MULTIPLE-EFFECT CALCULATIONS 593

= = 1 + I
1 + ____1___ — 1 + L 0 0 1 5 + L 2 9 1 0 + 2.1171 = 5.4096
r2 r2 r3 r2r3r4

(j) Calculation of the new theoretical temperature drops A. We have:

A 54.7
—
r1 — 10.1°C (18.1°F)
5.4096
A] 10.112
A2 =
r2 0.9985 10.1°C (18.2°F)
6,2
100.7758.1
A3 - 13.1°C (23.6°F)
r3 27
A3
A4 - ____ -= 13.054 - 21.4°C (38.6°F)
r4 0.6098

A= 54.7°C (98.5°F)

(k) Correction of the temperature drops found. The hypothesis of p. 583, which aimed to
allow us to substitute the net temperature drops by the apparent drops, in the calculation of
minimal heating surface, is only approximate. The boiling-point elevations d are not exactly
proportional to the net temperature drops. They increase in fact more rapidly than the
temperature drops from the 1st to the last vessel. It follows that the real specific evaporation
coefficients which we found for the 2nd, 3rd and especially for the 4th vessels, in utilising
these drops, and the calculated d values of Table 32.27, would be too high, since the
temperature T of vapour entering into the Dessin formula (T — 54) would be somewhat
higher than our calculation had indicated.
On the other hand, if we were to correct fully the net temperature drops found above for
the difference between the proportional d and the true d, ancl'if we incorporated these correc-
tions in the temperature drop so as to give the exact values for T, this would give net
temperature drops which would no longer correspond to the proportions required by the
calculation: they would be too high in the 1st vessel and too low for the last.
A detailed calculation shows that the correction to be applied consists of adding the follow-
ing amounts, as a- very close approximation in most cases, to the net temperature drops ob -
tained in (j):

For a Quadruple For a Quintuple

For the 1st vessel: +0.8% +0.9% of the total net drop
For the 2nd vessel +0.6% +0.7%
For the 3rd vessel: +0.3% +0.4%
For the 4th vessel: — —
For the 5th vessel: 1:7% 0.307u
—1.7%