Cogging torque

• Cogging torque is a product of the magnetic interaction between the poles of the rotor’s
permanent magnets and the steel laminations of the stator’s teeth.
• Cogging torque is position-dependent, according to the location of the stator teeth relative to
the permanent magnets, as the magnets constantly search for a position of minimum
reluctance.
• The cogging torque can be reduced on the one hand by design measures, for example, by
arranging the slots in the stator with a slight skew. The transitions between the slots and the
magnet edges are therefore not parallel, which results in a smoother transition.

Laminations
• Reduces Eddy Current
• Cools the Stator Core
• Reduces Hysteresis Loss
• Get the Best Stator Laminations

Hysteresis loop
 • The magnetic flux density (B) is increased when the magnetic field strength(H) is increased from
0 (zero).
• With increasing the magnetic field there is an increase in the value of magnetism and finally
reaches point A which is called saturation point where B is constant.
• With a decrease in the value of the magnetic field, there is a decrease in the value of
magnetism. But at B and H are equal to zero, substance or material retains some amount of
magnetism is called retentivity or residual magnetism.
• When there is a decrease in the magnetic field towards the negative side, magnetism also
decreases. At point C the substance is completely demagnetized.
• The force required to remove the retentivity of the material is known as Coercive force (C).
• In the opposite direction, the cycle is continued where the saturation point is D, retentivity point
is E and coercive force is F.
• Due to the forward and opposite direction process, the cycle is complete and this cycle is called
the hysteresis loop.

Electrical Steel
Properties:

• High permeability - increased capacity to support magnetic fields

• Low magnetostriction - low tendency to expand or contract in magnetic fields
• High electrical resistivity - lessens the core loss by reducing the eddy current component
• Decreased hysteresis loss - low hysteresis loss means less wasted energy in the form of heat
from alternating magnetizing force

SLOT FILL FACTOR

Slot fill factor is the ratio of the cross-sectional area occupied by copper wire inside the stator slot to the
total amount of available space in the bare slot. On average, copper wire accounts for 65 percent of
total slot fill.

Skin Effect
Litz wire selection
• Frequency

Litz wire is very effective at reducing the impact of skin effect below 500 kHz, moderately effective for
applications up to 1 MHz, and is rarely used above 2 MHz.

• Fill factor

The litz wire filling factor is the relation between copper cross section and overall cross section

• Shape