PROJECT PLANNING :

SCHEDULING PART II
SEM I 2223 DRA2023 Project Management
 outcomes
2

 Students are able to :

 Develop AOA and AON
 Perform Forward Pass and Backward Pass

 Calculate Total Float and Free Float

 Identify Critical Path of the project planning

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 Outlines
3

 1. Network Analysis : CPM

 2. Network : AOA
 3. Network : AON
 4. Network Analysis : AOA vs AON
 5. Developing Network Analysis : AOA & AON
 6. Network Analysis
 7. Float
 8. Analyzing Network

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 1. Network Analysis : CPM
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 Commonly used in the engineering and

construction industry (widely used in Project
Management techniques).
 Each activity is assigned a specific duration and
calculations through the network provide a single
specific duration for the project as a whole.
 Provides interrelationships of activities and
scheduling of costs and resources.

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 1. Network Analysis : CPM
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 This method calculates the minimum completion time

for a project along with the possible start and finish
times or the project activities.
 The duration of the critical path is the sum of the
activities durations along the path
 Any delays along the critical path would imply that
additional time would be required to complete the
project

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 1. Network Analysis : CPM
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 The CPM is a systematic scheduling method for a

project network and involves four main steps:
 1. A forward path to determine activities early‐start
(ES) times
 2. A backward path to determine activities late‐finish
(LF) times
 3. Float calculations

 4. Identifying critical activities

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 1. Network Analysis : CPM
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 Basic rules in developing network analysis:

 1. Networks typically flow from left to right.
 2. An activity cannot begin until all preceding connected
activities are complete.
 3. Arrows indicate precedence and flow and can cross over
each other.
 4. Each activity must have a unique identify number that is
greater than any of its predecessor activities.
 5. Looping is not allowed.

 6. Use common start and stop nodes.

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 2. Network : AOA
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 Model basic = Activity On Arrow (AOA)

 Tailof the arrow = starting of the activity
 Head of the arrow = finishing or completing of
the activity the activity
 Events are in circles called ‘node’.

 Activities represented by lines or arcs

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 2. Network : AOA
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 2. Network : AOA
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 In this method, the arrows represent activities while the

nodes represent the start and the end of an activity
(usually named as events)
 The length of the arrow connecting the nodes has no
significance and may be straight, curved, or bent.
Early Late Early Late
Time Time Time Time

Activities, Duration
1 2

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 2. Network : AOA
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 Insome situations, when more than one arrow leave the

same node and arrive at another node, dummy
activities must be used. The dummy activity is an activity
with zero duration, consumes no resources, drawn as
dashed lines, and used to adjust the network diagram.
 A dummy activity is also used when one activity
depends upon two preceding activities and another
activity depends only upon one of these two preceding
activities

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 2. Network : AOA
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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C B

A B C
1 2 3 4

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B -
C A,B

A C
1 2 4
B Dummy

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C A

A C
1 2 4
B
Dummy

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B

A 2 C
1 4

B D

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C A
D B,C

A C D
1 2 4 5
B
Dummy

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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 Develop AOA base on table 1

Table 2

Activity Predecessors
A -
B -
C A,B
D C
E C
F D
G D,E

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 3. Developing Network - AOA
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 AOA

2 5
Dummy
F,0
A,0 D,0

B,0 C,0 Dummy

1 3 4 7

E,0
6 G,0

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 4. Network : AON
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 This method is also called the precedence diagram

method. In this method, the nodes represent activities
and the arrows represent logical relationships among
the activities.
 If the arrow starts from the end side of an activity
(activity A) and ends at the start side of another
activity (activity B), then A is a predecessor of B

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 4. Network : AON
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Early Start Early Finish

Activity
(ES) (EF)

Late Start Late Finish

Duration
(LS) (LF)

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C B

ES A EF ES B EF ES C EF

LS Duration LF LS Duration LF LS Duration LF

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B -
C A,B

ES A EF

LS Duration LF

Start ES C EF
Day
LS Duration LF
ES B EF

LS Duration LF

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C A

ES B EF

LS Duration LF
ES A EF

LS Duration LF End
Day
ES C EF

LS Duration LF

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B

ES A EF ES C EF

LS Duration LF LS Duration LF
Start End
Day Day
ES B EF ES D EF

LS Duration LF LS Duration LF

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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Activities Predecessor
A -
B A
C A
D B,C

ES B EF

LS Duration LF
ES A EF ES D EF

LS Duration LF LS Duration LF

ES C EF

LS Duration LF

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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 Develop AON base on table 1

Table 1

Activity Predecessors
A -
B -
C A,B
D C
E C
F D
G D,E

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 5. Developing Network - AON
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 AON
Early Start E Early Finish

Early Start A Early Finish

Late Start Duration Late Finish

Late Start Duration Late Finish

S
Early Start G Early Finish
t Early Start C Early Finish

a Late Start Duration Late Finish

Late Start Duration Late Finish

r
t E
Early Start B Early Finish
n
Late Start Duration Late Finish Early Start D Early Finish d
Late Start Duration Late Finish

Early Start F Early Finish

Late Start Duration Late Finish

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 4. Network : AOA and AON
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 Comparison between AOA and AON

 Whileboth networks can be used to represent a project
network, there are some differences between them:
◼ There is no need for the use of dummy activities in AON
representation.
◼ AON are more easily to draw and to read.
◼ In AOA, an activity can only start when all its predecessors
have finished.
◼ AON allows for overlap/lag representation.
◼ AON allows for the representation of the four types of
relationships while AOA allows only for the finish to start
relationship.
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 6. Network Analysis : AOA and AON
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 AOA Notation vs AON Notation

 While both networks can be used to represent a project
network, there are some differences between them:
◼ There is no need for the use of dummy activities in AON
representation.
◼ AON are more easily to draw and to read.
◼ In AOA, an activity can only start when all its predecessors have
finished.
◼ AON allows for overlap/lag representation.
◼ AON allows for the representation of the four types of
relationships while AOA allows only for the finish to start
relationship.

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 6. Network Analysis
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 Basic Definitions :
 Duration (D) – The estimate time required to perform
activities. The time should include all resources that are
assigned to the activities.
 Early Start (ES) – The earliest time an activity can be
started
 Early Finish (EF) – The earliest time an activity can be
finished and is equal to the early start plus duration
EF = ES + D
 Late Finish (LF) – The latest time an activity can be
finished
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 6. Network Analysis
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 Basic Definitions :
 Late Start (LS) – The latest time an activity can be
started without delaying the completion date of the
project
LS = LF – D
 TotalFloat (TF) – The amount of time an activity may be
delayed without delaying the completion date of the
project
TF = LF – EF = LS – ES

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 6. Network Analysis
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 Basic Definitions :
 Free Float (FF) – The amount of time an activity may be
delayed without delaying the early start time of the
immediately following activity FFi = ESj – EFi
 Critical Path – A series of interconnected activities through
the network diagram, with each activity having zero, free
and total float time. The critical path determines the
maximum time to complete the project
 Dummy Activity – An activity (represented by a dotted line
on the arrow network diagram) that indicates that any
activity following the dummy cannot be started until the
activity or activities preceding the dummy are completed.
The dummy does not require any time

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 6. Network Analysis
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 8 Steps for network analysis

 1. List all the activities
 2. Assign duration for each activity

 3. Set up Network Diagram

 4. Carry out Forward Calculations for ES and EF

 5. Determine Project Completion Time

 6. Carry out Backward Calculations for LS and LF

 7. Determine Float available TF and FF

 8. Identify Critical Path(s)

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 6. Network Analysis
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 Network Computation Process

 Forward Pass—Earliest Times (BIG)
◼ How soon can the activity start? (early start—ES)
◼ How soon can the activity finish? (early finish—EF)
◼ How soon can the project finish? (expected time—ET)

 Backward Pass—Latest Times (SMALL)

◼ How late can the activity start? (late start—LS)
◼ How late can the activity finish? (late finish—LF)
◼ Which activities represent the critical path?
◼ How long can activity be delayed? (slack or float—SL)

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 6. Network Analysis
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 Activities Time Calculation

 EF = ES + D

 LS = LF – D

 FFi = ESj – EFi

 TF = LF – EF = LS – ES

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 6. Network Analysis
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 AOA: Activity Symbol

Early Late Early Late

Start Start Finish Finish

Early Late Early Late

Time i Time i Time j Time j

A, 1
1 2

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 6. Network Analysis
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 AON: Activity Symbol

ES i Xtvt i EF i ES j Xtvt j EF j

LS i Duration (i) LF i LS j Duration j LF j

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 7. Float / Slack
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 A float shows time available for delaying an

activity without delaying Finish Date of the Project.
 In other words, delay in some activity would not
increase the project duration.
 Please note that Critical Activities cannot be
delayed.
 However, Non-Critical Activities can start late or
finished late within the given limitation.
 Other names for float are: slack, cushion, margin,
excess time or flexibility.
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 7. Float / Slack (cont.)
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 Total Float vs Free Float

 Free Float (FF): the duration of time that an activity can
be delayed without delaying the project’s estimated
completion time and without delaying the start of any
succeeding activities.
◼ FFi = ESj – EFi
 Total Float (TF): the amount of time that an activity can
be delayed without delaying the project’s estimated
completion time
◼ TF = LF – EF @ LS – ES @ LF – LS – Duration

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 7. Float / Slack (cont.)
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 Float

0 10

Activity Float
6 Days

Activity Duration 6 Days Float Time 4Days

Available Time 10 Days

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 7. Float / Slack (cont.)
42

 Total Float vs Free Float

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Table 1 shows the data planning and scheduling for

a project A. Based on that data:
 Draw Activity On Arrow (AOA).
 Perform forward path and backward path calculations.

 Determine Free Float (FF) and Total Float (FT) for each
AOA.
 Determine the critical path for this project.

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AOA base on table 1

Table 1

Activity Duration Predecessors

A 1 -
B 4 A
C 3 A
D 6 A
E 2 C
F 4 D
G 1 B,E,F

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 AOA Notation :
3

B,4 Dummy

A,1 C,3 E,2 G,1

1 2 5 6 7

D,6 Activity Duration Predecessor

F,4
A 1 -
B 4 A

4 C 3 A

D 6 A

E 2 C
F 4 D
AOA calculation
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G 1 B,E,F
 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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5 11
 AOA Notation :
3

7, 6, 1 B,4 Dummy 5, 6, 11

0 0 1 1 4 9 11 11 12 12
A,1 C,3 E,2 G,1
1 2 5 6 7

D,6 Activity Duration Predecessor

F,4
A 1 -
B 4 A

4 C 3 A

D 6 A
7 7
E 2 C
F 4 D
AOA calculation
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G 1 B,E,F
 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

B 4 1 5 7 11 6 6

C 3 1 4 6 9 5 0

D 6 1 7 1 7 0 0

E 2 4 6 9 11 5 5
F 4 7 11 7 11 0 0
G 1 11 12 11 12 0 0

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AOA base on table 1

Table 1

Activity Duration Predecessors

A 4 -
B 3 -
C 4 A,B
D 5 C
E 3 C
F 4 D
G 5 D,E

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AOA base on table 1

18,17
4,3 10, 8 14, 13

4 4 8 8 13 13 18 18

1, 0 C, 4 D, 5 F, 4
3 4 5 7
0 0 A,4

1 E, 3 G, 5
B,3
2
6
3 4
13 13

13,11

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 4 0 4 0 4 0 0

B 3 0 3 1 4 1 1

C 4 4 8 4 8 0 0

D 5 8 13 8 13 0 0

E 3 8 11 10 13 2 2
F 4 13 17 14 18 1 1
G 5 13 18 13 18 0 0

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AOA base on table 1

Table 1
Activities Duration Predecessor

A 5 -

B 5 A

C 4 A

D 7 A,B

E 3 B,C

F 3 D,E

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Table 1 shows the data planning and scheduling for

a project A. Based on that data:
 Draw Activity On Node (AON)
 Perform forward path and backward path calculations.

 Determine Free Float (FF) and Total Float (FT) for each
AON.
 Determine the critical path for this project.

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AON base on table 1

Table 1

Activity Duration Predecessors

A 1 -
B 4 A
C 3 A
D 6 A
E 2 C
F 4 D
G 1 B,E,F

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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Activity Duration Predecessor
 AON Notation : A 1 -

B 4 A

C 3 A

D 6 A

E 2 C
Early Start B Early Finish F 4 D

Late Start 4 Late Finish

G 1 B,E,F

Early Start A Early Finish Early Start C Early Finish Early Start E Early Finish Early Start G Early Finish

Late Start 1 Late Finish Late Start 3 Late Finish Late Start 2 Late Finish Late Start 1 Late Finish

Early Start D Early Finish Early Start F Early Finish

AON calculation
Late Start 6 Late Finish Late Start 4 Late Finish

CPM MS Project
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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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Activity Duration Predecessor
 AON Notation : A 1 -

B 4 A

C 3 A

D 6 A

E 2 C

1
Early Start B 5
Early Finish F 4 D

11 G 1 B,E,F
7
Late Start 4 Late Finish

5, 6, 11
0
Early Start A 1
Early Finish 1
Early Start C 4
Early Finish 4
Early Start E 6
Early Finish 11
Early Start G
12
Early Finish

0
Late Start 1
1
Late Finish 6
Late Start 3 9
Late Finish 9
Late Start 2 11
Late Finish 11
Late Start 1 12
Late Finish

7, 6, 1
1
Early Start D 7
Early Finish
7
Early Start F 11
Early Finish

AON calculation
1
Late Start 6 7
Late Finish 7
Late Start 4
11
Late Finish

CPM MS Project
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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF FF
A 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

B 4 1 5 7 11 6 6

C 3 1 4 6 9 5 0

D 6 1 7 1 7 0 0

E 2 4 6 9 11 5 5
F 4 7 11 7 11 0 0
G 1 11 12 11 12 0 0

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AON base on table 1

Table 1

Activity Duration Predecessors

A 4 -
B 3 -
C 4 A,B
D 5 C
E 3 C
F 4 D
G 5 D,E

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 8. Analyzing Network Analysis
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 Develop AON base on table 1

Table 1
Activities Duration Predecessor

A 5 -

B 5 A

C 4 A

D 7 A,B

E 3 B,C

F 3 D,E

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 Planning & scheduling where goes
wrong?
59

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