Earth Science: Faulting and Folding

EARTH SCIENCE
FAULTING AND FOLDING

OF ROCKS
PREPARED BY: Nally John T. Dalisay
FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
EARTH SCIENCE
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to
• Understand how rocks are deformed by stress and undergo solid
deformation ( strained )
• Explain how tension, compression, and shear stresses produce
geological structures.
• Identify and describe three fundamental kinds of stress to which rocks
are subjected:
1. Compressional ( squeezing )
2. Tensional ( stretching )
3. Shear ( wrenching )

EARTH SCIENCE
DEFORMATION OF
ROCKS
• Involves changes in the
shape and/or volume of
these substances.
• Changes in shapes and
volumes occur when stress
and strain causes rock to
buckle and fracture or
crumple into folds.
EARTH SCIENCE
UNDEFORMED VS DERFORMED
• In a undeformed sequence,
strata occurs in horizontal • In a deformed sequence,
layers. rocks are folded, and
possibly metamorphosed.
• No metamorphic rocks, no
foliations, no large faults, • Faults with large offsets may
maybe some joints. be present, juxtaposing
different rocks side by side.
• Grains are round, just like
when they were deposited. • Rocks may be highly folded
Clay minerals are horizontally and squashed grains create
aligned from compaction. strong foliations.

EARTH SCIENCE
STRESS
• It is a force applied over an
area.
• One type of stress is called
pressure wherein the forces act
equally from all directions.
• In the Earth the pressure due to
the weight of overlying rocks is
a uniform stress, it sometimes
called as Confining Stress.
EARTH SCIENCE
STRESS
• If stress is not equal from all directions then we say
that the stress is Differential Stress.
3 TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL STRESS
TENSIONAL STRESS
• It pulls rocks apart.
• Tension causes rocks to
lengthen or break apart.

EARTH SCIENCE
STRESS
COMPRESSIONAL STRESS
• It squeezes the rocks
together.
• Compression causes rocks
to fold or fracture.

EARTH SCIENCE
STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
• It happens when forces
slide past each other in
opposite direction

EARTH SCIENCE
STRAIN
• Rocks only strain when placed under stress.
• It is a change in shape or size resulting from a applied forces.
• Any rocks can be strained.
TYPES OF STRAIN
Elastic strain
• Rock that has undergone only elastic
strain will go back to its original shape
if the stress is released.

EARTH SCIENCE
STRAIN
TYPES OF STRAIN
Ductile strain
• A rock that undergone ductile strain
will remain deformed even if the
stress stops.

EARTH SCIENCE
STRAIN
TYPES OF STRAIN
Fracture
• A rock that has fractured has
abruptly broken into distinct pieces.

EARTH SCIENCE
FOLDS
● A fold occurs when
tectonic processes put
stress on a rock, and
the rock bends
instead of breaking.
● This can create a
variety of landforms as
the surfaces of the
folded rock are
eroded.
EARTH SCIENCE
Types of folds
ANTICLINE
It is a convex up fold in rock that

resembles an arch like structures
with the rock beds dipping way
from the center structures.

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of folds
SYNCLINE
A fold where the rock layers are

wrapped downward. Both
anticlines and synclines are the
results of compressional stress.

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of folds
ANTICLINE AND
SYNCLINE
It is when lateral pressures
become greater that been
developed by more complex fold
types.

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of folds
RECUMBENT
Occurs when the center of the fold

moves from being once vertical to
a horizontal position.

EARTH SCIENCE
FAULTS
● A fault is when tension and
compression associated
with plate movement is so
great that blocks the rock
fracture or break apart.
● When the offset is small, the
displacement can be easily
measured, but sometimes the
displacement is so large that it
is hard to measure.

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of faults
Normal fault
• Normal fault creates space.
• Two blocks of crust pull apart,
stretching the crust into a
valley.
Example:
• The Range Province in North
America and the East African
Rift Zone

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of faults
Reverse Fault
• Reverse Fault is also called as
Trust fault.
• It slide one block of the crust
on the top of another.
Example:
• Himalayas
• Rocky Mountains

EARTH SCIENCE
Types of faults
Strike - Slip Fault
• Strike slip fault indicate rocks
are sliding past each other
horizontally, with little to no
vertical move.
Example:
• San Andreas and Anatolian
Faults

EARTH SCIENCE
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

Movement of plate boundaries results to many
events or land formations. Which of the following is
the reason behind mountain formations?
• Converging Plates
• Diverging Plates

EARTH SCIENCE

Movement of plate boundaries results to many
events or land formations. Which of the following is
the reason behind mountain formations?
• Transform

EARTH SCIENCE

There are three distinct types of plate boundaries.
Which of those types creates a zone of tension by
moving the plates apart?

EARTH SCIENCE

Which of the following types of plate boundary
occurred when plates move slide past each other or
alongside?
• Transform

EARTH SCIENCE

Which of the following diagrams shows a strike slip
fault?
Ans: B

EARTH SCIENCE

Which of the following completes the analogy?
Faults: A fracture or discontinuity in volume of rocks
Folds:___________________________________.
• It forms from subducting plates
• It occurs when flat surface bent
• Occur when plates moving alongside and toward to each
other.
• Occur when plates moving alongside and away from
each other
EARTH SCIENCE

Which of the following completes the analogy?
Faults: A fracture or discontinuity in volume of rocks
Folds:___________________________________.
• It forms from subducting plates
• It occurs when flat surface bent
• Occur when plates moving alongside and toward to each
other.
• Occur when plates moving alongside and away from
each other

Earth Science: Faulting and Folding

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EARTH SCIENCE

FAULTING AND FOLDING

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

It is a convex up fold in rock that

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

A fold where the rock layers are

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

Occurs when the center of the fold

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

FAULTING AND FOLDING Holy Spirit National High School

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

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