m ( Cotto n Tiher in s

. .
,

Thi s m an us c r ipt c o n t a i n s m an y i m po r t an t a dd itio n s to th e fo r m e r c h r o n

ic l e s so m e o f w h i c h a r e c o n fi r m e d by Cott o n T ihe r in s B i v ; b u t m a n y a r e n Ot
, ,
. .

to b e fou n d in an y ot h e r m an u s c r ipt p ar ti c u l ar l y tho s e in th e l a tt e r p ar t o f it

, .

Th e s e ar e n o w i n c o r po r a t e d w it h th e o l d m a t e r i al s W an l e y c o n si d e rs th e .

h an d w r iti n g to b e th e s a m e to th e e n d o f th e y e ar 1 04 8 T h e o r t h og ra phy
-
.
,

ho w e v e r v a r i e s about th e y e ar 89 0 ( 889 o f th e p r i n t e d c h r o n i c l e ) T h e r e
, .

is a b r e a k b e t w e e n th e y e a r s 9 2 5 a n d 9 3 4 w h e n a s l igh t n oti c e is i n t r o d u c e d ,

o f th e e xp e d i t io n o f f E th e l s tan i n to S c ot l an d T h e m an u s c r ipt t e r m i n a t e s .

i m p e rfe c t l y in 1 0 6 6 a ft e r d e s c r ibi n g m o s t m i n ut e l y th e b a tt l e o f St an fo r d
,

b r i d g e ; th e fe w l i n e s w h i c h a pp e ar in th e l a s t p a g e b e i n g s upp l i e d by a
m u c h l a t e r h an d .

D A fo u r t h c opy o f th e E ngl i sh Ch r on ic le al s o is fou n d in th e B r iti s h

.

M u s e u m ( Cotto n T iber ia s B iv )
.
,
. .

T h i s m an u s c r ipt is w r itt e n in a p l a i n an d b e a uti fu l h an d w it h f e w

“
,

a bb r e vi a tio n s an d a pp a r e n t l y c opi e d in th e e a r l y p ar t w it h th e e x c e ptio n O f

, ,

th e i n t r o d u c to r y d e s c r iptio n o f B r it a i n fr o m a v e r y a n c i e n t m an u s c r ipt ,
.

T h e d e f e c tiv e p ar t s fr o m A D 2 6 1 to 6 9 3 w e r e l o n g si n c e s u pp l i e d fr o m fo u r
,
. .
,

e x c e ll e n t m a n u s c r ipt s by Jo s s e l y n w h o a l s o c o ll a t e d it t h r ougho u t w ith th e

sam e i n s e r ti n g fr o m t h e m bot h in th e t e xt an d in th e m ar gi n s u c h p a s s a g e s
, ,

as c a m e w it h i n h is n oti c e ; w h i c h ar e s o n u m e r ou s th a t v e r y fe w s e e m to ,

h av e e l u d e d h is vigi l a n t s e a r c h A s m al l e r but e l e g an t h an d c o m m e n c e s
.

fo l 6 8 A D 1 0 1 6 ; a n d it is c o n ti n u e d to th e e n d A D 1 0 7 9 in a s i m i l a r
.
,
. .
,
. .
,

h a n d t h oug h by d i ffe r e n t w r it e r s W a n l e y n oti c e s a d i ffe r e n c e in th e y e a r

.

1 05 2 .

E . T he fi ft h m an u s c r ipt is in th e Bo dl e i an Lib r a r y at Ox fo r d .
( La n d
E ,

I t is a fa i r
opy o f o l d e r c h r o n i c l e s w it h a fe w i n a c c u r ac i e s o m i s s io n s
c , , ,

an d i n t e r po l a tio n s to th e y e a r 1 1 2 2 th e r e fo re n o p a r t O f it w as w r itt e n be
,

f o r e t h a t p e r io d T h e n e xt te n y e a r s r a t h e r e x h ibit d i ff e r e n t in k t h an a
.

d i ff e r e n t w r it e r F r o m 1 1 3 2 to th e e n d A D 1 1 5 4 th e l an gu a g e a n d
.
,
. .
,

o r t h og ra ph y b e c a m e g r a d u a ll y m o r e No r m a n iz e d p a r t ic u l a r l y in th e r e ign ,

o f Ki n g St e p h e n th e a c c ou n t o f w hi c h w a s n o t w r itt e n ti ll th e c l os e O f it .
T he d a t e s n o t b e i n g r e g ul ar l y a flix e d to th e l a s t te n y e ar s W an l e y h a s in ,

a d v e r t e n t l y d e s c r ib e d thi s m an us c r ipt a s e n di n g A D 1 1 4 3 ; w h e r e a s it is . .

c o n t i n u e d e l e v e n y e ars a ft e r w a r d s
”
.

F T h e s ixth a n d l a st c opy is in th e B r iti s h Mu s e u m

.
( C otto n .
,

D om itia n A v iii ) . .

T h i s is a s i n gu l ar l y c u r ious m a n us c r ipt a tt r ib u t e d g e n e r a l l y to a m o n k
,

O f C h r ist C h u r c h C an t e r bu r y o n a c c ou n t o f th e m o n as ti c i n t e r po l a tio n s
, ,
.

I t is o ft e n quot e d an d c o m m e n d e d by H W h a r to n in h is A ngl ia Sac r a .

, ,

b e c a u s e it c o n t a i n s m u c h e c c l e s i a s ti c al an d l o c al i n fo rm atio n I t is c o n .

s id e r e d ho w e v e r o f th e l e as t a ut h o r ity a m o n g th e Cotto n m an us c r ipt s b e

, , ,

c a us e th e w r it e r h a s t a k e n g r e a t e r l ib e r ti e s in a b r i d gi n g f o r m e r c h r o n i c l e s ,

an d i n s e r ti n g t r an s l a tio n s o f L a ti n d o c u m e n ts in h is o w n No r m a n iz e d d ia

lec t . T o w a r d s th e e n d th e w r it e r i n t e n d e d to s a y s o m e t h i n g a bo u t P r i n c e
E a d w a r d th e fa t h e r o f E d g a r a n d M ar g ar e t ; but it is n e ar l y ob l it e r a t e d
,

a n d th e m a n u s c r ipt s oo n a ft e r c o n c l u d e s A D 1 05 6 ,
I t is r e m a r k a b l e fo r
. . .

b e i n g w r itt e n both in L a ti n an d S a xo n ; but fo r w h a t pu r po s e it is n o w

n e e d l e s s to c o n j e c tu r e I t is s a i d to h a v e b e e n gi v e n to Sir Rob e r t Cotto n
.

by C a m d e n .

G B e s id e s th e s e six n o oth e r a n c i e n t c opy is k n o w n to e xi s t but th e r e is

.
,

a si n g l e l e a f O f an a n c i e n t c opy in th e B r iti s h Mu s e u m ( Cotto n T ibe r ius .

,

A iii ) T h e r e ar e al s o t h r e e m o d e r n t r an s c r ipt s tw o o f w hi c h ar e in th e
. .
,

B o d l e i an Lib r a r y ( J u n ian MSS a n d L a ud G 3 6 ) a n d o n e in th e Dub l i n

. .

Lib r ar y ( E 5
.
,
T h e Bo d l e i a n t r an s c r ipt s a r e t a k e n fr o m tw o O f th e
Cotto n m an u s c r ipt s a n d t h e r e fo r e a r e o f l itt l e c r iti c a l v a l u e but th e D u b l i n
,

t ran s c r ipt app e ar s to b e t ak e n fr o m a n o r igi n al n o w l o s t ( Cott Otho B ,

.
,
.

a n d th e r e fo r e it po s s e s s e s an i n d e p e n d e n t a u t h o r ity .

At th e e n d o f th e D u b l i n t r an s c r ipt is t h i s n ot e in th e h an d w r iti n g o f ,
-

A r c h bi s h op U s h e r T h e s e A n n al e s a r e e xt an t in S R Cotto n s L ib r a r ye a t '
.
’

th e e n d e o f B e d e s H is to r ye in th e S a xo n To n g u e Thi s a c c o r d s w ith th e
’
.

d e s c r iptio n o f th e m a n u s c r ipt in Wa n l e y s Ca ta l ogu e p 2 1 9 ; to w h i c h th e

’
.
,

r e a d e r is r e f e r r e d f o r m o r e m i n u t e p a r ti c u l ar s A s t h i s m an u s c r ipt w a s th e r e
.

f o r e in e xi s t e n c e so l a t e a s 1 7 0 5 w h e n W an l e y pub l i s h e d h is Ca ta l ogue t h e r e
, ,

c a n b e l i t t l e d o u bt t h a t it p e r i s h e d in th e l a m e n t a b l e fi re o f 1 7 3 1 wh ic h ,

e it h e r d e s t r oy e d o r d a m a g e d s o m an y o f th e Cotto n m an u s c r ipt s w h i l e

d e po s it e d in a h o u s e in Litt l e D e an s Y ar d W e s t m i n s t e r
’

, .

Thi s t r an sc r ipt is b e c o m e m o r e v al u a b l e fr o m th e l o s s o f th e o r igi n a l .

I t a pp e a rs fr o m th e d a t e s by Wi ll i am L am b ar d hi m s e l f a t th e b e gi n n i n g ,

a n d th e e n d t h a t it w a s b e g u n by h im in 1 6 d fi i h d i 6 w h h
, 5 3 an n s e n 1
, 5 4 e n e ,

w a s a bout th e a ge o f t w e n ty fiv e -
.

O f t h e s e s ix o r if w e i n c l u d e th e D ub l i n M an u s c r ipt s e v e n c opi e s O f th e
, ,

E ngl is h Ch r on ic l e n o tw o o f t h e m a g r e e in th e d a t e a t w hi c h th e y t e r m i n a t e
, .

Thu s
B c o m e s d o w n n o l a t e r th a n A D 9 7 7 . . .

G e n d s a t A D 1 00 1
. . .
 C e n d s at 1 0 6 6 .

A e n d s at 1 0 7 0 .

D e n d s a b r upt l y a t 1 0 7 9 .

E e n d s i m p e r fe c t l y a t 1 1 5 4 .

T h e f o ll o w i n g e xt r a c t s f r o m th e E ngl is h Ch r on icl e r e l a ti n g to S c ottish ,

histo r y ar e m a d e fr o m Gil e s s e ditio n o f th at w o r k c o r r e c t e d by c o m p a r i s o n

,
’

w ith T h o r pe s e d itio n
’

E X TR A CT S F R OM T H E E NG L I SH OR A N G L O SA X O N C H R O N I C L E ,
-
.

A 4 4 9 Thi s y e ar M a r ti an an d V a l e n ti n i an s u c c e e d e d to th e e m pi r e
. .
,

a n d r e ig n e d s e v e n w i n t e r s A n d in t h e i r d a y s H e n g e s t a n d Ho r s a i n vit e d
.
,

by Wyr tge o r n [Vo r tig e r n ] ki n g O f th e B r ito n s s ough t B r it a i n o n th e s h o r e

, ,

w h i c h is n am e d p i n e s fl e o t ; fi r s t in s u pp o r t O f th e B r ito n s b u t a ft e r ; ,

w ar d s t h e y f ou gh t a g a i n s t th e m Ki n g Wyr tge o rn g a v e th e m l an d in th e
.

s out h e a s t o f t h i s c o u n t r y o n c o n d itio n t h a t t h e y s h ou l d fig h t a g a i n s t th e
,

P i c t s T h e n t h e y f o u gh t a g a i n s t th e P i c t s an d h a d th e vi c to r y w h e r e s o e v e r
.
,

t h e y c a m e T h e y t h e n s e n t t o th e A n gl e s ; d e s i r e d a l ar g e r f o r c e to b e
.

s e n t a n d c a u s e d t h e m to b e to l d th e w o r t h l e s s n e s s o f th e B r it o n s a n d th e
, ,

e x c e ll e n c i e s o f th e l a n d T h e n t h e y s oo n s e n t t h it h e r a l a r g e r fo r c e in a id
.

o f th e ot h e r s At t h a t ti m e t h e r e c a m e m e n fr o m th e t h r e e t r ib e s in G e r
.

m an y ; f r o m th e O l d S ax o n s f r o m th e A n g l e s fr o m th e J u t e s ,
F r o m th e , .

J u t e s c a m e th e K e n ti s h m e n an d th e Wigh tw a r ia n s t h a t is th e t r ib e w h i c h , ,

n o w d w e l l s in Wig h t a n d t h a t r a c e a m o n g th e W e s t S a xo n s w h i c h is s ti ll
,

c a ll e d th e r ac e o f J u t e s F r o m th e Old S a xo n s c a m e th e m e n o f E s s e x an d
.

S us s e x a n d W e s s e x F r o m A n g l i a w h i c h h a s e v e r s i n c e r e m a i n e d w a st e
.
,

b e t w ixt th e J u t e s a n d S a xo n s c a m e th e m e n o f E a s t A n gl i a Mi d d l e A n
, ,

g l i a M e r c i a a n d a l l No r t h u m b r i a Th e i r l e a d e r s w e r e tw o b r ot h e r s H e n
, ,
.
,

g e s t an d Ho r s a : t h e y w e r e th e s o n s o f Wih tgil s ; Wih tgil s s o n o f Witt a ,

Witt a o f We c ta We c ta O f Wo d e n : fr o m t h i s Wo d e n s p r an g a ll o u r r oy al
,

f a m i l i e s a n d t h o s e o f th e So u t h u m b r i a n s a l s o
,
.

A 4 5 5 T h i s y e ar H e n g e s t a n d Ho r s a fo u ght a g a i n s t ki n g Vo r tig e r n a t
. .

th e p l a c e w h i c h is c a l l e d n e l s th r e p [ Ay l e s fo r d] an d h is b r ot h e r Ho r s a
-
,

w as t h e r e s l a i n a n d a f t e r t h a t H e n g e s t obt a i n e d th e ki n g d o m an d f E s c h is
, ,

s on .

A 457. T h i s y e
. ar H e n g e s t a n d E s c h is s o n f o u ht a g a i n s t th e B r ito n s

a t th e p l a c e w h i c h is c a ll e d C r e c gan fo r d [ C r a y f o r d an d t h e r e s l e w f o u r
t h o u s an d m e n an d th e B r ito n s t h e n fo r s ook K e n t a n d in g r e a t t e r r o r fl e d ,

to Lo n d o n .
1

A 4 6 5 T h i s y e ar H e n g e s t an d l Es c fo u h t a g a i n s t th e W e l s h [i c
. . . .
,

th e e n e m y o r B r i t i s h ] n e a r Wippe d e s fl e o t E b b s fl e e t
,
an d t h e r e s l e w

t w e l v e We l s h al d o r m e n a n d o n e o f t h e i r t h an e s w a s s l a i n t h e r e w h os e n am e
, ,

w as Wippe d .

A 4 7 3 T h i s y e a r H e n ge s t an d [Es c fough t a g a i n s t th e W e l s h an d took

. .
,

c ou n t l e s s booty an d th e W e l s h fl e d f ro m th e A n g l e s as fi re .

A 4 7 7 T h i s y e a r [E l l e c a m e to B r i t a i n an d h is t h r e e s o n s Cym e n an d
. .
, , ,

Wl e n c in g an d Ci s s a w ith t h r e e s h ip s a t a p l a c e w h i c h is n am e d Cy m e n e s
, , ,

O r a a n d t h e r e s l e w m an y W e l s h
,
a n d d r ov e s o m e in flig h t i n to th e w oo d ,

w h i c h is n a m e d A n d r e d e s l e a -
.

A 4 88 T h is y e ar jE s c s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g do m an d fo r t w e n ty fo u r
. .
,
-

ye a r s w a s ki n g o f th e K e n tis h p e op l e .
 A 4 9 1 This y e ar E ll e a n d Ci s s a b e s i e g e d An dr e d e s c e a s te r an d s l e w
. .
-
,

a ll t h a t d w e l t t h e r e i n n o t e v e n o n e B r ito n w a s t h e r e l e f t
“
.
,

A 4 9 5 T h i s y e a r c a m e tw o a l d o r m e n to B r it a i n C e r d i c an d C yn r ic
. .
,

h is s o n w it h five s h ip s a t th e p l a c e w h i c h is c a ll e d C e r d ic e s o r a a n d o n th e
, , ,

s am e d a y t h e y fo u g h t a ga i n s t th e W e l s h .

A 5 0 8 T h i s y e a r C e r d i c an d C yn ric s l e w a B r iti s h ki n g w h o s e n a m e
. .
,

w a s N a t an l e o d a n d fiv e t h o u s an d m e n w it h h im
-
,
A ft e r t h a t th e l an d w as .

n a m e d N a t a n l e a a s f a r a s C e r d ic e s f o r d
-
,
.

A 5 1 4 T h i s y e a r c a m e th e W e s t S a xo n s to B r it a i n w ith t h r e e s h ips a t
. .

th e p l a c e w h i c h is c a ll e d C e r d ic e s o r a an d St u f an d Wih tga r f o u g h t a g a i n s t ,

th e B r ito n s a n d pu t t h e m t o flig h t .

A 5 4 7 T h i s y e a r I d a b e g an t o r e ig n fr o m w h o m ar o s e th e r oy a l r a c e
. .
,

o f th e N o r th u m b r ian s a n d r e ig n e d t w e l v e y e a r s a n d h e b u i l t B e b b an b u r h , ,

w h i c h w a s a t fi rs t e n c l o s e d by a h e d g e a n d a f t e r w a r d s by a w a ll
’
I da w as,
.

th e s o n o f Ropp a R opp a o f E s a E s a o f I n gw i I n gw i O f A n ge w it A n ge w it
, , , ,

o f Al o c A l o c O f B e n o c B e n o c o f B r an d B r an d O f B a e l d e g B a e l d e g o f
, , , ,

Wo d e n Wo d e n o f F r e o th e l o f F r e o th e l o f o f F r e o th e w u l f F r e o th e w u l f o f
, , ,

Fi n n Fi r m o f G o d ul f G o d u l f o f G e a t
, ,
.

A 5 6 0 T h i s y e a r C e a w l in s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n gd o m o f th e W e s t
. .

S a xo n s a n d E ll e a s s u m e d th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s I d a b e i n g
, ,

d e a d e a c h o f t h e m r e ig n e d t h i r ty w i n t e r s E l l e w a s th e s o n o f Yff e .
,

Yff e o f Ux fr e a , Ux fr e a o f Wil gil s , Wil gil s o f We s te r fa l c n a, We s te r fa l c n a

o f Sa e fu gl , Sa e fu gl o f Sae b a l d , Sa e b a l d o f Sige ge a t, Sige ge a t O f Sw e b d a e g,

Sw e bd a e g O f Sige ga r , Sige ga r O f Wa e gd a e g, Wa e gd a e g o f Wo d e n , W o d e n
of F r e o th e w ul f .

A 5 6 5 T h i s y e ar E th e lb e r h t s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f th e K e n ti s h
. .

p e op l e a n d h e l d it fifty t h r e e w i n t e r s I n h is da y s th e h ol y P op e G r e go r y
,
-
.

s e n t u s b a pti s m t h a t w a s in th e tw o a n d t h i r ti e t h y e a r o f h is r e ig n a n d C O
,

l u m b a a m a s s p r i e s t c a m e to th e P i c t s a n d c o n v e r t e d t h e m to th e f a i t h O f
,
-
, ,

Ch r ist t h e y a r e d w e ll e r s by th e n o r t h e r n m o u n t a i n s A n d t h e i r ki n g ga v e .

h im th e i s l an d w h i c h is n a m e d I i [ I o n a] w h e r e t h e r e a r e five h i d e s O f l an d ,

f r o m w h a t m e n s ay T h e r e Co l u m b a b u i l t a m o n a s t e r y a n d h e w a s a bbo t
.
,

t h e r e t h i r ty tw o w i n t e rs an d t h e r e h e d i e d w h e n h e w as s e v e n ty tw o w i n t e r s
-
,
-
.

H is i n h e r ito r s ye t h a v e th e p l a c e T h e So u t h P i c t s h a d b e e n b a ptiz e d l o n g
.

b e fo r e to t h e m bi s h op Ni n a w h o h a d b e e n t au gh t a t R o m e p r e a c h e d b ap
, ,

tis m w h o s e c h u r c h a n d h is m o n a s t e r y is a t Wh ite r n e h all o w e d in th e n a m e

, ,

o f S t M a r ti n
. t h e r e h e r e s t s w it h m an y h o l y m e n N o w in I i t h e r e m u s t
,
.

e v e r b e a n a b b o t n o t a bi s h o p ; an d to h im
,
m u s t a ll th e S c ot bi s h op s b e
s ubj e c t s b e c a u s e Co l u m b a w a s an a bbot n o t a bi s h op
, ,
.

A 5 88 T h i s y e ar ki n g E ll e d i e d an d E th e l r ic r e ign e d a ft e r h im fo r
. .
,

five y e a r s .

A 5 9 3 T h i s y e a r C e a w l in an d C w ic h e l m an d C r yd a p e r i s h e d ; a n d
. .
, ,

E th e l fr ith s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s ; h e w a s th e
s on o f E th e l r ic , E th e l r ic O f Id a .

A 5 9 7 T h is y e ar C e o l w u l f b e g an to r e ig n ov e r th e W e s t S a xo n s an d
. .

h e c o n st an t l y fo u g h t an d s t r ov e a g a i n s t e i t h e r th e A n gl e r a c e , o r a g a i n s t th e
W e l s h , o r a g a i n s t th e P i c t s , o r a g a i n s t th e S c ot s H e w a s th e s o n o f C u th a , .

C u th a o f C yn r ic , C yn r ic o f C e r d i c , C e r d i c o f E l e s a , E l e s a o f E s l a, E s l a o f
G iw is , G iw is o f Wig, Wig O f F r e a w i n e , F r e a w i n e o f F r e o th o ga r , F r e o th o ga r
o f B r an d , B ran d o f B a e l d a e g, B a e l d a e g O f W o d e n T h i s y e ar A u gu s ti n e .

an d h is c o m p an io n s c a m e to th e l an d O f th e A n g l e s .

A 6 03 T h i s y e a r E gth an , ki n g O f th e S c ot s , fo u gh t a g a i n s t th e Da l
. .

r e o d s a n d a g a i n s t E th e l fr ith ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s a t D ae s an s tan an d
, , g ,
alm o s t a l l h is a r m y w as s l a i n T h e r e w a s s l a i n T h e o db al d E th e l fr ith s.
,
’

b r ot h e r w it h al l h is h ost Si n c e t h e n n o ki n g o f S c ot s h as d a r e d to l e ad
,
.

a n ar m y i n to t h i s n a tio n H e r i n g th e s o n o f H u s s a l e d th e a r m y hi t h e r
.
, , .

A 606 . . I n this y e a r E th e l fr ith l e d h is a r m y to C h e s t e r a n d ,

t h e r e s l e w n u m b e r l e s s W e l s h : a n d s o w a s fu l fi l l e d th e p r op h e c y o f A u gu s
t i n e w h i c h h e u tt e r e d I f th e W e l s h r e fu s e p e a c e w it h u s t h e y s h all p e r i s h
, , ,

a t th e h a n d s o f th e S a xo n s Th e r e a l s o w e r e s l a i n tw o h u n d re d p r i e s t s
.
,

w h o c a m e t h a t t h e y m ig h t p r a y fo r th e ar m y O f th e W e l s h : th e i r c h i e f w a s
n a m e d Sc r o m a il [ B r o c m a il] w h o e s c a p e d t h e n c e w i t h s o m e fi f ty
, .

A 6 0 7 T h i s y e a r C e o l w u l f fo u g h t w ith th e S o u t h S a xo n s
. . .

A 6 1 7 T h i s y e ar E th e l fr ith ki n g o f th e N o r t h um b r i an s w a s s l a i n by
. .
, ,

R a e d w a l d ki n g o f th e E a s t A n g l e s an d E d w i n e th e s o n o f A c l l e s u c c e e d e d ,

t o th e ki n g d o m an d r a v a g e d a ll B r it a i n s a v e th e K e n ti s h p e op l e o n l y
, ,
.
‘

A n d d r ov e o u t th e ae th e l in gs s o n s O f E th e l fr ith ; t h a t w a s fi r s t E an fr ith , ,

an d O sw a l d t h e n O sw in O s l ac,
O s w u d u O s l a f a n d O ff a
,
.
, , ,

A 6 2 7 T h i s y e a r a t E a s t e r P au l i n u s b a ptiz e d E d w i n e ki n g o f th e
. .
, ,

No r t h u m b r i an s w it h h is p e op l e an d e a r l i e r in th e s a m e y e ar a t P e n t e c o s t
, , ,

h e h a d b a ptiz e d E a n fl a e d d a u g h t e r o f th e s a m e ki n g ,
.

A 6 3 3 T h i s y e ar ki n g E d w i n e w a s s l a i n by C a d w a ll a an d P e n d a a t
. .

H e a th fie l d [ H a tfi e l d C h a s e o n th e s e c o n d o f th e Id e s o f O c tob e r an d h e ,

r e ig n e d s e v e n t e e n y e a r s ; a n d h is s o n O s fr ith w a s a l s o s l a i n W it h h im A n d .

t h e n a ft e r w ar d s C a d w a ll a a n d P e n d a w e n t an d l a i d w a s t e all th e l an d o f th e
N o r t h u m b r i an s W h e n P a u l i n u s s aw t h a t t h e n took h e E th e lbu rh E d
.
, ,

w i n e s w i d o w a n d w it h d r e w in a s h ip to K e n t A n d E a d b al d a n d Ho n o r i u s
’

, .

r e c e iv e d h im v e r y h o n o r a bl y a n d g a v e h im a bi s h o p s s e e a t Ro c h e s t e r an d
’

h e t h e r e c o n ti n u e d to h is e n d .

A 63 4 . . T h i s y e ar O s r i c w h o m P aul i n u s h a d p r e viou s l y b a p ,

ti e d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f D e i r a ; h e w a s th e s o n o f E l fr ic E d
z
, ,

w i n e s p at e r n al u n c l e A n d to B e r n i c i a s u c c e e d e d E a n fr ith th e s o n O f
’
.

E th e lfr ith A n d t h i s y e a r a l s o bi s h o p B ir in u s fi r s t p r e ac h e d b a pti s m to th e

.

W e s t S a xo n s u n d e r ki n g C yn e gil s B ir in u s w e n t t h i t h e r by c o m m an d O f .

H o n o r i u s th e P op e an d h e t h e r e w as bi s h op u n ti l h is l i fe s e n d A n d t h is
,
’
.

y e ar a l s o O s w a l d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s an d h e ,

r e ig n e d n i n e w i n t e r s th e n i n t h b e i n g r e c k o n e d to h im o n a c c o u n t o f th e
h e a t h e n s h i p w h i c h t h e y h a d p r a c ti s e d w h o r u l e d t h e m fo r o n e y e a r b e t w e e n ,

h im an d E d w i n e .

A 6 4 2 T h i s ye a r O s w a l d ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s w a s s l a i n by
. .
, ,

P e n d a th e So u t h u m b r i a n a t M a s e r fie l d o n th e d ay o f th e No n e s o f A u gu s t ,

an d h is c o r p s e w as b u r i e d a t B a r d n e y w h o s e h o l i n e s s a n d h is m i r a c l e s w e e r
,

a f t e r w a r d s v a r io u s l y m a d e k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s i s l an d an d h is h a n d s a r e ,

a t B a m b o r o u gh u n c o r r u pt e d ,
A n d th e s a m e y e ar t h a t O s w a l d w a s s l a i n
.
,

O s w i n h is b r o t h e r s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s a n d h e ,

r e ig n e d t h i r ty y e a r s l e s s tw o .

A 6 7 0 T h i s y e a r O s w iu ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s d i e d o n th e 1 5 th
. .
,

o f th e K a l e n d s o f M ar c h a n d E c gfe r th h is s o n r e ig n e d a f t e r h im ; a n d
,

H l o thh e r e th e n e p h e w o f bi s h o p E th e l b yr h t s u c c e e d e d to th e bi s h op r i c
, ,

ov e r th e W e s t S a xo n s a n d h e l d i t s e v e n y e a r s an d Bi s h op T h e o d o r e c o u s e
, ,

c r a t e d h im A n d O s w i n w as th e s o n o f E th e l fr ith E th e l fr ith o f E th e l r ic
.
, ,

E th e l r ic o f I d a I d a o f Ropp a , ,

A 6 84 . I n t h i s y e ar E c gfe r th s e n t a n a r m y a g a i n s t th e S c ot s an d
.
,

B e r h t h is a l do r m an w it h it an d m i s e r a b l y t h e y a ffli c t e d a n d b u r n e d Go d s
’

c hurc h e s .

A 6 85 . . Thi s y e a r C e a dw a l l a b e g an to s t r iv e fo r th e ki n gdo m .
 T h e E n gl is h C h r o n ic l e 2
95

C e a dw al l a w a s th e s o n o f C o e n b r yh t, C o e n b r yh t o f C a dd a , C a d d a o f C u th a,
C u th a o f C e a w l in , C e a w l in o f C yn r ic , C yn r ic o f C e r d i c A n d M u l w a s th e .

b r ot h e r o f C e a d w a ll a , a n d h e w a s a ft e r w ar d s bu rn e d in K e n t A n d th e s a m e .

y e a r, o n th e 1 3 th O f th e K al e n d s o f Ju n e , ki n g E c gfe r th w a s s l a i n , n e a r th e
No r t h s e a , an d a g r e a t a r m y w ith h im H e h a d b e e n kin g fi ft e e n w i n t e r s ,
.

a n d A l d fe rth h is b r o t h e r s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m a ft e r h im E c gfe r th .

was th e s o n o f O s w i n , O s w iu o f E th e lfr ith , E th e l fr ith O f E th e l r ic ,

E th e l r ic o f I d a, I d a O f Ropp a .

A 6 88; T h i s y e a r I n e s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m O f th e W e s t S a xo n s ,
.

an d h e l d it thi r ty s e v e n w i n t e r s ; a n d h e bui l t th e m o n a s t e r y a t G l a s t o n
-

bu r y ; a n d a ft e r w a r d s w it h d r e w to Ro m e , a n d t h e r e d w e l t u n ti l h is d yi n g
da y s : an d th e s a m e y e a r C e a d w a l l a w e n t to Ro m e , a n d r e c e iv e d b a pti s m
fr o m th e P op e , an d th e P op e n a m e d h im P e t e r ; an d a ft e r s e v e n n ig h t s h e
di e d. N o w I n c w a s th e s o n o f C e n r e d , C e n r e d o f C e o l w a l d , C e o l w a l d w a s
Cyn e gil s b r ot h e r , an d t h e y w e r e s o n s o f Cu th w in e th e s o n o f C e a w lin ,
’

Ce a w l in o f C yn r ic , Cy m r i c o f C e r d i c
’
.

A 7 05 T h i s y e a r A l d fe r th , ki n g o f th e No r th u m b r i an s , d i e d o n th e
. .

n i n e t e e n t h o f th e K a l e n d s O f J a n u a r y a t D r ifli e l d ; a n d bi s h op Sa x w u lf .

T h e n O s r e d h is s o n s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m .

A 7 1 6 T h i s y e a r O s r e d ki n g o f th e No r th u m b r i an s w as s l a i n o n th e
. .

sout h e rn bo r de r ; h e h ad th e ki n g d o m s e ve n w i n t e r s a f t e r A l d fe r th ;
t h e n C e n r e d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m , an d h e l d it tw o y e a r s , t h e n O s r i c ,
an d h e l d it e l e v e n y e a r s a n d th e s a m e y e a r C e o l r e d ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s

d i e d, a n d h is bo dy l i e s a t L ic h fie l d , an d E t h e l r e d s , th e s o n o f P e n d a , a t
’

B a r d n e y T h e n E th e l bal d su c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m O f th e M e r c i an s , an d
.

h e l d it f o r ty o n e w i n t e r s -
E th e l ba l d w as th e s o n o f A l w e o , A l w e o o f
.

a a, a a o f Pybb a , w h o s e k in is b e f o r e w r itt e n A n d th e pio u s m a n .

E c gb e r h t t u r n e d th e m o n k s in th e i s l an d O f I o n a to r ig h t , s o t h a t t h e y o b
s e r v e d E a s t e r r ight l y a n d th e e c c l e s i a sti c a l to n s u r e
, .

A 7 3 1 T h i s y e a r O s r i c , ki n g o f th e N o r t h u m b r i an s , w a s s l a i n , an d
. .

C e o l w u l f s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m an d h e l d it e ig h t y e ar s , a n d C e o l w u lf
w a s th e s o n o f C u th a , C u th a o f C u th w in e , C u th w in e O f L e o d w a l d L e o d w a l d
,
o f E c gw a l d , E c w a l d O f A l d h e l m A ldh e l m Of c a, c a o f I da, I da Of
g ,

E o ppa A n d a r c h bi s h op B e o r h tw a l d d i e d o n th e I d e s o f J an u a r y ; h e w a s
.

bi s h op t h i r ty s e v e n y e ar s s ix m o n t h s an d fo u r t e e n d a y s A n d th e s a m e y e a r
-
.

T a tw in e w as c o n s e c ra t e d a r c h bi s h op h e h a d b e fo r e b e e n a p r i e s t a t B r e o
d un in M e r c i a D an i e l b i s h op o f Wi n c h e s t e r , a n d I n gw a l d bi s h op O f L o n
.

d o n , an d A l d w in e bi s h o p O f L ic h fie l d , a n d A l d w u l f bi s h op o f Ro c h e s t e r
c o n s e c r a t e d h im o n th e t e n th o f J u n e ; h e h a d th e ar c h bi s h op r i c t h r e e
y e ars .

A 7 3 7 T h i s y e ar bi s h op F o r th e r e a n d qu e e n F r e jth o gith a w e n t to
. .

Ro m e A n d ki n g C e o l w u l f r e c e iv e d St P e t e r s to n s u r e a n d g a v e h is ki n g
.
.
’

,
d o m to E a d b e r h t h is p a t e rn a l u n c l e s s o n
, h e r e ig n e d t w e n ty o n e w i n t e r s
’
-

a n d bi s h op E th e l w o l d an d A c c a d i e d a n d Cy n e w u l f w as c o n s e c r a t e d bi s h op
, .

A n d th e s a m e y e a r ki n g E th e l b a l d r a v a g e d th e l an d o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s .

A 7 3 8 T h i s y e a r E a db e r h t th e s o n o f E a t a E a t a b e i n g th e s o n o f
. .
,

L e o d w a l d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m O f th e No r th u m b r i an s an d h e l d it
, ,

t w e n ty o n e w i n t e r s His b r ot h e r w as a r c hbi s h o p E c gb e r h t th e s o n o f E a t a
-
.

an d t h e y bot h r e s t in o n e p o r c h a t Yo r k
”
.

A 7 5 5 T h i s y e a r Cy n e w u l f a n d th e W e st S a xo n w it an d e p r iv e d h is
. .
,

ki n s m an Sige b r yh t o f h is ki n g d o m fo r h is u n r igh t e o u s d e e d s e x c e pt H am p
, ,
sh i re a n d t h a t h e h e l d u n ti l h e s l e w th e a l d o r m an w h o h a d l o n g e s t r e
,

m a i n e d w ith h im A n d th e n Cy n e w u l f d r ov e h im i n to A n d r e d a n d h e
.
,
 the re a bo de u ti l a s w in e h e r d s t abb e d h im a t Pryfe te s fl o d, an d h e a v e n g e d
n -

th e a l d o r m a n Gu m b r a .

A n d Cy n e w u l f f o u ght o f t e n in g r e a t b a tt l e s a g a i n s t th e B r ito W e l s h ; a n d
-

a ft e r h e h a d h e l d th e ki n g d o m a bo u t o n e a n d t h i r ty y e ars h e w o u l d d r iv e
,

o u t a n ae t h e l i n g , w h o w as n a m e d C yn c h e a r d ; a n d C yn c h e a r d w a s Sig e
b r yh t s b r ot h e r A n d h e t h e n l e a r n e d t h a t th e ki n g w it h a s m a ll c o m p a n y
’
.

w a s o n a vi s it to a w o m an a t M e r a n tu n [ M e r to n ] a n d h e t h e r e b e s e t h im
a n d s u r r ou n d e d th e bo w e r b e fo r e th e m e n d i s c ov e r e d h im w h o w e r e w ith
,

th e ki n g . A n d w h e n th e ki n g p e r c e iv e d t h a t , h e w e n t to th e d o o r a n d
,
t h e n g a ll a n t l y d e fe n d e d hi m s e l f, u n ti l h e l ook e d o n th e ae t h e l i n g, a n d t h e n
an d s o r e l y w ou n d e d h im
r u s h e d o u t o n h im
; an d t h e y w e r e a l l fig h ti n g
a g a i n s t th e ki n g u n ti l t h e y h a d s l a i n h im .

A 7 5 7 T h is y e ar E a d b e r h t ki n g o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s a s s u m e d th e
. .

to n s u r e , an d h is s o n O s w u l f s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m , an d r e ig n e d o n e
y e ar an d h e w as s la i n by h is ho u s e h o l d o n th e e ig h t h o f th e K al O f A u g u s t !
.

A 7 5 9 T h i s y e a r B r e go w in w a s o r d a i n e d ar c hbis h op a t St Mi c h a e l s
,
’
. .
.

ti d e , a n d h e l d th e s e e fou r y e a r s A n d M o ll E th e l w a l d s u c c e e d e d to th e
.

ki n gd o m o f th e N o r th u m b r ian s , a n d r e ign e d s ix w i n t e r s , a n d t h e n l e ft it .

A 7 6 1 T h is y e a r w a s th e g r e a t w i n t e r an d Mo ll ki n g O f th e No r t h u m
. .

b r i an s s l e w O s w in e at E d w i n s C l i ff o n th e e igh t h o f th e I d e s o f A u gu s t l
’
o
.

A 7 6 5 This y e a r A l c h r e d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f N o r th um
. .

b r i a, a n d r e ig n e d n i n e w i n t e r s .

A 7 7 4 T h i s y e ar a t E as t e r ti d e , th e No r t h u m b r i an s d r ov e th e i r ki n g
. .

A l c h r e d fr o m Yo r k , a n d took E t h e l r e d , th e s o n O f Mo l l , f o r th e i r l o r d w h o
,

r e ig n e d f o u r w i n t e r s
“
.

A 7 7 8 T h i s y e ar E th alb al d an d H e ar db e r h t s l e w th r e e h igh r e e v e s
. .
-

E al d u l f, th e s o n O f Bo s a , a t Ki n g s c l i ff, an d Cy n e w u l f a n d E c ga a t H e l a th yr n ,
-

o n th e e l e v e n t h o f th e K a l e n d s o f Ap r i l : a n d t h e n A l fw o l d s u c c e e d e d to
th e ki n g d o m a n d d r ov e E t h e l r e d f r o m th e l an d an d h e r e ig n e d te n w i n t e r s .

A 7 87 T h i s y e ar ki n g B e o r h tr ic took E a db ur h , ki n g O ffa s d au gh t e r ,
. .
’

to w i fe an d in h is d ay s fi rs t c a m e t h r e e s h ip s o f N o r th m e n , fr o m H ae r e th a
l an d [ in No r w a y ] A n d t h e n th e r e v e r o d e t h e r e to , a n d w ou l d d r iv e t h e m
.

to th e ki n g s vi l l , fo r h e k n e w n o t w h a t t h e y w e r e an d t h e y t h e r e s l e w h im
’
.

T h o s e w e r e th e fi r s t s h ip s o f Dan is h m e n th a t s ough t th e l an d O f th e E n g
l ish r ac e
“
.

A 7 89 Thi s y e a r A l fw o l d , ki n g O f th e No r t h u m b r i an s , w a s s l a i n by
. .

Sic ga o n th e 8th o f th e K a l e n d s O f O c tob e r a n d a h e a v e n l y l ig h t w as fr e

q u e n t l y s e e n t h e r e w h e r e h e w a s s l a i n an d h e w a s b ur i e d a t H e x h a m w it h i n
th e c h u r c h a n d O s r e d th e s o n o f A l c r e d s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m a ft e r
,

h im h e w a s h is n e p h e w An d a gr e a t s yn o d w a s a s s e m b l e d at A c l e a
. .

A 7 9 0 T h i s y e a r a r c h bi s h op I an b r yh t d i e d, an d th e s a m e y e ar a bbot
. .

E th e l h e a r d w a s c h o s e n a r c h bi s h op A n d O s r e d , ki n g o f th e N o r th u m b r i
.

a n s , w as b e t r a y e d , an d d r iv e n f r o m th e ki n g d o m ; a n d E t h e l r e d , th e s o n
o f E th e l w a l d a f t e r w a r d s s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m .

A 7 9 1 T h i s ye a r B al d w u l f w a s h a ll o w e d bi s h op O f Wh ite r n e , o n th e
. .

1 6 th o f th e K a l e n d s o f Augu s t , by a r c h bi s h op E an b a l d a n d by bi s hop

E th e l b e r h t .

A 7 9 2 T h i s y e a r O ffa , ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s , c o m m an d e d th e h e a d o f
. .

ki n g E th e l br yh t to b e s t r u c k o ff A n d O s r e d , w h o h a d b e e n ki n g o f th e
.

N o r th u m b r ian s , h avi n g c o m e h o m e fr o m e xi l e , w as s e iz e d an d s la i n o n th e
1 8th O f th e K a l e n d s o f O c tob e r ; a n d h is bo d y r e s t s a t Ty n e m o u t h An d
.

ki n g E t h e l r e d t o ok a n e w w i fe , w h o w a s c a ll e d E lfl e d, o n th e 3 r d o f th e
K a l e n d s O f O c tob e r .
 T h e E n gl is h Ch r o n ic l e 2
97

A 7 9 3 This y e ar d i r e f o r e w ar n i n g s c am e ov e r th e l an d o f th e No r th
. .
”

u m b r i an s a n d m is e r ab l y t e r r ifi e d th e p e op l e ; t h e s e w e r e e x c e s s iv e w h i r l
,

w i n d s an d l ight n i n g s ; an d fi e r y d r a go n s w e r e s e e n flyi n g in th e a ir
,
A .

g r e a t f a m i n e s oo n fo ll o w e d t h e s e tok e n s a n d a l itt l e a ft e r th a t in th e s a m e ,

y e ar o n th e 6 th O f th e I d e s o f J a n u a r y th e h a vo c O f h e a th e n m e n m i s e r
, ,

a b l y d e s t r oy e d Go d s c h u r c h a t Li n d i s f a r n e t h r o u gh r a pi n e a n d s l a ug h t e r
’
.

A n d Sic ga d i e d o n th e 8th O f th e K a l e n d s o f M ar c h .

A 7 9 4 T h i s y e ar P op e A d r i a n a n d ki n g O ffa d i e d a n d E t h e l r e d
. .
, ,

ki n g o f th e N o r th u m br ia n s w a s s l a i n by h is o w n p e op l e o n th e 1 3 th o f th e
,

K a l e n ds o f Ma y a n d bi s h op C e o l w u l f an d bishop E a db a l d d e p a r t e d fr o m
th e l a n d A n d E c gf e r th s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m o f th e M e r c i a n s a n d d i e d
.
,

th e s a m e y e a r A n d th e h e a t h e n s r a v a g e d a m o n g th e N o r t h u m
.

b rian s an d p l un d e r e d Ec gfe r th s m o n a s t e r y at Do n e m u th [We a r m o uth ] ;

,
’

an d t h e r e o n e o f t h e i r l e a d e r s w as s l a i n a n d a l so s o m e O f t h e i r s hips w e r e
,

w r e c k e d by a t e m p e s t ; a n d m a n y o f th e m w e r e t h e r e d r o w n e d a n d s o m e ,

c a m e to s h o r e a l iv e a n d t h e y w e r e f o r t h w it h s l a i n a t th e r iv e r s m out h
’
.
,

A 7 9 5 T h i s y e ar th e m oo n w a s e c l ip s e d be t w e e n c o c k c r o w i n g an d
. .
-

d a w n o n th e 5 th o f th e K a l e n d s o f Ap r i l ; a n d E a r d w u l f s u c c e e d e d to
,

th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i a n s o n th e 2 d o f th e I d e s o f M a y ; a n d
h e w as a f t e r w ar d s c o n s e c r a t e d ki n g a n d r a i s e d to h is t h r o n e o n th e 8th o f
,

th e K a l e n d s O f J u n e a t Yo r k by a r c h bi s hop E a n b al d a n d bishop E t h e l
, , ,

b e r h t a n d bi s h ops H igb al d a n d B a d w u lf
,
.

A 7 9 8 T h i s y e a r t h e r e w as a gr e a t fig h t a t W h all e y in th e l an d o f th e
. .

No r t h u m b r i an s d u r i n g L e n t o n th e 4 th o f th e No n e s o f Ap r i l a n d t h e r e
, , ,

A l r i c th e s o n o f H e ar d b e r h t w a s s l a i n a n d m a n y ot h e r s w it h h im
, , ,
.

A 806 T h i s y e ar th e m oo n w a s e c l ip s e d o n th e K al e n d s o f S e pt e m b e r
. .

a n d E a r d w u l f ki n g o f th e No r thu m b r i a n s w a s d r iv e n f r o m h is ki n g d o m ;
a n d E a n b e r h t bi s h op O f H e xh a m,
di e d ,
.

A 82 3 Thi s y e ar t h e r e w as a fig h t o f th e W e l s h a n d th e m e n o f D e vo n
. .

a t G a f u l fo r d : a n d th e s a m e y e ar E c gb r yh t ki n g o f th e W e s t S a xo n s a n d

B e o rn w u l f ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s f o u gh t a t E l l e n d u n a n d E c gb r yh t g a i n e d ,

th e vi c to r y a n d a g r e a t s l a u g h t e r w a s t h e r e m a d e
,
H e t h e n s e n t f r o m th e .

a r m y h is s o n E th e l w u l f a n d E a l h s tan h is bi s h o p an d Wu lfh e a r d h is a l d o r
, ,

m an to K e n t w it h a l a r g e f o r c e a n d t h e y d r ov e B a l d r e d th e ki n g n o r t h ov e r
th e T h a m e s A n d th e m e n O f K e n t an d th e m e n o f S u rr e y a n d th e So u th
.
, ,

S a xo n s a n d th e E a s t S a xo n s t u r n e d to h im ; b e c a u s e t h e y h a d fo r m e r l y
, ,

b e e n u n j u st l y fo r c e d fr o m h is ki n s m e n A n d th e s a m e y e a r th e ki n g o f th e
.

E a s t A n gl e s a n d th e n a tio n s o u gh t E c gb r yh t fo r p e a c e a n d a s p r ot e c tio n
f r o m d r e a d O f th e M e r c i an s ; a n d th e s a m e y e a r th e E a st A n g l e s s l e w
B e o r n w ulf ki n g o f th e M e r c i a n s .

A 82 5 T h i s y e ar L u d e c an ki n g o f th e M e r c i an s w a s s l a i n a n d h is fiv e
. .
,

a l d o r m e n w it h h im a n d Wi l a f s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m
g .

A 82 7 T h i s y e a r th e m oo n w a s e c l ip s e d o n th e m a s s n igh t O f m i dw i n t e r
. . .

A n d th e s a m e y e a r ki n g E c gb r yh t s u b d u e d th e ki n g d o m o f th e M e r c i a n s ,

a n d a l l th a t w as s o u t h o f th e H u m b e r a n d h e w a s th e e ig h t h ki n g w h o w a s

B ryten zo a l da E ll e ki n g o f th e S o u t h S a xo n s w a s th e fi r s t w h o h a d t h u s
.

m u c h s w ay th e s e c o n d w a s C e a w l in ki n g o f th e W e s t S a xo n s th e t h i r d w a s
E th e l b r yh t ki n g o f th e K e n ti s h m e n ; th e f o u r th w a s R e d w a l d ki n g o f th e
E as t A n gl e s th e fi fth w a s E d w i n e ki n g O f th e N o r th u m b r ia n s th e s ixt h
w a s O s w a l d w h o r e ig n e d a ft e r h im ; th e s e v e n t h w as O s w iu O s w a l d s b r oth e r ,

th e e ig h th w as E c gb r yh t ki n g O f th e W e s t S a xo n s A n d E c gb r yh t l e d a n .

a r m y to D o r e a g a i n s t th e No r t h u m b r i a n s a n d t h e y t h e r e O ff e r e d h im o b e
,

d ie n c e a n d c o n c o r d an d t h e r e upo n t h e y s e p ar a t e d
, .
2
9 8 T he S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
Of A m e r ic a

A 82 8 This y e ar Wigl a f a ga i n O bt a i n e d th e ki n g d o m O f th e M e r c i an s
. .
,

an d bishop E th e l w a l d d i e d a n d th e s a m e y e a r ki n g E c b r h t l e d a n a r m y
g y
a g a i n s t th e No r t h W e l s h a n d h e r e d u c e d th e m to h u m b l e O b e d i e n c e
, .

A 83 3 T h is y e ar ki n g E c gb r yh t fough t a g a i n s t th e c r e w s o f thi r ty
. .

fiv e s h ip s a t C ar r u m an d t h e r e w a s g r e a t s l a u gh t e r m a d e a n d th e D an i s h
, ,

m e n h e l d po s s e s s io n o f th e b a tt l e p l a c e A n d H e r e fe r th an d Wigth un tw o -
.
,
bi s h op s d i e d an d D u dd a an d O s m o d tw o a l do r m e n d i e d
, , , .

A 86 6 T h i s y e a r E th e l d r e d E th e l b r yh t s b r ot h e r s u c c e e d e d to th e
. .
,
’

ki n g do m O f th e W e s t S a xo n s an d th e s am e y e a r a g r e a t h e a t h e n a r m y c a m e
to th e l an d o f th e A n gl e r a c e an d to o k up th e i r w i n t e r q u a r t e r s a m o n g th e,

E a st A n gl e s an d w e r e t h e r e h o r s e d ; an d th e E a st A n g l e s m a de p e a c e
,
-

w it h th e m .

A 87 0 Thi s y e ar th e a r m y r o de o v e r M e r c i a i n to E as t A n gl i a a n d
. .
,

took u p th e i r w i n t e r q u ar t e r s a t T h e tfo r d a n d th e s a m e w i n t e r ki n g E d
m u n d f o u ght a g a i n s t t h e m a n d th e D a n e s g a i n e d th e vi c to r y a n d s l e w th e
, ,

ki n g a n d s ub d u e d a ll t h a t l an d an d d e st r oy e d all th e m o n as t e r i e s w h i c h
, ,

t h e y c am e to .

A 87 3 T h i s y e ar th e a r m y w e n t i n to No r t h u m b r i a a n d took u p
. .
,

w i n t e r q u a r t e r s a t To r ks e y in Li n d s e y an d t h e n th e M e r c i an s m a d e p e ac e

w it h th e a r m y .

A 87 5 T his y e ar th e a r m y w e n t fr o m R e pto n an d H a lfd an w e n t

. .

w it h s o m e O f th e a r m y i n to No r t h u m b r i a a n d took u p w i n t e r q u a r t e r s by ,

th e r iv e r Ty n e A n d th e ar m y sub d u e d th e l an d an d O ft e n h a r r i e d o n th e
.
,

P i c t s a n d th e St r a t h c l y d e W e l s h A n d th e th r e e ki n g s G u th o r m a n d
,
.
, ,

O s kyte l a n d A m u n d w e n t w it h a l a r g e a r m y fr o m R e p t o n to C a m b r i d g e
, , ,

an d s a t d o w n t h e r e o n e y e a r A n d t h a t s u m m e r ki n g E l fr e d w e n t o u t to
.

s e a w ith a fl e e t a n d f o u g h t a g a i n s t th e c r e w s o f s e v e n s h ip s a n d o n e O f t h e m
, ,

h e took a n d pu t th e r e s t to flig h t
,
.

A 9 2 4 I n t h i s y e ar b e fo r e m i d s um m e r ki n g E a d w e ar d w e n t w ith h is
. .
, ,

f o r c e s to Notti n g h a m a n d c o m m a n d e d th e b u r g h to b e b u i l t o n th e s o u t h s i d e
,

o f th e r iv e r ov e r a g a i n s t th e ot h e r a n d th e b r i d g e ov e r th e T r e n t b e t w e e n
, , ,

th e tw o b u r g h s a n d t h e n h e w e n t t h e n c e i n to P e a k l an d to B a k e w e ll a n d , ,

c o m m a n d e d a b u r g h to b e b u i l t n ig h t h e r e u n to an d m a n n e d An d t h e n , .

c h o s e h im f o r f a t h e r a n d f o r l o r d th e ki n g o f th e S c o t s an d th e w h o l e n a tio n ,

o f th e S c ot s a n d R a gn o l d a n d th e s o n s O f E a d ul f a n d a l l t h o s e w h o d w e ll
,

in No r t h u m b r i a a s w e l l E n g l i s h a s D an i s h a n d No r t h m e n a n d oth e r s an d
, , ,

a l so th e ki n g O f th e St r a t h c l y d e W e l s h a n d a ll th e S t r a th c l y d e W e l s h
“
.
,

A 9 5 T h i s y e a r ki n g E a d w e ar d d i e d an d E t h e l s t an h is s o n s u c c e e d e d
. 2 .
,

to th e ki n g d o m A n d St D un s t an w a s bo r n a n d Wu l fh e l m s u c c e e d e d to th e
. .

a r c h bi s h o p r i c o f C a n t e r bu r y T h i s y e a r ki n g E t h e l s t an an d Sih tr ic ki n g o f
.
,

th e N o r th u m b r ian s c a m e t o g e t h e r a t T a m w o r th o n th e 3 d o f th e K a l e n d s
, ,

O f F e b ruar y a n d E t h e l s t a n g a v e h im h is s i s t e r .

A 9 2 6 T h i s y e a r fi e r y l ig h t s a pp e ar e d in th e n o r th p ar t o f th e h e a v e n s
. . .

A n d Sih tr ic d i e d an d Ki n g E t h e l s t a n a s s u m e d th e ki n g d o m o f th e N o r t h
,

u m b r i an s A d h e s u bj u g a t e d a ll th e ki n g s w h o w e r e in t h is i s l an d
. n fi r st ,

H o w e l ki n g o f th e W e s t W e l s h a n d C o n s t an ti n e ki n g O f th e S c ot s an d
, ,

O w e n G w e n t ; an d E a l d r e d s o n o f E a l d u lf o f B a m b o r o u gh a n d t h e y c o n
, ,

fi r m e d th e p e a c e by p l e d g e an d by o a t h s a t th e p l a c e w h i c h is c a ll e d E am o t
, , ,

o n th e 4 th O f th e I d e s O f J ul y a n d t h e y r e n ou n c e d a l l i d o l a t r y a n d a f t e r ,

t h a t d e p ar t e d in p e a c e .

A 9 3 3 T h i s y e ar
. . ki n g E t h e l s t an w e n t i n to S c ot l an d a s w e ll ,

w it h a l an d a r m y a s w it h a fl e e t an d r a v a g e d a g r e a t p a r t O f it ,
.

A 9 3 7 T h i s y e ar ki n g E t h e l s t an an d E a d m u n d h is b r ot h e r l e d a fo r c e
. .
 er l a id
so se ven e ke
of O l a f s ja rl s ;
’

o f th e a r m y c o u n t l e s s ,

s h ip m e n a n d S c ot s .

T h e r e w as m ade fl e e
th e N o r th m e n s p r i n c e
’

by n e e d c o n s t r a i n e d ,

to th e s h ip s p r o w
’

w it h a l i t t l e b an d .

T h e b ar k d r ov e a flo a t
th e ki n g d e p a r t e d
o n th e fa l l o w flo od ,

h is l i fe p r e s e r v e d .

So t h e r e e ke th e a g e d
c a m e by flig h t

to h is c o u n t r y n o r th ,

Co n s t a n t i n e ,

h o a r y w a r r io r .

H e h a d n o c a u s e to e x u l t
in th e f a l c h i o n s i n t e r c o u r s e
’
.

H e r e w a s h is ki n d e d b an d r

o f f r i e n d s o e r th r o w n
’

o n th e f o l k s t e a d
-
,

in b a t t l e s l a i n
a n d h is s o n h e l e f t

o n th e s l a u g h t e r p l a c e -
,

m an g l e d w i t h w o u n d s ,

y o u n g in th e w a r fa r e .

H e h a d n o c a u s e t o bo a st ,
h e r o g r izz l y h a i r e d
-
,

o f th e bi l l c l a s h i n g
-
,

th e O l d d e c e iv e r
n o r O l a f th e m o r e ,

w it h th e r e m n a n t O f t h e i r a r m i e s
t h e y h a d n o c a u s e t o l a u gh
t h a t t h e y in w a r s w o k s ’
r

th e b e tt e r m e n w e r e
in th e b a tt l e s t e a d
-
,

a t th e r u s h O f b a n n e r s
,

m e e ti n g o f j a v e l i n s ,

trys t o f m e n ,

th e c l a s h o f w e a p o n s
t h a t t h e y o n th e s l a u g h t e r fie l d -

w i t h E a d w e ar d s
’

O ff s p r i n g p l a y e d .
 A . T h i s y e ar Ki n g E t h e l s t an d i e d a t G l o u c e s t e r o n th e 6 th o f th e
9 40 .

K a l o f Nov e m b e r fo r ty o n e y e a r s s a v e o n e n ight a ft e r Ki n g E l fr e d d i e d
.
,
-
.

A n d E a d m u n d th e ae t h e l i n g his b r ot h e r s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m a n d h e
, , ,

w as t h e n e ig h t e e n w i n t e r s o l d A n d Ki n g E t h e l s t a n r e ig n e d f o u r t e e n y e ar s
.

a n d te n w e e k s .

A 9 4 4 T h i s y e a r Ki n g E a dm u n d s u b d u e d all No r th u m b e r l an d u n d e r
. .

h is po w e r a n d e xp e l l e d tw o ki n gs O l a f s o n O f Sih tr ic an d R a i n a l d s o n o f
, , , , ,

G u th fe r th .

A 945
. T h i s y e. ar Ki n g E a d m u n d h a r r i e d ov e r a ll C u m b e r l a n d an d ,

g a v e it a ll u p to M a l c o l m ki n g O f th e S c o t s o n th e c o n d itio n t h a t h e s h o u l d
, ,

b e h is c o o p e r a t o r bot h o n s e a a n d o n l an d
"
-
.
,

A 9 4 6 T h i s y e ar Ki n g E a d m u n d d i e d o n St A u gus tin e s m as s d ay
. . .
’
-
.

I t w a s w i d e l y k n o w n h o w h e h is d a y s e n d e d : th a t L io fa s t a bb e d h im a t
‘

P u c k l e c h u r c h E th e lfl a e d a t Do m e r h a m E l fga r s d a u gh t e r th e a l d o r
-
.
,
’

m a n w a s t h e n h is q u e e n : a n d h e h a d th e ki n g d o m
,
s ix y e ar s a n d a h a l f .

A n d t h e n a f t e r h im h is b r ot h e r E a d r e d th e ae t h e l i n g s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g
dom ,
a n d r e d u c e d a ll No r t h u m b e r l a n d u n d e r h is po w e r : a n d th e S c o t s
”
ga v e h im o a t h s t h a t t h e y w o u l d a ll t h a t h e w o u l d
,
.

A 9 4 7 T h i s y e a r Ki n g E a d r e d c a m e to T a dd e n e s Sc ylf an d t h e r e
. .
,

W u l fs t a n th e a r c h bi s h op a n d a ll th e No r t h u m b r i an w i t a n s w o r e fe al ty to
th e ki n g a n d w it h i n a l itt l e w h i l e t h e y b e l i e d it a l l bot h p l e d g e s a n d a l s o
,

o at h s .

A 94 8 . T h i s y e a r ki n g E a d r e d h ar r i e d ov e r a ll N o r t h u m b e rl an d b e
.
,

c a u s e t h e y h a d t a k e n E r i c to b e t h e i r ki n g : a n d t h e n in t h a t h a r r yi n g w as ,
,

th e f a m o u s m o n as t e r y b u r n e d a t Ripo n t h a t St Wi l fr i d bui l t .A n d a s th e .

ki n g w e n t h o m e w a r d s th e a r m y w it h i n Yo r k ov e r took h im ( th e r e a r o f th e
,

ki n g s fo r c e s w as at C h e s t e r fo r d) an d t h e r e t h e y m a de g r e a t s l a ugh t e r T h e n
’
.

w a s th e ki n g s o w r ot h t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e m ar c h e d h is f o r c e s in a g a i n an d
w h o l l y d e s t r oy e d th e l a n d W h e n th e No r t h u m b r i an w it an u n d e r s t o o d
.

t h a t t h e n fo r s ook t h e y E r i c a n d m a d e c o m p e n s a tio n fo r th e d e e d to ki n g
, ,

E a d re d .

A .
949 . Thi s y e ar O l a f C w ir a n c am e to No r t h u m b e r l a n d .
 A 9 5 2 I n this y e a r ki n g E a dr e d c o m m an d e d ar c hbi s hop Wu l fs t an to b e
. .

b r ough t i n to th e fa s t n e s s a t J e d bu r gh b e c a us e h e h a d b e e n o ft a c c us e d to ,

th e ki n g : an d in t h i s y e a r a l s o th e ki n g c o m m an d e d g r e a t s l a ug h t e r to b e
m a d e in th e to w n o f T h e t f o r d in r e v e n g e f o r th e a bb a t E a d e l m ,
w h om th e y ,

h a d b e fo r e s l a i n T h i s y e a r th e No r t h um b r i an s e xp e l l e d ki n g O l a f a n d
.
,

r e c e iv e d E r i c H ar o l d s s o n ’
.
,

A 9 5 4 T h i s y e ar th e No r t h u m b r i a n s e xp e ll e d E r i c an d E a dr e d a s
. .
,

su m e d th e ki n g d o m o f th e No r t h u m b r i an s .

A 9 7 2 T h i s y e ar B a d g ar th e ae t h e l i n g w a s h a l l o w e d ki n g o n P e n t e
. .
,

c o s t s m a s s d a y o n th e 5 th O f th e I d e s o f M a y th e t h i r t e e n t h y e ar s i n c e h e
’
-
, ,

h a d obt a i n e d th e ki n g d o m a t th e Hot b a th s an d h e w a s t h e n o n e l e s s t h an
,
-

t h i r ty y e ar s o f a ge A n d s o o n a ft e r t h a t th e ki n g l e d all h is s h ip fo r c e s to
.
,
-

C h e s t e r an d t h e r e c am e to m e e t h im s ix ki n g s an d t h e y a l l s w o r e fe al ty to ,

h im t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e h is fe l l o w w o r k e r s by s e a an d by l a n d
,
-
.

A 9 7 5 T h e 8th O f th e I d e s O f Ju l y H e r e B a d g ar d i e d r u l e r o f
. . .
,

A n g l e s W e st S axo n s j oy an d M e r c i a n s p r o t e c to r
,
’

,
an d t h i s y e a r
'
’

E a d w ar d his s o n s u c c e e d e d to th e ki n g d o m
, ,
.

A 97 8 . I n t h i s y e a r w as Ki n g E a d w a r d m a r ty r e d
. an d E t h e l

r e d th e ae t h e l i n g h is b r oth e r s u c c e e d e d t o th e ki n g d o m a n d h e w as in th e
, , ,

s a m e y e a r c o n s e c r a t e d ki n g .

A 9 9 3 I n t h i s y e a r c a m e O l a f w ith n i n e ty t h r e e s h ip s to St a i n e s a n d
. .
-
,

r a v a g e d t h e r e a bout a n d th e n w e n t t h e n c e to S a n d w i c h a n d s o t h e n c e to ,
,

I ps w i c h a n d t h a t a ll ov e r r an
,
an d s o t o M a l d o n A n d t h e r e B r ith n o th th e
-
.

a l d o r m a n c a m e a g a i n s t t h e m w it h h is f o r c e s an d f o u g h t a g a i n s t t h e m an d
,

t h e y t h e r e s l e w th e al d o r m an a n d h a d po ss e s s io n o f th e p l a c e o f c ar n a g e
,
.

A n d a f t e r t h a t p e ac e w a s m a d e w it h th e m a n d h im O
[ ] l a f th e ki n g a ft e r
w ar d s r e c e iv e d a t th e bi s h op s h a n d s t h r o u g h th e i n s t r u c ti o n o f Sige r ic
’

bis h o p o f th e K e n ti s h m e n a n d E lfh e a h [I I ] o f Wi n c h e s t e r ,
. .

A 9 9 4 I n t h is y e ar c am e O l a f a n d Sv e i n to Lo n d o n o n th e n a t ivity
. .
,

o f St M ar y w ith n i n e ty fo u r s h ip s
.
,
a n d t h e y t h e n c o n ti n u e d fig h ti n g s t o u t l y
-

a ga i n s t th e to w n a n d w o u l d a l s o h a v e s e t fi
,
r e t o it B ut t h e r e t h e y s u s t a i n e d .

m o r e h ar m an d e vi l t h a n t h e y e v e r s u ppo s e d t h a t an to w n sm e n w o u l d b e
y
a b l e to d o u n to th e m .

A 1 0 1 4 I n t h i s y e a r ki n g Sv e i n e n d e d h is d ay s a t C a n d l e m a s o n th e
. .
, ,

thi r d o f th e No n e s o f F e b r u a r y A n d t h a t s a m e y e a r E l fu ig w a s c o n s e .

c r a t e d bis h op o f L o n d o n a t Yo r k o n St J ul i a n a s m as s d a y A n d l l th e ’
.
-
. a
, ,

fl e e t t h e n c h o s e C n u t fo r ki n g T h e n c o un s e l l e d all th e w i t a n w h o w e r e in .

E n g l an d c l e r gy an d l a i t y t h a t t h e y s h o u l d s e n d a ft e r ki n g E t h e l r e d an d
, ,

t h e y d e c l ar e d t h a t n o l o r d w a s d e a r e r to t h e m t h a n t h e i r n a t u r a l l o r d if h e ,

w ou l d r u l e t h e m m o r e j u s t l y t h a n h e h a d b e fo r e d o n e T h e n s e n t th e ki n g .

h is s o n E a d w a r d h it h e r w it h h is m e s s e n g e r s a n d b a d e t h e m to g r e e t a l l h is ,

p e op l e an d s a i d t h a t h e w o u l d b e to t h e m a l ovi n g l o r d an d a m e n d a l l t h o s e ,

t h i n g s w hi c h t h e y a ll a b h o r r e d a n d a l l o f t h o s e t h i n g s s h o u l d b e fo r giv e n ,

w h i c h h a d b e e n d o n e o r s a i d to h im o n c o n d itio n t h a t t h e y a l l w i t h o n e , ,

c o n s e n t w o u l d b e ob e d i e n t to h im
,
w i t h o u t d e c e it A n d t h e y t h e n e s t ab , .

l is h e d fu l l f r i e n d s h ip by w o r d an d by p l e d g e o n e a c h s i d e a d d e c l ar e d
, , ,
n

e v e r y D a n i s h ki n g a n o u t l a w f r o m E n g l a n d fo r e v e r T h e n d u r i g L e n t n
.
, ,

ki n g E t h e l r e d c a m e h o m e to h is o w n p e o p l e a n d h e w a s gl a d l y r e c e iv e d by
t h e m a l l T h e n a ft e r Sv e i n w a s d e a d C n u t s a t w it h h is a r m y a t G a i n s
.
, ,

bo r o u gh u n ti l E a s t e r ; a n d it w a s a gr e e d b e t w e e n h im a n d th e p e o p l e o f
Li n d s e y t h a t t h e y s h o u l d fin d h im h o r s e s an d t h a t a ft e r w a r d s t h e y s h o u l d ,

al l
g o o u t tog e t h e r an d p l un de r T h e n c
, a m e ki n g E t h e l r e d t h it h e r to.Li nd ,

s e y w i t h h is fu ll f o r c e b e fo r e t h e y w e r e r e a d y a n d t h e n t h e y p l un d e r e d
, , ,
3 0 2 T h e S c o tc h I r is h F a m il ie s
-
of Am e r ic a

an d bu rn e d an d s l e w a l l th e p e op l e w ho m th e y c ou l d r e ac h A n d C n u t
, .

w e n t a w a y w it h h is fl e e t an d t h u s th e poo r p e op l e w e r e d e c e i v e d th r oug h
,

h im an d t h e n h e w e n t s o u t h w a r d u n ti l h e c a m e to S an d w i c h ; a n d t h e r e h e
,

c a u s e d th e h ost a g e s to b e pu t o n s h o r e w h o h a d b e e n d e l iv e r e d to h is f a t h e r
,

a n d c u t o ff t h e i r h a n d s a n d e ar s a n d n o s e s
, ,
A n d b e s i d e s a l l t h e s e e vi l s th e
.
,

ki n g o r d e r e d th e a r m y w h i c h l ay at G r e e n w i c h to b e p a i d t w e n ty o n e t h o u -

s a n d pou n d s .

A 1 0 1 7 I n t h i s y e a r ki n g C n ut O bt a i n e d th e w h o l e r e a l m o f th e
. .

E n g l i s h r a c e a n d d ivi d e d it i n to fo u r p ar t s : W e s s e x to hi m s e l f an d E a s t
, ,

A n gl i a to T h o r ke ll a n d M e r c i a to E a d r ic an d No r t h u m b r i a to E r i c
, , An d .
"

in t h i s y e a r w as E a d r ic th e a l d o r m an s l a i n in Lo n d o n V e r y j u s t l y an d No r t h
, ,

m an , s o n o f L e o fw in e th e a l d o r m a n , an d E th e l w e a r d , s o n o f E th e l m a e r , th e
g r e a t , a n d B r ih tr ic , s o n O f E lfe ah , in D e vo n s h i r e A n d ki n g C n u t b an i s h e d
.

E a d w ig th e ae t h e l i n g, a n d a ft e r w ar d s c o m m an de d h im to b e s l a i n , a n d
E a d w ig ki n g O f th e c h u r l s A n d t h e n , b e fo r e th e K al e n d s o f A u g u s t ,
.

th e ki n g c o m m a n d e d th e r e l i c t o f ki n g E t h e l r e d , R i c h a r d s d a ug h t e r , to b e
’

fe t c h e d fo r h is w i fe ; t h a t w as E lfgyfu i n E n g l i s h , Y m m a I n F r e n c h .

A 1 0 3 1 Thi s y e a r C n u t w e n t to Ro m e A n d a s s oo n as h e c a m e h o m e
. . .

th e n w e n t h e i n to S c ot l an d an d th e ki n g o f th e S c ot s , M a l c o l m , s ub m itt e d
to h im , an d b e c a m e h is m an , b u t t h a t h e h e l d o n l y a l itt l e w hi l e an d tw o
ot h e r ki n g s , M a e l b a e th e an d I e h m ar c A n d R o b e r t, c ou n t o f No r m an d y,
.

w e n t to J e r u s a l e m , an d t h e r e d i e d an d Wi ll i a m , w h o w as a ft e r w a r d s ki n g

o f E n g l a n d , su c c e e d e d to No r m a n d y , a l t h o u gh h e w a s a c h i l d .

A 1 0 3 6 T h i s y e a r d i e d ki n g C n u t a t S h a f t e s b u r y , an d h e is bu r i e d in
. .

Wi n c h e s t e r in th e O l d m o n a s t e r y : an d h e w as ki n g ov e r al l E n gl an d v e r y
n ig h t w e n ty y e a r s A n d soo n a f t e r h is d e c e a s e t h e r e w a s a m e e ti n g o f a l l
.

th e w it a n a t Ox f o r d an d L e o f r i c th e e ar l , a n d a l m o s t a l l th e t h an e s n o r t h o f

th e T h a m e s , a n d th e l ith s m e n a t Lo n d o n , c h o s e H ar o l d fo r c h i e f o f a l l

E n gl an d, h im an d h is b r ot h e r H a r t h a c n u t w h o w as in D e n m ar k A n d G o d .

w i n e th e e a r l a n d a l l th e c h i e f m e n O f W e s s e x w it h s too d it a s l o n g a s t h e y
c ou l d ; b u t t h e y w e r e u n a b l e to e ff e c t a n y t h i n g in oppo s itio n to it An d .

t h e n it w a s r e s o l v e d t h a t E lfgyfu , H ar t h a c n u t s m ot h e r , s h o u l d d w e l l a t
’

Wi n c h e s t e r w it h th e ki n g h e r s o n s h u s c a r l s [th e D an i s h bo d y gu a r d ]
’

a n d h o l d a l l W e s s e x in h is po w e r ; a n d Go d w i n e th e e a r l w a s t h e i r m a n .

So m e m e n s a i d o f H ar o l d t h a t h e w a s 5 01 1 o f ki n g C n u t an d o f E lfgyf u
d a u gh t e r o f E l f h e l m th e a ld o r m an , b u t it s e e m e d q u it e i n c r e d ib l e to m an y
m en a n d h e w as n e v e r t h e l e s s f u l l ki n g ov e r a ll E n g l an d .

A 1 0 3 7 T h is y e ar w as H ar o l d c h o s e n ki n g ov e r all , an d H ar th a c n u t
. .

f o r s a k e n , b e c a u s e h e s t a y e d too l o n g In D e n m a r k ; a n d t h e n t h e y d r ov e out h is
m o t h e r E l f gyf u , th e q u e e n , w it h o u t a n y ki n d o f m e r c y , a g a i n s t th e s to r m y
w in te r . a n d s h e c a m e t h e n to B r u g e s b e yo n d th e s e a ; a n d B a l w in e th e

c ou n t t h e r e w e l l r e c e iv e d h e r , a n d t h e r e k e pt h e r th e w h i l e s h e h a d n e e d .

A n d b e fo r e , in t h i s y e a r , d i e d E fic th e n ob l e d e a n a t E v e s h a m .

A 1 0 3 9 T h i s y e a r ki n g H a r o l d d i e d at Ox fo r d , o n th e 1 6 th o f th e
. .

K al e n ds O f Ap r i l , an d h e w a s bu r i e d a t W e s t m i n s t e r A n d h e r u l e d E n gl an d
.

f o u r y e ar s an d s i xt e e n w e e ks ; a n d I n h is d a y s to s ixt e e n ship s e igh t m a r k s

w e r e p a i d f o r e a c h r o w e r , in l ik e m a n n e r a s h a d b e e n b e fo r e d o n e I n th e
d a ys o f ki n g C n u t A n d I n t h i s s am e y e ar c a m e ki n g H a r t h ac n ut to S a n d
.

w i c h , s e v e n n ig h t s b e f o r e m i d s u m m e r A n d h e w a s i m m e d i a t e l y r e c e iv e d as
.

w e l l by A n g l e s as by D a n e s .

A 1 04 0 This y e ar d i e d ki n g H ar o l d Th e n s e n t t h e y a ft e r H a r t h a
. . .

c n u t to B r u g e s ; t h i n ki n g t h a t t h e y d id w e l l A n d h e t h e n c a m e h it h e r w i t h
.

s i x ty s h ip s b e f o r e m i d su m m e r , an d t h e n i m pos e d a v e r y h e a vy t r ibut e s o t h a t
it c ou l d h ar dl y b e l e vi e d th a t w a s e ight m ark s fo r e ac h r o w e r a n d al l w e r e ,

t h e n a v e r s e to h im w h o b e fo r e h a d d e s i r e d h im a n d m o r e ov e r h e d id n oth
in g ki n d l y d u r i n g h is w h o l e r e ig n H e c a u s e d th e d e a d H ar o l d to b e t a k e n
.

u p a n d h a d h im c a s t i n to a f e n T h i s y e ar ar c h bi s h op E a d s ige w e n t to .
,

Ro m e T h is y e ar w a s th e t r ibut e p a i d th a t w as t w e n ty o n e thou s an d
.
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a n d n i n e ty n i n e pou n d s A n d a ft e r th a t t h e y p a i d to thi r ty tw o s h ip s
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.
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e l e v e n t h ou s a n d a n d f o r ty e ig h t pou n d s A n d in thi s s a m e y e ar c a m e
-
.
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, , ,

b r oth e r o f ki n g H ar t h ac n u t : t h e y w e r e bot h s o n s O f E lfgyfu w h o w a s ,

d a ug h t e r o f c o u n t Ri c h ar d .

A 1 04 2
.
T h i s y e a r d i e d ki n g H ar th ac n ut as h e stoo d a t his d r i n k
.
,

an d h e s u d d e n l y f e ll to th e e ar t h w ith a t e rr ib l e c o n v u l s io n .

A 1 04 3 T h i s y e a r w a s E a d war d c o n s e c r a t e d ki n g a t Wi n c h e st e r o n th e
. .

fir s t d ay o f E as t e r A n d t h i s y e a r f ou r t e e n n ights b e f o r e St A n d r e w s
’
.
.
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m a s s th e ki n g w a s a d v is e d to r i d e fr o m G l ou c e st e r a n d L e o f r i c th e e ar l
, , ,

a n d Go d w i n e th e e a r l an d Sigw a r th [ Si w a r d] th e e ar l w ith t h e i r f o l l o w e r s
, , ,

to Wi n c h e st e r u n aw ar e s upo n th e l a d y [
,
E m m a] a n d t h e y b e r e a v e d h e r
o f a ll th e t r e a s u r e s w h i c h s h e po s s e s s e d t h e y w e r e n o t to b e to l d b e c a u s e , ,

b e fo r e th at s h e h a d b e e n v e r y h ar d w ith th e ki n g h e r s o n i n a s m u c h a s s h e
h a d d o n e l e s s fo r h im th an h e w ou l d b e f o r e h e w a s ki n g an d al so si n c e , ,

a n d t h e y s u ff e r e d h e r a f t e r t h a t to r e m a i n t h e r e i n .

T h i s y e ar ki n g E a dw ar d took th e d au g h t e r [E dgith a] o f God w i n e th e

e ar l fo r h is w i fe .

A 1 05 1
. . A n d in thi s s am e y e ar w e r e b an i s h e d God w i n e th e e ar l , ,

a n d a l l h is s o n s f r o m E n gl an d ; an d h e a n d h is w i fe an d h is t h r e e so n s , ,

Sw e ye n a n d T o s tig a n d G yr th w e n t to B r u g e s
, ,
a n d H ar o l d a n d L e o f w in e

w e n t to I r e l an d an d th e r e d w e l t d u r i n g th e w i n t e r
,
.

A 1 05 2 T h is y e ar c a m e H ar o l d th e e a r l fr o m I r e l a n d w ith h is s hip s
. .
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to th e m out h o f th e S e v e r n n igh th e bou n d ar i e s o f So m e r s e t an d D e vo n s h i r e

, ,

an d th e r e g r e a t l y r a v a g e d an d th e p e op l e o f th e l an d d r e w tog e t h e r a g a i n s t

h im as w e l l fr o m So m e r s e t a s fr o m D e vo n s h i r e
,
a n d h e put t h e m to flig h t ,

an d t h e r e s l e w m o r e th an t h i r ty goo d t h an e s b e s i d e s ot h e r p e op l e a n d s oo n ,

a f t e r t h a t h e w e n t a bo u t Pe n w ith s te o r t A n d th e n ki n g E a d w a r d c a u s e d .

f o r ty s m ac ks to b e fitt e d o u t T h e y l ay a t S an dw i c h m an y w e e k s ; t h e y
.

w e r e to l ie in w a it fo r Go d w i n e th e e a r l w h o h a d b e e n a t B r u g e s d u r i n g , ,

th e w i n t e r a n d n ot w it h st an d i n g h e c a m e h it h e r to l a n d fi r s t so t h a t t h e y
, , ,

k n e w it n o t A n d du r i n g th e ti m e t h a t h e w a s h e r e in th e l a n d h e e n ti c e d
.
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to h im a l l th e m e n o f K e n t an d all th e bo a t m e n fr o m H as ti n g s an d e v e r y
,

w h e r e t h e r e by th e s e a c o a s t a n d a l l th e E a s t e n d an d S u s s e x a n d S u r r e y
-
, , , ,

a n d m u c h e l s e in a d d itio n t h e r e to T h e n a l l d e c l ar e d t h a t t h e y w it h h im .

w o u l d d ie an d l i v e A n d Go d w i n e l a n d e d a n d H a r o l d h is s o n an d
.
, ,

fr o m t h e i r fl e e t a s m an y a s to t h e m s e e m e d fitti n g T h e n t h e r e w a s a ge n .

e r a l c ou n c i l : a n d th e y g a v e h is e a r l d o m c l e a n to Go d w i n e as f u ll an d a s
,

f r e e a s h e b e fo r e po s s e s s e d it a n d to h is so n s a l s o all th a t t h e y b e fo r e p o s
,

s e s s e d a n d to his w i fe a n d h is d a u g h t e r a s f u l l an d as fr e e a s t h e y b e f o r e
,

po s s e s s e d it .

A 1 0 5 3 I n thi s y e ar w a s th e ki n g a t Wi n c h e s t e r a t E a s t e r an d Go d w i n e
. .
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th e e a r l w ith h im an d H a r o l d th e e a r l h is s o n a n d T o s tig
, ,
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.
,

s e c o n d d ay O f E as t e r s at h e w ith th e ki n g a t th e fe a s t t h e n s udd e n l y s an k
,

h e d o w n by th e f ootstoo l d e p r i v e d O f s p e e c h a n d o f a l l h is po w e r a n d h e
, , ,

w a s t h e n c ar r i e d i n to th e ki n g s c h a m b e r a n d t h e y t h o u g h t it w ou l d p a s s
’

ov e r but it d id n o t so b u t h e c o n ti n u e d o n t h u s s p e e c h l e s s an d po w e r l e s s , ,

u n ti l th e T h u r s d a y an d th e n r e s ig n e d h is l i fe an d h e l i e s t h e r e w ithi n th e
,
 A 1 05 4 T h i s y e a r w e n t Si w a r d th e e ar l [o f N o r th u m b r ia] v
. .

a r m y i n to S c ot l an d a n d m a d e m u c h s l a u g h t e r o f th e S c ot s a n d
, r
flig h t an d th e ki n g e s c a p e d Mo r e ov e r m an y fe ll o n h is s i .
, q

D a n is h m e n as E n g l i s h a n d al s o h is o w n s o n
, .

A 1 0 6 5 A n d ki n g E a d w a r d c am e to W e st m i n s t e r a t m id w in te I
. .

c a u s e d to b e c o n s e c r a t e d th e m o n a s t e r y w h i c h h i m s e lf h a d b u i l t t i

o f G o d a n d o f St P e t e r a n d o f a ll G o d s s a i n t s
’
.
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a n d th e c h u r c h

w a s o n C h i l d e r m as s d ay A n d h e d i e d o n T w e l f t h d a y e ve an t
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b u r i e d o n T w e l ft h d ay e ve in th e s a m e m i n st e r as it h e r e a ft e r s ay t
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A n d t h i s y e a r a l s o w a s H a r o l d c o n s e c r a t e d ki n g .

A 1 06 6 I n this y e ar ki n g H a r o l d c a m e f r o m Y o r k
. .

E a st e r w h i c h w a s aft e r th e m i d w i n t e r in w h i c h th e ki n g d i
t h e n o n th e d ay th e 1 6 th o f th e K a l e n d s o f Ma y .

c am e in T o s tig th e e a r l f r o m b e yo n d s e a i n to th e I s l e o f
a fl e e t a s h e m ight p r o c u r e an d t h e r e t h e y

f oo d . A n d ki n g H a r o l d h is b r o t h e r ga th e r e
, ,

a l an d f o r c e as n o ki n g h e r e in th e
-
,

th is l an d ; a ll a s it t
h a pp e n e d A n d th e w h i l e
a f e r w ar d .
,

e a r l i n to H u m b e r w it h s i x ty s h ip s a n d E a d w i n e th e e a r l c

f o r c e an d d r ov e h im out A n d th e bo a t m e n fo r s ook h im
.

S c ot l an d w ith t w e l v e s m a c k s A n d t h e r e m e t h im H a r a l d .

w it h t h r e e hu n d r e d s h ip s a n d T o s tig s u b m it t e d to h im an d

A n d t h e y t h e n w e n t bot h i
f o u g h t a g a i n s t t h e m E a d w i n e th e e a r l a n d ,

th e N o r m e n h a d th e vi c to r y Th en w as .

A n g l e s t h a t t h is h a d t h u s h a pp e n e d : a n d
M a tt h e w T h e n c a m e H ar o l d o u r ki n g u n
.

w it h t h e m b e yo n d Yo r k a t St an fo r d b r i d g e w it h a g r e a t
,
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p ;l e a n d t h e r e d u r i n g th e d a
y w a s a v e r y s e v e r e fig h t o n bot h s i d e s

w as s l a i n H a r a l d H a r fa gr i th e F a ir h a ir e d an d T o s tig th e e ar l

No r t h m e n w h o w e r e t h e r e r e m a i n i n g w e r e pu t to fligh t a n d th e E n g
b e h i n d h otl y s m ot e t h e m u n ti l t h e y c a m e s o m e to t h e i r s h ip s 5 1
, , , ,

d ro w n e d an d a l s o b u r n e d
,
a n d t h u s in d iv e r s w a ys t h e y pe r is h e c

t h e r e w e r e fe w l e ft a n d th e E n gl i s h h a d p o s s e s s io n o f th e p l ac e o f
T h e ki n g t h e n g a v e h is p r ot e c tio n to O l a f s o n o f th e ki n g o f ,

w e gia n s an d t o t h e i r bi s h op an d to th e e a r l o f O r k n e y a n d to a l l t
, , ,

w e r e l e f t in th e s h ip s a n d t h e y t h e n w e n t u p to o u r ki n g a n d 5 w <
t h a t t h e y e v e r w o u l d O b s e r v e p e a c e a n d fr i e n d s h ip to w ar d s t h i s l a
th e ki n g l e t t h e m go h o m e w it h t w e n ty fo u r s h ip s T h e s e t '
-
.

b a tt l e s w e r e fo u gh t w it h i n fiv e d a y s T h e n c a m e Wi l l i a m c o u n t o f N
.

i n to P e v e n s e y o n th e e ve o f St Mi c h a e l s m a s s a n d s oo n a ft e r th e ;
,
.
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t h e i r w ay t h e y c o n s t r u c t e d a c a s t l e a t H a s t i n g s po r t T h is w a s th
,
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-
.

k n o w n to ki n g H ar o l d a n d h e t h e n g a t h e r e d a g r e a t f o r c e an d
, ,

m e e t h im a t th e h o ar a pp l e t r e e ; a n d Wi ll i a m c a m e a g a i n s t h im L
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-

b e fo r e h is p e op l e w e r e s e t in o r d e r B u t th e ki n g n e v e r t h e l e s s s tr
.

fo u ght a g a i n s t h im w it h t h o s e m e n w h o w ou l d f o l l o w h im ; a n d 1
g r e a t s l au gh t e r m a d e o n e it h e r h an d T h e r e w a s s l a i n ki n g H a .
'

L e o fw in e th e e a r l h is b r ot h e r an d G yr th th e e a r l h is b r ot h e r a
, , , ,

g o o d m e n ; a n d a ll th e Fr e n c h m e n h a d po s s e s s i o n o f th e p l a c e
n a g e a ll a s G o d g r an t e d t h e m f o r th e p e op l e s si n s A r c h bi s h op ’
.
,
 T h e E n gl is h C h r o n ic l e 3 5
0

an d th e to w n s m e n o f Lo n don w ou l d t h e n h a v e c hi l d E a d gar fo r ki n g a ll a s ,

w a s h is t r u e n a t u r a l r ig h t an d E a d w i n e an d M o r k e r e vo w e d to h im t h a t t h e y

w ou l d fig h t tog e t h e r w it h h im B u t in th a t d e g r e e t h a t it o u g h t e v e r to h a v e
.

b e e n fo r w a r d e r s o w a s it fr o m d a y to d ay l a t e r a n d w o r s e ; s o th a t a t th e
,

e n d a ll p as s e d aw a y T h i s fig h t w a s d o n e o n th e d ay O f C al ixtu s th e P op e
. .

A n d Wi ll i a m th e c o u n t w e n t a f t e r w a r d s a g a i n to H as t i n g s a n d th e r e a w a it e d ,

to s e e w h e t h e r th e p e op l e w ou l d s u b m it t o h im B u t w h e n h e u n d e r stoo d .

th a t t h e y w o u l d n o t c o m e to h im h e w e n t up w ar d s w it h a l l h is a r m y w h i c h ,

w a s l e ft to h im a n d t h a t w hi c h a f t e r w a r d s h a d c o m e fr o m ov e r th e s e a to
,

h im a n d h e h a r r i e d a l l t h a t p ar t w h i c h h e ov e r r an u n t i l h e c a m e to -
,

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.
,

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, , ,

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, ,

an d it w a s v e r y u n w i s e th a t th e y h a d n o t d o n e s o b e f o r e si n c e G o d w o u l d
n o t b e tt e r it fo r o u r si n s : a n d th e y d e l iv e r e d h o s t a g e s an d s w o r e o a t h s
, ,

to h im an d h e vo w e d t o t h e m th a t h e w o ul d b e a ki n d l o r d to t h e m an d
n e v e r th e l e s s d u r i n g t h i s t h e y h a r r i e d all th a t t h e y ov e r r an
,
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.
,

m id w i n t e r s d a y a r c hbi s h op A l d re d c o n s e c r a t e d h im ki n g a t W e s t m i n s t e r ;
’
-
,

an d h e g a v e h im a p l e d g e u po n Ch r ist s book a n d a l s o s w o r e b e f o r e h e
’

, ,

w ou l d s e t th e c r o w n upo n his h e a d t h a t h e w o u l d go v e rn t h is n a tio n a s w e ll ,

as an y ki n g b e fo r e h im h a d a t th e b e s t d o n e if t h e y w o u l d b e f a ith fu l to ,

h im . N e v e r t h e l e s s h e l a i d a t r ib u t e o n th e p e op l e v e r y h e avy ; a n d t h e n
, ,

w e n t du r i n g L e n t ov e r s e a to No r m an d y an d took w it h h im a r c h bi s h op
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.

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, , , ,

th e e a r l an d Mo r ke r e th e e a r l a n d Wa l th e o f th e e a r l an d m a n y oth e r goo d
, , ,

m e n fr o m E n gl a n d A n d bis h op Od o a n d Wi ll i a m th e e ar l r e m a i n e d h e r e
.

b e hi n d a n d t h e y b u i l t c a st l e s w i d e th r oug h out th e n a tio n an d poo r p e op l e

, ,

d i s t r e s s e d ; a n d e v e r a f t e r it g r e a t l y g r e w in e v i l M a y th e e n d b e goo d .

w h e n G o d w i ll .

A 1 0 6 7 T h is y e ar th e ki n g c a m e b ac k to E n g l an d o n St N ic h o l as s m a s s
. . .
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d a y an d o n th a t d a y Ch r i s t s C h u r c h C a n t e r b u r y w as c o n s u m e d by fir e
’

, , , .

Bis h op Wulfw ig al so di e d an d l i e s b u r i e d a t h is s e e o f Do rc h e st e r C h i l d
, .

E a d r ic an d th e B r ito n s w e r e h osti l e t h i s y e a r a n d f o u g h t w it h th e m e n o f ,

th e c as t l e a t H e r e fo r d to w h o m t h e y d id m u c h h ar m
,
T h e ki n g t h i s y e a r .

i m pos e d a h e a vy tax o n th e u n fo r t u n a t e p e op l e bu t n ot w ithst an d i n g h e l e t , ,

his m e n p l u n d e r al l th e c ou n t r y w h i c h t h e y p as s e d t h r oug h : a ft e r w h i c h h e
m ar c h e d to D e vo n s h i r e a n d b e s i e g e d E x e t e r e ig h t e e n d a y s M a n y O f h is .

ar m y w e r e s l a i n t h e r e : b u t h e h a d p r o m i s e d th e m w e l l an d p e r fo r m e d il l
th e c itiz e n s su r r e n d e r e d th e c ity b e c a u s e th e t h an e s h a d b e t r a y e d t h e m , .

T h i s s u m m e r th e c h i l d B a d g ar w it h h is m ot h e r Ag at h a h is s i s t e r s M a r g ar e t
, ,

a n d C h r i s ti n a Ma e r l e s w e e n an d s e v e r a l goo d m e n w e n t to S c ot l an d u n d e r
, g ,

th e p r ot e c tio n o f ki n g M al c o l m w h o r e c e iv e d t h e m a l l ,
T h e n it w as .
“

th a t ki n g M al c o l m d e s i r e d to h av e M a r g a r e t to w i fe but th e c h i l d B a d g a r
a n d a ll h is m e n r e f u s e d fo r a l o n g ti m e a n d s h e h l f l o w u w i l l i g
; e r s e a s a s n n ,

s ayi n g t h a t s h e w o u l d h a v e n e it h e r h im n o r an y o t h e r p e r s o n if G o d w o ul d ,
a l l o w h e r to s e r v e h im w ith h e r c arn a l h e a r t in st r i c t c o n ti n e n c e d u r i n g t h i s
, ,

s ho r t l i fe But th e ki n g u r g e d h e r b r oth e r u n ti l h e s a i d ye s a n d i n d e e d h e
.

d id n o t d ar e to r e fu s e fo r t h e y w e r e n o w in M a l c o l m s po w e r
, SO t h a t
’
.

th e m a r r i a g e w a s n o w f u l fi ll e d a s G o d h a d f o r e o r d a i n e d a n d it c ou l d n o t
, ,

b e ot h e r w i s e a s h e s a ys in th e Gosp e l t h a t n o t a s p a r r o w f all s to th e g r ou n d
, , ,

w it h o u t h is fo r e s ho w i n g T h e p r e s c i e n t C r e a to r k n e w l o n g b e fo r e w h a t h e
.

w ou l d d o w it h h e r n a m e l y t h a t s h e s h ou l d i n c r e as e th e G l o r y o f G o d in t h i s
,

l an d l e a d th e ki n g o u t o f th e w r o n g i n to th e r ig h t p a t h b r i n g h im an d his
, ,
 p e op l e to a b e tt e r w ay an d s u pp r e s s a ll th e b a d c u s to m s w hi c h th e n a ti o n
,

f o r m e r l y f o ll o w e d T h e s e t h i n g s s h e a ft e rw ar ds ac c o m p l i sh e d T h e ki n g
. .

th e r e fo r e m ar r i e d h e r t h ou g h a g a i n st h e r w i ll an d w a s p l e as e d w ith h e r
, ,

m a n n e r s a n d t h a n k e d G o d w h o h a d giv e n h im s u c h a w i fe
,
.
An d b e i n g a .

p r u d e n t m an h e t u r n e d h i m s e lf to G o d a n d fo r s ook a ll i m p u r ity o f c o n d u c t ,

a s St P a u l th e a po s t l e o f th e G e n ti l e s s a y s & c w h ic h
”
.
,
Sa l oa bitu r vir , , .

m e an s in o u r l an gu a g e F u l l o ft th e u n b e l i e vi n g h u s b an d is s an c tifi e d a n d
h e al e d t h r o u gh th e b e l i e vi n g w i fe a n d s o b e l ik e th e w i fe t h r o u g h th e b e l ie v
,

in g h u s b a n d T h e q u e e n a bov e n am e d a f t e r w ar d s d id m an y t h i n g s in t h i s
.
-

l an d to p r o m ot e th e g l o r y o f G o d an d c o n d u c t e d h e r s e l f w e ll in h e r n ob l e
,

r a n k a s a l w a ys w a s h e r c u s t o m
,
Sh e w as s p r u n g f r o m a n ob l e l i n e o f
.

an c e s to rs a n d h e r fa t h e r w a s E a dw ar d E th e l i n g
,
s o n o f ki n g E a d m u n d , .

Thi s E a dm u n d w a s th e s o n o f E th e l r e d w h o w a s th e s o n o f B a d g ar th e , ,

s on o f E adr e d a n d so o n in t h a t r oy a l k in H e r m a t e r n a l kin t r a c e s u p to .

th e e m p e r o r H e n r y w h o r e ig n e d a t Ro m e , .

T h i s y e ar H a r o l d s m ot h e r G ith a a n d th e w iv e s O f m an y goo d m e n w it h
’

, ,

h e r w e n t to th e F l a th o l m a n d t h e r e a bo d e s o m e ti m e a n d a f t e r w a r d s w e n t
, ,

f r o m th e n c e ov e r th e s e a to St O m e r s
’
. .

T h is E a st e r th e ki n g c a m e to Wi n c h e s t e r ; a n d E a s t e r w a s t h e n o n th e
t e n th d ay o f th e K a l e n d s o f Ap r i l Soo n a ft e r t h is th e l a dy M a ti ld a .

c a m e to t h is c ou n t r y a n d a r c hbi s h op E a l d r e d c o n s e c r a t e d h e r qu e e n a t W e s t
,

m i n s t e r o n W h it s u n d a y I t w a s t h e n to l d th e ki n g t h a t th e p e op l e o f th e
.
,

No r t h h a d g a t h e r e d tog e t h e r a n d w ou l d oppo s e h im t h e r e U po n t h i s h e .

w e n t to Notti n gh am a n d b u i l t a c a s t l e th e r e an d t h e n a d v an c e d to Yo r k
, , ,

w h e r e h e b u i l t tw o c a s t l e s h e t h e n d id th e s a m e a t Li n c o l n an d e v e r y w h e r e ,

in t h o s e p ar ts T h e n e a r l G O Spatr ic an d al l th e b e s t m e n w e n t i n to S c ot l an d
. .

Du r i n g t h e s e t h i n g s o n e o f H ar o l d s s o n s c a m e w it h a fl e e t fr o m I r e lan d ’

u n e xp e c t e d l y i n to th e m out h o f th e r iv e r Avo n an d s oo n h a r r i e d a ll t h a t ,

n e ighbo r h oo d T h e y w e n t to B r i s to l an d w o u l d h av e s to r m e d th e to w n
.
, ,

but th e i n h a bit an t s o ppo s e d t h e m b ra v e l y S e e i n g t h e y c o u l d ge t n ot h i n g .

fr o m th e to w n t h e y w e n t to t h e i r s hip s w it h th e booty t h e y h a d got by pl un

,

d e r i n g an d w e n t to So m e r s e tshi r e w h e r e t h e y w e n t u p th e c o u n t r y
, ,
E a d n o th .
,

th e c o n s t a b l e f ought w it h t h e m b u t h e w a s s l a i n t h e r e a n d m an y goo d m e n
, ,

o n bot h s i d e s an d t h o s e w h o w e r e l e f t d e p a r t e d t h e n c e .

A 1 0 6 8 T h i s y e a r ki n g Wi ll i am g a v e th e e ar l d o m o f No r thu m b e r l an d
. .

to e a r l Rob e r t b u t th e m e n o f t h a t c o un t r y s u r r o u n d e d h im in th e bu r gh a t
,

Du r h am a n d s l e w h im an d 9 00 o t h e r s w i t h h im A n d t h e n B a d g ar geth e l .

in g m a r c h e d w i t h a l l th e N o r th u m b r ia n s to Yo r k a n d th e to w n s m e n t r e a t e d ,

w it h h im ; o n w h i c h ki n g Wi ll i a m c a m e f r o m th e s out h w it h a l l h is a r m y ,

a n d s a c k e d th e to w n a n d s l e w m an y h u n d r e d p e r so n s
,
H e a l so p r o fa n e d .

S t P e t e r s m o n as t e r y an d a l l ot h e r p l a c e s a n d th e ae t h e l i n g w e n t b ac k to
.
’

, ,

S c otl an d .

A f t e r t h i s c am e H a r o l d s s o n s fr o m I r e l an d a bout m i d s u m m e r w i th
’

, ,

s ixty f o u r s h ip s a n d e n t e r e d th e m o ut h o f th e T a w w h e r e t h e y i n c a u tio u s l y
-
,

l an d e d E a r l B r i an c a m e u po n t h e m u n aw a re s w it h a l ar ge a r m y an d s l e w
.
,

a ll t h e i r b r a v e s t m e n th e ot h e r s e s c a p e d to t h e i r s h ip s an d H a r o l d s s o n s
’

w e n t b a c k a g a i n t o I r e l an d .

A 1 0 6 9 T h i s y e a r d i e d E al d r e d a r c h bi s h op o f Y o r k a n d h e l i e s bu r i e d
. .
,

in h is e pi s c op al s e e H e d i e d o n th e fe s ti v a l o f Pro th u s a n d Hy a c i n thu s
.
,

h avi n g h e l d th e s e e w ith m u c h ho n o r te n y e ar s a l l b ut fi ft e e n w e e k s ,
.

Soo n a ft e r t h i s t h r e e o f th e s o n s o f ki n g Sv e i n c a m e fr o m D e n m ar k w ith
,

2 4 0 s h ip s tog e t h e r w i t h j a r l A s b io r n a n d j a r l T h o r k e l l i n to th e H u m b e r ; ,
,

w h e r e t h e y w e r e m e t by c hi l d B a d g a r an d e a r l Wa l th e o f a n d M ae r l e s w e ge n , ,
 T h e E n gl is h C h r o n ic l e 3 7
0

an d e ar l G o s pa tr ic w ith th e m e n o f No r t h um b e r l an d a n d all th e l an d s m e n ,
r i d i n g a n d m a r c h i n g j oy fu l l y w it h a n i m m e n s e a r m y an d s o t h e y w e n t to
°

Yo r k , d e m o l i s h e d th e c a s t l e , an d g a i n e d t h e r e l ar g e t r e as u r e s Th e y a ls o .

s l e w m a n y h u n d r e d F r e n c h m e n , a n d c ar r i e d O ff m a n y p r i s o n e r s to t h e i r

s hip s ; b u t b e f o r e th e s h ip m e n c a m e t h ith e r , th e F r e n c h m e n h a d b u r n e d th e
,

c ity , a n d p l u n d e r e d a n d b u r n t St P e t e r s m o n as t e r y W h e n th e ki n g h e a r d
’
. .

o f t h i s , h e w e n t n o r t h w a r d w it h al l th e t r oops h e c ou l d c o ll e c t , an d l a i d w a s t e

a ll th e s hi r e ; w h i l s t th e fl e e t l a y a ll th e w i n t e r in th e Hu m b e r , w h e r e th e

ki n g c ou l d n O t ge t a t th e m T h e ki n g w as a t Yo r k o n m i d w i n t e r s d ay,
.
’

r e m a i n i n g o n l a n d a l l th e w i n t e r a n d a t E a s t e r h e c a m e to Wi n c h e s t e r
, .

A 1 0 7 2 T h is y e ar kin g Will ia m l e d a n ar m y an d fl e e t a ga i n s t S c ot l a n d
. .
,

a n d b e s t a tio n e d th e s h ip s a l o n g th e c o a s t a n d l e d h is l a n d f o r c e in a t th e

fo r d b u t h e fo u n d n othi n g to r e w a r d h is p a i n s A n d ki n g M a l c o l m c a m e
.

a n d m a de p e ac e w it h ki n g Wi l l i a m , a n d d e l iv e r e d host a g e s , a n d w as h is m a n .

A n d ki n g Wi l l i a m r e t u r n e d h o m e w ith h is fo r c e s .

A 1 0 7 5 T h i s y e a r ki n g Wi ll i a m w e n t ov e r s e a to No r m an d y an d c hi l d
. .

B a d g ar c a m e i n to S c ot l a n d fr o m F l an d e r s o n St G r i m b al d s m as s d a y Ki n g
’
-
. .

M a l c o l m an d M ar g a r e t h is s i s t e r r e c e iv e d h im th e r e w ith m u c h po m p A l s o .

P hi l ip , ki n g o f F r an c e , s e n t h im a l e t t e r i n viti n g h im to c o m e , a n d O ffe r i n g
to giv e h im th e c a s t l e o f Mo n t r e ui l , as a p l a c e to an n oy h is e n e m i e s fr o m .

A ft e r t h is , ki n g M al c o l m an d h is si s t e r M a r g ar e t g a v e g r e a t p r e s e n t s an d
m u c h t r e a s u r e to h im a n d h is m e n , s ki n s a d o rn e d w it h pu r p l e , m ar t e n s ki n , -

w e a s e l s ki n an d e r m i n e s ki n p e l is s e s , m an t l e s , go l d an d si l v e r v e s s e l s , an d
- - -

e s c o r t e d th e m out o f th e i r d o m i n io n s w i t h m u c h c e r e m o n y B u t e vi l b e fe l l
.

t h e m a t s e a fo r t h e y h ad h a r d l y l e ft th e s h o r e , w h e n s u c h r o u g h w e a t h e r
c a m e o n , an d th e s e a a n d w i n d d r ov e th e m w it h s u c h f o r c e upo n th e l a n d ,

t h a t t h e i r s h ip s w e n t to pi e c e s an d t h e y s a v e d t h e i r l iv e s w it h m u c h d i ffi c u l ty .

T h e y l o s t n e ar l y a ll t h e i r r i c h e s an d s o m e o f t h e i r m e n w e r e t ak e n by th e
F r e n c h : b u t th e bo l d e s t o f t h e m e s c a p e d b ac k to S c ot l a n d , s o m e o n f oot
a n d s o m e m ou n t e d o n w r e t c h e d ho r s e s Ki n g M al c o l m a d vi s e d B a d g a r to
.

s e n d to ki n g Wi l l i a m be yo n d th e s e a , a n d p r a y h is p e a c e B a d g a r d id .

s o , a n d th e ki n g a c c e d e d to h is r e q u e s t a n d s e n t to f e t c h h im Ag a i n , .

ki n g M a l c o l m a n d h is si s t e r m a d e t h e m h an d s o m e p r e s e n t s , an d e s c o r t e d
t h e m w i t h h o n o r o u t o f t h e i r d o m i n i o n s T h e s h i r e r e e v e o f Yo r k m e t h im at
.
-

D ur h a m , a n d w e n t a ll th e w a y w it h h im , o r d e r i n g h im to b e p r ovi d e d w it h
f oo d an d f o dd e r a t a ll th e c a s t l e s w h i c h t h e y c a m e to , u n t i l th e y r e a c h e d
th e ki n g b e yo n d th e s e a
.
T h e r e ki n g Wi l l i a m r e c e iv e d h im w it h m u c h
.

po m p , a n d h e r e m a i n e d a t th e c o u r t , e n j oyi n g s u c h p r ivi l e g e s a s th e ki n g
g r an t e d h im .

A 1 0 7 9 This y e ar b e t w e e n th e tw o fe s tiv al s o f St M ar y M a lc o l m
. .
, .
, ,

ki n g o f S c ot l an d i n v a d e d E n gl an d w ith a l ar g e a r m y an d h a r r i e d No r t h
, ,

u m b e r l an d a s fa r as th e Ty n e an d h e s l e w m an y
,
h u n d r e d m e n an d ,

c ar r i e d h o m e m u c h m o n e y an d t r e a s ur e a n d m a n y p r i s o n e r s .

A 1 0 9 1 T h i s y e ar ki n g Wi l l i am [R u fu s] h e l d h is c o u r t a t W e s t m i n s t e r
. .

a t C h r i s t m as a n d th e f o ll o w i n g C an d l e m as h e d e p ar t e d f r o m
,
E n gla n d t o
No r m an d y b e n t o n h is b r ot h e r s r u i n ; but w h i ls t h e w a s in th e c o un t r y
,
’

p e a c e w a s m ad e b e tw e e n t h e m .D ur i n g thi s p e a c e B a d g a r ae t h e l i n g
w as d i s po s s e s s e d o f t h o s e l an d s w hi c h th e c o u n t h a d g r a n t e d h im a n d h e ,

d e p ar t e d an d w e n t f r o m No r m an d y i n to S c ot l an d to th e k i n g h is b r ot h e r in
,
-

l a w a n d h is s i s t e r
,
Wh i l s t ki n g Wi ll i a m w as o u t o f E n gl an d M a l c o l m ki n g
.
,

o f S c ot l a n d i n v a d e d t h i s c ou n t r y a n d h a r r i e d g r e a t p a r t o f it ti l l th e goo d
, ,

m e n t o w h o m th e k e e pi n g o f th e l an d w a s e n t r u s t e d s e n t t h e i r t r oops a g a i n s t
,

h im an d d r o v e h im b ac k W h e n ki n g Wi ll i am h e a r d t h i s In No r m an d y h e
.
h as t e n e d to r e tu rn an d h e c am e to E n g l an d an d h is b r oth e r c ou n t R ob e r t
, , ,
w it h h im A n d t h e y c a l l e d o u t a fl e e t a n d ar m y b u t a l m ost a l l th e s h ips
.
,

w e r e l o s t a fe w d a y s b e fo r e Mi c h a e l m a s e r e t h e y r e ac h e d S c ot l an d
, An d .

th e ki n g an d h is b r oth e r p r o c e e d e d w it h th e a rm y a n d w h e n ki n g M a l c o l m

h e a r d t h a t t h e y sought to a tt a c k h im h e m ar c h e d w it h h is a r r a y out o f S c ot ,

l a n d i n to L e e d s in E n gl a n d an d r e m a i n e d t h e r e A n d w h e n ki n g Wi ll i a m
, .

a pp r o a c h e d c ou n t Rob e r t a n d B a d g a r ae t h e l i n g m e d i a t e d a p e a c e b e t w e e n th e
,

ki n g s o n c o n d itio n th a t ki n g M a l c o l m s hou l d r e p a i r to o u r ki n g a n d b e c o m e
, ,

h is m an an d in a l l th e l ik e s u bj e c tio n a s to h is f a th e r b e fo r e h im
, an d t h is
h e c o n fi r m e d by o a t h A n d ki n g Wi ll i a m p r o m i s e d h im a l l th e l a n d s a n d
.

po s s e s s io n s th a t h e h e l d u n d e r h is fa t h e r By t h i s p e a c e B ad g a r ae t h e l i n g .

w as r e c o n c i l e d to th e ki n g A n d th e ki n g s s e p a r a t e d in g r e a t fr i e n ds h ip
.
,

but thi s l as t e d d u r i n g a s h o r t ti m e o n l y E ar l Rob e r t a bo d e h e r e w ith th e .

ki n g ti ll Ch r i s t m a s d r e w n e ar an d in this ti m e h e fou n d l it t l e goo d fa ith as to

,

th e f u l fi l m e n t o f th e t r e a ty a n d tw o d a y s b e f o r e th e f e a st h e took s h ip fr o m
,

th e I s l e o f Wig h t an d s a i l e d to No r m a n d y a n d B a d g ar ae t h e l i n g w it h h im , .

A 1 0 9 2 T h is y e ar ki n g Wi ll i a m w e n t n o r th w a r d to C a r l i s l e w it h a l a r g e
. .

a r m y an d h e r e p a i r e d th e c ity a n d bui l t th e c a s t l e
, A n d h e d r o v e o u t Do l
,
.

phi n w h o h a d b e fo r e gov e r n e d th a t l an d ; an d h a vi n g p l a c e d a g a r r i s o n in
,

th e c a s t l e h e r e tu r n e d i n to th e s o u t h an d s e n t a g r e a t n u m b e r o f c ou n t r y
, ,

f o l k t h it h e r w ith t h e i r w iv e s a n d c a tt l e th a t th e y m ig h t s e tt l e t h e r e a n d c u l
, ,

tiva te th e l an d .

A 1 0 9 3 T h i s y e a r in L e n t ki n g Wi ll i am w as v e r y si c k a t G l o u c e st e r
. .
, , ,

i n s o m u c h t h a t h e w a s u n iv e r s a ll y r e po r t e d to b e d e a d an d h e m a d e m an y
goo d p r o m i s e s in h is i l ln e s s A ft e r thi s th e ki n g o f S c ot l an d s e n t d e
.

s i r i n g th a t th e s tip u l a t e d c o n d itio n s m ight b e p e r fo r m e d an d ki n g Wi ll i a m

s u m m o n e d h im to G l ou c e s t e r an d s e n t host a ge s to h im in S c ot l an d a n d
, ,

a ft e r w a r d s B a d g a r ae t h e l i n g an d ot h e r s m e t h im an d b r o u g h t h im w ith ,

m u c h ho n o r to th e c o u r t B u t w h e n h e c a m e t h e r e h e c o u l d n e it h e r obt a i n
.
,

a c o n fe r e n c e w it h o u r ki n g n o r th e p e r fo r m an c e o f th e c o n d itio n s f o r m e r l y

p r o m i s e d h im a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e y d e p ar t e d in g r e a t e n m ity : a n d ki n g Ma l
,

c o l m r e t u r n e d h o m e to S c ot l an d a n d a s soo n a s h e c a m e t h it h e r h e as s e m , ,

b l e d h is t r o o ps an d i n v a d e d E n g l an d h ar r yi n g th e c o u n t r y w it h m o r e fu r y ,

t h a n b e h oov e d h im an d Rob e r t e ar l o f No r t h u m b e rl an d w ith his m e n l a y , , ,

in w a it fo r h im an d s l e w h im u n a w a r e s ,
H e w a s ki ll e d by Mo r e l o f B a m .

bo r o u gh th e e ar l s s t e w ar d a n d ki n g M al c o l m s go s sip ; h is s o n E d w ar d
,
’

,
’

w h o h a d h e l iv e d w o u l d h a v e b e e n ki n g a ft e r h is fa t h e r w a s ki l l e d w i t h
, , ,

h im . W h e n th e goo d q u e e n M a r g a r e t h e a r d t h a t h e r m o s t b e l ov e d l o r d an d ,

h e r s o n w e r e t h u s c u t Off s h e w a s g r i e v e d in s pi r it u n to d e a t h an d s h e w e n t
, , ,

w ith h e r p r i e s t i n to th e c h u r c h a n d h a vi n g go n e t h r o u gh a l l b e fitti n g r it e s
, ,

s h e p r a y e d O f G o d t h a t s h e m igh t giv e u p h e r s pi r it A n d t h e n th e S c ots .

c h o s e D o n a l d th e b r ot h e r O f M a l c o l m
,
fo r th e i r ki n g a n d d r ov e out a l l th e , ,

E n g l i s h w h o h a d b e e n w i t h ki n g M al c o l m W h e n Du n c an th e s o n o f ki n g .
,

M a l c o l m h e a r d a l l t h i s fo r h e w as in ki n g Wi ll i a m s c o u r t an d h a d r e m a i n e d
, ,
’

h e r e fr o m th e ti m e t h a t h is f a th e r g a v e h im as an h o s t a g e to o u r ki n g s fa t h e r
’

h e c a m e to th e ki n g an d d id s u c h f e a l ty a s th e ki n g r e qui r e d ; a n d t h u s
, ,

w it h h is c o n s e n t h e d e p a r t e d fo r S c ot l a n d w it h th e a id t h a t h e c o u l d m u s
, ,

te r bot h E n gl i s h a n d F r e n c h a n d h e d e p r iv e d h is ki n s m a n Do n a l d o f th e
, ,

t h r o n e an d w as r e c e iv e d a s ki n g B u t t h e n s o m e O f th e S c o t c h a g a i n
,
.

ga t h e r e d t h e m s e l v e s tog e t h e r a n d s l e w n e a r l y a l l h is m e n a n d h e hi m s e l f
, ,

e s c a p e d w it h f e w ot h e r s T h e y w e r e a ft e r w a r d s r e c o n c i l e d o n t h i s c o n d I
.

tio n t h a t D u n c an s h o u l d n e v e r m o re b r i n g E n g l i s h o r F r e n c h m e n i n to t h a t
,

c oun t r y .
 T h e E n gl is h C h r o n ic l e 3 9
0

NOT E S TO CHA P T E R XI X

T h e re is n o need to b l i ve th t th
t s i m pos ibl th i g as
e e a e c l e ar n i g of th e l an d m e an o s e a n

th e g e l l u gh t e
n era f th m w h o h l d it
s a Sl ugh t r o th w ed ubt th e b att l e
en e . a er er e as , n o o , on

fi ld i t w l ik A de id w h o r e i t
e 01 n o ns w k w
e t h i th i b e s i g e
n r B ut f
a, th e se s s an c e o e ra n e r e rs or

—
.

m t p a t th e B it
os r w e t l ug t h d r ; t ey we
h ons d ef t a der d d w b k G ee
no s a ere re ea e n re ac . r n,

H i t y f th E gl i h P pl v l i
s or o e h ii n s eo e, o . . , c . .

A t th f t
9
f th g ea t p ti
e a e f th B it o s f th e R m
o e p r vi c e w
r er o ly or on o e r n o o an o n s e c an n

gu s es . Th S x w k w h d m u l tit ud e f l v a on s ,d th y w ul d f ll w e no ,
a es o s a e s , an as e o o o

th e ordi y l d ul f qu s t w e m y upp th t th i e l i t t k f th i om m d ity

n ar O r es o c on e ,
a s os e a e r ar es s oc O s c o

w s a qui d i th o que t by w h i h th y g i e d th i l d I t h i h p e d i th rs
ac re n e c n s s c e a n e r an s. n s s a an n o e

a g t p po ti
re a f th B iti h p o pl e
ro r m to h av
on o b e om e ab sorb e d i t th e S x
e r s e s ee e c n o a on .

B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i p 1 82
r on , s or o co an ,
o . .
, . .

I h ve d oubt th t th w a f e w g d by u f e f th ers a l
a no a g s t h y l v t th e i r
e r ar a e o r or a , s on a e c a e o

h thea w h ip w as t i c t l y
en ors w f e xt e m i ti
,
f s r t h c b u h th i g a a ar o r na on , so a r as ere an e s c a n as

w ar f xt m i ti
o e t ll erI d tm na th t ve y B it w
on a a tu ll y w pt f
. th o no e an a e r r on as ac a s e r om e

f c o f th e
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e ar th E g l i h f e u ti m
n h v s w pt w y
s o os s , as e n s o o r es a e e a a

th e tiv f T
na i The i h w v
es o e d i ffe
as m an a e be tw e . th e tw s s T he
re s, o e er , on re n c e n o ca e .

B it s al i e s i bl oo d l gu g e d l igio w e t l e t m e o f o u r w
r on , n n ,
an l a T he ,
an re n, er a as n o n c o or .

tw o r ac
e th e f s, l d m i gl er d th y ul d m i gl
or e , c ou w ith u t l vi g y ibl t c n e , an e co n e o ea n an sens e ra e

o f th e m ix tu A d t m xt t
re . d u bt th y did m i gl e
n o so T h p d ig e ef ti en , no o , e n . e e ree o no n a on

is a b l ut l y p u e T h w m
so e it i bvi u w uld f t b p d d C l ti m th rs
r . e o en, s O o s, o o en e s ar e ,
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m igh t h d m e d
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on so ro S t s e f th qu d
e c oo o n s on s . O, o o , s om o e c on e re

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e t f th i g h pp e
o e as s a es o e r c on e r o rs . s s or o n a ns

in e v y c o ques t it m t h v h pp d w h th e W l h ttl d i B it i j u t m u h s
er n us a e a en e en e s se e n r a n , s as c a

wh th E g l i h did
en e I b l i v th t p ki g i th
n s u gh w y w h i h i th
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wh i h w e c sp k f u h m tt c an th W l h vea i h df
o th l
s c d d th E g l i h t k
a e rs , e e s an s e rom e an an e n s oo

th i p l c s F m
e r a e O igi .
f th E gl i h N
re e ti pp an 1 1 3 1
, 1 5 r n o e n s a on , .
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.

H 3
h w ev t h e y se
e re , by th m i ddl f th ixth tu y t h v m d e th m lv
o er, em , e e o e s c en r ,
o a e a e se es

m t e f th g u d Al g L th i
as rs o e th ro nt b twe L . m on d th F th o an or e c o as e en am m e r oor an e or ,

t h y h d p u h d t th l ittl e t m f th E k wh th i w y w b d by th
e a s e o e s re a kf t o e s , e re e r a as ar re e roc -
or

re ss f M y d A g d th
O it f th l t e Edi b u gh w h i l uth o f th L m m m
ne ne , e s e o th y e a r n r e so e a er o or e

h d dv
a a d l g th l p f th T w d f
an c e a on th e v l e f th G l W t
oo s o d u p th e e ee as a r as a e o e a a a er , an

d l a es an d t m l t s w h i h l i t th
s rea u th d t th
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b k f m th w i l d h i l l u t y th w t H
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s t ik
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es ro r c o re s , d ifli ul t ar s e or er o e s an n e . ar r e r a s c

c u ve dr d t th r o unu th i th l i f th C h vi t
o e so b ut b t w th xt ity f th i
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an d th e th i t ip f sea a t fl d p p th w y i t th u t y b y d th T w d
n s r O c o as o
'

e re an o en a a n o e co n r e on e ee

an d Id th F l a b e th B it e ll d h im —
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e ra se n o ck b
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n , se z n s a er a ro es e e s o re , an es a

li h d
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E gl n d p 69 an , . .

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e ar f e v e t s th t
re o be ll de ti l o an s , e rs er s O n a c an ca e na on a

h i t y pp
s or i th a ixth t u y T h p titi
e ar n f th c u t y u h
e s w h v
cen r it . e ar on o e o n r ,
s c as e a e seen ,

h d a tg no tl y v i d O th re a t i d th S x i v de p
ar e . d h d n th B it
e e as s e , e a on n a rs r e ss e ar on e r ons

b twe th w l l ;
e en d wh e th t ibl I d t th t ti m b ui l t h i l f f t
a s an en t B m e e rr e a a a e m se a o r re ss a a

b u gh w ith i t w ty m i l f th T w d h e m t h ve ul d th
r ,
n en es o u t y th w d t e ee , e se s o a r e e co n r n or ar s o

th T y e T h B it
a . ti u d t m i t ie r i d p d t t e it y i th w t f m th e
on s c on n e o a n a n an n e en en rr or n e es , ro

S l w y t th C l y d
o d th w ar d th e c u t y w as divi d d b tw th P i t
e an n or th e as t
th w e t —
a o e o n r e e e en e c s on e

an d t h d th I i h S t
n or ,
an B u t H i t y f S tl d v l i p 2 7 8
e r s c o s on e s . r on , s or o co an , o . .
, . .

I d t th i k th t w o no h ll fi d th t i n
y f th M e i a l d e t
e s f th S va th e n a n an o e rc an an s as o e e e rn

B it h l ft m
r on t ce s b ehi d h im th h h i K e t N f l k Wh e w c ro the
as e o re ra n an e as n n or or o . n e ss
Se v th e rn i difl t
e c as e W th g t i t th s e re nl W l h . h O e f th g t t
en e n o e r ea e s m ar c . ne o e re a e s

E gl i hn q t f th igh th
s c on ue s s t y w th t w h i h h g d th W l h t w f P y
o e e c e n ur as a c c an e e e s o n o en-

w i t th E gl i h Sh w b y H f d w l g
e rn n o e n s E gl i h
re tp t g i t th
s ur . e re or as on an n s ou os a a ns e

W l h d i d d i p ts f H f d h i th
e s ,
an n ee n ar f pl o W l h d it i t e r e or s re e n am e s o a c es ar e e s ,
an s no so

v ery l g i th W l h l g g d i d t th
on s nce e e sTh S v an I th i k ua tb tk e e ou ere . e e e rn , n , m us e a en as

th xt t f
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en o c om e e ih i l ti
n f ld s i h bit t d l d
c on u es , O u e r ann a on o O er n a an s an o er

syt s em s,i th t p t f B it i n a Th i
ar o t i C l ti l
r a n. t i D v hi e re s a cer a n e c e em en n e on s re ,

th gh it i
ou h l t g th i C w ll d th i
s m uc e ss s r on t i C l ti l m t i S m
an n o rn a , an ere s a cer a n e c e e en n o

t hi
e r se s th gh it i re, h l ou t g th i D v h i s m uc A y wh k
e ss w ths r on an n e on s re . n on e o no s e c ou n

ty r y,
an w h v on e t d i t l
o, e k f l
enl y t th
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a b l t
s an c e , k t oo s c ar e u a e a , e a e o m a e ou a

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c n am e s an b gi i g t th A o d g tti g
er e c n ca ons, e nn n a e xe , an e n

th i k c d th i k
e r an ti ll w th T c er i t th t i tl y C l ti l d f C w l l I t h
e c ross e a m ar n o e s r c e c an o o rn a . n ese

di t i t th
s r c s b d bt t h t j t
ere c an i C e no w l l th p p l ti i
ou y l g ly f
a , us as n orn a , e o u a on s ve r ar e o

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e c t dh b e sc en i pl y im il t d t th E gl i h
, an as e en s m With th i t d a ss a e o e n s . e n ro uc

ti on f C h i ti ity
o f r s f th an d t b m o ur d t y or e a ; th y w ti fi d w ith
e rs c e as e o e ere es r o e rs e e re sa s e

b i g q
e n c on I t d f d l i g w ith th v q i h d
u e r o rs . n s ea w ith w i l d b
o t th y w
ea n w e an u s e as e as s , e e re n o

t tt
c on e n i v th ti d d
o re c e eth i p l iti l q l b t til l f ll w Ch i ti
em no n ee as d e r o ca e ua s , u s as e o -
r s an s a n

bj t —F —
,

f ll w
e o - su ec sO igi .
f th E g l i h N
r e e m an ,t i pp 5 54 r n o e n s a on , . 1 1 1 .

I th li q t f th B i i f lk w ttl t
5 ’
n e se e ar e r c on Id ue s s o l l d th e e rn c an s , as a s o e re ca e , e se em en

w as as pl t i th
c om t f B it i
e e as Th i h n i d d
e re s th v b
o r ti l y a n. e r om e s , n ee ,
m us a e een s c an

sp i k l d v th w i l d d h l f l i d
r n e o er e ty b t an t th y w a -th h
rec a m e c oun r u , s c an as e e re , es e am s

an d t t l d pl i l y i th di t i t th t l f E gl i h l i ti
on s o as a n as n o D di g er d s r c s e a e O n s c o on z a on . o n s an

Li i g l ft th i
v n s e t h m l t l ik D ddi gt
e r n am e s d Livi g t
o a l g th w il d
e s t e o n o n an n s on : a on e c o as

Ty i g n n d C l di g s an d th i fi h o vi ll g t T y i gh
n s m a ed C l d i gh e r w h il s e r- a es a n n am an o n am e

El ph i t d Ed
n s on t p an v th m y f E gl i h El phi
m on s o n d Ed
re s e r d wh e e e m or o n s ns an m on s o

i d th i h
ra se t d l g th T vi t d th T w d N wh
e r om es e a s a on i d d h th E gl i h
e e o an e ee . o e re , n ee ,
as e n s

t g b
on ue p d i g
een t p ity th i th d i t i t w h i h w ll it l f S th
r e se r v e n re a e r ur an n e s r c c no ca s se ou e rn

S tl d
co B t th y
an . th t h d b
u p t i w i i g th i l ittl t t h w t h t th B i
e e a rs a a een s en n nn n s e rac s o a e ern

i f
e an w b t
o rc e ll as d th u ti d l w
a sm a f th i
on e th w d dv an f m e c on n ue s o n e ss o e r s ou ar a an c e ro

B am b gh p o rou th t v ft th r o ve s i u d Id th i t gth w b t l ittl i