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Diffusion

Smell molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is
called a concentration gradient

Diffusion is the net movement of gas or dissolved molecules from higher to lower concentration.

Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.

Diffusion occurs in the organ systems that control your breathing, circulation, digestion and other life
processes.

Osmosis

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion And it is the movement of water molecules from a region of high
water concentration to a region of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane.

A bag made from a semipermeable membrane is tied to a glass tube and filled with a strong sugar
solution.

This bag is placed in a weak sugar solution.

What happens to the water molecules in the weak solution? What happens to the liquid inside the
semipermeable bag?

The volume of liquid in the semipermeable bag increases. The liquid rises up the glass tube and then
stops.

Water molecules diffuse across the membrane from the weak sugar solution into the strong sugar
solution.

This continues until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane
 Osmosis in plants/
animal cells

- A hypertonic solution is a particular type of solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the
outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell.

-Also called a strong or concentrated solution

-Examples: concentrated salt and sugar solutions are all hypertonic solutions

-A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cells.

-Also called a weak solution or dilute solution

Isotonic solutions contain equal concentrations of impermeable solutes on either side of the membrane.

Biological molecules

Types of biological molecules

 Carbohydrates

 Proteins

 Lipids

 Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates are used to provided energy.

 PROTEINS

Proteins are made up of the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Some also have
Sulphur

Composed of chains of amino acids and are used for growth and development

amino acids exist 20

FATS

They are made up of the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

.Fats are used for energy store and thermal insulation in the body

Central core of glycerol

Bound to up to 3 fatty acid chains

Test for biological molecules

FOOD REAGENT COLOUR CHANGE

STARCH IODINE SOLUTION BLUE BLACK

REDUCING SUGAR BENEDICTS SOLUTION ORANGE, BRICK RED

PROTIENS BIURET SOLUTION PURPLE

LIPIDS/OIL ETANOL CLOUDY WHITE

VITAMIN C DCPIP DARK BLUE

DNA
DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

.DNA molecules carry the code that controls what cells are made of and what they do

DNA is made of repeating units called nucleotides

:Each nucleotide is made of three parts

A deoxyribose sugars

A phosphate groups

A nitrogenous base

It is the sequence of these bases along a DNA molecule that forms the
!genetic code – it’s that simple