UNIT 3:

MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
3.1 Mole Concept

3.2 Determining Molar Mass

3.3 Percent Composition of Compounds

3.4 Chemical Reactions and Equations

3.5 Calculation of Empirical Formulas

3.6 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

 3.1 Mole Concept
The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI unit for
the amount of substance.

One mole is the amount of a substance that contains the

same number of entities as the number of atoms in 12 g of
carbon-12. This number, called Avogadro’s number, is
equivalent to

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 3.1 Mole Concept
Elements. The mass in atomic mass
units (amu) of one atom of an
element is the same numerically as
the mass in grams (g) of 1 mole of
atoms of the element.

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 3.1 Mole Concept
Compounds. The mass in atomic
mass units (amu) of one molecule (or
formula unit) of a compound is the
same numerically as the mass in
grams (g) of 1 mole of the compound.

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per mole
of its entities (atoms, molecules, or formula units) and
has units of grams per mole (g/mol).

1. Elements. To find the molar mass, look up the atomic mass

and note whether the element is monatomic or molecular.
Monatomic Elements
Ne = 20.18 g/mol Argon = 39.95 g/mol
He = 4.003 g/mol Krypton = 83.80 g/mol

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per mole
of its entities (atoms, molecules, or formula units) and
has units of grams per mole (g/mol).

1. Elements. To find the molar mass, look up the atomic mass

and note whether the element is monatomic or molecular.
Molecular Elements

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per mole
of its entities (atoms, molecules, or formula units) and
has units of grams per mole (g/mol).

2. Compounds. The molar mass is the sum of the molar

masses of the atoms in the formula. For

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
Amount-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Elements

1. Converting between amount and mass

From amount (mol) to mass (g):

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
Amount-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Elements

1. Converting between amount and mass

From mass (g) to amount (mol):

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
Amount-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Elements

1. Converting between amount and number

From amount (mol) to number of entities:

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 3.2 Determining Molar Mass
Amount-Mass-Number Conversions Involving Elements

1. Converting between amount and number

From number of entities to amount (mol):

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 3.3 Percent Composition
of Compounds
Determining Mass Percent from a Chemical Formula

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 3.3 Percent Composition
of Compounds
Determining the Mass of an Element from its Mass Fraction

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 3.3 Percent Composition
of Compounds
Determining the Mass of an Element from its Mass Fraction

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 3.4 Calculation of
Empirical Formulas
Three Common Types of Formula:
1. Empirical Formula shows the lowest whole number of
moles, and thus the relative number of atoms, of each
element in the compound. For example, in hydrogen
peroxide, the empirical formula is HO.
2. Molecular Formula shows the actual number of atoms of
each element in a molecule: the molecular formula of
hydrogen peroxide is

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 3.4 Calculation of
Empirical Formulas
Three Common Types of Formula:

3. Structural Formula shows the relative placement and

connections of atoms in the molecule. The structural
formula of hydrogen peroxide is:

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 3.4 Calculation of
Empirical Formulas
Three-step Process to Find the Empirical Formula:
1. Determine the mass (g) of each component element.
2. Convert each mass (g) to amount (mol), and write a
preliminary formula.
3. Convert the amounts (mol) mathematically to whole
number (integer) subscripts. To accomplish this:
Divide each subscript by the smallest subscript, and
If necessary, multiply through by the smallest integer
that turns all subscripts into integer.

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 A sample of an unknown compound contains
0.21 mol of zinc, 0.14 mol of phosphorus, and 0.56 mol
of oxygen. What is the empirical formula?

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 3.4 Calculation of
Empirical Formulas
Determining Molecular Formulas
The subscripts in the molecular formula of a
substance are always whole-number multiples of the
subscripts in its empirical formula.

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 3.4 Calculation of
Empirical Formulas
Determining Molecular Formulas
Dividing the molar mass of hydrogen peroxide (34.02
g/mol) by the empirical formula mass of HO (17.01 g/mol)
gives the whole-number multiple:

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 3.5 Chemical Reactions
and Equations
Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. Each
chemical equation has two sides, and the reaction is usually
envisioned as proceeding from left to right.

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 3.5 Chemical Reactions
and Equations

The + sign is read as “reacts with” and the arrow as “produces.”

The chemical formulas to the left of the arrow represent the starting
substances, called reactants.
The chemical formulas to the right of the arrow represent substances
produced in the reaction, called products.
The numbers in front of the formulas, called coefficients, indicate the
relative numbers of molecules of each kind involved in the reaction.

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 3.5 Chemical Reactions
and Equations

Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any

reaction, a balanced chemical equation must have an equal
number of atoms of each element on each side of the arrow.

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product
If you know the number of moles of one substance, the
balanced equation tells you the number of moles of the others.

Consider the combustion of propane:

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product
To solve for any stoichiometry problem that involves a reaction:
1. Write the balanced equation.
2. When necessary, convert the known mass (or number of entities) of one
substance to amount (mol) using its molar mass (or Avogadro's number).
3. Use the molar ratio to calculate the unknown amount (mol) of the other
substance.
4. When necessary, convert the amount of that other substance to the
desired mass (or number of entities) using its molar mass (or Avogadro's
number).

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product
Reactions that Involve a Limiting Reactant

A limiting reactant is completely consumed in a

reaction. When it is used up, the reaction stops, thus
limiting the quantities of products formed.

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product

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 3.6 Calculating Quantities of
Reactant and Product
Theoretical, Actual, and Percent Reaction Yields
The quantity of product calculated to form when all of a limiting
reactant is consumed is called the theoretical yield. The amount of
product actually obtained, called the actual yield, is almost always less
than (and can never be greater than) the theoretical yield. The percent
yield of a reaction relates actual and theoretical yields:

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 (a) Assume that you carry out this reaction with 25.0 g of
cyclohexane and that cyclohexane is the limiting reactant.
What is the theoretical yield of adipic acid?

(b) If you obtain 33.5 g of adipic acid, what is the percent

yield for the reaction?

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