ປື້ມຄູ່ມືຄະນິດສາດ ມ1

76j,n76
7toyflkf
-Ao,afmtpq,xumu !
IP[IP’3fpG s5,rao x=lts;affu lD;Dl

[5ocl’ daopk;qq’ ,D-
[5o,kd ]jP,cdh; 76[eoko
rq’lts;ao grQkltfk ,Dl ;P’9ao
d;fcdh3fpG cv39 vkfzkl5d
dt-;’lbdlkmydko
lt4k[ao7Qo7;hk;ymtpklkfdkolbdlk
;P’9ao @W!W
d
[qfmu ! 9eo;ome,t-kf
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’D
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ ,u7;k,leobddjP;da[9eo;ome,t-kf c]t oe.-hg0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD
{ vjko c]t 0Po9eo;ome,t-kfmujgxao9eo;os^kpwfhD
{ xP[mP[9eo;ome,t-kfwfhD
ສິດ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=D
{ 7;k,leobddjP;da[9eo;ome,t-kfD
ິຂະ
{ vjkoF 0Po9eo;os^kp c]t 9af]Po9eo;ome,t-kfD
lnjdkoIPo { dkolvoD
ນລ
III.
{ xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo0v’76D
{ ;af45-toyfgxaovao c]t lk,kfoa[g-ajoG w,h46F dhvosuo|hvpF 9vdcdh; s^n vnjoMD
ວ
X9eo;oly’0v’mujgvqk,k8hv’.shs^kpd;jk9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’0v’8qo?D
ຫງ
{ w,hc,af s^n w,h[aomafmuj,u0yf\kplk,kfvjkowfhfuD

ສະ
IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvoD
dyf9tdemu !
ສ
· ;ymuxt8y[af
ສວ
{ 76cotoe.shoadIPocdhdyf9tdemu! .oxN,c[[IPoD
{ 76cotoeoadIPo0Po9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’g0qkg9Qk.lj4aol5fmhkp0v’8k8t]k’
c]t [aombd9eo;o\kd[ujmujr;dg0qkoa[16jc8j]tdt8jkD
{ 76vtmy[kp s^n 4k,oadIPo fh;pgsf.f9eo;owfh,k9bj’gxaoc8j9eo;o4h;oD
{ grnjvgoAo7;k,g0Qk.9 s^n xtg,uo7;k,g0Qk.90v’oadIPodjP;da[9eo;ome,t-kf
76.shoadIPopqd8q;1jk’lt4kotdko8jk’M.o-u;yfxt9e;ao s^n 16jvhv,0hk’0v’r;d
g0qkmuj,udkorq;raoda[9eo;o4h;o3fpltgrktD
{ grnjv1E7no.shoadIPo,u7;k,|adc|ho.o7;k,I6hmujwfhIa[F 76lhk’lt4kotdkogxao
1
]adltot/nomujrq;raoda[9eo;oc8j[+gxao9eo;o4h;oD
g-ajoG oerkoadIPocmd];’pk;0v’;af458jk’Mrkp.oshv’7n 38tF 8aj’F 38t76F
0v’ dtfko s^n -aj’oE|adlyj’0v’8jk’M mujzqowfhIa[vkf[+gxao 9eo;o4h;oD
9eo;ome,t-kfc,jo9eo;og-yj’gryjo.-hoa[ s^n [aombd9eo;ooa[ g-ajoG
9eo;o7qoF 9eo;olafF 9eo;olyj’0v’muj,u]adltotgxaovao[+8+gonjv’daoD
dyf9tdemu @
{ 760Po9eo;omujgxaosq;|j;p0v’-Aodkovjko9eo;o.-hdtfko7nG !WS
!WWS ! WWWS ! WWW WWW vjko |bj’]hkoS ! WWW WWW WWW vjko |bj’8ND
{ 76cotoe s^n rkoadIPo0Po9eo;omuj.sh.oI6[c[[dt9kp9adlv’8q;1jk’c]h;rk
vjkogxao95lk,MD 9kdoAo.shoadIPogIafdyf9tdemu @ .oxN,c[[IPoD
{ 7P’76jda[dkovjko9eo;oc[[gxao95lk,M c]h;76pa’9t8hv’rkoadIPovjko9eo;o
c[[gxaosâd9eo;o7nG sq;|j;pF sq;ly[F sq;IhvpF sq;raoF sq;\njoF sq;cloF sq;]hkoF
sq;3dfF sq;8ND
{ ovd9kdoerkoadIPovjko9eo;o3fpdko0Poc[[dt9kpc]h; 76pa’9t8hv’c8h,
8k8t]k’dkovjko c]t 0Po9eo;o.ljdtfkoc]h;rkoadIPo0Po9eo;o
.l8k8t]k’c]h;vjkovudD
dyf9tdemu $
95fxtlq’G .shoadIPolk,kfxP[mP[lv’me,t-kf s^n 9af]Pos^kp9eo;ome,t
-kfwfhD
dkocdhG
{ 0=hdD dkoc8h,mjvo-nj.sh0ufwxg[Nv’fP;daoD
{ 0=h 0D 768hv’-U.shoadIPogsao;jkG .og,njvmjvo-nj.fpk;d;jk 7jk;afcmd0v’
,aod=8hv’s^kpd;jkD xUo7no mjvo-nj.flAod;jk 7jk;afcmd0v’,aod=|hvpd;jkD
{ 768hv’oerkoadIPo.-hg7njv’\kp “ ≤; ≥; <; > c]t = ” g0Qk.odkoxP[mP[
9eo;oD
dyf9tdemu $
,ulk,d=]toumujgxaowxwfh7nG
2
{ 4hkdhvosuopa’gs^nv ltcf’;jk9eo;odhvosuos^kpd;jk9eo;ooadIPomuj,k9a[gvqk
dhvosuoD
{ 4hkdhvosuo\qfdjvo X [+r=da[9eo;ooadIPo ? ltcf’;jk9eo;odhvosuo|hvp
d;jk9eo;ooadIPomuj,k9a[gvqkdhvosuoD
{ 4hkdhvosuo\qfr=fuF oadIPoc8j]t7qowfhz6h]t|bj’dhvo ltcf’;jk9eo;odhvosuo
gmqjkda[9eo;ooadIPomuj,k9a[gvqkdhvosuoD
{ 768hv’gIafdyf9tde.sh7q[\qflk,d=]tou
V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoD
ສິດ
{ 76la’gdf7;k,8A’|hk0v’oadIPo.odkocdhdyf9tdeF dkoxtdv[7e7yf7egsao
c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76 .og;]k76cdhdyf9tde16jdtfkoD
ິຂະ
{ 76la’gdf7;k,gvqk.9.lj8yf8k,dkocdh[qf0v’76F 9qfdjkp c]t fafcdh7;k,zyf
rkf0v’8qogv’D
ນລ
{ 76la’gdf0t[;odkovvd7e7yf7egsao c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76.og;]kcdh8q;1jk’
.o[qfIPoD
ວ
{ 76xtg,uozqo9kddkocdh;Pd[hko0v’oadIPo;jkwfhfu9adgxug-aoD
ຫງ
VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/bdsafD

ສະ
7e8v[dyf9tde
dyf9tde !
7D 9eo;og-yj’gryjo.-h[aombd9eo;ooadIPoc8j]tshv’ c]t 9eo;o\kd[uj16jc8j]t
ສ
dt8jkc,jo9eo;ome,t-kf grkt,aoc,jo9eo;ooa[7qo c]t \kd[uj

ສວ
gxao;af45[+8+ gonjv’daoD
9D 9eo;og-yj’gryjo.-h[aombdzqodko;afcmdoE|ad c]t ];’l6’0v’oadIPo3fpmqj;
wxgxao9eo;o,u95f gvuho;jkG 9eo;omqfltoypq,D
dyf9tde @
dD # &!@ $!& = # V ! WWW WWW + &!@ V ! WWW +$!&
vjko;jkG # ]hko &!@ rao $!&
s^n # ]hko & clo ! \njo @ rao $ Ihvp ly[shkD
3
@& (!) @(@ = @& V ! WWW WWW + (!) V ! WWW + @(@
vjko;jkG @& ]hko (!) rao @(@
s^n @ 3df & ]hko ( clo ! \njo ) rao lv’Ihvpg9afly[lv’
# !@& *#( &$@ = # V ! WWW WWW WWW + !@& V ! WWW WWW + *#( V ! WWW + &$@
vjko;jkG # 8N !@& ]hko *#( rao &$@
s^n # 8N !@ 3df & ]hko * clo # \njo ( rao shkIhvplujly[lv’
0D @!# 8N (& ]hko #() rao &$W =@!# V ! WWW WWW WWW + (& V ! WWW WWW
+ #() V ! WWW + &$W =@!# W(& #() &$WD
dyf9tde #
9kdmjvo-njmujgIqk0ufgsao;jkG [MN] c]t [EF] pk;gmqjkdao faj’oAo7jk;afcmd0v’
r;d,aogmqjkdao gIqkwfh & gmqjkda[ & 0Po & = &D
[PQ] c]t [RS] lAod;jk faj’oAo7jk;afcmd0v’ [PQ] |hvpd;jk [RS]
gIqkwfh ) |hvpd;jk !W 0Po )<!WD
[PQ] c]t [MN] pk;d;jk faj’oAo7jk;afcmd0v’ [PQ] s^kpd;jk [MN]
gIqkwfh ) |jvpd;jk & 0Po )>&D
7e8v[[qfg/bdsaf
!D d { dko0Po9eo;ome,t-kfF 8q;g]d W 16j|hk X16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’9eo;o? [+,u
7;k,\kpD ,ao,u7;k,\kpltgrktg;]k,ao16jmhkp9eo;o s^n g;]k,ao16j]ts;jk’
8q;g]d,u7;k,\kpD
8q;1jk’G WWW&# = &#S g]d W [+,u7;k,\kpD
&W WW# s^n &W #WW g]d W ,u7;k,\kpD
!D0 { 7e8v[G & #)WD
0=h$ { 9eo;os^kpl5fc,joG #@ !WW c]t 9eo;o|hvpl5fc,joG !W W@#D
0=h&D 0=h* dD _( $)@S 0D !( $)@D
# W ( @ 0=h) dD _!* _@# ())S 0D !)* _@# (_)D
@ W ) $
W $ W &
# ) W #
4
!! dD ()$@ < ()$# < ()$$S 0D !()WW < !()&W < !(_WWS
7D _)!(W < _)!(# < _)!)WS ’D !@)(WWW < !@)(*WW < !@))WWW
9D !@)WWWW < !@)(*WW < !@_WWWW
!@D & m < &_#( mm < *mS &_# cm < &_#(mm < &_$ cmS
!# D (& V #*& V @$ V #*WW = @ #*& @WW WWW ;yokmu
!$D !&W WWW WWW G #WW WWW = &WW ;yokmuD
!&D !WWW kg #WW g
3
! kg g
ສິດ
10
20 × 3
@W kg = 6g
ິຂະ
10
!*D (& V ! WWW WWW V ! WWW = (& WWW WWW WWW mg
!(D & V !W WWW WWW = &W WWW WWW cm = &WW km
ນລ
!)D dD *_ = LXIX. 71 = LXXI; 97 = XCVII; 347 = CCCXLVII
657 = DCLVII; 894= DCCCXCIV; 3764= MMMDCCLXIV
ວ
1529= MDXXIX; 608= DCVIII; 1108= MCVIII

ຫງ
0D CXLIX = 149; CDLXXVIII = 478; MCDLXIV = 1464

MMCCCXLIV = 2344; MMMCMXCIX = 3999; XCVIII = 98
ສະ
CVI = 106 ; MI = 1001; MXIII = 1013; MVII = 1007.

ສ
ສວ
5
[qfmu @ 9eo;o4h;o
g;]k $ -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ ,u7;k,leobddjP;da[9eo;o]q[ c]t 9eo;o[;dD
{ I6hd5j,9eo;o4h;o c]t lk,kfltcf’9eo;o4h;o16jcdo9eo;oD
{ xP[mP[ c]t 9af]Po9eo;o4h;oD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ .shI6h9eo;o]q[ c]t 9eo;o[;dD
{ lk,kfltcf’9eo;o4h;o16jcdo9eo;oD
{ xP[mP[ c]t 9af]Po9eo;o4h;oD
III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvoD
{ xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo76D xN,vnjoMg-yj’76-vdsk,kwfh c]t gsao
;jkgrktlq,da[dkooe.-hle]a[oadIPo8qogv’D
{ w,h[aomafmuj,u0uf\kpc9h’lk,kfvjkowfhfuD
IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tdefh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj 16jvhv,0hk’D
{ 768hv’-uh.shoadIPo0Qk.97;k,\kp0v’9eo;o4h;o]q[ c]t 9eo;o4h;o[;d7nG
9eo;o4h;o]q[c]t9eo;o4h;o[;dc,jolv’rkdlj;o9eo;o4h;omuj,u7jkdq’
dao0hk,dao c]t .-hltcf’ Xs^n [aombd? lv’xt]y,komujdq’dao0hk,daoD
faj’g-ajoG wfh s^n glpD gryjo[aombdwfhfh;p9eo;o[;d c]t glpfh;p9eo;o]q[D
{ wfhdew] s^n 0kfmboD gryjo[aombdwfhdew]fh;p9eo;o[;d c]t 0kfmbo
fh;p9eo;o]q[D
dyf9tdemu @
xt8y[af7nda[dyf9tde|bj’D
6

{ 768hv’9ecod.shoadIPog0Qk.97;k,c8d8jk’dao]ts;jk’glAo-nj c]t glAo-nj,u
\kp0uf X s^n cdjo9eo;o ?D
{ glAo-njmqj;wx[+,umyfF [+,u]t[q[g7QkD
{ glAo-nj,u0uf\kpc,joglAo-njmuj,umyf c]t ,u]t[q[g7QkF [aofk0uf\kp8jk’M9tdq’
da[ 9e4h;o|bj’ gvuho;jk < va[lyf < 0v’g,afmyjgxao0uf\kpoAoD
.o]t[q[g7Qk ( O; I ) S g,afg7Qk O ,uva[lyfgmqjk W g]NvpM c]t g,afsq;|j;p I
,uv[lyfgmqjk ! g]NvpMD myf[;d0v’cdo9eo;oc,jomyfc8j O sk ID
{ [aofkg,af0v’glAo-njmuj16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’g,afg7Qk,uva[lyfgxao9eo;o]q[ c]t
[aofk g,af0v’glAo-njmuj16jg[Nv’0;k0v’g,afg7Qk,uva[lyfgxao9eo;o[;dD
ສິດ
{ 9kdglAo-nj,u\kp0ufF oadIPo4vogvqkdkoxP[mP[9eo;o4h;ofaj’oUG
lv’9eo;o4h;o]q[F 9eo;o.f16jsjk’9kd W wdd;jkc,jo9eo;ooAo|hvpd;jkD
ິຂະ
lv’9eo;o4h;o[;dF 9eo;o.f16jsjk’9kd W wdd;jkc,jo9eo;ooAos^kpd;jkD
{ 16jcdo9eo;oF lv’9eo;o8k,.9F 9eo;omuj16jg[Nv’-hkp|hvpd;jk9eo;o
ນລ
muj16jg[Nv’0;kD faj’oAo9eo;o]q[|hvpd;jk9eo;o[;dg]NvpMD
VD dko ;af c]t xtg,uozqo
ວ
ຫງ
c]t 8v[7e4k,0v’76.og;]kcdhdyf9tde16jdtfkoD
ສະ
rkf0v’8qogv’
{ 76la’gdf0t[;odkovvd7e7yf7egsaoF 8v[7e4k,0v’76 s^n lv[4k,76.og;]k
cdh8q;1jk’.o[qfIPoD
ສ
ສວ
VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/bdsaf

[qfg/ydsaf
!D dD 9eo;o]q[c,jo9eo;omuj,ug7njv’\kp]q[ < − < 16j8+|hkD
9eo;o[;dc,jo9eo;omuj,u X s^n[+,u ? g7njv’\kp[;d < + < 16j8+|hkD
0D −23; − 21; − 15; − 7; − 6; − 1 16j.o ] −
19; 15; 9; 8; 12; 2; 0; 3 16j.o ] +
7

@D ]+ c,jod5j,9eo;o4h;o[;d3fpltgrktF ]− c,jodj5,9eo;o4h;o]q[3fplt
grktD ] c,jodj5,9eo;o4h;o ,uma’9eo;o]q[ c]t 9eo;o[;dD
$D 16jcdo9eo;oF va[lyf0v’g,af8jk’M c,jo9eo;o4h;omuj16jdq’da[0uf\kpfP;dao
da[g,afoAoD
8q;1jk’G g,afg7Qk O 16jdq’da[9eo;o W gIqkwfhg,af O ,uva[lyfc,jo W 0Po O XW?D
g,afsq;|j;p I 16jdq’da[9eo;o ! gIqkwfhg,af I ,uva[lyfc,jo ! 0Po I(1)D
&D d { g[yj’8k,va[lyf0v’g,afmuj.sh X{!&? c]t X{!W? gsao;jk glAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j
C sk A faj’oAo DX-!$?S C(−!() S B(−!@) c]t A(−))D
0{ g-ajofP;dao gIqkwfh glAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j N sk F 8k,va[lyf0v’0uf\kpmuj.sh
faj’oAo N(101); M(105); P(107) c]t F(111).
7{ g[yj’8k,va[lyf0v’g,afmuj.sh gsao;jk glAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j M sk A faj’oAo
M(−() D(-2)S S E($) c]t A(()D
*D d { 8k,]t[q[g7Qk ( O; I ) muj.sh M(-7); D(-3); A(-1); F(2); B(3); G(4) c]t E(5).
0{ [aofkg,afmuj,uva[-yfgxao9eo;odq’dao0jk,dao,u M c]t G; A c]t I; D c]t B
7{ g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ [AB] c,jog,af I ; [DI] c,jog,af A.
’{ lq,,5f P gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ [AD]F P ,uva[-yfc,jo {@
{ B gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ [IE]F B ,uva[-yfc,jo #
{ A gxaog,afg7yj’dk’0v’ [MF]F A ,uva[-yfc,jo {!
(D dD −( < +@ grkt −( gxao9eo;o]q[ c]t +@ gxao9eo;o[;d 9eo;o]q[pk,
.fd=\hvpd;jk9eo;o[;dD
−_)&$@ < − _)#$@ grkt −_)&$@ 16jsjk’wd9kd W s^kpd;jk − _)#$@D
) > & grkt ) 16jsjk’wd9kd W s^kpd;jk &
0D −_)&$@ < − *!*_@ <−_!$ < − !# <−_ < − (< @< # < & < * < ( <
) < @$& < @&! < #W(< @$*) < @&!&< )!!_&< )!#(&< )&$##D
)D dD 9qj’8v[8k,7;k,gxao9y’F [+vtmy[kpD
0D &(@!>(#& >(#@ >!*W >!W* >!& >!# >!! ># >{!W >{!@ > {!# >{!( >
{#& >{!$_ >{$!_ >{(#@ >{(#& >{$&#* >{&(@!D
_D dD .shgvqk.9.lj7e;jk < 16j]ts;jk’ −3 sk @ < \kp7;k,;jk a lk,kfgmqjk −3
8

wfhD c]t e lk,kfgmqjk @ wfhD ltoAo[qfg]d,ulv’7e8v[7nG
4hk a = −3; b = −2; c = −1; d = 0; e = 1 D
4hk a ≠ −3; a = −2; b = −1; c = 0; d = 1; e = 2
d=]toug;Qk < 16j]ts;jk’ −3 sk @ 0kf8q; < \kp7;k,;jk a [+lk,kfgmqjk −3
c]t e [+lk,kfgmqjk @ D faj’oAo9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ {# sk @ 0kf8q;,uc8j
luj9e o;o7nG −2; − 1; 0 c]t 1 8q;vadlvo,ushk8q; a; b; c; d ; e d=]touoU[qfg]d[+,u
7e8v[D
0D co;7;k,7yfvaofP;da[0=h dD
{ 9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ −7 sk −6 0kf8q;[+,uF vu’8k,0=h,6omuj.sh X = 6 D
ສິດ
{ 9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ @# sk @& 0kf8q;c,jo @$F vu’8k,0=h,6omuj.sh
Y = 24 D
ິຂະ
7D djvovnjo\qf8hv’deoqfmyf0v’glAo-njglpdjvoc]h;9bj’8v[8k,oAo faj’g-ajoG
4hkglAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j-hkpsk0;k p = −18 S m = −13 c]t n = −9 D
ນລ
4hkglAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j0;ksk-hkp p = −12 S m = −17 c]t n = −21 D
!WD d −2 !_ −8 −5 W # (
ວ
@ −19 ) & W −3 −7
ຫງ
−2 !_ −8 −5 W # (
0 9eo;o.oc4;mu! c]t c4;mu # c,jo9eo;ofP;dao.oc8j]t4aoD
ສະ
7D 4hkgIqk7yfw]jdq’dao0hk,lv’gmnjv0v’9eo;o4h;ozqowfh,kc,jo8q;,aogv’D
!!D dD x ∈ {−3; −2; −1;0;1; 2;3; 4;5} S
0D y ∉ {−14; −13} ; 7{ z ∈ {-3; - 2; -1; 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7}
ສ
’D p ∈ {.............; −3; −2; −1;0;1; 2;3; 4;5;6}

ສວ
9

[qfmu # dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kf
g;]k $ -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ ,u7;k,leobddjP;da[dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ lk,kf7yfw]jdko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kf D
{ I6h7ela[8jk’M djP;da[dko[;d c]t dko]q[D
{ I6h75o]adltotdko[;d c]t dko]q[D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ 75o]adltotdko[;d c]t dko]q[D
III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo
xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo76D xN,vnjoMg-yj’76-vdsk,kwfhD
dhvosuoohvpF \kdw,h-toyf|j;pohvp s^n w,hmj6DDDD grnjvgvqk,kltcf’zqo[;d c]t
zqo]q[D
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxN,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16j
vhv,0hk’D
{ dD c]t 0D m;o7no7;k,I6hrNo4komujwfhIPoc]h;.o-Aoxt4q,F goAo|adg8adoyd
dko[;d c]t dko]q[D
7D oe.-h;af45gxaodhvos^ngxaovao[+8yfdao ltcf’.shoadIPogsao c]t g0Qk.9;jkG
zqo]q[ a − b = CD C c,jo9eo;omuj[;dda[ b c]h;gmqjk aD
faj’g-ajoG dhvosuo & dhvogvqkvvd @ dhvoF gIqkgsao;jkdhvosuopa’gs^nv16jdv’ # dhvoD
10

dq’dao0hk,4hkgIqkgvqkdhvosuo @ dhvo3I,g0Qkda[dhvosuo # dhvogIqkwfhdhvosuoma’
\qf & dhvoF ltcf’;jk & { @ = #D
co;7;k,7yfoUpa’.-hd;f7no;jk gIqk7yfw]jzqo[;d s^n zqo]q[4nd8hv’ s^n [+D
dyf9tdemu @
xt8y[af7nda[dyf9tde|bj’D
dD 76cotoeoadIPo.shg0Qk.9;jk 9eo;omujxtdqf16j9=0v’-y’-aj’c,jozqo[;doE|ad
0v’mhk; 7e 3I,da[oE|addtgxqk0v’]k;D faj’oAo dko7eo;omuj.-h7yfw]jc,jo
dko[;dD
0D .shg0Qk.9;jk 9eo;omujxtdqf16j9=-y’-aj’ &W du3] c,jozqo[;doE|admhk; [5o da[
ສິດ
oE|addtgxqk0v’]k;F faj’oAo oE|ad0v’mhk; [5o
c,jozqo]q[]ts;jk’oE|ad];, da[oE|addtgxqk0v’]k;D dko7eo;omuj.-hc,jo
ິຂະ
dko]q[D
7D .sh7yfw]jfh;ps^kp;ymu8jk’dao c8jwfhzqoIa[vaofP;daoD grnjv4vogvqk75o]adltot
ນລ
dko[;dD
;ymmuu!D oE|ad0v’ mhk; 7e + oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; 7e + oE|ad mhk; [5o +
ວ
oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; [5oD

ຫງ
;ymmuu@G X oE|ad0v’ mhk; 7e + oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; 7e ? + X

oE|admhk;[5o +
ສະ
oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; [5o?D

;ymumu#G XoE|ad mhk; [5o + oE|ad mhk; 7e? + X oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; 7e +
oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; [5o?D
ສ
ສວ
dyf9tdemu #
dD 8hv’g0Qk.9;jk ok’,vo ,u\kd[us^5fmhk;fu ( |j;pF faj’oAodko7eo;ogrnjv7yf
w]j9eo;o\kd[uok’,vo c,jodko]q[D
0D 9eo;o\kd[uma’\qf0v’lk,vhkpohv’c,jodkogvqk9eo;o\kd[u0v’lk,
7qo3I,g0QkdaoD faj’oAodko7eo;omuj.-hc,jodko[;dD
7D 9kdzqowfhIa[.o0=hd c]t 0F 76cotoeoadIPozao0tspkpgxaovao];,D
11

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo
{ 76la’gdf7;k,gvqk.9.lj8yf8k,dkocdh[qf0v’76F 9qfdkp c]t fafcdh7;k,zyf
rkf0v’8qogv’
cdh8q;1jk’.o[qfIPo
VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf

dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !
dD c4;mu ! ΒS c4;mu @ ΑS c4;mu # Β
0D [A’g]dmu ! zyfphvo]n,9n !F faj’oAozqo[;dmuj4nd8hv’c,jo @_*!
{ [A’g]dmu @ zyfphvo;jk (+ _=!* [+c,jo !( c]t d=]n,9nj !F faj’oAozqo[;dmuj4nd
8hv’c,jo )*#@D
{ [A’g]dmu# zyfphvo]n,9jn !F faj’oAozqo]q[muj4nd8hv’c,jo W#&@D
{ [A’.shlv’9eo’g]dmu $ zyfphvo]n,9nj !F faj’oAozqo]q[muj4nd8hv’c,jo #_W(D
7;o8k,.9 a c]t b; a > b , zqo]q[ a- b c,jo9eo;omujgvqk,k[;dda[ b
c]h;gmqjk a.
faj’oAolk,9eo;o a,b c]t c gIqkwfh a- b = c mP[gmqjkda[ b + c = a.
dyf9tdemu @:
dD dko7eo;omuj.-hc,jodko[;dD oE|ad];, mujxtdqf16j|hk9=-y’-aj’c,jo
47kg + 8kg = 55kg.
0D dko7eo;omuj.-hc,jodko]q[DoE|addtgxqk0v’mhk; [5o c,jo
50kg − 45kg = 5kg
7D oE|ad];,mujxtdqf16j|hk9=-y’-aj’c,jo G
;ymumu!D (47kg + 8kg ) + 50kg = 105kg
12

;ymumu@D (47kg + 45kg ) + (8kg + 5kg ) = 92kg + 13kg = 105kg
;ymumu#D 55kg + 50kg = 105kg
dyf9tdemu #
dD dko7eo;omuj.-hc,jodko]q[D 9eo;o\kd[u0v’ok’ ,vo c,joG #& { (= 28
0D9eo;o\kd[uma’\qf0v’lk,vhkpohv’c,jodkogvqk\kd[u0v’c8j]t7qo,k
3I,g0QkdaoD faj’oAodko7eo;omuj.-hc,jodko[;dD
9eo;o\kd[uma’\qfc,joG 38 + 35 + 28 = 101
7Ddko[;dc,jodko7eo;ogrnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;omuj,usq;|j;pvaofP;
daog0Qkdaogxao9eo;ofP;daoD
ສິດ
{ dko]q[c,jodko7eo;ogrnjv7yfw]jzqo]q[0v’lv’9eo;omuj,usq;|j;pvaofP;dao
3fp;jk9eo;omu|bj’8hv’s^kpd;jk s^n gmqjkda[9eo;omujlv’D
ິຂະ
[qfg/ydsaf
ນລ
@D a.24 + 16 + 13 + 17 = 70 b.25 + 75 + 39 + 61 + 85 = 285
c.438 + 62 + 247 + 153 + 192 = 1092 S d .547 + 53 + 131 + 70 = 801
ວ
#D dD
ຫງ
438 627 428 1659 1607 38725

+ + + + + +
351 103 545 804 735 9044
+ +
ສະ
789 730 973 2463 2099 16870

4441 64639
0D
ສ
253 549 651 7691 3062

− − − − −
ສວ
31 153 487 1625 1386

222 346 164 6666 1676
$D 8A’[A’g]dc]h;7yfw]j7nda[0=h #D
a.4386 + 459 + 6797 = 11642; b. 389 + 673 + 485 = 1547
c.1362 + 4590 + 807 = 6759; d . 9973 + 3896 + 6537 = 20406
e.4779 + 9012 + 637 = 14428; f .6987 − 653 = 6334
g. 5384 − 276 = 5108; h. 4367 − 479 = 3888
i. 93410 − 68798 = 24612; j. 6385 − 4294 = 2091
k . 43839 − 16712 = 27127.
13

&D zqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;ome,t-kf]Po8yfdao9ts^5f]njolv’gmnjv0v’r;d,ao
! sq;|j;pD
{ 4hkgIqk7yfw]j]njoF gIqk9twfh9eo;o|hvpgmqjkG X!@(&{ !?G @ = *#(
faj’oAolv’9eo;oc,joG *#(S *#)D
{ 4hkgIqk7yfw]js^5fF gIqk9twfh9eo;os^kpgmqjkG X!@(&+ !?G @ = *#)
faj’oAolv’9eo;oc,joG *#(S *#)D
*D zqo[;d0v’lk,9eo;ome,t-kf]Po8yfdaogmqjklk,gmnjv0v’9eo;o16j]t
s;jk’dk’F faj’oAo9eo;o16j]ts;jk’dk’c,joG $#& G # = !$&
ltoAolk,9eo;oc,joG !$$S !$& c]t !$*D
(D |hkmu ! g4y’|hkmu _ ,u _ |hk faj’oAogryjo0Po _ gmnjvD
|hkmu !W g4y’|hkmu __ ,u _W |hk faj’oAogryjo0Po !)W gmnjvD
|hkmu !WW g4y’|hkmu !$* ,u $( |hk faj’oAogryjo0Po $( V # =!$! gmnjvD
];,ma’\qfgryjo0Po ##W gmnjvD
)D |hkmu ! g4y’|hkmu _ ,u _ |hk faj’oAogryjo0Po _ gmnjvD
|hkmu !W g4y’|hkmu __ ,u _W |hk faj’oAogryjo0Po !)W gmnjvD
ma’\qfgryjo0Po &!* gmnjv ltoAo|hkmuj,ulk,8q;g]d,u
( 516 − 189 ) ÷ 3 + 1 = 110 D faj’oAoF ma’\qf,u @W_ |hkD
_D [jvooaj’s;jk’,u 10 000 − 7875 = 2125
!WD 9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’ ,D!F ,D@ c]t ,D$ ,u 438 + 413 + 295 = 1147
9eo;ooadIPo.oshv’ ,# ,u #(& 7qoD
!!D dD xN,g]d ,! lv’sq; c]t xN,rklk]k;lujsq; ]k7k];,dao
!( WWW V @ = #$ WWW du[D
0D xN,rklk]k;|bj’sq;]k7k #$ WWW { @_ WWW = & WWW du[
xN,g]d ,! |bj’sq;]k7k !( WWW { !W WWW = ( WWW du[
!@D mhk; 7e ,ug’yo #&&W + $)&W = )$WW du[
ok’ [5o,u ,ug’yogmqjkoU )$WW { !(WW = *(WW du[
!#D ltc8,0v’mhk;7elvo muj[+,uI6[laf,u !@&# { #&( = )_* vao
!$D 75|j;poAo[ao95oEg8a,,u 25 − 15 = 10 ]yfD
dt4a’[ao95oEg8a,,u 10 − 3 = 7 ]yf
14

!&D dD 9eo;ooadIPoma’\qf.o0Ao ,D! ,u 23 + 20 + 39 = 82 7qo
0D 9eo;ooadIPopy’.oshv’ ,!}0 ,u 41 − 23 = 18 7qo
!*D xuoUvhkp0v’mhk;7volts;ao ,uvkp5 12 + 25 = 37 xu
!(D ok’ ;aofu gvqkg’yowx8ts^kfma’\qf &W WWW + !& WWW = *& WWW du[
{ g’yo0v’]k;pa’gs^nv,kgInvoma’\qf !W WWW + ) WWW +# WWW = @! WWW du[
{ ]k;9jkpg’yoma’\qf *& WWW { @! WWW = $$ WWW du[D
!)D z6h3fplko]q’]qfgmqjkoU X$W + @W? { #* = @$ 7qo
!_D d 1
3 5 9eo;omujwfh !#&S !&#S #!&S #&!S &!# c]t &#!D
5 3
ສິດ
1 5
3
5 1
5 1 3
3 1
ິຂະ
0D gryjo0Powfhsqd9eo;o7nG !#&S !&#S #!&S #&!S &!# c]t &#!D
7D !#& <!&# < #!& < #&!< &!#< &#!D
ນລ
’D 135 + 153 + 315 + 351 + 513 + 531 = 1998
9D &#! { !#& = #_*D
ວ
@WD dD
ຫງ
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10.
S =10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1.
ສະ
S + S =11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11.
2S =11×10 = 110
110
S= = 55
ສ
2
ສວ
0D a. s = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..................... + 98 + 99.
s = 99 + 98 + 97 + 96 + .............. ....... + 2 + 1.
s + s =100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + ............... + 100 + 100

2 s = 100 × 99 = 9900
9900
s = = 4950
2
@!D dD @ ( * 0D !) !! !*
_ & ! !# !& !(
$ # ) !$ !_ !@
15

[qfmu $ dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;o4h;o
g;]k $ -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ I6hw]ptsjk’0v’9eo;o4h;o9kdl6o
{ I6hsâddko0v’dko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;o4h;oD
{ 7yfw]j7jk\;f7eo;o[+,u;q’g]a[ c]t ,udko[;d c]t dko]q[16joedaoD
{ 7yfw]j7jk\;f7eo;o,u;q’g]a[D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ .shI6hdko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;o4h;oD
{ lk,kf7yfw]j7jk0v’\;f7eo;omuj,udko[;d c]t dko]q[9eo;o4h;oD

· xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo76D xN,vnjoMg-yj’76-vdsk,kwfh c]t gsao
· w,h[aomafmuj,u0uf\kpc9h’lk,kfvjkowfhfuD
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxB,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6j muj16jvhv,
0hk’D
dyf9tdemu !
dD 76oerkoadIPo0ufglAo-nj d c]h;\kpIvp8uo0v’mhk;7e .sh7q[g[Nv’]t !W IvpD
0D la’gdf9kd8q;1jk’F 76oerkoadIPoxtdv[8k8t]k’.odyf9tdemu !D
7D la’gdf 9kdzqowfhIa[4vogvqksâddko0v’dko[;d9eo;o4h;oD
dyf9tdemu @
{ 768hv’m;o7nooypk,zqo]q[.o `D oe.-hco;7;k,7yfoAogrnjvxtdv[4aomu #
0v’8k8t]k’.odyf9tde @D
16
{ 9kddkoxP[mP[zqowfhIa[.o4aomu # c]t 4aomu $ 4vogvqksâddko0v’dko]q[9e
o;o4h;oD

rkf0v’8qogv’
ສິດ
cdh8q;1jk’.o[qfIPo
ິຂະ
VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[ dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf
ນລ
dyf9tdeD
dyf9tdemu !D
ວ
0D
ຫງ
dkog7njvomuj muj8A’l5fmhkpmujwxg4y’mP[ ltcf’dkog7njvo

.ljg,af O mujfh;p9eo;o
ສະ
wx|hk & [kfdhk; 8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,afH ltcf’;jkwx|hk (+5) + (+3) = +8

wx|hk8n,vud # [kfdhk;D ) sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O
4vpsâ’ $ [kfdhk; c]t wxg4y’g,af J ltcf’;jk4vp (−4) + (−5) = − 9
ສ
4vpsâ’vud & [kfdhk;D sâ’_ sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O

ສວ
wx|hk @[kfdhk;8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,af H ltcf’;jkwx (+2) + (+6) = +8

wx|hk8n,vud * [kfdhk;D |hk) sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O
4vpsâ’ # [kfdhk;c]t4vp wxg4y’g,af k’ ltcf’;jk4vp (−3) + (−7) = − 10
sâ’vud ( [kfdhk;D sâ’!W sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,afO
wx|hk _ [kfdhk; c]t wxg4y’g,af E ltcf’;jkwx (+9) + (−4) = + 5
4vpsâ’ $ [kfdhk;D |hk&sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O
wx|hk # [kfdhk; c]t wxg4y’g,af B’ ltcf’;jk4vp (+3) + (−5) = − 2
17
4vpsâ’ & [kfdhk;D sâ’@ sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O
4vpsâ’ #[kfdhk;8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,af F ltcf’;jkwx|hk (−3) + (+9) = + 6
wx|hk _ [kfdhk;D * sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O
7D sâddko[;d9eo;o4h;o
{ grnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp7ndaoF gryjoxt8y[affaj’oUG
[;dw]ptsjk’0v’r;d,ao9kd W c]h;gvqkg7njv’\kp7ndao0v’r;d,ao.lj8+|hk0v’
zqo[;dD
{ grnjv7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7njv’\kp8jk’daoF gryjoxt8y[affaj’oUG
gvqkw]ptsjk’0v’9eo;omujsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk]q[w]ptsjk’0v’9eo;omujsjk’
9kd W |hvpd;jkc]h;gvqkg7njv’\kp0v’9eo;omujsjk’9kd W s^kpd;jk.lj8+|hk0v’
zqo]q[mujwfh,kD
dyf9tde @D
0D
a b a −b a + ( −b )
+4 +3 ( +4 ) − ( +3) = +1 ( +4 ) + ( −3) = +1
+4 +1 ( +4 ) − ( +1) = +3 ( +4 ) + ( −1) = +3
+2 +5 ( +2 ) − ( +5 ) = −3 ( +2 ) + ( −5 ) = −3
+2 −3 ( +2 ) − ( −3) = +5 ( +2 ) + ( +3) = +5
+7 −4 ( +7 ) − ( −4 ) = +11 ( +7 ) + ( +4 ) = +11
−5 +8 ( −5) − ( +8 ) = −13 ( −5) + ( −8 ) = −13
−9 +6 ( −9 ) − ( +6 ) = −15 ( −9 ) + ( −6 ) = −15
−4 −4 ( −4 ) − ( −4 ) = 0 ( −4 ) + ( +4 ) = 0
−3 −7 ( −3 ) − ( −7 ) = +4 ( − 3 ) + ( +7 ) = +4
−8 −4 ( −8 ) − ( −4 ) = −4 ( − 8 ) + ( +4 ) = −4
−12 −9 ( −12 ) − ( −9 ) = −3 ( −12 ) + ( +9 ) = −3
{ gIqkgsao;jkzqowfhIa[.o4aomulk, c]t 4aolujgmqjkdaoF ltcf’;jkG grnjv7yfw]jzqo]q[
0v’lv’9eo;o4h;oc,jodko7yfw]jzqo[;d0v’8q;8A’da[9eo;odq’dao0hk,0v’
8q;]q[D
18
[qfg/ydsaf
!D A= +5; B= +1; C= +7; D= +19; E= -17; F= -11; G= -27; H= -3; I= -37;
J= 0; K = -6; L= +5; M= 129; N= -38; P= 34; S= -612.
@D A= -27; B= 17; C= 9; D= -35; E= 0; F= -2; G= 25; H= 14; I= 87;
K= -478; L= -30.
#D A = -18; B= 27; C= -3; D= 20; E= -5; F= -9; G= 12; H= 34; I= -10;
J= -8; K= 7; L= -5.
$D A= -13; B= -31; C= 11; D= 27; E= 18; F= -10; G= 7; H= -53; I= -3;
J= -78.
&D A. x=22; B. x= -10; C. x= -13; D. x= -10; E. x= -23; F. x= 14;
ສິດ
G. x= -12; H. x= 27; I. x= -9; J. x= 10; K. x= 0.
*D a. b.
ິຂະ
x -6 19 5 -6 9 4 x 12 -4 1 -12 17 4
y 14 -7 -16 -3 -2 -20 y +28 -9 8 -15 +22 5
x+y 8 12 -11 -9 7 -16 x- y -16 5 -7 3 -5 -1
ນລ
c.
x 1 3 −26 −3 5 7
y −3 −6 −4 4 0 9
ວ
z 7 −1 20 0 −5 −17
x+ y+z −10 1
ຫງ
5 −4 0 −1
(D
ສະ
6 −1 −7 4
4 −4 −2 7
0 5 3 −6
ສ
−5 2 8 −3
ສວ
)D *
@ −! −$ &
− ( #
$ ( −* −#
19
_D dD ,uma’\qf ) mk’g]bvdD
0D glAomk’g-uj’zqo[;dgmqjkl6oc,joG −! + ) − # − * +@= W
7D glAomk’g-uj’zqo[;ds^kpl5fc,joG −! + !@ − # − ! +@ = 9
’D glAomk’g-uj’zqo[;d|hvpl5fc,joG −! + ) − _ − * +@ = −6
9D glAomk’g-uj’zqo[;dgmqjklk,c,joG −! + !@ − _ − ! +@ = #D
glAomk’g-uj’zqo[;ds^kpl5fc,joG −! + !@ − # − ! +@ = 9
@ −! −$ &S
b=-2; c= -1; d= 0; e=1. 4hk a≠-3S a=-2S b=-1; c= 0; d= 1; e=2
d=]toug;Qk < 16j]ts;jk’{# sk @ 0kf8q; < \kp7;k,;jk a [+lk,kfgmqjk {# c]t e
[+lk,kfgmqjk @ D faj’oAo9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ {# sk @ 0kf8q;,uc8jluj9eo;o7nG
{@S {!S W c]t !D 8q;vadlvo,ushk8q; a; b; c; d; e d=]touoU[qfg]d[+,u7e8v[D
0D co;7;k,7yfvaofP;da[0=hdD
{ 9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ {( sk {* 0kf8q;[+,uF vu’8k,0=h,6omuj.sh x=*D
{ 9eo;o4h;omuj16j]ts;jk’ @# sk @& 0kf8q;c,jo @$F vu’8k,0=h,6omuj.sh y=@$D
7Ddjvovnjo\qf8hv’deoqfmyf0v’glAo-njglpdjvoc]h;9nj’8v[8k,oAo faj’g-ajoG
4hkglAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j-hkpsk0;k p={!) S m={!# c]t n={_D
4hkglAo-nj,umyf[;dc8j0;ksk-hkp p={!@ S m={!( c]t n={@!D
!WD dD {@ !_ {) {& W # (
@ {!_ ) & W {# {(
{@ !_ {) {& W # (
0 9eo;o.oc4;mu! c]t c4;mu # c,jo9eo;ofP;dao.oc8j]t4aoD
7D 4hkgIqk7yfw]jdq’dao0hk,lv’gmnjv0v’9eo;o4h;o zqowfh,kc,jo8q;,aogv’D
0=h!! d{ x ∈ {−3; −2; −1;0;1; 2;3; 4;5} S
0{ y ∉ {−14; −13} ; 7{ z ∈ {-3; - 2; -1; 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7}
’{ p ∈ {.............; −3; −2; −1;0;1; 2;3; 4;5;6}
20
[qfmu & dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;ome,t-kf
g;]k $ -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ ,u7;k,leobddjP;da[dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ I6h c]t lk,kfoe.-h75o]adltot0v’dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ I6h c]t g0Qk.9dkosko0kf.od5j, ND
{ I6h c]t lk,kfoe.-h,kf8tgdodkosko0kf.sh @S #S $S & c]t _ .o 9eo;o
ສິດ
me,t-kfD
ິຂະ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;ome,t-kfD
ນລ
{ dkosko0kf.od5j, ` D
{ ,kf8tgdodkosko0kf.sh @S #S $S & c]t _D
ວ
ຫງ

{ xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo76D xN,vnjoMg-yj’76-vdsk,kwfhD
ສະ
{ g9hpgxao8kdk3i.sjplq,7;oF g;]k8yf.ljdtfko.shoadIPolk,kfg[yj’gsaoD grnjvlt

cf’xt9ad8k.odkolhk’7;k,leobddjP;da[dko76oD
ສ
ສວ
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxN,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6j muj16jvhv,
0hk’D
{ 768hv’-U.shoadIPog0Qk.9dkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko[;d-Erqfgdqjkg]BvpM c]t dko
76o9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ 76cotoe c]t g/ydoadIPo.odko;yg7kt[aosk1jk’Iv[fhkodjvocdh[aosk8jk’MF
oe.-h[qfIPomujIPo,kgrnjvcdh[aosk.sh4nd8hv’ c]t ,ug8adoydD
21
dyf9tdemu @
dD 3fpla’gdf9kdzqodko7yfw]j0hk’gmy’D 76cotoe oadIPo4vogvqk]adltotla[
xjPo[jvo0v’dko76oD
0D 3fp.-h8k8t]k’muj.shc]h;,kc[j’];’pk;gxaolujlj;ogmqjkdaoF 9kdoAod=7yfw]j7n
da[0=hdD 76cotoeoadIPo4vogvqk]adltot3I,\6jwfh0v’dko76oD
dyf9tdemu #
{ 768hv’-U.shoadIPog0Qk.9;jk dkoc[j’\kd[u !W) .sh _ 7qoc[[;ymumu|jb’c,jodko
]q[ !W) vvd _ s^kpM gmnjv8yf8=dao9qo,ao\qfD faj’g-ajoG .sh _ 7qo]Pogxaoc4;F
4hkgIqkgvqk\kd[u1kp.lj8=|hkc8j]t7qo|bj’|j;p.sh7q[D ltcf’;jk gIqk]q[ !W) vvd
_F X !W) { _ ?D 4hkgIqk1kp7A’mulv’7nda[7A’mu|bj’F ltcf’;jkgIqk]q[lj;opa’gs^nv
vvdvud _F X!W) { _ ? { _= !W) { _ { _D
4hkgIqkxt8y[af7nco;oUg]BvpM wx9qo.sh9eo;o\kd[u\qfs^n gs^nv|hvpd;jk _D lt
cf’;jkgIqklYol5fdkoc[j’xaoD 9eo;o\kd[umujdv’16j8=|hkc8j]t7qoc,jo9eo;o
\kd[umujc8j]t7qowfhIa[g-y’,aoc,jozqosko !W) .sh _D dkoc[j’c[[oUgxaodkoc[j’
c[[xt 4q,xt4koD
{ dkoc[j’xaoc[[dkosko9eo;o\kd[uma’\qf.sh9eo;o7qomuj8hv’c[j’ma’\qf
c,jodkoc[j’xaomuj,u]adltot;yfmtpklk c]t ,ug8adoydd;jkD zqoskowfh,k9tgmqjk
da[9eo;o\kd[umujc8j]t7qo8hv’wfhIa[D
{ .shoadIPolts^5[gvqkdkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko]q[-E9eo;ogdqjkg]NvpM c]t dko
skoD
rkf0v’8qogv’D
{ 76la’gdft[;odkovvd7e7yf7egsaoF 8v[7e4k,0v’76 s^n lv[4k,76.og;]kcdh
8q;1jk’.o[qfIPo
22
dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !D
!} dD ovd9kd;ymu[;d !&WWda[,aogv’sqdgmnjvc]h; gIqkpa’lk,kf7yfw]jfh;pdko
gvqk!&WW 76o.sh *D dko7eo;omuj.-hgvyjo;jk dko76oD
gIqkwfhG ]k7kxN,sqdsq;c,jo !&WW V * = _WWWD
0D !&WW V * = _WWWF le]a[dko7eo;ooUgryjogvUoG
zqowfhIa[ _WWW ;jk zqo76o !&WW da[ *D
ສິດ
9eo;o !&WW c]t * mujgvqk,k76ogvUo;jk lj;o76oD
7D dko76o !&WW da[ * c,jodko7yfw]j0v’dko[;d-E !&WW sqdgmnjvD
2} ;ymumu!G gIqkgsao;jk !& gmqjk & V #F faj’oAo]k7kxN, !& sq;c,jo
ິຂະ
@! WWW V &= !W& WWW du[D
;ymumu @G xN,lk,sq; @! WWW du[
ນລ
21000
xN,|bj’sq; = 7000 du[
3
ວ
xN, !& sq; (WWW V !& = !W& WWW du[

ຫງ
dyf9tdemu @D
dD zqo76olv’9eo;ome,t-kfla[xjPo[jvowfhD
ສະ
0D
2x4
2x4 (2x4) x 3 = 24
ສ
2x4
3x2 3x2 3x2 3x2
ສວ
(3x2) x 4= 24
9kdzqowfhIa[gIqkgsao;jk dko76o3I,\6jwfhD
dyf9tdemu #
dD grnjv7yfw]jdkoc[j’xao\kd[u !W) |j;p.sh _ 7qoF grujogvqk !W) sko.sh _D
dko7eo;omuj.-hgvuho;jkdkoskoD
c8j]t7qowfh\kd[uz6h]tgmqjkoU !W) G _ = !@ |j;pD
0D !W) G _ = !@F le]a[dkoskoF zqowfhIa[ !@ gvUo;jk zqosko !W) .sh _D
23
lv’9eo;omujgvqk,k7yfw]jF !W) gvUo;jk < 8q;8A’sko < c]t _ gvUo;jk < 8q;sko <
7D gIqkgsao;jkG _ V !@ = !W)
· 9eo;o\kd[u0v’c8j]t7qoc,jo9eo;omuj76o.sh _ c]h;gmqjk !W)D 9eo;o\kd[umuj
c8j]t7qowfhIa[c,jozqosko !W) .sh _D
’D !W) − _ = __S __ − _ = _WS _W − _ = )!S )! − _ = (@S (@ − _ = *#S
*# − _ = &$S &$ − _ = $&S $& − _ = #*S #* − _ = @(S @( − _ = !)S
!) − _ = _S _ − _ = WD ma’\qf,u !@ gmnjv]q[ltcf’;jkdkosko4nd8hv’Dm
{ dkoskoc,jodko7yfw]jw;0v’dko]q[-E9eo;ogdqjk9adgmnjvzqo]q[9bj’gmqjkl6os^n zqo
]q[9bj’|hvpd;jk8q;]q[vvdD
[qfg/ydsafD
!D zqo76ogmqjkG
dD @ *@&S 0D @#& ))&S 7D !& W!! $!@S ’D $*& #&$S 9D $* ()@S lD (* $(#
-D _$& ($$S pD *#& WWWS fD #(W !WWS 4D *W& WWWS mD $ WW$ WWW WWW
oD $!( WWW WWWD
@D zqo76ogmqjkG
dD $@ 0D $ @WWS 7D @ $WWS ’D # !&WS 9D _*WS lD (@ WWWS -D * WWWD
#D zqoskogvudiufgmqjkG
dD (!$S 0D !W$( glf )S 7D !W@ glf $S ’D !@!) glf &S 9D ##!) glf !
lD ((@ glf @*S -D ()S pD !_# glf @(S fD @@*! glf )S 8D !W!( glf @)D
$D a. x = 7; b. x = 10; c. x = 4; d. x = 3; e. x = 15; f. x = 12; g. x = 100
h. x = 151; i. x = 7; j. x = 8; k. x = 126.
5.
691 6581 2537 4357
× × × ×
235 538 43 728
3455 52648 7611 34856
2073 19743 10148 8714
1382 32905 109091 30499
162385 3540578 3171896
eD *&#) @$ fD @$_* &@ gD (&$) #&
173 272 416 48 54 215
58 0 198
10 23
24
*D 9eo;omujsko0kf.sh @ ,uG !$$S *WS !_#@S @@S &*@S !!(*S !@S @$&WS !@&$*D
9eo;omujsko0kf.sh # ,uG !$$S *WS !_#@S &@&S !!(*S $&_S !)W!&S !@S !@&$*D
9eo;omujsko0kf.sh $ ,uG !$$S *WS !_#@S !!(*S !@D
9eo;omujsko0kf.sh & ,uG *WS &@&S !)W!&S @$&WD
9eo;omujsko0kf.sh @ ,uG !$$S $&_S !@&$*D
(D g,njvgIqk76o9eo;o.f|bj’.sh !WF zqo76owfh,kgmqjk !W gmnjv0v’9eo;ooAo ltcf’;jk
gruj,9kd9eo;ogfu, _ gmnjv gmqjkda[ !#&D gIqkwfh9eo;ofaj’djk;c,jo !#& G _=!&D
)D dD gIqkgsao;jkG 2457 = 351× 7 c]t 2849 = 407 × 7 D
2457 × 407 = 351× 7 × 407 ⎫
ສິດ
0D ⎬ → 2457 × 407 = 2849 × 351 @$&( V $W(= #&!
2849 × 351 = 407 × 7 × 351 ⎭
_D { gIqkI6h;jklv’9eo;omuj0kf sko0kf.sh & faj’oAolv’9eo;ooAo,u8q;g]dsq;|j;p
ິຂະ
c,jo W s^n &D c8j;jk|bj’.olv’sko0kf.sh _(F 9eo;ooUc,jo9eo;omuj,u8q;g]d sq;
|j;pc,jo &D ltoAo9eo;ooUc,jo 97 × 5 = 485 D
ນລ
gIqkwfhG 97 × ... = ... × 485
97 × ...0 = ... × 5 × 97 ltcf’;jk ...0 = ... × 5 D c8j;jk8q;g]dpa’[+wfh.-h,uG
ວ
!S @S # c]t *D .o9eo;ooU76o.sh & wfh W mk’mhkp,uc8j @ s^n * ltcf’;jk9eo;o,u

ຫງ
lv’8q;g]dc,joG @ s^n * 9kddkomqf]v’lt]a[daowx,kgIqkwfh9eo;o,u lv’8q;

g]dc,jo *@ c]t9eo;o,ulk,8q;g]dvud8q;|bj’c,jo 62 × 5 = 310 D
ສະ
gIqkwfh7e8v[c,joG 97 × 310 = 62 × 485 = 30 070 D

!WD glNv # zno c]t 3lj’ $ 38F gIqklk,kfoj5’[+.sh-Edaofaj’oUG glNv ! znolk,kfoj5’
wfhlujgmnjvgrkt,u3lj’ $ 38 ltoAoma’\qflk,kfoj5’wfh 3 × 4 = 12 gmnjv[+-EdaoD
ສ
!!D goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd = ];’pk; × ];’d;hk’

ສວ
5535 = ];’pk; × 45 vu’8k,dkorq;raodko76o c]t dkosko

gIqkwfh];’pk;gmqjk 5535 ÷ 45 = 123m D
!@D c8j]tcdaf,u\kddhP’ 360 ÷12 = 30 |j;pD
!#D 9 m = 900 cm D dq[g8Aogmnjv|bj’wxwfh 900 ÷ 12 = 75cm D
!$D ;ymumu!G gIqkgsao;jk 9 + 6 = 15 faj’oAo]k7kxN, !& sq;gmqjk
13500 + 90 000 = 22500 du[D
;ymumu @G xN, * sq;]k7k _ WWW du[D
25
xN, # sq;]k7k $ &WWdu[D gIqkgsao;jk 15 = 5 × 3 faj’oAo
xN, !& sq;]k7k 4500 × 5 = 22500 du[D
;ymumu #G xN, * sq; _WWW du[
xN, ! sq; !&WW du[
xN, !& sq; 1500 ×15 = 22500 du[D
!&D gIqkI6hcxh’g0Qk[kg] @& dy3] zt]yfg0Qk9ujwfh #W dy3]D gIqkgsao;jk 75 = 25 × 3
faj’oAoG cxh’g0Qk[kg] (& dy3] zt]yfg0Qk9ujwfh _W dy3]D
gmqjkda[;jkg0Qk[kg] !WW dy3] zt]yfg0Qk9ujwfh _W dy3]D gIqkgsao;jk $&W= 90 V 5
faj’oAog0Qk9uj $&W dy3]9t8hv’.-hg0Qk[kg] 100 V & = 500 dy3]D
!*D |Umuj8hv’9jkp 22 750 000 – 4 000 000 = 18 750 000 k
c8j]tgfnvo9t8hv’9jkp8n,gmqjkoUG 18 750 000 ÷ 12 = 1 562 500 k.
26
[qfmu * dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;o4h;o
g;]k # -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPoI6hG
{ sâddko dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;o4h;oD
{ I6h75o]adltot dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;o4h;oD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ສິດ
{ dko76o c]t dkosko9eo;o4h;oD
{ dko76os^kp9eo;o4h;oD
ິຂະ
ນລ
ວ
ຫງ
VI. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo
dyf9tdemu !
ສະ
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxB,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16jvhv,

0hk’D
{ 76m;o7no7;k,leobddjP;da[dko76o9eo;ome,t-kfD
ສ
dD 76cotoeoadIPo.shla’gdfdko7yfw]jg-uj’9kdc4;mu|bj’gIqkwfhc4;mulv’ s^n c4;

ສວ
4afdaowx3fp;ymu.fD
0D gIqkoe.-h7;k,leobddjP;da[dko76og0Qk7yfw]jD
7D 9kdzqowfhIa[.o0=hd c]t 0=h0F .shla’gdfg7bjv’\kp0v’zqo76ogxao8Qo8=D
dyf9tdemu @
dD c]t 0D xt8y[af7nda[dyf9tdemuj|bj’D
7D zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7bjv’\kpfP;daogxao9eo;o[;dD
{ zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7bjv’\kp8jk’daogxao9eo;o]q[D
27
dyf9tdemu #
76m;o7nodkorq;rao]ts;jk’dko76o c]t dkosko.o9eo;ome,t-kfD
oe.-h75o]adltotfaj’djk;grnjvxtdv[leo;omuj.shD
9kdzqowfhIa[gIqkwfhG
{ zqosko0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7bjv’\kpfP;daogxao9eo;o[;dD
{ zqosko0v’lv’9eo;o4h;omuj,ug7bjv’\kp8jk’daogxao9eo;o]q[D
rkf0v’8qogv’D
[qfg/ydsaf
!D dD {#WS 0D *#S 7D {_S ’D WS 9D {!W)S lD ((S -D !W)S pD {@WWS fD !&W
8D {!! @WWS mD {$)S oD !W )WWS [D ! )WWD
@D
× −6 −4 −1 2 5
−3 18 12 3 −6 −15
−2 12 8 2 −4 −10
3 −18 −12 −3 6 15
4 −24 −16 −4 8 20
#D
x y z A = xi y B = yi z C = Ai z D = Bi x
5 −2 −13 −10 26 130 130
$D −9 6 −14 −54 −84 766 766
−4 −3 −5 12 15 −180 −180
3 4 8 12 32 96 96
28
dD ! −! @ 0D −@ & −*
−! −@ −!W −#W
@ #WW
7D −# & −@ −!
−!& −!W @
!&W −@W
−#WWW
&D A = −320; B = 1000; C = 1200; D = −1152; E = −6400; F = −1584
*D dD # V X− @? = −*S 0D X− @?V !& = −#WS 7DX−_? V X− #? = @(S
ສິດ
’D X− &?V & = −@&S 9D X− $?V W = WS lD $ V X− @?VX−)?= *$
-D X−$? V X− #?V * = (@S pD X−!#?V #& V W VX− (? = WS fD X− #?VX−*? = !)
ິຂະ
(D −)W −!#&WW
) −!W −#WW $&
ນລ
−$ −@ & −@W !& #
$ −& −# −!
ວ
)D dD −&S 0D −#S 7D @S ’D *S 9D !@S lD −!&S -D #S pD _S fD WS 8D WD

ຫງ
_D dD −@(S 0D −@S 7D −@S ’D −!S 9D #S lD −!@S -D −@WS pD −$S

fD −(S 8D −$)S oD −)S [D −(D
ສະ
!WD x −&* −!* $& −## −!) *W #@

y −7 4 −5 −11 −@ −12 −4
x÷ y 8 −$ −_ # _ −5 −)
ສ
!!D 7k0v’ x c,joG

ສວ
dD x = −@S 0D x = −@$S 7D x = (S ’D x = (S 9D x = −#*S lD x = −$S

-D x = @$S pD x = −!@D
!@D zqoskogmqjkG
dD !&WS 0D #$W@S 7D !WS ’D @WWWS 9D −#W$S lD #@WS -D −&WS
pD −#$WD
29
[qfmu ( mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kf
g;]k & -jq;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’D
.shoadIPoI6hG
{ mt;u76oF mt;u76oIj;, c]t mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f0v’9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ v5xt76oF v5xt76oIj;, c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9eo;ome,tlkfD
{ 75o]adltot8jk’M 0v’mt;u76o c]t v5xt76oF 0v’mt;u76oIj;, c]t v5xt76oIj;,F
0v’mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ 9eo;o,6oD
{ .shoadIPolk,kf-vdskmt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9e
o;ome,t-kf c]t lk,kfoe.-hwfhD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=D
{ mt;u76o c]t v5xt76o0v’9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ mt;u76oIj;,|hvpl5f c]t v5xt76oIj;,s^kpl5f0v’9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ 9eo;o,6oD
III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvoD
{ wh,[aomafmuj,u0uf\kpc9h’lk,kfvjkowfhfuD
IV. dyf9t9edjoIPo{dkolvoD
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxB,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16j
vhv,0hk’D
dD 76cotoeoadIPola’gdfdkorq;rao0v’9eo;o.oc4;muj|bj’ c]t c4;mujlv’0v’
4aomuj.shc]h;xtdv[8k8t]k’D
0D oe.-h0=hla’gdf];,.o0=hd grnjv8v[7e4k,0=h 0D
30
7D dj5,9eo;omt;u76o0v’ $ [+lUol5fF gIqk0Poc8j) s^n _9eo;omevyfd=wfhD
dyf9tdemu @
dD c]t 0D xt8y[af7nda[dyf9tdemu|bj’D
7D oe.-hdkoskogvudiufg0QkcdhD
ສິດ
rkf0v’8qogv’D
ິຂະ
7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[ dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsafD
ນລ
VI.
dyf9tdeD
ວ
dyf9tdemu !
ຫງ
dD
W ! @ # $ & * ( ) _ !W
ສະ
W # * _ !@ !& !) @! @$ @( #W
9eo;o.oc4;mulv’wfh,k3fpdko76o9eo;o.oc4;mu|bj’.shlk,D 9eo;ofaj’djk;
gvUo;jk < mt;u76o0v’lk, < D
ສ
0D mt;u76o0v’ $ muj16j]ts;jk’ W sk $@ c,joG WS $S )S !@S !*S @WS @$S @)S #@S #*S $W
ສວ
7D dj5,mt;u76o0v’ $ c,jo {0; 4;8; 12;16; 20;...} D

’D ) − $ = $S !@ − ) = $S @W − !* = $S #* − #@ = $D
gIqkgsao;jkzqowfhIa[gmqjk $ g]NvpMD ltcf’;jkg,njvgIqk,umt;u76o0v’ $ 8q;.f|bj’c]h;
lq,,5fc,jo x gIqkwfh8q;4afwxc,jo x + $D
dyf9tdemu @D
dD mt;u76o0v’ ( c,joG @!S @)S #&S $@S *#S _!S !$WD
0D dj5,mt;u76o0v’ ( c,joG {0;7;14; 21; 28;35;...} D
31
7D 4kh9eo;ome,t-kf a c,jomt;u76o0v’ ( gIqkwfh a = 7 × k ; k ∈ Ν.
4kh9eo;ome,t-kf a [+c,jomt;u76o0v’ ( gIqkwfh
a = 7 × k + r; k ∈ Ν, r ∈ Ν , r < 7. r 8q;glf0v’dkoskoD
[qfg/ydsafD
!D gIqkd;fg[yj’9eo;ome,t-kf.sh,kc,jo9eo;o,6os^n[+3fpdkosko9eo;ooAo
.sh9eo;o,6o]Po8yf8=daoD 4hkdkoskoskd[+0kf c]t gryjo9t15fdkoskog,njvwfh
zqoskogmqjkda[ s^n |hvpd;jk8q;skoD gIqkg;Qkwfh;jk9eo;ooAoc,jo 9eo;o,6oD
gIqkwfhG $#S $(S *(S )_S _(S!!#S #((S $#(#D
@D dD 9eo;o,6o|hvpd;jk #W c,joG @S #S &S (S !!S !#S !(S!_S @#S @_D
0D )$ = 22 x 3x7. !@! = 112 . @&W = 2x 53 . @_$ = 2 x 3 x72. !)W = 22 x 32 x 5.
@$_ = 3 x 83. )*$ = 25 x 33. @&@W = 23 x 32 x5 x7. (_@W = 24 x 32 x 5 x 11
)WWW = 26 x 53 . &($W = 22 x 5 x7 x 41. #* x 42 = 23 x 33 x7.
72 x 77 = 23 x 32 x 7 x11. !W)x75 = 23 x 34 x 5. )$ x 25x 121= 22 x 3x7 x 52 x112.
36 x 27 x 142 = 23 x 35 x71. 65 x 49 x @$ = 23 x 3 x 5 x 72 x 13.
#D dD mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ *c,joG *S !@S !)S @$S #WS #*S $@S $)S &*S *WD
{ mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ )c,joG )S !*S @$S #@S $WS $)S &*S *$S (@S )WD
{ mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ !Wc,joG !WS @WS #WS $WS &WS *WS (WS )WS _WS!WWD
0D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ * c]t ) c,joG @$S $)S (@S _*S !@WS !$$S !*)S !_@S
@!*S @$WD c]t mI|lX *S ) ? = @$D
7D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ * c]t !W c,joG #WS *WS _WS !@WS !&WS !)WS @!WS
@$WS @(WS #WWD c]t mI|lX *S !W ? = #WD
’D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ ) c]t !W c,joG $WS )WS !@WS !*WS @WWS @$WS @)WS
#@WS #*WS $WWD c]t mI|lX )S !W ? = $WD
9D mt;u76oIj;,shk8q;mevyf0v’ *S ) c]t !W c,joG !@WS @$WS #*WS $)WS *WWD
c]t mI|lX *S )S!W ? = !@WD
$D dD {mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ &c,joG &S!WS !&S @WS @&S #WS #&S $WS $&S &WD
{mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ (c,joG (S !$S @!S @)S #&S $@S $_S &*S *#S (WD
{mt;u76o8jk’l6oly[8q;mevyf0v’ !&c,joG !&S #WS $&S *WS (&S _WS !W&S !@WS
!#&S !&WD
32
0D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ & c]t !& c,joG !&S #WS $&S *WS (&S _WS !W&S
!@WS !#&S !&WD c]t mI|lX &S !& ? = !&D
7D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ & c]t ( c,joG #&S (WS !W&S !$WS !(&S @!WS @$&S
@)WS #!&S #&WD c]t mI|lX &S ( ? = #&D
’D mt;u76oIj;,ly[8q;mevyf0v’ ( c]t !& c,joG !W&S @!WS #!&S $@WS &@&S *#WS
(#&S )$WS _$&S !W&WD c]t mI|lX (S !& ? = !W&D
9D mt;u76oIj;,shk8q;mevyf0v’ &S ( c]t !& c,joG !W&S @!WS #!&S $@WS &@&S
*#WS (#&S )$WS _$&S !W&WD c]t mI|lX &S (S !& ? = !W&D
&D mI|lX #*S $@ ? = 252. mI|lX #*S $@ ? = 252. mI|lX !@WS _* ? = 480.
ສິດ
mI|lX !)S @@ ? = 198. mI|lX )@S &@ ? = 492. mI|lX @&WS !&W ? = 750.
mI|lX @&$S *(@ ? = 85344. mI|lX (@WS _WW ? = 3600.
ິຂະ
mI|lX !$S @*S #@ ? = 2912. mI|lX !&S (&S #* ? =900 .
mI|lX )$S *@S &*S $@ ? = 5208.
ນລ
*D dj5,v5xt76o0v’ (@ c,joG {1; 2;3; 4;6;8;9; 12; 18; 36; 72}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ $) c,joG {1; 2;3; 4;6;8; 12; 16; 24; 48}
ວ
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ @* c,joG {1; 2;13; 26}

ຫງ
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ *_ c,joG {1;3; 4; 23;69}

dj5,v5xt76o0v’ )$ c,joG {1; 2;3; 4;6;7; 12; 14; 21; 28; 42; 84}
ສະ
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ *W c,joG {1; 2;3; 4;5; 6;10; 12; 15; 20; 30;60}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ !@W c,joG {1; 2;3; 4;6;8; 10; 12; 15; 20; 24; 30; 40; 60;120}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ !#* c,joG {1 S @S $S )S !(S #$S *)S 136}
ສ
ສວ
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ @!@ c,joG {1 S @S $S &#S !W*S 212}

dj5,v5xt76o0v’ _* c,joG {1 S @S #S $S *S )S !@S !*S @$S #@S $)S 96}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ &* c,joG {1 S @S $S (S )S !$S @)S 56}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ !W) c,joG {1 S @S #S $S *S _S !@S !)S @(S #*S &$S 108}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ (@ c,joG {1 S @S #S $S *S )S _S !@S !)S @$S #*S 72}
(D dD d5j,v5xt76o0v’ *$ c,joG {1 S @S $S )S !*S #@S 64}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ #* c,joG {1 S @S #S $S *S _S!@S !)S 36}
33
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ $@ c,joG {1 S @S #S *S (S !$S @!S 42}
0Ddj 5 , v5 x t76 o Ij ; ,0v’ X*$S #*? c,j o G {1 S @S 4} c]t vIs^ l ( 64;36 ) = 4
7D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X*$S $@? c,joG {1 S 2} c]t vIs^l ( 64; 42 ) = 2
’D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X$@S #*? c,joG {1 S @S 3} c]t vIs^l ( 42;36 ) = 3
9D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X *$S #*S $@ ? c,joG {1 S 2} c]t vIs^l ( 64;36; 42 ) = 2 D
)D dD dj5,v5xt76o0v’ @$ c,joG {1 S @S #S $S *S )S !@S 24}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ &* c,joG {1 S @S $S (S )S !$S @)S 56}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ )@ c,joG {1 S @S $!S 82}
dj5,v5xt76o0v’ *W c,joG {1 S @S #S $S &S *S!WS !@S !&S @WS #WS 60}
0D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X)@S *W? c,joG {1 S 2} c]t vIs^l ( 82;60 ) = 2
7D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X@$S &*? c,joG {1 S @S 4} c]t vIs^l X@$S &* ? = $
’D dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X@$S )@S &*? c,joG {1 S 2} c]t vIs^l X@$S )@S &* ? = @
lD dj5,v5xt76oIj;,0v’ X@$S *WS &*S )@? c,joG {1 S 2} c]t
vIs^l X@$S *WS &*S )@?= @D
_D dD vIs^l X!*)S #*W ? = @$S 0D vIs^l X##*S $*@ ? = $@
7D vIs^l X@&@S *)$ ? = #*S ’D vIs^l X!@WS @$@ ? = @
9D vIs^l X*_#S _$& ? = *# lD vIs^l X*)S _@S (@ ? = $
-D vIs^l X#*S *WS )W ? = $ pD vIs^l X#)WS $@&S &WW ? = &
!WD dD c,joS 0D [+c,joS 7D c,’D ’ [+c,joS 9D [+c,joS lD c,joS -D c,joS
pD c,joS fD c,joS oD [+c,joD
!!D dD mI|l X&(*S #*W ? = @))W c]t vIs^l X&(*S #*W ? = 24.
0D &(* V #*W = =207 360 c]t @))W V @$ = 69 120.
7D gIqkgsao;jkG @W( #*W = *_ !@W V #F ltcf’;jkzqo76o0v’mI|l .sh vIs^l
0v’lv’9eo;oc,jov5xt76o0v’zqo76o0v’r;d,aoD
!@D dD vIs^l X!$WS __ ? = !F !$W c]t __ gxao9eo;o,6o8=daoD
mI|lX !$WS __? = !$W V __ = !# )*WD
0D __ V !$W = 13 860. c]t ! V !# )*W = 13 860.
7D 4hklv’9eo;ogxao9eo;o,6o8=daoF gIqkwfhzqo76o mI|l .sh vIs^l 0v’r;d,ao
gmqjkzqo76o0v’lv’9eo;ooAoD
34
!#D dD *#(& = 375 V !(F gIqkwfh #(& c,jov5xt76o0v’ *#(&D
0D vIs^l X #(&S *#(& ? = 375 c]t mI|l X #(&S *#(& ? = *#(&D
7D 4hklv’9eo;osko.shdao0kfF gIqkwfhG vIs^l0v’r;d,aoc,jo9eo;o|hvpd;jk
c]t mI|l 0v’r;d,aoc,jo9eo;os^kpd;jk.olv’9eo;ooAoD
!$D gIqkgsao;jk vIs^l X!$$S !)WS @$W ? = 12 faj’oAov5xt76oIj;,0v’r;d,aoc,jov5xt
76o0v’ !@ 7nG !S @S #S $S *S !@D v5xt76oIj;,0v’lk,9eo;ooAomuj16j]ts;jk’ $
sk !W c,jo *D ltoAow]ptsjk’]ts;jk’8Qow,hlv’8Qo4afdaoc,jo * c,fD
9eo;o8Qow,hmuj8hv’x6dvhv,l;o,uG X !$$ + !)W + @$W ?G *= 94 8QoD
!&D dD gIqkgsao;jk vIs^l X$*@WWWS &@)WWWS &_$WWW ? = 66000D faj’oAov5xt76oIj;,0v’
ສິດ
r;d,aoc,jov5xt76o0v’ **WWW c]t v5xt76o0v’ **WWW muj16j]ts;jk’ @W WWW sk
#W WWW c,jo @@ WWWDltcf’;jk7kcI’’koxt9e;ao0v’ D de,tdvoz6hoUc,jo
ິຂະ
@@ WWW du[8+;aoD
0D 9eo;o,NgIaf;Pd0v’]k;c8j]tgfnvoc,joG gfnvomuj|bj’ $*@WWW G @@WWW =21,ND
ນລ
gfnvomulv’ &@)WWW G @@WWW = 24,N c]t gfnvomujlk, &_$WWW G @@WWW = @(,ND
!*D dD gIqkgsao;jk vIs^l X#*WS @@& ? = $&D faj’oAov5xt76oIj;,0v’ r;d,aoc,jo v5xt
ວ
76o0v’ $& c]t v5xt76o0v’ $& muj16j]ts;jk’ !W sk @& c,jo !&F ltoAo];’pk;
ຫງ
0hk’0v’czjodk3ic,jo !& -,D

0D 9eo;oczjodk3i|hvpl5fmuj8hv’-N grnjvx6.shr=fuda[rNomuj0v’shv’c,joG
ສະ
360 225
× = 24 ×15 = 360 czjoD
15 15
!(D dD gIqkgsao;jk mI|l X*S )S !W? =!@WF
mt;u76oIj;,0v’ *S ) c]t !W muj16j]ts;jk’
ສ
&WW sk !WWW c,jomt;u76o0v’!@W muj16j]ts;jk’ &WW sk !WWW,uG

ສວ
*WWS (@W c]t _*WD

0D 9eo;owfh,kc,jomt;u76o0v’ !@W c]t !@W c,jo mI|l 0v’ *S ) c]t !WD
!)D dD vIs^l X$&S #* ? = 9
0D c8j]t|hk,ultc8h, _ vaoD
7D ltc8,]k7k #WWdu[ lk,kf[ao95wfh $& G _= 5 |hk
ltc8,]k7k &WWdu[lk,kf[ao95wfh #* G _ = 4 |hkD
!_D dD vIs^l X!@WS )WS *W ? = 20 ltcf’;jkgryjolk,kf9afwfhs^kpl5f @W -=
0D c8j]t-=,ufvdd5s^k[G lucf’ * fvdF lu0k; $ fvd c]t lugs^nv’ # fvdD
35
@WD dD vIs^l X@!*S !&@ ? = 8, ltcf’;jk9eo;ol=16jc8j]tda[s^kpl5f,u ) glAoD
0D 9eo;oda[l=lucf’,u @!* G ) = 27da[ c]t
9eo;oda[l=lugs^nv’,u !&@ G ) = !_ da[D
@!D d{ vIs^l X$)WS *W) ? = 32 c]t mt;u76o0v’ #@ muj16j]ts;jk’ #W sk &W c,jo #@
ltcf’;jk9eo;og9hp.oc8j]tsq;,u #@ .[D g9hpc8j]t.[g,njvra[g7y’9twfhlu|hkF faj’
xB,sq;|bj’,u #@ V $ = !@) |hkD
0D xB,,u8kdk3i,u $)W G #@ = 15sq; c]t xB,[+,u8kdk3i,u *W) G #@ = 19 sq;D
xB,ma’\qf,u !& + !_ = 34 sq;D
36

[qfmu ) 9eo;orNo4ko8jk’M
g;]k $ -jq;3,’
ID 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ ,u7;k,leobddjP;da[]t[q[dkooa[.orNo4ko8jk’M muj9egxao.op5dg8ad3o3]pumao
ltw|D
{ 0Po c]t vjko9eo;orNo4ko8jk’MD
{ 7yfw]jg]d7eo;olujxtdko.o9eo;orNo4ko8jk’M grnjvoe.-hg0Qkda[dko7yfw]jfh;p
ສິດ
g7bjv’9adgvg]ad38ioydmujmaoltw\D
ິຂະ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ 9eo;orNo4ko8jk’M 3fpltgrktc,jo9eo;orNo4kolv’D
ນລ
{ dko7eo;olujxtdko.o9eo;orNo4ko8jk’MD
ວ

ຫງ

ສະ
IV. dyf9t9edjoIPo{dkolvo
ສ
{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxb,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16jvhv,

ສວ
0hk’D
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76m;o7no]t[q[dko0Po c]t vjko9eo;omuj0Pofh;p8q;g]d3ic,’
dyf9tdemu @
{ 76m;o7bo]t[q[dko0Po c]t vjko9eo;ome,t-kfD
dyf9tdemu #
{ 76oerkoadIPola’gdfdko0Po c]t vjko9eo;ome,t-kfmuj.-h8q;g]d !W 8q;.o
dko0Po c]t vjkog-yj’gryjogvUo;jk 9eo;orNo4koly[D
37

gIqk9tgsao;jkg;]kgryjooa[ !S @S #DDDg4y’ _ c]h;9eo;o4afwxc,jo !WS !! S g;]koa[

g4y’ __ c]h;9eo;o4afwxc,jo !WWS !W! c]t 8+Mwx7nfaj’oAog]NvpMD
gryjo9t.-hsâddkofP;dao.odkooa[rNo4ko8jk’MD 3fpltgrktc,jodko0Po9eo;o
.oI6[c[[dt9kpD
dyf9tdemu $
gIqkxt8y[af7nda[dyf9tdemulk,D c8j;jkg;]koUgIqk.-h8q;g]dshk8q;F ltcf’;jkgIqk7yf
w]j16j]t[q[9eo;orNoshkD

rkf0v’8qogv’
{ 76la’gdft[;odkovvd7e7yf7egsaoF 8v[7e4k,0v’76 s^n lv[4k,76.og;]kcdh
8q;1jk’.o[qfIPo
*D 7ecot7e s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf

dyf9tde
dyf9tdemu !D
dD -k;3i,ao.-hg7bjv’\kpg9afvao7nG I; V; X; L; C; D c]t M grnjv0Po9eo;oD
0D c8j]tg7bjv’\kp,u7jkG I mP[gmqjk ! ; V mP[gmqjk 5; X mP[gmqjk !W;
L mP[gmqjk 50; C mP[gmqjk !WW; D mP[gmqjk &WW c]t M mP[gmqjk !WWWD
7D gryjowfhdeoqfsâddkodko0Po c]t vjko9eo;omuj0Pofh;p8q;g]d3ic,’faj’oUG
{ 8q;g]d I; X; C c]t MF g,njv0Po]Po8yfdaos^kpgmnjvc,jo[;d7jk0v’,aog0QkdaoD
{ m5dM 8q;g]dmuj,u7jk|hvpd;jk0Po8yf16jg[Nv’0;k0v’8q;g]dmuj,u7jks^kpd;jk c,jo
[;d0v’r;d,aog0QkdaoD
{ m5dM 8q;g]dmuj,u7jk|hvpd;jk0Po8yf16jg[Nv’-hkp0v’8q;g]dmuj,u7jks^kpd;jk c,jo
]q[7jk0v’8q;g]ds^kpd;jkvvdD
38

’{ 0Po9eo;ogxao9eo;ome,t-kfG a. 1537; b. 473; c. 2906; d. 340; e. 1578

f. 3999; g. 1102.
dD MMVII; 0D MLXXV; 7D CMLXXIV; ’D MCDLXIII;
9D MMMCMLXXXII.
dyf9tdemu @
dD 8q;g]dvkia[ !W 8q;7nG WS !S @S #S $S &S *S (S )S c]t _D
0D 8k8t]k’dko0Po c]t vjko9eo;ome,t-kfD
-Aosq;8N -Ao0v’sq;]hko -Ao0v’sq;rao -Ao0v’sq;|j;p
ສິດ
sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq;
Ihvp ly[ |j;p Ihvp ly[ |j;p Ihvp ly[ |j;p Ihvp ly[ |j;p
ິຂະ
!W!@ !W!! !W_ !W) !W( !W* !W& !W$ !W# !W@ !W
ນລ
sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq; sq;
8N 3df ]hko clo \no rao Ihvp ly[ |j;p
ວ
7D 0Po9eo;o.oI6[c[[dt9kp8k,g]dde]a’rNo !W faj’oUD
ຫງ
a.15 = 1× 10 + 5; b.27 = 2 ×10 + 7; c.94 = 9 ×10 + 4;

d .158 = 1×102 + 5 × 10 + 8; e.368 = 3 × 102 + 6 ×10 + 8
ສະ
f .2586 = 2 ×103 + 5 × 102 + 8 ×10 + 6

g .37500 = 3 × 104 + 7 × 103 + 5 ×102
h.257 901 = 2 ×105 + 5 × 104 + 7 ×103 + 9 × 102 + 1
ສ
ສວ
i.7 403179 = 7 × 10 ×6 +4 ×105 + 3 ×103 + 1×102 + 7 ×10 + 9

j.82 004 612 = 8 × 107 + 2 ×106 + 4 ×103 + 6 × 102 + 1×10 + 2
k .3400 783256 = 3 × 109 + 4 × 108 + 7 ×105 + 8 × 104 + 3 × 103
+ 2 ×102 + 5 × 10 + 6.
l.132 785912 = 1×108 + 3 ×107 + 2 ×106 + 7 × 105 + 8 ×104
+ 5 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 1×10 + 2.
39

dyf9tdemu #
dD 0Po9eo;orNolv’gxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
a. !!! mP[gmqjk 1x 22+1x2 +1= 4 +2 +1= 7
b. !!!WW mP[gmqjk 1x 24+1x23 +1x22= 16 +8 +4= 28
c. !!!!WW!! mP+1x26 +1x25+1x24+1x2+ 1= 128+ 64+ 32+ 16+2+1
= 243
d. !WWW!!! mP[gmqjk 6 2
1x2 +1x2 +1x2+ 1= 64+4 +2 +1= 71
e. !!!!!!!!! mP[gmqjk 1x 28+1x27 +1x26+1x25 +1x24+1x23+ 1x22+ 1x2+ 1=
256+128+ 64+ 32 +16 +8 + 4 +2 +1= 511
f. !WWWWWW mP[gmqjk 1x25= 32
g. !!!W!!W mP[gmqjk 1x 26+1x25 +1x24+1x22+1x2 = 64+ 32+ 16+4+2 = 118.
0D 0Po9eo;ome,t-kfgxao9eo;orNolv’D
a. * = 4 +2 =1x 22+1x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 110
b. _ = 8 +1 =1x 23+0x22+ 0x2 +1 mP[gmqjk 1001
c. ) =1x23+ 0x22+ 0x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 1000
d. !# = 8 +4 +1=1x23+ 1x22+ 0x2+ 1 mP[gmqjk 1101
e. @$ = 16+8=1x24+1x23+ 0x22+ 0x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 11000
f. !! = 8 +2 +1=1x23+ 0x22+ 1x2+ 1 mP[gmqjk 1011
g. *W = 32 +16 +8 +4=1x25 +1x24+1x23+ 1x22+ 0x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 111100
h. #& = 32 +2 +1=1x25 +0x24+0x23+ 0x22+ 1x2+ 1 mP[gmqjk 100011
i. $@ = 32 +8 +2=1x25 +0x24+1x23+ 0x22+ 1x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 101010
j. !) = 16 +2=1x24+0x23+ 0x22+ 1x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 10010
k. @& = 16 +8 +1=1x24+1x23+ 0x22+ 0x2+ 1 mP[gmqjk 11001
l. @!) = 128 +64 + 16 +8 +2=1x27 +1x26+0x25 +1x24+1x23+ 0x22+ 1x 2+ 0
mP[gmqjk 11011010
m. !&W= 128 + 16 + 4 + 2= 1x27 +0x26+0x25 +1x24+0x23+ 1x22+ 1x2+ 0

mP[gmqjk !WW!W!!W
n. @WW = 128 +64 +8=1x2 +1x26+0x25 +0x24+1x23+ 0x22+ 0x2+ 0
7
mP[gmqjk !!WW!WWW
40

o. )( = 64 +16 +4 +2 +1=1x26+0x25 +1x24+0x23+ 1x22+ 1x2+ 1

mP[gmqjk !W!W!!!
p. *$ = 1x2 +0x2 +0x2 +0x23+ 0x22+ 0x2+ 0 mP[gmqjk 1000000.
6 5 4
dyf9tdemu $
dD 9eo;omujlhk’0Now\c,jo 9eo;orNoshkD
0D WS !S @S #S $S !WS !!S !@S !#S !$S@WS @!S @@S @#S @$S #W #!S #@S ##S #$D
7D 0Po9eo;ome,t-kfgxao9eo;orNoshkD
@ mP[gmqjk @S # mP[gmqjk #S $ mP[gmqjk $S * = 5 +1 mP[gmqjk 11
( = 1x5 +2 mP[gmqjk 12; ) = 1x5 +3 mP[gmqjk 13; !W = 2x 5 + 0 mP[gmqjk 20
ສິດ
!@ = 2x5 +2 mP[gmqjk 22; !( = 3x5+2 mP[gmqjk 32
@) =25 +3=1x52+0x5+3 mP[gmqjk 103; (* = 75 +1=3x52 +0x5+1 mP[gmqjk 301
ິຂະ
!W@ = 100 +2=4x52 + 0x5+ 2 mP[gmqjk 402
@!( = 125 +75 +15 +2=1x53 +3x52+3x5+ 2 mP[gmqjk 1332
ນລ
&#@ = 500 +25 +5 +2=4x53 +1x52+1x5+ 2 mP[gmqjk 4112
*WW = 500 +100= 4x53 +4x52+0x5+ 0 mP[gmqjk 4400
ວ
$&# = 375 +75 +3= 3x53 +3x52+0x5+ 3 mP[gmqjk 3303

ຫງ
’D 0Po9eo;orNoshkgxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
@ mP[gmqjk @S ! mP[gmqjk !S # mP[gmqjk #S !W mP[gmqjk &S !@ mP[gmqjk (
ສະ
@$ mP[gmqjk 2x5+4 = 10 +4= 14

#@! mP[gmqjk 3x 52+2x5 +1= 75 +10 +1= 86
$$W@ mP[gmqjk 4x 53+4x52 +0x5 + 2 = 500 +100 +2= 602
ສ
!#$W! mP[gmqjk 1x 54 +3x 53+4x52 +0x5 + 1 = 625 + 375+100 +1= 1101

ສວ
##@ mP[gmqjk 3x52 +3x5 + 2 = 75 +15 +2= 92

#WW mP[gmqjk 3x52 +0x5 + 0 = 75 +0 +0= 75
$W# mP[gmqjk 4x52 +0x5 + 3 = 100 +3= 103
9D xjPo9eo;orNoshkgxao9eo;ome,t-kfc]h;xjPogxao9eo;orNolv’D
9eo;orNo & 9eo;ome,t-kf 9eo;orNo @
@ @ !W
41

# # !!
$ $ !WW
!# ) !WWW
$@ @@ !W!!W
@# !# !!W!
!@ ( !!!
#$ !_ !WW!!
@#$ *_ !WWW!W!
#W@ (( !WW!!W!
!!! #! !!!!!
$WW !WW !!WW!WW
!W#! !$! !WWW!!W!
@!$@ @_( !WW!W!WW!
[qfg/ydsaf
!D xjPo9eo;ome,t-kfgxao9eo;orNo @S #S $ c]t &D
9eo;ome,t-kf 9eo;orNo@ 9eo;orNo# 9eo;orNo$ 9eo;orNo&
# !! !W # #
$ !WW !! !W $
& !W! !@ !! !W
( !!! @! !# !@
_ !WW! !WW @! !$
!@ !!WW !!W #W @@
!& !!!! !@W ## #W
!!W !!W!!!! !!WW@ !@#@ $@W
!&* !WW!!!WW !@@!W @!#W !!!!
@!_ !!W!!W!! @@W!W #!@# !##$
_) !!WWW!W !W!@@ !@W@ #$#
42

@D
d 0 7 ’
9orNo@ 9om,- 9orno# 9om,- 9orNo$ 9om,- 9orNo& 9om,-
!W!W!W $@ !@ & #!W &@ !!W #W
!W!!!W $* !W@ !! !@W# __ !W!@ !#@
!WWWW! ## @@!W (& @WW!# &!_ #$@!$ @@#$
!W!!!!! _& @W!!! !(& #WWW !_@ $$$## #!!)
!!!!WW! !@! !W@!@ !W$ !WW!@ @*@ #$@W! @$@*
ສິດ
#D dD xjPo9eo;orNo @ gxao9eo;orNo #S $ c]t &D
9 o rNo @ 9ome,t-kf 9 o rNo # 9 o rNo $ 9 o rNo &
ິຂະ
!!!!!!W! @&# !WW!W! ###! @WW#
!!! ( @! !# !@
ນລ
!W @ @ @ @
!W!W!!! )( !W!@W !!!# #@@
ວ
!!!WW!! !!& !!W@! !#W# $#W

ຫງ
0D xjPo9eo;orNo # gxao9eo;orNo @S $ c]t &D

9 o rNo # 9ome,t-kf 9o rNo @ 9o rNo $ 9o rNo &
ສະ
!W@ !! !W!! @# @!
@!!! *( !WWWW!! !@!# @#@
@@!W (& !WW!W!! !W@# #WW
ສ
!@!W! !$& !WW!WWW! @!W! !W$W

ສວ
!!@W@ !@) !WWWWWWW @WWW !!W#

7D xjPo9eo;orNo & gxao9eo;orNo #S $ c]t *D
9o rNo & 9ome,t-kf 9o rNo # 9o rNo $ 9o rNo *
#$! _* !W!@W !@WW @$W
$W!@ &W( @WW@!W @!W@# @@W#
##!W $&& !@!@!@ !#W!# @W#&
43

@$W# #&# !!!WW! !!@W! !#$&

!!@W# )W# !WW@@W@ #W@W# #$!&
$D dD 9af]Po9eo;orNolv’8k,]efa[0NoD
10 < 100 < 110 < 111 < 1010 < 1011 < 1111 < 10011 < 11011 < 11111.
0D 9af]Po9eo;orNolv’8k,]efa[cI,D
11111 > 11101 > 11011 > 10111 > 10001 > 10000 > 1001 > 101 > 11 > 1.
&D dD 9af]Po9eo;orNoshk8k,]efa[0NoD
4 < 24 < 141 < 200 < 201 < 231< 243 < 244 < 301 < 310 < 333.
0D 9af]Po9eo;orNoshk8k,]efa[0NoD
401 > 341 > 301 > 231 > 221 > 114 > 112 > 101 > 34 > 32.
*D dD
11011 → 27 111001 → 57 1001 → 9
+ + +
1101 → 13 1110 → 14 111 → 7
101000 → 40 1000111 → 71 10000 → 16
1111 → 15 10111 → 23
+ +
111 → 7 1011 → 11
10110 → 22 100010 → 34
0D
11011 → 27 10101 → 21 1001 → 9
− − −
1101 → 13 1001 → 9 111 → 7
01001 → 14 01100 → 12 0010 → 2
10010 → 18 110011 → 51
− −
1001 → 9 100101 → 31
01001 → 9 001110 → 14
7D
11011 → 27 11001 → 25 1010 → 10
× × ×
10 → 2 11 → 3 101 → 5
00000 11001 1010
11011 11001 0000
110110 → 54 1001011 → 75 1010
110010 → 50
44

1011 → 11 11111 → 31
× ×
110 → 6 111 → 7
0000 11111
1011 11111
1011 11111
1000010 → 66 11011001 → 217
(D dD 8k8t]k’dko[;d c]t dko76o9eo;orNolk,D
+ 0 1 2 10 × 0 1 2 10
0 0 1 2 10 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 10 11 1 0 1 2 10
ສິດ
2 2 10 11 12 2 0 2 11 20
10 10 11 12 20 10 0 10 20 100
ິຂະ
0D 8A’[A’g]dc]h;[;dD
1220 → 51 21021 → 196 10001 → 82
+ + +
ນລ
112 → 14 12212 → 158 22222 → 242
2102 → 65 111010 → 354 110000 → 324
21120 → 204 112201 → 397
ວ
+ +
1221 → 52 121122 → 449
ຫງ
100111 → 256 1011100 → 846

7D 8A’[A’g]dc]h;]q[D
ສະ
220 → 24 21021 → 196 2222 → 80

− − −
21 → 7 12212 → 158 1012 → 32
122 → 17 01102 → 038 1210 → 48
ສ
201001 → 514 212010 → 624

− −
ສວ
22122 → 233 11222 → 134

101102 → 281 200011 → 490
45

’D 8A’[A’g]dc]h;76oD
220 → 24 102 → 11 10221 → 106
× × ×
21 → 7 12 → 5 210 → 21
220 211 102210
1210 102 21212
20020 → 168 2001 → 55 10001110 → 2226
221012 → 680 2222 → 80
× ×
202 → 20 22 → 8
1212101 12221
12121010 12221
200122201 → 13600 212201 → 640
)D 7yfw]j.orNo4koluj
a. 7yfw]j.orNo4koluj; b. 7yfw]j.orNo4kolk, ; c. 7yfw]j.orNo4koshkD
d. 7yfw]j.orNo4kosqd; e. 7yfw]j.orNo4kocxfS f. 7yfw]j.orNo4kolujD
_D a. 1010; b. 1022; c. 211; d. 425; e. 1010; f. 110; g. 102; h. 103
i. 161; j. 245; k. 20002; l. 1351; m. 1250; n. 1034; p. 534; q. 1200
r. 534.
!WD dD 8k8t]k’0v’dko76o9eo;o.orNolujD 0{ dko76o9eo;o.orNoshk
× 0 1 2 3 10 × 0 1 3 4 10
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 10 1 0 1 3 4 10
2
2 0 2 10 12 20 2 0 2 11 13 20
4
3 0 3 12 21 30 3 0 3 14 22 30
11
10 0 10 20 30 100 4 0 4 13
22 31 40
10 0 10 20
30 40 100
313 231 201 34 2341 241
× × × × × ×
22 132 32 23 34 42
a. b. c. a. b. c.
1232 1122 1002 212 21014 1032
1232 2013 2003 123 13123 2114
20212 231 21032 1442 202244 22222
111012
46
[qfmu _ 7jkle[6o
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grjnv.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ Ih67;k,\kp0v’7jkle[6oS
{ 7yfw]jw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’g,afS
{ 7yfw]j7jkle[6o0v’9eo;oF leo;omuj,u7jkle[6oS
ສິດ
{ oe.-hg0Qk.odko7yfw]j8jk’M.o0tcso’dko;y-kvnjoMD
ິຂະ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;oS
ນລ
{ 7jkle[6oG oypk,F 75o]adltotS
{ dkooe.-hg0Qk.odko-vdskw]ptsjk’F g0Qk.o0tcso’;y-kvnjoMD
ວ
ຫງ
III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo
{ xB,c[[IPoS [aomafS
ສະ
{ I6[rk[D
ສ
{ xt8y[af8k,[kfdhk;dkolvo{IPomujmk’dt-;’lbdlkdeoqfw;hS
ສວ
{ 76.shoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.odyf9tde deoqf.oxB,c[[IPoF 9tgIafgxaod5j,s^n[5d

7qo0Boda[8q;9y’mju76lk,kffegouowfhD Xxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo dkolyflvo c[[gvqk
oadIPogxao.9dk’?S 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o [+
g7aj’0b,S
{ 76-5dp6h .sh8A’7e4k,S
{ 76phv’p= .sh7e-q, s^n .sh7tcooz6h8A’7e4k, s^n z6h8v[ s^n z6h8v[4ndD
{ 76oerkcdh[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’9eo;o|bj’D
47
V. dko;af c]t dkoxtg,uo
la’gdfG
{ dkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokF
0t[;odkoIPo];,.oshv’ Xvkf,udko.sh7tcood5j, c]t [5d7qo?S
{ 7;k,lk,kf.odkocdh[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’S
{ 7;k,lk,kf.odkodkogIaf;Pd[hkoS
{ 7tcood;fdkD
VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[7edyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf

dyf9tde
dyf9tde !
⎛ 2⎞ 2 23
dD − ( +3 ) = −3 S − ( −5 ) = +5 S 7−⎜− ⎟ = 7+ =
⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
1 1 1 3
− ( −0,5 ) = + = Xs^n 0, 25 + 0,5 = 0, 75 ?D
4 4 2 4
0D
w]ptc8j W sk $ c,jo $ sq;soj;pD
w]ptc8j −2 sk # c,jo & sq;soj;pD
w]ptc8j −4 sk !F& c,jo &F& sq;soj;pD
5
w]ptc8j −3 sk c,jo &F& sq;soj;pD
2
w]ptc8j −2, 4 sk #F@ c,jo &F* sq;soj;p
$ sq;soj;p
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 1,5 2 3 4 5
& sq;soj;p
48
dyff9tde @
w]ptsjk’
a b a −b b−a c8j a sk b
15 10 15 − 10 = 5 10 − 15 = −5 5
−12 −7 −12 − ( −7 ) = −12 + 7 = −5 −7 − ( −12 ) = −7 + 12 = 5 5
−10 0 −10 − 0 = −10 0 − ( −10 ) = 0 + 10 = 10 10
7, 2 − ( −12, 4 ) = 7, 2 + 12, 4
7, 2 −12, 4 −12, 4 − 7, 2 = −19, 6 19, 6
= 19, 6
ສິດ
3 2 3 2 19 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2 3 19 19
− − − =− −⎜− ⎟ = + =
5 3 5 3 15 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 3 5 15 15
ິຂະ
0=hla’gdfzqomujwfhIa[G
4hk;jk a ≥ b , w]ptsjk’c8j a sk b c,jo a −bD
ນລ
4jhk;jk a ≤ b F w]ptsjk’c8j a sk b c,jo b−aD
@D oypk,7jkle[6o{75o]adltot
ວ
dD 7jkle[6o
ຫງ
dyf9tdemu !
ສະ
X!? w]ptsjk’c8j W sk −4 c,jo 4 c]t c8j 0 sk 4 c,jo d=c,jo 4 g-ajo fP;

daoD
3
X@? w]ptc8j W sk − c,jo 3 F c]t c8j W sk 3
c,jod=c,jo 3
g-ajofP;daoD
ສ
4 4 4 4
ສວ
0=hla’gdfzqomujwfhIa[G lv’9eo;odq’dao0hk,dao ,uw]ptsjk’ltgs,u9kd WD
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
4 sq;soj;p 4 sq;soj;p
49
0D
y
-.shxP[mP[
x x y xi y xi y
xi y - c]t x i y
−5, 6 −4 5, 6 4 (−5, 6)(−4) = 22, 4 −5, 6 i −4 = 5, 6i4 (−5, 6)(−4)
= 22, 4 = −5, 6 i −4
−7 3 7 3 (−7)i3 = 21 −7 i 3 = 7i3 = 21 (−7)i3 = −7 i 3
1 2 1 2 1i2 = 2 1 i 2 = 1i2 = 2 1i2 = 1 i 2
0 3,4 0 3,4 0i3, 4 = 0 0 i 3, 4 = 0 0i3, 4 = 0 i 3, 4
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
− 2i(− ) = 1 2 . 2 i (− ) = 1 2i(− ) = 2 i −
2 2 2 2 2 2
−3 5 3 5 (−3)i5 = 15 −3 i 5 = 15 . 5 (−3)i5 = −3 i 5
-
7D
y
-.shxP[mP[
x x y x+ y x+ y
x + y -c]t
x+ y
−5, 6 −4 5,6 4 ( −6, 6 ) + ( −4 ) = −5, 6 + −4 = ( −5, 6 ) + ( −4 ) =
−9, 6 5, 6 + 4 = 9, 6 −5, 6 + −4
−7 3 7 3 (−7) + 3 = −4 = −7 + 3 = (−7) + 3 < −7 + 3

4 7 + 3 = 10
1 2 1 2 1+ 2 =3 1+ 2 = 1+ 2 = 1 + 2
1+ 2 = 3
0 3,4 0 + 3, 4 = 3, 4 0 + 3, 4 = 3, 4 0 + 3, 4 = 0 + 3, 4
50
2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1
− 2 + (− ) = 2+− = 2 + (− ) <
2 2 2 4 2 2
1 5 1
2+ = 2+−
2 2 2
3 5 3 5 −3 + 5 = 2 −3 + 5 = −3 + 5 < −3 + 5
3+5 = 8
0=hla’gdfzqomujwfhIa[G
g,njv 9eo;o9y’ x c]t y ,ug7njv’\kpdq’dao0hk,daoc]h; gIqk,uG
x+ y < x + y ;
ສິດ
g,njv x c]t y gxao9eo;o9y’muj,ug7njv’s,kp7ndaogIqk,u G x+ y = x + y
ິຂະ
le]a[m5d 9eo;o9y’ x c]t y gIqk,uG ນລ x+ y ≤ x + y
[qfg/ydsaf
!D grnjv.sh x + y = x + y , x c]t y 8hv’,ug7njv’s,kp7ndao g-ajo x= -5 c]t y = -
ວ
7 ; x=9 c]t y=4.

ຫງ
grnjv.sh x + y ≤ x + y . x c]t y ,u7jk8k,.9F c8j;jkgrnjv.sh x + y < x + y ,

ສະ
x c]t y 8hv’,uu7jkdq’dao0hk,daoD
@D
x -3 -2 - 1,5 -1 0 1,5 1 2 3
ສ
x 3 2 1,5 1 0 1,5 1 2 3
ສວ
y y= x
4
− 3 −2 x
51
d;f7nofh;pglAoltcf’G
{! c]t !F {@ c]t @F {# c]t #F D D D ,uu7jkXg’qk ?c,jo !F @F #F D D D 8k,]efa[D
#D −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1, 4
le]a[7e4k,c[[oU9t,u ;ymucdh8jk’skd1j6-Ao ,D @D le]a[-Ao ,D ! oadIPo9tmqf

]v’ 4ndzyf g]U,9kd]v’gvqk9eo;omuj16j.dh @ c]h; 7jvp sjk’vvdwx9qod;jkzqo
vvdgmqjk !D zqovvd.spjd ;jk ! [+c,jo7e8v[D gIqk]v’gvqk x=1 s]n x=3, 9twfh
1− 2 =1, 3 − 2 =1, 7 e 8v[ 9t16j]ts;jk’ ! sk # c,jo ! ≤ x ≤3.
#D dkooe.-h7jkle[6og0Qk.odko-vdskw]ptsjk’]ts;jk’lv’9eo;o
8v[G
a b a-b a −b w]ptsjk’]t
s;jk’ a c]t b
15 10 15 - 10 = 5 15 − 10 = 5 5
- 12 -7 - 12-(-7) = -12+7 = -5 5 5
-10 0 -10-0 = -10 10 10
7,2 - 12,4 7,2-(- 12,4) = 7,2 + 12,4= 19,6 19,6 19,6
3 2 3 2 19 19 19
- - - =-
5 3 5 3 15 15 15
$D [qfg/ydsaf
!D [qfcdhG
(1) 2 + 3 = 2+3 = 5 (6) 7- − 3 = 7 - 3 = 4
(2) −2 + 3=2+3=5 (7) − 5 x 2= 5x2= 10
(3) - ( − 2 + 3 )= - (2+3)= -5; (8) -5( − 5 - − 2 )=-5(5-2)= - 15
(4) - ( − 2 + 3 )= - (2+3)= -5; (9) − 3 - 2 =3-2= 1
(5) − 7 - (5 - 7)= 7-(-2)= 9; (10) − 2 + − 3 = 2+3=5
52
@D [qfcdhG
X@? lv’9eo;omuj,uw]ptsjk’gmqjk !&F( c,jo @WF( c]t &S
3
X#? lv’9eo;omuj,uw]ptsjk’gmqjk c,jo ! c]t 1 S
4 4
X$? lv’9eo;omuj,uw]ptsjk’gmqjk @4 c,jo L c]t L
5
@4 = 14
= 16 2
-
5 5 5 5
16
ltoAogIqklk,kfg]nvdgvqk lv’9eo;o 7n c]t 2 muj,uw]ptsjk’gmqjk @ 4 D
ສິດ
5 5 5
7e4k,c[[oU,us^kp7e8v[D
#D (1) x = 2; 7jk0v’ x muj8v[ltsov’g’jnvow0faj’djk;c,jo {@ c]t @D
ິຂະ
(2) x +1 = 4; gIqklk,kf0Po x = 4- 1 = 3
ltoAo7jk0v’ x muj8v[ltsov’g’jnvow0faj’djk;c,jo {# c]t #D
ນລ
(3) x = 3; c[[fP;da[0=h X!?D
(4) 6 - x = 2. gIqklk,kf0Po x = 4 7jk0v’ x muj8v[ltsov’ g’jnvow0
ວ
faj’djk;c,jo {$ c]t $D
ຫງ
$D (1) x < 2; 9eo;omuj8v[ltsov’g’njvow0faj’djk; c,jo16j]ts;jk’ {@ c]t @D

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
ສະ
(2) x > -2 c]t x < 2; 9eo;omuj8v[ltsov’g’njvow0faj’djk; c,jo16j]ts;jk’

{@ c]t @ g-ajofP;daoD
ສ
ສວ
-2 -1 0 1 2
(3) x > 2; 9eo;omuj8v[ltsov’g’njvow0faj’djk; c,jo9eo;omujsohvpd;jk

{@ s^n s^kpd;jk @D
- -2 -1 0 1 2
53
(4) x < -2 s]n x > 2; 9eo;omuj8v[ltsov’g’njvow0faj’djk; c,jo9eo;omuj
sohvpd;jk {@ s^n s^kpd;jk @ g-ajofP;dao
- -2 -1 0 1 2
&D g,njv x = Œ #F x + 2 = − 3 + 2 = 1, x + 2= − 3 +2= 3+2 = 5

zjkodko7yfw]jgIqkgsao;jk x + 2 < x + 2
d=]tou x = 3, x + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5, x + 2 = 3 +2= 3 + 2 = 5
d==]touoU x + 2 > x + 2
ovd9kd[qfg/ydsaf.oxB,c[[c]h;.sh76cotoeoadIPo-vdsk[qfg/ydsaf9kdxB,
vnjoM,k7Qo7;hk8nj,D
54
[qfmu !W leo;o
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ 7eo;odjP;da[leo;owfhS
{ .shd;f7nltgsouzqo3fpdkocmo7jk8k,mujdeoqf.shwfhS
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ສິດ
{dko7eo;oleo;omuj,u;q’g]a[
ິຂະ
{leo;o 12 × x s^n 9eo;o A + B = C
III. lnjdkoIP{dkolvo
ນລ
xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D! [qfmuj !W S.[[uo]k7kluo7hk8q;9u’X76dP,skw;hdjvo.sh
rP’r=da[95oadIPoc]ts^kpIhko7hkpyj’fu?S l=feS w,hh[aomafF w,h[aomaflkdF ;q’;PoF
ວ
xnh,0PoD
ຫງ
ສະ
cotoeG .shxt8y[afgxaoluj0Ao8vofaj’ouhG
{ 0Ao8vomuj! G.shlk,kfI6h0Ao8vo0v’dko7yfw]c]t7;k,s,kp0v’dko.lj;q’g]a[
ສ
{ 0Ao8vomuj@ G.shoadIPolk,kf7eo;oc]toe.-h;q’g]a[grnjv7yfw]j.shwfhzqo
ສວ
dko7yfw]jgmqjk9eo;omuj.shdjvo
{ 0Ao8vomuj# G.shoadIPolk,kfoe.-h;q’g]a[c]tdko7eo;omujgs,ktlq,grnjv7yfw]j
{ 0Ao8vomuj$ G .odko7eo;ogIqklk,kfoe.-h;q’g]a[grnjvdeoqf0Ao8vo0v’dko
7yfw]j
dyf9tdemuj !
{ c[j’oadIPovvdgxao958k,7;k,gs,ktlq,0v’shv’
{ .shc8j]t95la’gdfg[yj’dyf9tde0=hdjP;da[xuik,uf1jk’]tvPfM
55
{ 76vtmy[kpc]tcotoe;yxt8y[af.shs,qfm5d952a’rhv,dao
{ oadIPom5d95]q’,nxt8y[afF76g]ktwxc8j]t95grnjv.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvg,njvoadIPo,u[ao
sk
{g,njvs^kp95c]h;MF 76d=.sh950hvo0hk’gdj’0nhocdh16jdtfko
{ 76 c]t 95vnjod;fcdh-j;p
dyf9tdemu @
{ .shc8j]t95la’gdf0=hmuj@ 0v’dyf9tde’P[M 0=h]n,.lj;q’g]a[D
{ 766vtmy[kp;ymuxt8y[af.shm5dM95rhv,dao2a’D
{ c8j]t95]q’,ncdhF76g]ktwxc8j]t95grnjv.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvgj,njvoadIPo,u[aoskD
{ .sh95vklklts,ad9ad@950nhocdh16jdtfkoF lj;o76c]t95vnjoMd;fcdh-j;p
dyf9tdemu #
{ .shoadIPoc8j]t7qola’gdf[qfg/ydsaf8q;1jk’
Xdko7yw]jgrnjv.shwfh8k,7e8v[muj.shdjvo?
{ 76vtmy[kpc]tcotoe;ymuxt8y[af.sh]tvPfD
{ oadIPoc8j]t7qo]q’,nxt8y[afF .sh76g]ktwxc8j]t38tgrnjv.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvD
{ .shvklklts,ad0nhocdh9ad@7qo16jdtfkoF 76c]toadIPo7qovnjod;fcdh-j;pD
dyf9tdemu $
{ cx’95oadIPo7no.s,j8k,7;k,gs,ktlq,0v’shv’IPoc]t.shc8j]t95dP,g9hp
0k;0nho,kgrnjvcddh0=h7Qo7yfrhhc8j]t95la’gdfdyf9tde0=h7Qo7yf’P[D
{ 76vjkoc]tvtmy[kp.shc8j]t952a’]tvPf8nj,c]t.sh95oadIPo]q’,nxt8y[af3fp76
g]ktwxc8j]t95grnjv-j;pgs^nvD
{ g,njv95gIafc]h;lj;os^kp76d=.sh95zafxjPog9hpdaod;f.sh7tcoo3fpcdh.ljd’fko
faj’ouhG
7e8v[G i ⎡⎣(1 + 2 ) × 3⎤⎦ + 4 + 5 = 18; i ⎡⎣(1 + 2 ) × ( 3 + 4 )⎤⎦ + 5 = 26;
i ⎡⎣(1× 2 ) + 3⎤⎦ × 4 + 5 = 25; i 1× 2 × 3 × ( 4 + 5 ) = 54;
i (1× 2 × 3 × 4 ) + 5 = 29; i 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120;
7tcoo0=h]t1,5 7tcoo c]t vuud ! 7tcooc,jole]a[7;k,ltvkfD
56
dyf9tde& G
{ .-h95gdqjk3fp.shc8j]t95la’gdf0=hmuj&dyf9tdedjP;da[gonhvmuj0v’I6[7k’s,6D
{ 76vjkoc]tvtmy[kp;ymudko1jk’]tvPf.shc8j]t952a’Dc]h;.shc8j]t95-vd;ymu
dkocdhD
{ 95oadIPo]q’,nxt8y[afdko-vdsk7e8v[0=h! S @ S # c]t $ 0v’l6f7yfw]jgonhvmuS
76g]ktwx c8j]t95.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvg,njv,u[aoskD
{ .sh8k’sohk950hvo0hk’gdaj’0nhocdh16jdtfko9ad@{# 9576c]t95vnjoMd;fcdh-j;pD
{ cotoe.shoadIPogvqk0=h 0D
dko7yfw]jwxcdh16jgInvogrnjv,klaj’.sh76d;f.sh7tcoo.o-qj; 3,’8+wxD
ສິດ
dyf9tdemu *
ິຂະ
{ .shc8j]t7qovjkodyf9tdemu * 0=h dD c]t 0=h 0D rhv,0=hmu ( r=.zr=]k;’P[MD
{ 76vjko.sh2a’rhv,vtmy[kp]tvPfD
ນລ
{ c8j]t7qo]q’,ncdhD76g]ktwxc8j]t38t.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvg,njvoadIPo,u[aoskD
{ oadIPocdhc]h;76gda[gvqkwxd;f.sh7tcoo0=h]t @F& 7tcoo];,gxao !W 7tcooD
ວ
dyf9tdemu (
ຫງ
{ 76oerkoadIPolts^6[[qfIPogrnjvgxao[qfIPorhv,9qf.97;k,.ljdtfkogrnjv.shoad
IPo9qfdjkpgvqkD grnjvoadIPo9qfdjkpc]h;M76d=rkoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsafdjP;da[dko
ສະ
<7yfw]jda[;q’g]a[<3fpvtmy[kpwxrhv,.sh]tvPfD9kdoAoF.shoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsaf0=hmuj
! 9eo;o!@sp=hsohk3fp7qo]t @{# sp=hsohk8k,76deoqf.shD
{ g,njvoadIPocdhc]h;76d+d;f.ljdtfkogrnjv.shc8j]t7qo9qfdjkpgvqkD
ສ
{ .shoadIPogIaf;Pd[hko0=hmuj@ c]t 0=hmuj# grnjv,kd;f.o,nh8+wxD

ສວ

{ laj’gdfdko,ulj;oIj;,0v’oadIPoc]tdko9af8A’.98yf8k,dkovtmy[kp0v’76D
{ laj’gdfdkocdh[qfg/ydsafc]t7tcoomujoadIPowfhhIa[D
{ laj’gdf;Pd[hkomujc8j]t7qogvqk,klqj’D
57
dyf9tde
!D xuik,uf
dD
( 9 x 1 ) + 2 = 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 ) + 3 = 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 ) + 4 = 1 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 ) + 5 = 1 1 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 ) + 6 = 1 1 1 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) + 7 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) + 8 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( 9 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) + 9 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0D
( 8 x 1 ) + 1 = 9
( 8 x 1 2 ) + 2 = 9 8
( 8 x 1 2 3 ) + 3 = 9 8 7
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 ) + 4 = 9 8 7 6
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 ) + 5 = 9 8 7 6 5
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) + 6 = 9 8 7 6 5 4
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ) + 7 = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ) + 8 = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
( 8 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ) + 9 = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
@D ]n,.lj;q’g]a[
i ( 8 + 6 ) × 2 = 28; i 7 + ( 8 ÷ 8 ) = 8;
i 20 + (12 ÷ 3) = 24; i (13 − 1) ÷ 4 = 3;
i 10 + ( 2 × 6 ) − 4 = 18; i ( 6 − 3 + 9 ) × 0 = 0;
⎛ 1⎞
i (12 + 4 ) ÷ ⎜ 24 ⎟ = 2; i ( 2 × 6 ) − ( 4 + 4 ) = 4;
⎝ 3⎠
$D dko7Qo7yf
i ⎡⎣(1 + 2 ) × 3⎤⎦ + 4 + 5 = 18; i ⎡⎣(1 + 2 ) × ( 3 + 4 ) ⎤⎦ + 5 = 26;
58
i ⎡⎣(1× 2 ) + 3⎤⎦ × 4 + 5 = 25; i 1× 2 × 3 × 4 ( 4 + 5 ) = 54;
i (1× 2 × 3 × 4 ) + 5 = 29; i 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120;
&D gonhvmuj0v’I6[7k’s,6
dD l6fgonhvmuj = ( b + B ) × h ÷ 2
0D dko7yfw]j
!D gonhvmuj0v’I6[7k’\6Xgxao cm2 ?
A = ( 3 + 8 ) × 4 ÷ 2 = 22
@D g,njv0t\kf4ndxjPocx’
i ( 6 + 8 ) × 4 ÷ 2 = 28; i ( 5 + 8 ) × 4 ÷ 2 = 26;
ສິດ
i ( 3 + 7 ) × 4 ÷ 2 = 20; i ( 3 + 8 ) × 12 ÷ 2 = 66;
i ( 3 + 8 ) × 7 ÷ 2 = 38,5; i ( 3 + 8 ) × 3 ÷ 2 = 16,5;
ິຂະ
*D dko7yfw]jc[['jk
dD 16jIhko0kpg7njv’0Po
ວ ນລ
4 1000 3 1500 1200
ຫງ
x x
4000 4500
ສະ
+
ສ
9700
0D gonhvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd
ສວ
C 40
29 H 40 11 40 15
40 - +
29 55
×
15 11
U O
1595
59
(D dko7yfw]jc[['jkvudc[[
dD
4
50 × 0 g7njv’\kp
−
0 ×, ×, −
50
× ×
9
9 − 3
6 × 9
3 g7njv’\kp
+ 84 ×, ×, −
75
[qfg/ydsaf
!D 7yfw]j8k,mk’ovoleo;o8=wwxouhG
i3; i8;
i5; i 125 ;
i9; i 38 ;
i 8,9 ; i9;
i 9, 4 ; i 51 ;
i 13 ; i 20, 625 .
@D dD 8,5; 0D 11 ; 7D 10 ; ’D 1 ; 9D 1, 2; lD 21, 08 ; -D 10 ; pD 0, 0099
#D d ( 5 + 3) × 4 = 32; 0D ( 6 × 5) − 3 = 27;
7D 19 − ( 3 × 5) = 4; ’D ( 7 + 1) ÷ ( 3 + 5) = 1
$D dD ( 4 + 4 ) × 0 = 0; 0D 36 − (16 ÷ 4 ) + 8 = 40;
7D ( 9 × 8) + ( 4 × 7 ) = 100 S ’D ( (1 + 2 ) × 3 × 4 ) + ( 5 × 6 ) + 7 = 73
&D dD (18 + 3 − 7 ) ÷ 7 = 2 S 0D 15 − ( 3 + 4 ) = 8
7D (13 − 1) ÷ 4 = 3 S ’D 9 − ( 2 × 0 ) = 9
60
9D ( 6 + 1, 2 ) − ( 6 + 1, 2 ) = 0
*D dD 0,6 + 2,5 = 3,1 0D 7,2 − 4,2 = 3 7D 3, 7 − 3,6 = 3
(D dD 3,1 × 15 = 45,15 0D 45 ÷ 15 = 3
7D 27 ÷ 2 = 13,5
)D dD ( 10 + 20) × 2 = 60 0D ( 7 − 3) × 25 = 100
_D dD 25 + (4× 3 ) = 37 0D (3 × 5 ) −8 = 7
39f[aosk
ສິດ
!WD ]k;wfhIa[g’yolqf 66300k.
!!D dD ]k;9jkpg’yoma’\qf 51000k .
ິຂະ
0D \kdok;dy3]]t 8000k.
!@D mv’fuwfh\kdoafd;o 19, 4kg.
ນລ
!#D ]k7k]qf9adc,jogmqjkda[ !# @&W WWW du[F
!$D xB,muj9tgvqk,k1kp,u\a’\qfgmqjkouhsq;G (*@ sq;D
ວ
!&D 4hk7qog0Qkg8a,3I’]t7vo9twfhIa[\a’\qfgmqjkouh @ @$W WWW duu[D

ຫງ
!*D c[[w,hmuj! )@W gmqjkouhG @@&W WWW ÷ &W WWW $& m

c[[w,hmuj@ )@W gmqjkouhG @@WW WWW ÷50 000 42m
ສະ
c[[ma’@w,h)@W];,daogmqjkoujG
45 + 42 = 87m
!(D grnjv1kdwfhdew]jma’\qf#W WWW K , 8hv’0kp\;dsq;]tgmqjkouhG
ສ
ສວ
151200 + 30 000
25680k .
72
7yfw]jda[8q;vadlvo
!)D ltg\uzqo 3 × ( 4 + x ) = 12 + ( 3 × x )
{ g,njv x = 7.
cmo7jkg0Qk9twfhD
3 × ( 4 + 11) = 12 + ( 3 ×11)
61
3 ×15 = 12 + 33
45 = 45 Xgxao9y’?
!_D ltg\uzqoG 4 × ( 5 + y ) = 30 + ( 2 × y )
{ g,njv y = 5 { g,njv y = 2
cmo7jkg0Qkltg\uzqo9twfh cmo7jkg0Qkltg\uzqo9twfhD
4 × ( 5 + 5 ) = 30 + ( 2 × 5 ) 4 × ( 5 + 2 ) = 30 + ( 2 × 2 )
4 ×10 = 30 + 10 4 × 7 = 30 + 4
40 = 40 Xgxao9y’? 28 ≠ 34 Xgxao9y’?
@WD ltg\uzqo ( 3 + 10 ) × 5 = ( 3 × 5) + 50
{ g,njv z = 5 { g,njv z = 18
cmo7jkg0Qkltg\uzqo9twfhD cmo7jkg0Qkltg\uzqo9twfh
( 5 + 10 ) × 5 = ( 5 × 5) + 50 (18 + 10 ) × 5 = (15 × 5) + 50
15 × 5 = 5 + 50 28 × 5 = 90 + 50
75 = 75 Xgxao9y’? 140 = 140 Xgxao9y’?
@!D ltg\uzqo ( t + 20 ) × 3 = ( t × 2 ) + 80
{ g,njv t = 20
cmo7jk9twfhG
( 20 + 20 ) × 3 = ( 20 × 2 ) + 80
40 × 3 = 40 + 80
120 = 120 Xgxao9y’?
{ g,njv t = 10
cmo7jk9twfhD
(10 + 20 ) × 3 = (10 × 2 ) + 80
30 × 3 = 20 + 80
90 ≠ 100 X[+gxao9y’?
62
[qfmu !! g,af c]t glAo-nj
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ grjnv.shoadIPo,u7;k,Ih6rNo4kodjP;da[g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD
{ lk,kfvjkoF 0Po laopt]ad c]t ltcf’ g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD
{ cdh[qfg]ddjP;da[g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ 7;k,leobd0v’ g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD
ສິດ
{ laopt]ad0v’ g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD
{ sâdg7QkdjP;da[glAo-njG glAo-njzjko ! g,afmuj.shdjvoF glAo-njzjko @ g,af8jk’daomuj.shdjvo
ິຂະ
III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo ນລ
{ g,afcdjozad< cdjo\kdw,h[k’-toyfmuj,u0t|kfohvpMD
ວ
{ rk-tot.ljoEF g-nvdF
ຫງ
{ I6[rk[mujlk,kfgIaf.shoadIPo,u,t3ork[djP;da[ g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-njD

{ lyj’muj16j.oshv’IPomujlk,kfgIaf.shoadIPo,u,t3ork[djP;da[ g,afF glAo-njF g7yj’glAo-nj c]t
ສະ
mjvo-njD
ສ
{ 76.shoadIPola’gdfg,afcdjozadF cdjo\kdw,h[k’-toyfmuj,u0t|kfohvpM c]h;.shr;dg0qklqo

ສວ
mtok;jk,u,t3ork[co;.fdjP;da[g]0k7toyfD
{ 769afoadIPogvqkoE.ljrk-totX.shoE16j.omjk[+g|a’8u’ s^nmjkradzjvo?F
{ 9afoadIPolv’7qovvd,kfb’g-nvdfaj’I6[rk[.oxB,c[[IPo .shoadIPola’gdf c]h;lqomtok
;jk r;dg0qk,u7;k,leobdvao.fdjP;da[g]0k7toyfS
{ .sh hoadIPo8v[7e4k,dyf9tde16jxB,c[[IPoXxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vodkolyflvoc[[gvqkoadIPo
gxao.9dk’?S
{ 76-5dp6h.shoadIPoxtdv[7egsaoF 8A’7e4k,S 76oerkgIaf[qfg/ydsafS
{ 76phv’p= .sh7e-q, s^n .sh7tcooz6h8A’7e4k, s^n z6h8v[D
63
{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oI;,.odkolqomtokF 0t[;odkoIPo
];,.oshv’Xvkf,udko.sh7tcood5j, c]t [5d7qo?S
{ 7tcood;fdkD

dyf9tde
{ g,afcdjozad c]t cdjo\kdw,h[k’-toyf muj,u0t|kfohvpM .shgIqk,u7;k,leobddjP;da[
g,af.o;y-kg]0k7toyfD
{ g,njvfb’g-nvd.shg7aj’F gIqk,u7;k,leobddjP;da[glAo-nj.o;y-kg]0k7toyfS g,njvla’gdfg[yj’oE.ork
-totg;]koE1j6.omjkradzjvo s^n [+g|a’8u’ gIqk9tgsaorkdlj;o8afdao]ts;jk’|hkoE c]t |hk
0hk’0v’rk-totgxaoglAo-njD
[qfg/ydsaf
x v
!D [vdglAo-nj16jdE0;koUfh;p lv’;ymu g-ajo xy s^n
A F
(AC).
glAo-nj ( BC ) s^n tz F glAo-nj ( AB ) s^n uv F t B E
glAo-nj ( AC ) s^n xz c]t glAo-nj ( DF) D
C
@D m5dg7yj’glAo-nj c]t mjvo-nj16j.oI6[dE0;k u D
z
Xg7yj’glAo-njmjudq’dao0hk,dao?D
y
g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ax ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ay ) F g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ax ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ay ) F

g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Bt ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Bz ) F g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Bu ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Bv ) F
g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ct ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [Cz ) F g7yj’mjvo-nj [Cx ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [Cy ) F
g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Dt ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Dz ) F g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ex ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Ey ) F
g7yj’mjvo-nj [ EF) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ ED ) F g7yj’mjvo-nj [ Fu ) Xg7yj’mjvo-nj [ Fv ) D
#D ;k’g,af A, B c]t C [+16jgmy’glAo-nj fP;dao .ljg9Ap[k’ c]h;-vdg,afg7yj’dk’ 0v’[AB],
[BC] c]t [AC]fh;pdkora[g9hpD
X.odkora[g9hpc,jo.sh A c]t B F B c]t C F A c]t C g8a’dao8k,]efa[grnjv.shwfh
g,afg7yj’dk’0v’[AB], [BC], c]t [AC]?D
64
$D (1) g,af A wfhs^kpglAo Xoa[[+wfh? A B
(2) g,af A, B c]t C [+wfh9adglAoD
(3) g,af A c]t B wfhglAofP;D C
(4) g,af A, C c]t D wfhglAofP;D D

&D dD g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ BF c,jo 0 c]t g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ BE c,jo 0
0D g,aflQo0v’mjvo-njmuj,u];’pk;gmqjk $ 4hk;jkg,aflQomulv’c,jo G c,jog,af C s^n ( −1) .
7D g,afmuj,uw]ptsjk’9kd B gmqjk 3AC c,jo G .
-1 0 1
A B C D E F G
ສິດ
*D dD g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ AE c,jo C s^n ( −1) .
1 1
0D g,afg7yj’dk’0v’ CF c,jo DC s^n .
ິຂະ
2 2
7D g,aflQo0v’mjvo-njF -bj’];’pk;gmqjk # 4hk;jkg,aflQomulv’c,jo F c,jog,af C s^n ( −1) .
1 ນລ
’D g,afmuj,uw]ptsjk’9kd E gmqjk BD c,jo C .
2
(D lhk’mjvo-nj ABD -vdg,afg7yj’dk’fh;pdkora[g9hp3fp.sh A ,kg8a’da[ B gIqklk,kfc[j’mjvo
ວ
-njfaj’djk;oUgxao $ lj;oF ) lj;o gmqjkdaowfh
ຫງ
). la’gdfI6[0hk’]5j,oUc]h;8nj,.lj.sh4nd8hv’3fp.-hg7njv’s,kp ∈ s^n ∉ G
-1 0 1
ສະ
A B C D E F G H
G ∉ [AE]; F ∈ (AB); E ∈ (BC); D ∈ (EG); B ∉ [EG);
F ∉ [CF); H ∈ [DG); M ∉ [AE]; M C ∉ [EG); M ∉ [EG).
ສ
_D .sh;k’g,af L, A, O, P, D, R 3fp.shwfh # g,af]Po-njdao g-ajoG LAO F PDR F LOR F LAP F

ສວ
LAD F DDD
!WD .shc8h,I6[9t85]afmuj,u0hk’gmqjk 10 cm. \kpg,afg7yj’dk’0v’c8j ]t0hk’D 0uf8+g,afg7yj’dk’0v’
I6[9t85]af mujwfh.\jD ln[8+0ufg,afg7yj’dk’0v’I6[9t85]af.\j c]t0uf8+g,afg7yj’dk’grnjv.shwfh
I6[9t85]af.\jvud 9qod;jk9twfhI6[9t85]af muj,u0hk’ gmqjk 1 cm.
c]h;mklu.sh’k,wfhI6[faj’0hk’ 0;k,nX.shoadIPodjkpc[[ 3fpoe.-
h0tsojf8q;9y’mujdeoqf.sh.o[qfg]d?D
!!D dD zjko # g,af[+]Po-njgIqklhk’wfh # glAo-nj
0D zjko $ g,af[+]Po-njgIqklhk’wfh * glAo-nj
7D zjko & g,af[+]Po-njgIqklhk’wfh !W glAo-nj
65
’D zjko ) g,af[+]Po-njgIqklhk’wfh @# glAo-nj
9D zjko n g,af[+]Po-nj gIqklhk’wfh ( ) glAo-nj
n n −1
2
!@D .o’ko]hP’sobj’,uc0dfh;pdao ) 7qoD c8j]t7qo,k8hv’9a[,udao Xc8j]t7j69a[,ndaorP’7A’fP;?
,udko9a[,ndaoma’s,qf ( ) = 23 gsfdkoD
8 8 −1
2
!#D -k;l;olts]kfzh6|bj’x6d8Qow,h !@ 8Qogxao * c4;M]t $ 8QoD 9qj’c8h,I6[ltcf’g4y’dko9af
;k’8hqow,h0v’-k;l;ofaj’djk;D
66
[qfmu !@ glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkd
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grjnv.shoadIPoI6hglAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdF laopt]ad0v’dko0t|ko c]t 8A’S
{ lk,kfc8h,glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdfh;p[aomaflkdF fh;p;q’;PoS
{ cdh[qfg]ddjP;da[nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdS
{ oe.-h7;k,I6hg0Qk.odkogdhw0-u;yfxt9e;aoD
ສິດ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ິຂະ
{ 7;k,leobddjP;da[glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdS
{ oypk, glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdS
{ 75o]adltotD
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{ xB,c[[IPoS [aomafS [aomaflkdS

{ ;q’;PoD
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{ xt8y[af8k,[kfdhjk;dkolvo{IPomujmk’dt-;’lbdlkdeoqfw;hS
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{ 76.shoadIPogIafg/ydsaf.odyf9tde deoqf.oxB,c[[IPoF 9tgIafgxaod5j,s^n[5d7qo0Boda[8q;

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9y’mju76lk,kffegouowfhD Xxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo dkolyflvo c[[gvqk oad IPogxao.9dk’?S

{ 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o [+g7aj’ 0b,S
{ 76-5dp6h .sh8A’7e4k,S
{ 76phv’p= .sh7e-q, s^n .sh7tcooz6h8A’7e4k, s^n z6h8v[ s^nz6h8v[4ndD
{ 76oerkcdh[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’9eo;osobj’D

{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokF 0t[;odko
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67
{ 7tcood;fdkD

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!D 7;k,leobddjP;da[glAo-nj0t|ko
dD dyf9tde
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lkpw2F 0v[mk’F glAo0k;c[j’g]o16jdk’4t\qoF 0v[dtfkoF 0v[38tD c8j]t1jk’gIqk,u
7;k,leobd;jk r;d,ao0t \kodaoD
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#D cotoeG .shoadIPos,kp8q;vadlvo[vdg,af8jk’M cmoglAo-nj g-ajo a, b, c, d , , D D D D D D D D D D D D

c]h;[vd;jkglAo.f 0t|kos^n8A’lkdda[glAo.fD
$D cotoeG g[yj’7n;jk d c]t d’ 0t|kodao c8j4hk;jkd;ffh;p[aomafc]h; gsao;jk d c]t d’
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68
&D A’ B’
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A B
@D 7;k,leobddjP;da[glAo-nj8A’lkd
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ສິດ
c]h;[vd;jkglAo.f 8A’lkdda[glAo.fD
@D 4hk;jk gIqkxt8y[af8k,dkocotoe gIqk9twfhfaj’I6[]5j,oU c]t ,5,ma’luj,u 7jk;afcmdwfh 90D D
ິຂະ
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DDD b ⊥ cD DD
DDD d//e D DD
ສ
e
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d DDD d⊥c DDD

a b
DDD d//b D DD
c
d1 ⊥ d 2 ⎫ d1 // d 2 ⎫
@D ⎬ d 2 // d 3 ⎬ d1 // d 3
d1 ⊥ d 3 ⎭ d 2 // d 3 ⎭
#D g,njvlv’glAo-nj0t|kodaoF m5dglAo-njmuj 8A’lkd X0t|ko? da[glAo|bj’ 8hv’0t|ko X8A’lkd?
69
da[glAomulv’D
$D .shc8h,I6[lujc9lkd READ 3fp;jk RE = 7 cm , c]t EA = 4 cm . glAogoaj’9v,0v’r;d,ao8af
dao1j6g,af O. .sh0ufglAo-njzjko D 8A’lkdda[ (RO), .sh0ufglAo-njzjko O 8A’lkdda[ (AE).
.sh0ufglAo-njzjko A 8A’lkdda[ OD.
R E
D A
&D [qfg/ydsaf
!D { @ glAo-nj0t|kodao a//b, d//e
{ @ glAo-nj 8A’lkddao a ⊥ d, b ⊥ e
{ @ glAo-nj8afdaoc8j[+8A’lkddao c ∩ d
@D X,us^kp7e8v[?
#D C
N
d M
$D ;ymuc8h, d
0uflv’mjvodqj’muj,u]aflt\u s^kpd;jk
g7yj’mjvo-nj c]t .9dk’c,jo A c]t
B .-h[aomaf8+lv’g,af8afdao0v’lv’
A B
;q’,qo.ljdao ,ao9t8af mjvo-nj AB 16jg,af
|bj’g-yj’ gxaog,af.9dk’0v’,aoD
&D .sh;k’g,af A 16jovdglAo-nj d c]h;.-h[aomaflkdc8h,glAo-nj d’ c]t d” zjko A 0t|ko c]t

8A’lkdda[ d 8k,]efa[D
d’
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A d
70
*D [aoskfP;daoda[0=h $D c8j.sh.-h;q’;Poc]t[aomaf Xmeov’fP;da[0=h $?
(D dD .sh;k’g,af M 16jovdglAo-nj d. d’
0D .sh0ufglAo-nj d’ zjko M c]t8A’lkdda[ d. d”
M N
7D .sh\kp N 16jovd d c]t d’. d
’D .sh0ufglAo-nj d” zjko N 8A’lkdda[ d’.
9D gIqkg;Qkwfh;jk d ⊥ d' D
)D dD .sh;k’g,af A, B c]t C [+]Po-njS
0D 0ufglAo-nj (AB) c]tglAo-nj8A’lkdda[ (BC) 16jg,af M zjkog,af P;
7D .shc8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC c]h;0uf];’l6’ h zjko A.
ສິດ
’D gIqkg;Qkwfhco;.f 8+glAo];’l6’8A’lkd glAo-nj (MP)
ິຂະ
A
B P
h ນລ
M
C
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_D 16jg9hpmju,u8kdk3iG
ຫງ
dD .shc8hI6[lk,c9 ABC lkd16j B, AB = 3 8kdk3i c]t BC = 2 8kdk3iD

F E
ສະ
D
G C
B M
A
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71
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I. 95fxtlq’
{ c8h,glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdfh;p[aomaflkdF fh;p;q’;PoS
{ cdh[qfg]ddjP;da[glAo-nj0t|ko c]t glAo-nj8A’lkdS
{ oe.-h7;k,I6hg0Qk.odkogdhw0-u;yf8q;9y’D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ dkolhk’lv’glAo-nj0t|kodaofh;p[aomaflkdS
{ dkooe.-h;q’;Poc]t[aomaf.odkolhk’glAo0t|koS
{ dkooe.-h;q’;Poc]t[aomafgrnjvlhk’glAo-NJ8A’lkddaoS
{ dkolhk’glAo8A’lkdfh;p;ymuvnjoD
{ xB,c[[IPoS [aomafS [aomaflkdS
{ ;q’;PoD
{ xt8y[af8k,[kfdhk;dkolvo{IPomujmk’dt-;’lbdlkdeoqfw;hS
{ 76.shoadIPogIafg/ydsaf.odyf9tde deoqf.oxB,c[[IPoF 9tgIafgxaod5j,s^n[5d7qo 0Boda[8q;
9y’mju76lk,kffegouowfhD Xxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo dkolyflvo c[[gvqk oad IPogxao.9dk’?S
{ 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o [+g7aj’ 0b,S
{ 76-5dp6h .sh8A’7e4k,S

{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokF 0t[;odkoIPo
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72
{ 7tcood;fdkD

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!D dkolhk’lv’glAo-nj0t|kodaofh;p[aomaflkd
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.sh;k’g,af A 1j6ovdglAo-nj d c]h;0ufglAo-njzjko A c]t0t\koda[ d. 9kdoAo.shgvqk[aomaf
lkd,kco[da[lv’glAo-njfaj’djk; X8k,I6[?. c]h;-6f[aomaflkd8k,myf0v’]6dlvo.oI6[ @
9qod;jk]jP,0v’[aomaflkd-bj’ g[Nv’8Qo8yfda[ d, ,kzjko A. c]h;0ufglAo-njzjko A
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faj’ I6[ #D
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A
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glAo-njmujwfh.\j8A’lkdda[glAo-nj d grkt;jk ,ao0t|koda[ d’ -bj’ 8A’ lkdda[glAo-nj d fP;daoD

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@D dkooe.-h;q’;Po c]t [aomaf.odkolhk’glAo0t|koD

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gIqk9njspa’cfjL
{ .shoe.-h;q’;Po c]t [aomafgrjnvc8h,I6[lk,c9mjP’ ABC (AB=AC).
{ lv’0hk’g-yj’|hk0v’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko,u];’pk; gmqjkdaoF c]t 0t|kodaoD
{ .shc8h,I6[ljuc90hk’0t|ko ABCD ]5j,oU7noD
73
A B
.sh8nj,.lj[jvo9Eg,affh;pg7njv’\kp
// s^n =
C
( AB) // ( DC ) ; ( BC ) // ( AD ) C D
AB = DC; AD = BC
dyf9tde !D
cotoeG 76cot c]t .shdko-j;pgsn^voadIPo.shxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vomujdeoqf.o[qfg]dD
ABCD gxaoI6[ljuc90hk’0t\kogrkt;jkG AD = BC c]t AB = CD
X0hk’g-yj’\hkgmqjkdao8k,c8j]t76j?
A C
4,5cm
6,8cm
B D
dyf9tde @
cotoeG .shxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vodeoqf0hk’gmy’oU c]h;9twfhI6[faj’0hk’]5j,oUD
{ .sh;k’g,af B c]t C 8jk’dao16jglAo-nj d.
{ c]h;0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflt\u ABD
{ 9kdoAo0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\u BC
{ .sh\kpg,af D -bj’gxaog,afIj;,dao0v’lv’mjvodqj’mujwfhoAoD
{ .sh0ufglAo-nj (AD). D
gIqkwfh ( AD ) //d grkt;jkG A
AD = BC phvo;jk AD gxao]aflts,u0v’;q’
,qo-bj’.9dk’c,jo A c]t ]aflts,ugmqjk BC C
8k,0=hlq,,5fD g-jaofP;daoF AB = CD phvo;jk d B
CD gxao]aflts,u0v’;q’,qo-bj’.9dk’c,jo C c]t ]aflts,ugmqjk AB 8k,0=hlq,,5fD

gIqk,u XAD = BC c]t AB = CD) ltoAo ABCD gxaoI6[lujc90hk’0tsokoD
l5fmhkp ( AD ) //d D
74
lts^5[
!D grnjvlhk’I6[lujc90hk’0t|ko Xlq,,5f;jk ABCD?D g,njvI6h lk,g,af A, B, C F
gryjo0ufmjvo-nj AB c]t BCF 9kdoAogryjo0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflt\u gmqjk AB
c]h;0ufmjvodqj’mulv’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t]aflt\ugmqjk BCD lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af DD
gryjo0ufmjvo-nj AD c]t CD c]h;wfhI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko ABCD D
@D grnjvlhk’glAo-nj|bj’zjkog,afmuj.shdjvoXlq,,5f;jk A) 0t|koda[glAo-nj|bj’ Xlq,,5f ;jk d?
gryjo;k’lv’g,af8jk’daoXlq,,5f;jk B c]t C) 16jglAo-nj d Dc]h;0ufmjvodqj’ muj,u.9dk’ C
c]t]afflt\ugmqjk AB 9kdoAo0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\ugmqjk BCD
lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af|bj’Xlq,,5f;jk D?D l5fmhkpgryjo0ufglAo-nj AD muj0t|koda[ dD
#D dkooe.-h;q’;Poc]t[aomafgrnjvlhk’glAo-NJ8A’lkddao
ສິດ
dyf9tde
!D .sh;k’g,af M 16jovdglAo-nj dD c]h;.-h[aomaf c]t ;q’;Pogrnjv0ufglAo-nj zjko M c]t 8A’lkd
ິຂະ
da[ d X.shxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo8+wxoU?D
cotoeG 76cotoe c]t .shdko-j;pgsn^voadIPo.shxt8y[af8k,0Ao 8vomujdeoqf.o[qfg]dD
ນລ
M M
ວ
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A B
A B
ສະ
d
ສ
M
ສວ
A B
75
@D .sh0ufglAo-nj8A’lkdda[ d zjko A 1j6 I6[ ! ]5j,oU.
cotoeG .shxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vomujwfhxt8y[af.odyf9tde !D
I6[ !
lts^5[
grnjvc8h,glAo-njsobj’zjkog,afmuj.shdjvo ( lq,,5f;jk M) 8A’lkdda[glAo-nj sobj’ (lq,,5f;jk d)
muj.shdjvo gryjoc8h,mjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’c,jog,af M muj.shdjvooAoD mjvodqj’wx8af d 16jlv’g,af
X lq,,5f;jk A c]t B ?D c]h;gryjoc8h,lv’mjvodqj’mu,u.9dk’c,jo A c]t BD
c]t,u]aflt\ugmqjkdaoD lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af M Xc]t vudg,af|bj’16jg[Nv’dq’dao0hk,mP[da[ d ?
c]h;0ufglAo-njzjko M c]t zjkog,afIj;,0v’lv’ mjvodqj’oAo -bj’gxaoglAo
-nj8A’lkdda[ d D
s,kpgsfG glAo-njmujwfhoAowx8A’lkdda[ d 16jg,afg7yj’dk’]ts;jk’ A c]t BD
$D dkolhk’glAo8A’lkdfh;p;ymuvnjo
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16jshv’ , 1 }d 76wfh.shoadIPoc8h,glAo8A’lkdda[glAo-nj d zjkog,af C .o0v[ g9hp muj.shfaj’ I6[ @
]5j,oUD [k’gvyomhk; 7e,u ]n,[aomaflkd ,uc8j[aomaf c]t;q’;PoD ]k;.a-h;ymu0hk’gmy’wfh[=L
4hk;jk[=+wfh ]v’7yfg[yj’;jk 7e,u 9tgIaf;ymu.fL X.shxt8y[af8k,7ecotoe?D
C
d A I6[ @ B
{ ]k;;k’g,af A c]t B 16jgmy’ glAo-nj d c]h;0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\u AC.
76
C
d A B
c]h;0ufmjvodqj’ mulv’muj,u.9dk’ B c]t ]aflt\u BCD lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af C c]t D.
ສິດ
l5fmhkp]k;0ufglAo-njj (CD).
ິຂະ
ນລ C
ວ
d A B
ຫງ
ສະ
D
ສ
C
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d A B
.sh.-h[aomaflkd,kd;fg[yj’;jkglAo-nj (CD) 8A’lkdda[ dD
77
&D [qfg/ydsaf
!D .shc8h,I6[lk,c9 ABC lkd1j6 A I6h;jk AB = 3 cm c]t BC = 4 cm. .sh;afcmd];’pk; AC.
C
4 cm
A 3 cm B
;ymuc8h,
{ 0ufmjvo-nj AB=3 cm D
{ .-h[aomaflkd 0ufglAo-nj d 8A’lkdda[ mjvo-nj AB 16jg,af A D
{ .-hdq,xk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u .9dk’ B c]t ]aflt\u 4 cm mjvodqj’9t8af glAo-nj d 16jg,af|bj’
{ lq,,5f g,afoAoc,jog,af C D
{ 0uf8+ C .lj A 9twfhI6[lk,c9lkd ABC
{ cmd];’pk;0v’ AC=2,27 cm D
2. .shc8h,I6[7k’\6lkd ABCD(lkd16j A c]t D ?, I6h;jk AB = 3 cm, CD = 4,5 cm c]t
AD = 3,8 cm.
A 3 cm B
3,8 cm
D C
4,5 cm
;ymuc8h,
{ 0ufmjvo-nj AB=3 cm D
{ .-h[aomaflkd 0ufglAo-nj d 8A’lkdda[ mjvo-nj AB 16jg,af A D
{ .-hdq,xk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u .9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\u 3,8 cm mjvodqj’9t8af glAo-nj d 16jg,af|bj’
lq,,5f c,jog,af D D
{ .-h[aomaflkd 0ufglAo-nj d′ 8A’lkdda[ glaho-nj d 16jg,af D D
{ .-hdq,xk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u .9dk’ D c]t ]aflt\u 4,5 cm mjvodqj’9t8af glAo-nj d′ 16jg,af|bj’
lq,,5f c,jog,af C D
78
{ 0uf8+ C .lj B 9twfhI6[7k’\6lkd ABCD(lkd16j A c]t D ?
#D .sh\kpg,af A, B, c]t C [+]Po-nj16jglAo-nj dD .shlhk’glAo-nj 8A’lkdda[ d zjko A, B c]t C.
la’gdfgsaoco;.fL
d′′′
d
d′
d′′
C
A
B
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;ymuc8h,
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{ 0ufglAo-nj d 8k,.9D
{ .shg,af A, B, C [=j]Po glAo-njdao ນລ
{ .-h[aomaflkd 0ufglAo-nj d′, d′′, d′′′ 8A’lkdda[ glAo-nj d 16jg,af A, B, C D
{ la'gdfgsao;jklk,glAo-nj d′, d′′, d′′′ 0t|kodaoD
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$D .shlhk’I6[lujc9lkd ABCD muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4 cm c]tglAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 5 cm.
ຫງ
4 cm
A B
ສະ
O
ສ
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D C
4 cm
;ymuc8h,
{ 0ufmjvo-nj AC=5 cm D
{ .-h[aomafcmdgrnjv-vdsk.9dk’0v’mjvo-nj AC lq,,5fc,jog,af O D
{ .-hdq,xkc8h,;q’,qo muj,u]aflt\ugmqjkda[ g7yj’|bj’0v’ mjvo-nj AC c]t ,u.9dk’ O D
{ .-hdq,xk c8h,lv’mjvodqj’ muj,u]aflt\u gmqjkda[ 4 c]t .9dk’ A c]t C mjvodqj’9t8af
{ ;q’,qo16j g,af B c]t D 8k,]efa[D
{ 0uf8+ A .lj B F B .lj C F C .lj D F D .lj A c]t D .lj B wfhI6[lujc9lkd ABCD
muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4 cm c]tglAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 5 cm D
79
&D .shlhk’I6[lujc90hk’0tsokomuj,uglAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 6 cm c]t ];’pk;0v’0hk’ gmqjklv’lj;o
lk, 0v’glAogoaj’9v,D
B
C
6 cm
A 4 cm
;ymuc8h, D
{ 0ufmjvo-nj AC=6 cm D
{ .-hdq,xkc8h, lv’;q’,qo muj,u]aflt\ugmqjkda[ lv’lj;olk, mjvo-nj AC X 2 × 6 = 4 cm ? c]t

3
{ ,u.9dk’ A c]t C lv’;q’,qo9t8afdao16jlv’g,af lq,,5fg,af B c]t DD
{ 0uf8+ 0uf8+ A .lj B F B .lj C F C .lj D F D .lj A c]t D .lj B wfhI6[lujc9lkd ABCD
{ muj,u0hk’gmqjk 4 cm c]tglAogoaj’9v,gmqjk 6 cm D
*D .sh\kpg,af A c]t B .ljglAo-nj|bj’ 3fp;jk AB = 4 cmD ,uma’\qf9adg,afmuj16jsjk’ 3 cm 9kd
A c]t 7 cm 9kd BL
O A 4 cm B
7 cm
3 cm
;ymuc8h,
{ 0ufglAo-nj d D
{ \kpg,af A c]t B .ljglAo-nj|bj’ 3fp;jk AB = 4 cmD
{ c8h,;q’,qomuj .9dk’ A c]t ]aflt\u gmqjk 4 cm D
{ c8h,;q’,qomuj .9dk’ B c]t ]aflt\u gmqjk 7 cm D
{ lv’;q’,qo 9t8afdao16jg,af|bj’ lq,,5fg,af O D g,af O sjk’9kd A gmqjk 3 cm c]t
80
sjk’9kd B gmqjk 7 cm D
[qfg]dmhkmkp
(D cotoeG 8k,me,tfkc]h;[qfg]doU9t4k,oadIPorkpsâ’mujwfhIPodkophkp0tsoko s^n dko
g7yj’7nD c8j;jk.omujoUc,jogrnjvgxuf3vdkf.shgfadmujltcs;’sk7;k,mhkmkp s^n gfadmuj,uwv7u;l6’
wfhmqflv[8qogv’D .sh76vu’.ljI6[]5j,oUvtmy[kp.shoadIPorkpsâ’mujg0qk7Qo7yfD
;ymu !D
d
A’ A
ສິດ
B’
d’
ິຂະ
ນລ
;ymu @D
ວ
d
ຫງ
ສະ
d’
ສ
7e8v[c,jow]ptmujdeoqffh;p’]6dlvoD le]a[,! s^n ,@ oadIPolk,kf.-hg7njv’ ,n;afcmdD

ສວ
lj;ooadIPo-AovnjoM.sh7yfw]jD
)D 7D .sh;k’lujg,af A, B, C, D.
9D .sh0uf mjvo-nj AC c]t BD. B
lD lv’glAo-njoAo 8afdao16j KD T
dD .sh0ufglAo-njzjko K c]t 8A’lkdda[ (DC). A C
’D glAo-njoAo 8af (DC) 16j L. K
-D .sh0ufglAo-njzjko L c]t 0t|koda[ (BD).
0D glAo-jnoAo8af XBC) 1j6 T. L
81
[qfmu !$ dko[;d];’pk;mjvo-nj c]t
dko76o9eo;o|bj’da[];’pk;mjvo-nj
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ 7kf7tgo];’pk;mjvo-nj s^nw]otsjk’]ts;jk’lv’95ffh;plkp8kgxqjk X[+.-h g7njv’
;afcmd?S
{ 7yfw]j zqo[;d];’pk;mjvo-njS
{ c8h,mjvo-nj g,njvIh6;jk,ao,u];’pk;gmqjkzqo76o0v’9eo;o9y’da[vud];’pk;mjvo-nj
vnjoS
{ cdh[qfg]ddjP;da[mjvo-njS
{ oe.-h7;k,I6hg0Qk.odkogdhw0-u;yfxt9e;aoD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ dko[;d];’pk;mkvo-njS
{ dko76o9eo;o9y’da[];’pk;mjvo-njD
{ ;q’;PoD
{ 76.shoadIPogIafg/ydsaf.odyf9tde deoqf.oxB,c[[IPoF 9tgIafgxaod5j,s^n[5d7qo
0Boda[8q;9y’mju76lk,kffegouowfhD Xxt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo dkolyflvo c[[gvqk oad
IPogxao.9dk’?S 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o [+g7aj’0b,S
{ 76-5dp6h sh8A’7e4k,S
82

{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokF
0t[;odkoIPo];,.oshv’Xvkf,udko.sh7tcood5j, c]t [5d7qo?S
{ 7tcood;fdkD
ສິດ
dyf9tde
ິຂະ
!D dko[;d];’pk;mjvo-nj
gIqk9njG mjvo-nj AB -bj’gIqklaopt]ad [AB] c,joDD mjvo-nj c,jorkdlj;osobj’0v’
ນລ
glAo-nj (AB) xtdv[fh;pm5dg,afmuj16j]ts;jk’ A c]t B g-yj’gvUo ;jk lQo 0v’,aoD
!D ma’lv’d=]tou]5j,oU lv’mjvo-nj8k,c8j]t7j6-5,oU,u];’pk;gmqjkdaoD
ວ
ຫງ
XI6[!? I6[ @?
ສະ
#D .sh;k’g,af A c]t B .ljglAo-nj d c]h;;k’g,af M .lj]ts;jk’g,af A

c]t B.
ສ
d
ສວ
B
M
A
gIqkwfh @ mjvo-nj.\j [AM] c]t [MB] gIqklk,kf0Po ];’pk; AB 8k,];’

pk;0v’ @ mjvo-njmujwfhfaj’oUG
AB = AM + MB , 4hk;jk M 1j6g7yj’dk’0v’ [AB] lv’mjvo-njoAo 9tgmqjkdaoG
AM = MB
AB = 2 × AM = 2 × MB
83
$D .shc8h,mjvo-nj [CD] 16jovd d. c]h;;k’g,af E 1j6lj;o0uf8+[AB] gmy’glAo-nj d
3fp;jkG BE = CD . .shgvqk [CD] ,k;k’g8a’ [BE]D gIqklk,kfdeoqf
AE = AB + BE
D
C
A B E
[qfg/ydsaf
!D gIqk;k’g,af K 16jmjvo-nj MN 3fpsjk’9kdg,af M w]pt MK = 5, 6 cm
faj’I6[c8h,]j5,oUG
• • •
M 5,6 cm K N
{ -vdsk];’pk; KN
gIqk,uG MN = MK + KN 9twfh KN = MN - MK
KN = 9,35cm − 5, 6cm
KN = 3,75cm
@D [qfcdhG 0=hlq,,5f AB=CD=DE=2,8cm ; AF=10,2cm ; BC=EF
lts]5[ BC=....?
9kdglAo-nj d gIqk;k’ A , B , C , D 8k,]efa[3fp;jkG

AB = CD = DE = 2,8cm ; AF = 10,2cm ; BC = EF
d A B C D E F
• • • • • •
gIqk,uG AB + BC + CD + DE + EF = AF
84
(
AB +CD +DE )

+ ( BC + EF ) = AF

3xAB + 2xBC = AF
3x ( 2,8cm ) + 2xBC = 10,2cm
10,2cm − 3x(2,8cm)
BC =
2
10,2cm − 8,4cm 1,8cm
BC = = = 0,9cm
2 2
faj’oAogIqkwfh BC = 0,9cm
#D [qfcdhG gIqk,u MN + NP + PQ + QR = MR
ສິດ
(
MN + PQ +QR )

+ NP = MR
3xMN
ິຂະ
3xMN + NP = MR
3x ( 2,6cm ) + NP = 9cm
ນລ
NP = 9cm - 7,8cm =1,2cm
faj’oAogIqkwfh NP = 1,2cm
ວ
9cm
ຫງ
M N P Q R
2,6 cm
ສະ
$D G H
E F I J
ສ
M
ສວ
A B
[qfcdhG la’gdfI6[c8h,gIqkgsao;jkG glAomk’ AGB pk;dj;k glAomk’ AMB
{ 9kdI6[gsao;jkG AE = EF = IJ = JB = AM ; AM=MB c]t 2 × AE=3 × EG

2
{ gIqkwfhG AE + EF + FG + GH + HI + IJ + JB = 2 × AE + 2 × EF + 3 × FG
= 2 × ( AE + EF ) + 2 × AE
= 2 × ( 2 × AE ) + 2 × AE
85
= 6 × AE
⎛ AM ⎞
= 6×⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 3 × AM
{ gIqkwfhG AM + MB = 2 × AM phvo;jkG 3 × AM > 2 × AM
faj’oAo9bj’wfh AE + EF + FG + GH + HI + IJ + JB > AM + MB
lts]5[wfh;jkG glAomk’ AGB pk;dj;k glAomk’ AMB D
&D
A B
vu’8k,I6[c8h,0hk’gmu’9twfhG glAomk’ A lAod;jk glAomk’ B D

*D
glAosad,u];’pk;|hvpdj;k 15 cm D
86
(D [qfcdhG la’gdfI6[gsao;jk glAosadI6[mu 1 ,u];’pk;gmqjkda[ glAosadI6[mu 2 D
;ymud;f7noG ;k’8q;vadlvorklkva’dyf.ljI6[ma’lv’faj’]j,oUG
z
z k x
y k s y s
x
t t
gIqk9bj’wfh x + y + z + t + s + k = t + x + z + k + s + y
)D
ສິດ
7,2 sq;|j;p
ິຂະ
10,3 sq;|j;p 7 sq;|j;p 6 sq;|j;p
[qfcdhG
ນລ
{ 9kdI6[lujc9lkdmuj,u0t|kf 10,3 × 7,2
gIqkwfh];’Iv[c,jo 2 × (10,3 + 7,2 ) = 2 × 17,5 = 35 sq;|j;p
ວ
{ 9kdI6[9t85]afmuj,u0t|kf 7 × 7
ຫງ
gIqkwfh];’Iv[c,jo 2 x ( 7 + 7 ) = 2 x 14 = 28 sq;|j;p
{ 9kdI6[fvd9aomuj,u0t|kf 6 sq;|j;p
ສະ
gIqkwfh];’Iv[c,jo 4 × 6 = 24 sq;\j;p
_D
1,5
ສ
2,5
ສວ
3,5
4,5
[qfcdhG 7,5
{ 9kdI6[fyol;omevyfgIqkla’gdfgsao;jk];’d;hk’0v’,aoc,joG
3,5 hm + 1,5 hm = 5 hm
faj’oAogIqkwfh];’Iv[0v’I6[fuol;oc,joG 2 × ( 7,5 hm × 5 hm ) = 2 × 12,5 hm
= 25 hm
87
{ 9kdI6[fuol;omujgxaoI6[sqdc9ltg\u,usqd0hk’gmqjkdao c]t gmqjk 4,5 hm
gIqkwfh];’Iv[c,joG 6 × 4,5 hm = 27 hm
@D dko76o];’pk;mjvo-jjnda[9eo;o.f|bj’
dD dyf9tde
!D .sh.-h;q’;Poc8h,mjvo-nj AE 7no3fpcmdgvqk ];’pk;mjvo-nj [CD] c]h;,k\kp
.ljg7yj’glAo-nj [Ax), .shwfhh AE = 3CD.
76.shoadIPoc8h,g7yj’glAo-nj [Ax), c]h;0ufmjvodqj’mu,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflts,u CD
.sh8af [Ax) c]t ln[8+0ufmjvodqj’ 3fpgvqkg,afIj;,dao0v’mjvodqj’mujwfh c]t g7yj’
glAo-njgxao.9dk’ gvqk ]aflts,u CD 7ngdqjk9qoIvf # 7A’D mjvodqqj’l5fmhkp8af [Ax)
16jg,af E.
A E x
D
C
shc8h,mjvo-nj MN = 4,5 AB 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;PoG
N
M
A B xa[0k;q’;Po.sh4nd8hv’
88
gIqkc8h,g7yj’glAo-nj [Mx) c]h;0ufmjvodqj’mu,u.9dk’ M c]t]aflts,u AB .sh8af
[Mx) c]t ln[8+0ufmjvodqj’ 3fpgvqkg,afIj;,dao0v’mjvodqj’mujwfhc]t g7yj’glAo-nj
gxao.9dk’ gvqk ]aflts,u AB 97ngdqjk9qoIvf $ 7A’ c]h;l5fmhkp 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u]af
lts,u gmqjkg7yj’sobj’0v’ AB mjvodqj’l5fmhkp oU8af [Mx) 16j N, wfh MN = 4,5 AB.
3
#D .shc8h,mjvo-nj EF = AB 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;PoD
4
gIqkoe.-h;q’;Pogrnjvc[j’ ABgxao $ lj;ogmqjkdao c]h;0ufgvqk # lj;o.
A B
ສິດ
E F
ິຂະ
$D .shc8h,mjvo-nj GH = 3 × 3 PQ 7no3fpoe.-h;q’;PoD
4
ນລ
cotoeG ;ymufP;da[0=h # c]h;gvqkzqo,k76oda[ #.
P Q
ວ
ຫງ
3
PQ
ສະ
G H
3
ສ
3 × PQ
4
ສວ
0D lts^5[G
gryjo76o];’pk;mjvo-nj AB da[9eo;o9y’ k fh;pdkooe.-h;q’ ;Pogrjnjvgvqk];’
pk; faj’djk;,k 8+.ljdao8k,glAo-njD k gmnjvD
7D [qfg/ydsaf X,u[qfcdh[k’0=h lj;ogsn^voAoc,jo7hkp7ndao?
!D .shc8h,mjvo-nj AB c]h;c8h,G
3 3 3
{ mjvo-njmuj,u];’pk;gmqjk 5 AB 3fp;jk 5 = 5+
4 4 4
89
gIqkc8h,mjvo-nj MN = 5 3 AB
4
djvovnjogIqkc8h,mjvo-nj AB c]h;c8h,g7yj’glAo-nj [Mx)
A B 3
AB
4
M N x
gIqk.-h;q’;Pogrnjvcmdgvqk];’pk; AB c]h;;k’.lj g7yj’glAo-nj [Mx), 5 gmnjvD

c]h;c[j’ AB gxao $ lj;ogmqjkdaoD gIqkgvqk # lj;o,k8+.ljlj;omujc8h,c]h;wfh
3
MN = 5 AB.
4
@D dD .shc8h,mjvo-nj AB muju ,u];’pk;gmqjk 6 cm.
4 4
0D c8h,mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk AB = ; x 6cm= 8 cm.;
3 3
cotoeG .shc8h,mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk; AB = 4 x 6cm= 8 cm.
4
3 3
3
7D c8h,mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk;gmqjk AB (;ymufP;da[0=h 0D?
2
#D MN gxaog7yj’|bj’ 0v’… MP …..; MP…… gxaolv’gmnjv ….0v’ … MN ……
$D cotoeG c8h,mjvo-nj AB 8k,.9F grnjvc8h, BC gIqk0ufmjvodqj’-bj’.9dk’c,jo B
c]t ]aflts,uc,jo 2AB. gIqk;k’g,af c 8k,.916jmjvodqj’[+]Po-njda[ A c]t B.
gIqk0uf B .lj C. 9kdoAogIqk0ufmjvodqj’-bj’.9dk’c,jo c c]t ]aflts,uc,jo
3AB. gIqk;k’g,af D 8k,.916jmjvodqj’ [+]Po-njda[ B c]t C.
A B
90
[qfmu !& dko;afcmd];’pk;0v’mjvo-nj
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ grjnv.shoadIPoIh6muj,k0v’sq;soj;p;afcmd <c,af<F v5xt76o c]t mt;u76o0v’c,afS
sq;soj;p;afcmd <25f<F v5xt76o c]t mt;u76o0v’ 25fD
{ grjnv.shoadIPolk,kf xjPosq;soj;pF xP[mP[];’pk;S cdh[qfg]ddjP;
da[];’pk;S
{ oe.-h7;k,I6hg0Qk.odkocdhw0-u;yf8q;9y’mujdjP;da[];’pk;D
ສິດ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ິຂະ
{ sq;soj;p;afcmd];’pk;S
{ dkoxjPosq;soj;pS
ນລ
ວ
ຫງ
ສະ
ສ

ສວ
IPogxao.9dk’?S 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o [+g7aj’0b,S


{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkoF IPoS
0t[;odkoIPo];,.oshv’Xvkf,udko.sh7tcood5j, s^n [5d7qo?S
91
{ 7tcood;fdkD

[qfg/ydsaf
125
!D ;ymu-vdG 9kdG AB = 7,4cm = 0,74dm ; CD = 0,3dm ; AD = dm
100
d
A B C D
-vdsk BC
gIqkla’gdfgsao;jkG AB + BC + CD = AD
gIqk4vogvqk BC = AD − ( AB + CD )
= 1,25dm − ( 0,74dm + 0,3dm )
= 1,25dm − 1,04dm
1dam
= 0,21dm = × 0,21dm = 0,0021dam
100dm
faj’oAogIqkwfhG BC = 0,0021dam
@D dD
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 9kd 5hm 40dam 3m = 500m + 400m + 3m = 903m
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 5hm 40dam 3m = 5000dm + 4000dm + 30dm = 9030dm
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG
5hm 40dam 3m = 50000cm + 40000cm + 300cm = 90300cm
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG
5hm 40dam 3m = 500000mm + 400000mm + 3000mm = 903000mm
0D
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 9kd 25m 12cm 7mm = 25m + 0,12m + 0,007m = 25,127m
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 25m 12cm 7mm = 250dm + 1,2dm + 0,07dm = 251,27dm
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 25m 12cm 7mm = 2500cm + 12cm + 0,7cm = 2512,7cm
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 25m 12cm 7mm = 25000mm + 120mm + 7mm = 25127mm
92
7D
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 1,2km 5dam 13m = 1200m + 50m + 13m = 1263m
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG1,2km 5dam 13m = 12000dm + 500dm + 130dm = 12630dm
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG
1,2km 5dam 13m = 120000cm + 5000cm + 1300cm = 126300cm
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG
1,2km 5dam 13m = 1200000mm + 50000mm + 13000mm = 1263000cm
’D
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 139,5hm = 100m × 139,5hm = 13950m
ສິດ
1hm
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 139,5hm = 1000dm × 139,5hm = 139500dm
ິຂະ
1hm
10000cm
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 139,5hm = × 139,5hm = 1395000cm
1hm
ນລ
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 139,5hm = 100000mm × 139,5hm = 13950000mm
1hm
9D
ວ
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 2dm 13cm = 0,2m + 0,13m = 0,33m

ຫງ
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 2dm 13cm = 2dm + 1,3dm = 3,3dm

{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 2dm 13cm = 20cm + 13cm = 33cm
ສະ
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 2dm 13cm = 200mm + 130mm = 330mm

lD
ສ
1000m
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 28,016km = × 28,016km = 28016m
1km
ສວ
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 28,016km = 10000dm × 28,016km = 280160dm

1km
100000cm
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 28,016km = × 28,016km = 2801600cm
1km
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 28,016km = 1000000mm × 28,016km = 28016000mm
1km
-D
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 7m 1,3dm 7mm = 7m + 0,13m + 0,007m = 7,137m
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 7m 1,3dm 7mm = 70dm + 1,3dm + 0,07dm = 71,37dm
93
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 7m 1,3dm 7mm = 700cm + 130cm + 0,7cm = 713,7cm
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 7m 1,3dm 7mm = 7000mm + 1300mm + 7mm = 7137mm
pD
10m
{ xjPogxaoc,afG 9kd 0,07103dam = × 0,07103dam = 0,7103m
1dam
{ xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 0,07103dam = 100dm × 0,07103dam = 7,103dm
1dam
{ xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 0,07103dam = 1000cm × 0,07103dam = 71,03cm
1dam
10000mm
{ xjPogxao,u]uc,afG 0,07103dam = × 0,07103dam = 710,3mm
1dam
#D dD 3,7 m = .370... cm 0D 52 cm = 0,052...dam
7D 12,4 hm 07 dam = 1310… m ; ’. 205 m = 0,205…km.
9D 712 mm = …7,12..dm lD 5,74 dam = 5740….cm.
3
-D m = …30..mm pD 25 dam 08 cm = …250,08 …m
100
$D ;ymuxP[mP[G djvovnjo\qfgIqk8hv’rtpkpk,xjPosq;|j;p;afcmd];’pk;.sh7ndao
c]h;giqk9bj’xP[mP[D
dD xjPogxao-a’8uc,afG 9kd 51,31dm = 10cm ×
51,31dm = 513,1cm
1dm
faj’oAoG 518,03cm > 51,31dm = 513,1cm
0D xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 9kd 10,1km = 10000dm × 10,1km = 101000dm
1km
faj’oAoG 10 000dm < 10,1km = 101000dm
100dm
7D xjPogxaogf-uc,afG 9kd 4,5dam = × 4,5dam = 450dm
1dam
faj’oAoG 453,7dm > 4,5dam = 450dm
100m
’D xjPogxaoc,afG 9kd 2,01hm = × 2,01hm = 201m
1hm
faj’oAoG 2,01hm = 201m > 30,1m
&D .shxjPo];’pk;8+wxgxao,u]uc,af Xmm):

dD 15 cm; 1 cm; 12,7 cm; 0,35 cm
0D 21 m; 0,27 m; 0,0019 m; 5,0014 m.
94
7D 4 dm; 1,72 dm; 0,365 m; 0,6501 dm.
;ymuxjPoG
dD 15cm = 10mm × 15cm = 150mm phvo;jkG 1cm = 10mm
1cm
10mm
1cm = × 1cm = 10mm
1cm
10mm
12,7cm = × 12,7cm = 127mm
1cm
10mm
0,35cm = × 0,35cm = 3,5mm
1cm
ສິດ
0D 21m = 1000mm × 21m = 21000mm phvo;jkG 1m = 1000mm
1m
1000mm
0,27m = × 0,27m = 270mm
ິຂະ
1m
1000mm
0,0019m = × 0,0019m = 1,9mm
1m
ນລ
1000mm
5,0014m = × 5,0014m = 5001,4mm
1m
ວ
7D 4dm = 100mm × 4dm = 400mm phvo;jkG 1dm = 100mm

ຫງ
1dm
100mm
1,72dm = × 1,72dm = 172mm
1dm
ສະ
1000mm
0,365m = × 0,365m = 365mm
1m
100mm
0,6501dm = × 0,6501dm = 65,01mm
ສ
1dm
*D ;ymuxjPoG I6h;jkG 1cm = 10mm c]t 1mm = 1 cm
ສວ
10
1cm 1
dD 9kdG 1400mm = × 1400mm = 140cm phvo;jkG 1mm = cm
10mm 10
9kdG 100mm = 1cm × 100mm = 10cm
10mm
9kdG 0,1mm = 1cm × 0,1mm = 0,01cm
10mm
9kdG 1219mm = 1cm × 1219mm = 121,9cm
10mm
95
10cm
0D 9kdG 9dm = × 9dm = 90cm phvo;jkG 1dm = 10cm
1dm
9kdG 0,001dm = 10cm × 0,001dm = 0,01cm
1dm
10cm
9kdG 3,104dm = × 3,104dm = 31,04cm
1dm
9kdG 0,00347dm = 10cm × 0,00347dm = 0,0347cm
1dm
(D ;ymuxjPoG gIqkI6h;jkG 1m = 1 km c]t 1dam = 1 km ; 1hm = 1 km
1000 100 10
1km
dD 9kdG 26790m = × 26790m = 26,79km
1000m
9kdG 3087m = 1km × 3087m = 3,087km
1000m
9kdG 102m = 1km × 102m = 0,102km
1000m
9kdG 42m = 1km × 42m = 0,042km
1000m
0D 9kdG 420dam = 1km × 420dam = 4,2km
100dam
9kdG 32,49dam = 1km × 32,49dam = 0,3249km
100dam
9kdG 398,002dam = 1km × 398,002dam = 3,98002km
100dam
9kdG 23,1hm = 1km × 23,1hm = 2,31km
10hm
9kdG 0,54hm = 1km × 0,54hm = 0,054km
10hm
)D XcotoeG ;ymu ! 0Po 875 = 175× 5 c]h;xt8y[afdkoIvo?
;ymu7yfw]jmuj 1G
875m x 3 (175m x 5 ) × 3 (175m × 3) × 5
dD 9kdG = = = 175m × 3 = 525m
5 5 5
0D 9kdG 2943cm × 7
=
( 327cm × 9 ) × 7 = 327cm × 7 = 2289cm
9 9
235,718cm × 7 1650,026cm
7D 9kdG = = 150,00236cm
11 11
96
_D dD grujo.-h-a’8uc,af ( cm ) gxaosq;|j;p0v’0t|kfI6[D
0D g[u 33 ,usq;|j;p-a’8uc,af (cm)
_D 8v[G 80 ,ND
!WD dD c8h,mjvo-njltcf’g4u’vkp50v’c8j]t7qo
deoqf.shmjvo-njG AB c,jovkp50v’ok’ ]uofk
A B
]yofk
ok]u
ສິດ
mv’ 15 xu
7e
ິຂະ
2 × AB gxaovkp50v’ok’ ok]uD
ນລ
( 2 × AB + 15 ) gxaovkp50v’mhk; mv’D
(2 × AB − 5) gxaovkp50v’mhk; 7eD
ວ
ma’luj7qo,uvkp5G AB + 2 × AB + ( 2 × AB − 5 ) + ( 2 × AB + 15 ) = 170
ຫງ
0D 9twfhG AB + 2 × AB + ( 2 × AB − 5) + ( 2 × AB + 15) = 170

AB + 2 × AB + 2 × AB + 2 × AB + 10 = 170
ສະ
7 × AB = 170 − 10 = 160
160 154 + 6 6
AB = = = 22 +
7 7 7
ສ
faj’oAoG ok’ ]yofk,uvkp5 AB = 22 6 xu s^n ,uvkp5 22 xu da[ 11 gfnvoD

7
ສວ
{ ok’ ok]u,uvkp5c,jo AD = 2 × AB = 2 × ⎛⎜ 22 + 6 ⎞⎟ = 45 + 5 = 45 5 xu
⎝ 7⎠ 7 7
s^n ,uvkp5 45 xuda[ 10 gfnvoD
⎛ 5⎞ 5
{ mhk; 7e,uvkp5c,jo AC = AD - 5 = ⎜ 45 + ⎟ - 5 = 40 + xu
⎝ 7⎠ 7
s^n ,uvkp5 40 da[ 10 gfnvoD
⎛ 5⎞ 5
{ mhk; mv’,uvkp5c,jo AE = 15 +AD = 15 + ⎜ 45 + ⎟ = 60 + xu
⎝ 7⎠ 7
97
s^n ,uvkp5c,jo 60 xu da[10 gfnvoD
!!D [qfcdhG dD c8h,mjvo-njltcf’g4u’vkp50v’c8j]t7qo
;ymufP;daoda[0=h!WD
deoqfmjvo-njG AB gxaovkp50v’mhk; [5oD
AB + 6 gxaovkp50v’ok’ [q;lu
2xAB gxaovkp50v’mhk; lad
r;dg0qkma’lk,,uvkp5c,joG AB + ( AB + 6 ) + 2 × AB = 80 xu
0D 9kdG AB + ( AB + 6 ) + 2 × AB = 80
4 × AB + 6 = 80
4 × AB = 80 − 6 = 74
74 1
AB = = 18 + = 18,5
4 2
9twfhG mhk; [5o,uvkp5 18 xu da[ 6 gfnvo s]n 18 xu
g7yj’D
ok’ [q;lu ,uvkp5 AB + 6 = 18,5 + 6 = 24,5 xu
s^n 24 xu da[ 6 gfnvoD
!@D dD .shc8h,I6[|hk8+wxoU7noS
0D .sh;afcmd0hk’ c]t glAogoaj’9v,D
X cotoe.-hw,h[aomaf,kcmdgvqk0t|kf8q;9y’0v’glAogoaj’9v,?
98
!#D ;ymuc8h,G .-hg9hp8kdk3iG dD
A E C D F B
0D -vd];’pk; AB phvo;jkG 1 8kdk3igmqjkda[ 1cm = 10mm
ສິດ
9twfhG AB = 8cm = 10mm × 8cm = 80mm
1cm
ິຂະ
{ -vd];’pk; CD = 4cm = 10mm × 4cm = 40mm
1cm
{ -vd];’pk; EF = 6cm = 10mm × 6cm = 60mm
ນລ
1cm
!$D ;ymuc8h,G
ວ
.sh BC gxaoglAozjkdk’0v’;q’,qo C
ຫງ
0uf AB = 3cm giqk9twfhI6[lk,c9

faj’djk;D 4cm
ສະ
B 3cm A
ສ
15. ;ymuc8h,G .-hw,h[aomaf,kcmd c]h; .-h[aomaflkdc8h,8k,0t|kf9u’

ສວ
A 3cm B
3,8cm
D 4,5cm C
99
!*D ;ymuc8h,G 8k,[qfg]dc]h;c,jo.sh;k’g,af A, B c]t C 8k,.9[+1j6glAo-njfP;daoc8j
sobj’s^nlv’g,afoUvkf16j6glAo-nj d d=wfhD lq,,5f;jk B∈ d, A c]t C 1j6ovdglAo-nj d.
0ufglAo-nj d [ao95g,af B faj’I6[c8h,G
d B
C
c]h;.-h[aomaflkdc8h,lv’glAo-njzjko A c]t C 8k,]efa[8A’lkdda[ d

{la’gdfgsao;jkG ma’lk,glAo-nj0tsokodaoD
!(D ;ymulhk’G c8h, AC = 5cm 0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’c,jog,afg7yj’dk’ AC, 0ufmjvodqj’
muj,u.9dk’ A c]t ]aflts,u 4 cm. lv’mjvodqj’oAo8afdao16jg,af B. c]h;0ufvudmjvo
dqj’muj,u.9dk’ C c]t ]aflts,u 4 cm. lv’mjvodqj’oAo8afda[mjvodqj’mevyf16jg,af D.
gIqkwfhI6[lujc9lkd ABCD muj8hv’dkoD
D
A C
O
100
[qfmu !* dko;afcmd];’pk;
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ grnjv.shoadIPoIh9adg7njv’;afcmdmuj.-h.oxt95[aoS
{ grjnv.shoadIPolk,kf oe.-hv5xtdvogrnjvc8h,I6[ # c9S cdh[qfg]ddjP;da[w]
ptsjk’F ];’Iv[0v’I6[8jk’MF [qfg]dmhkmkp djP;da[-u;yf8q;9y’D
goNv.o8Qo8=
ສິດ
II.
{ v5xtdvo;afcmd];’pk;S
ິຂະ
{ dkooe.-hG dkolhk’I6[ # c9F dko-vdskw]ptsjk’F dk-vdsk];’Iv[0v’
I6[8jk’MD
ນລ
ວ
ຫງ
{ ;q’;PoD
dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo
ສະ
IV.
ສ

ສວ
IPogxao.9dk’?S 76vto5pkf.shoadIPog7njvomujwx4k,dao [aopkdkf,j;o[+g7aj’0b,S


{ la’gdfdkolqomtok.od5j,F dko8A’7e4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odkolqomtokF 0t
101
[;odkoIPo];,.oshv’Xvkf,udko.sh7tcood5j, s^n [5d7qo?S
{ 7tcood;fdkD

!D v5xtdvodko;afcmd];’pk;
dD dyf9tde
v5xtdvomujgryjo.-hgrnjv;afcmd];’pk;,uG w,hc,afF c,afra[zhkF c,afra[3]F c,afd=h
zhkF c,afd=h3]F [aomafF [aomaf37h’F dhv’ 95]tmafF g7njv’;afcmdI6[-q’dq, XI6[xB,
8e]kIPo?F D D D
gryjo.-h oU;,nF /k,nF 7n[F 8uoF lvdF ;kF de< F D
] }f lyj’muj;afcmdG v5xtdvomujg\ktlq,
! 0t|kf0v’dtfko w,hc,af Xs^n c,afd=h3]?
@ ];’pk;vk7ko3I’IPo c,afd=h Xpk;ly[c,af0Bowx?
# ];’pk;F ];’d;hk’ 0v’mqj’ok c,afd=hzhk Xpk;ly[c,af0Bowx?
$ ]aflt\u0v’glAozq, dhv’95]tmaf
& 0t|kf0v’c[dg8gip dhv’95]tmaf
* Iv[cv; c,afzhk
( ];’pk;czjocr w,hc,af
* glAozjkodk’dtf5,glNv g7njv’;afcmdI6[-q’dq, XI6[ ?
_ ];’pk;0v’glAo37h’ w,hc,af37h’ Xle]a[-jk’8afglNvzhk?
!W glAozjkdk’]6d7ezkp g7njv’;afcmdI6[-q’dq, XI6[ ?
!! w]ptmk’ Xmk’wd? sâddy3]c,af
@D dkooe.-h
0D [qfg]ddjP;da[w]ptsjk’
!D dyf9tde
102
!D 9eoo;o0uf 11, 9eo;os;jk’ = 10F 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’ + 1
#D 16j]ts;jk’ A c]t B ,uma’\qf _ 0uf c]t !W s;jk’
0=hla’gdfG g,njv[+,u0uf16jma’lv’lQoc]h; 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’ − 1D
$D 9eo;o0ufG _S 9eo;os;jk’G _S
0=hla’gdfG g,njv,u0uf16jlQosobj’c]h; 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’
&D 1j6I6[ ! ,uma’\qf !$DDDDDDDg,af c]t ,uma’\qfDD!$DDDs;jk’D
1j6I6[ @ ,uma’\qf )DDDDDDDDg,af c]t,uma’\qf )DDDs;jk’D
d=]touglAo;q’9vovaf 9eo;o0uf = 9eo;os;jk’
#D [qfg/ydsafoerk
ສິດ
!D .odko]Poc4;oAo 16jc8j]tlQo9t,uoadIPo ltoAo 9eo;os;jk’ gmqjk 41 − 1 = 40
ltoAo w]ptsjk’c8jzh6mu|nj’wxskzj6l5fmhkp c,jo 0,8 m × 40 = 32 m .
ິຂະ
@D cotoeG .shoadIPooa[8q;9y’g[yj’djvogrnjv-vdsk;ymudkoD
#D dD .shoadIPooa[8q;9y’g[yj’djvogrnjv-vdsk;ymudkoD
ນລ
0D oe.-hzqo0v’0h= dD
$D g,njvdk’g;ao0Bo $ c,af c]t dk’7no]q’ @ c,af d=s,kp7;k,;jk ,Nsobj’,ao0Bowfh @
ວ
c,afD
ຫງ
,ao9t.-hg;]k & ;ao9bj’0Bos;yfxkdlhk’D

&D lq,,5f;jk .o @! sq;oAo,uc8j-toyfmuj,u7;k,|k 3cm. dv’xB,9tl6’ 63cm ,ao9ts^5f
ສະ
];’l6’gfu,G 89 cm − 63cm = 26 cm
xB,ma’lv’-toyf9ts^5fdaoG 5cm − 3cm = 2 cm .
ສ
4hkgvqk7;k,s^5f]njodao,kskodao9twfhG 26 cm ÷ 2 cm = 13
ສວ
9twfh9eo;oxB,-toyfsok 5 cm ,u 13 sq; c]t-toyf 3 cm ,u ) sq;D D

*D cotoeG ;ymufP;daoda[0=h !D
7D dko-vdsk];’Iv[
[qfg/bdsafoerk
!D cotoeG .shoadlbdlkc8h,I6[9t85]afmuj,u0tsokffP;daoda[I69t5]af16jI6[ !F
3fp.sh8yfovdI6[ ! c]h;9bj’xP[mP[ c]t gsao;jk];’Iv[0v’I6[ ! c]t
];’Iv[I6[;q’,qo1j6I6[ @ muj4k,oAoc,jogmqjkdaoD
103
@D
1cm 5 cm
9 cm
lk,g7yj’;q’,qooU,u];’pk;gmqjkdaoc]tgxaog7yj’;q’,qo0v’I6[;q’,qomuj,uglAo
zjkdk’gmqjk ( 5cm − 1cm ) ÷ 2 = 2 cm .
];’Iv[0v’I6[0hk’gmy’oUgmqjk
2 × 9 cm + ( 3 × 2 cm × 3,14 ) + 1cm + ( 5cm − 2 cm )
= 18cm + 18,84 cm + 1cm + 3cm = 40,84 cm
6,35 cm
#D
3,65 cm
3,02 cm
1 cm
2 cm
];’Iv[0v’I6[oUgmqjkG
2 × 6,35cm + 3, 65cm + 3, 02 cm + 1cm + ⎡⎣1cm − ( 3, 65cm − 2, 02 cm ) ⎤⎦
= 12, 7 cm + 3, 65cm + 3, 02 cm + 1cm + 0,37 cm = 21, 74 cm
$D ];’pk;gmqjk !F& gmnjv];’d;hk’ G !F& × !W sq;|j;p = !& sq;|j;p
104
&D 0hk’0v’I6[9t85]af 32 m ÷ 4 = 8 m
8
0hk’0v’I6[lujc9lkdc8jvao 8 m ÷ 3 = m
3
⎛8 ⎞ 64
];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkdc8jvao ⎜ + 8⎟ m × 2 = m
⎝3 ⎠ 2
[qfg/ydsaf
!D glAosadgmy’,u];’pk;gmqjkda[ 6,5cm c]t glAosad]5j,,u];’pk;c,jo 6cm D
@D
];’d;hk’0v’I6[lujc9lkd ];’pk;0v’I6[lujc9lkd ];’Iv[0v’
ສິດ
I6[lujc9lkd
15,2 cm 28,4 cm 8v[G 87,2cm
ິຂະ
8v[G gxaowx[+wfh 24,5 cm 32,8 cm
8,06 cm 8v[G 4,69cm 25,5 cm
ນລ
8v[G gxaowx[+wfh 16,9 cm 27,4 cm
8,07 cm 10,7 cm 8v[G 37,54cm
ວ
#D
ຫງ
1,3 cm
ສະ
a
ສ
ສວ
;ymu-vdG la’gdfI6[gsao;jkG
{lu0hk’,u];’pk;gmqjkdao c]tc8j]t0hk’gmqjk a
{lu0hk’,u];’pk;gmqjkdao c]tc8j]t0hk’gmqjk b
{0hk’gs]nvc,jopk; 1,3cm
faj’oAogIqkwfh];’Iv[0v’I6[c,joG 4 × a + 4 × b + 1,3cm = 4 × ( a + b ) + 1,3cm
105
$D 24cm
&D [qfcdhG gIqk,u];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkd TEAK
c,joG 2 × ( AE + EA )
gIqk,uG AT + TE + EA = 12cm c]t AT = 5cm
TE + EA = 12cm − AT
T K
= 12cm − 5cm = 7cm
faj’oAoG ];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkd
E A
TEAK = 2 × ( TE + EA ) = 2 × ( 7cm ) =14cm I6[ @
8v[G 14cm
F E
*D dD ,u 14 glAogoaj’9v,
9kdg,af A gIqk0ufwfh $ glAo D
9kdg,af B gIqk0ufwfh $ glAo G
9kdg,af C gIqk0ufwfh # glAo C
9kdg,af D gIqk0ufwfh @ glAo
A
9kdg,af E gIqk0ufwfh ! glAo
B
];,gxao G 4+4 +3 + 2 + 1= 14 glAogoaj’9v,
0D ,u I6[lk,c9ma’s,qfG #& I6[
7D 9eo;oI6[lk,c9gmqjk & gmnjv9eo;o0hk’D
(D ;ymulhk’G
dD lhk’I6[lk,c9mjP’ ABC ; AB=BC=4,5cm B
{ ;k’ AB=4,5cm .-hdq,xkc8h,;q’,qomuj,u
]aflt\u AB=4,5cm 8af;q’,qomuj,u]aflt
\u BC=4,5cm 16jg,af B D
{ 0uf8+ A .lj B .lj C .lj A gIqk9twfh
A C
I6[lk,c9 ABC ; AB=BC=4,5cm
8k,8hv’dkoD
106
0D lhk’lv’;q’,qomuj,u]aflt\u B
AB=AC=4,8cm ; CB=CA=4,8cm
8afdaomujg,af B
{ 0uf8+ A .lj B .lj C .lj A gIqk9twfh
I6[lk,c9ltg\u8k,8hv’dkoD
A C
ສິດ
7D lhk’8k,0t|kfmuj.sh,kG
gIqk0ufmjvo-nj AB = 6,5 cm, c]h;
ິຂະ
6,5cm B
gIqk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’c,jo B, A
c]t ]aflts,u BC = 4 cm. gIqk 4 cm
ນລ
;k’g,af C 16jmjvodqj’faj’djk;D c]h;
gIqk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’c,jo g,af
ວ
C c]t]aflts,u AB = 6,5 cm. D C
ຫງ
9kdoAogIqk0ufmjvodqj’muj,u.9dk’c,jo
A c]t ]aflts,u BC = 4 cm. lv’mjvo
ສະ
dqj’l5fmhkpoU8afdao1j6g,af D. gIqk0uf8+ BC, CD c]t AD

wfhI6[lujc90hk’0tsoko ABCD.
’D c8h,7nG 0=h 7 c8jxjPo0t|kfD
ສ
)D .-hdq,xkgxaog7njv’,nfaj’0hk’oUG
ສວ
107
_D IQ;gxaoglAo;q’9vovaf ltoAo9eo;osâdIQ;gmqjkda[9eo;os;jk’G
2 × (36+25) ÷ 1,5m = 81 sâd
!WD ;ymuc8h,G
12cm
dD 9kdG 12cm = 2xπ R 9twfh R= = 2cm 2cm
6
gIqk9bj’c8h,;q’muj,u]aflt\ugmqjk 2cm faj’I6[G
0D deoqf.shG X c,jo];’dh;k’ c]t Y c,jo];’pk;
0v’I6[lujc9lkdmuj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 12cm
gIqk,uG 2x ( X +Y ) = 12cm sn^ X + Y = 6cm
gIqklk,kfc8h,wfhs^kpI6[lujc9lkd8k,0t|kf 0v’ X c]t Y
\kp7;k,;jk,us^kpI6[lujc9lkdmuj,u];’Iv[gmqjk 12cm
Xg-ajo X = 2, Y = 4; X = 1, Y = 5;... ?
Y
X X=3cm
X=3cm
7D deoqf.sh X gxao0hk’0v’I6[9t85]af
9kdG 4 × X = 12cm sn^ X = 3cm
faj’oAogIqkc8h, I6[9t85]afmuj,u0hk’gmqjk 3cm
!!D [qfcdhG ;k’ A , B , C ; AB=12cm ; BC= 58cm .ljglAo-nj8k,]efa[faj’oU
A I B J C
12cm 58cm
-vdskG ];’pk; IJ= L

gIqk,uG IJ = IB + BJ
AB 12cm
9kdG I gxag,afg7yj’dk’0v’ AB 9twfhG IB = = = 6cm
2 2
9kdG J gxag,afg7yj’dk’0v’ BC 9twfhG BJ = BC = 58cm = 24cm
2 2
faj’oAo9twfhG IJ = IB + BJ = 6cm + 24cm = 30cm 8v[G IJ = 30 cm D
108
[qfg]dmhkmkp
!@D
c8j]tmjvogoU’pk; 36 cm ÷ 6 = 6 cm
c8j]tmjvo8A’ s^n mjvoovo pk;
48cm ÷ 12 = 4 cm
ສິດ
38mu # wxwfh # mjvogoU’ + $mjvo8A’ 6+# mjvoovo =
3 × 6cm +4 × 4cm + 3 × 4cm = 46 cm
ິຂະ
!#D w]ptmk’c8j A sk B xt dv[fh;p !W! mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk; 100cm c]t !WW
mjvo-nj muj,u];’pk; 1cm. ນລ
ltoAow]ptc8j A sk B c,jo 101 × 100 cm +100 × 1 cm = 10 200 cm = 102 m.
ວ
100cm
ຫງ
A
1 cm
ສະ
100cm
ສ
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D D D D
ສວ
B
9kd[qfg]d c0j’0ao7toyflkf 9y’39h @WW#
!$D ];’Iv[0v’I6[lujc9lkdgmqjkG A B
(4,3cm × 2) × 4= 34,4 cm
D C
109
!&D gIqklhk’I6[lk,c9 RED muj,u0hk’ ED, RD, c]t RE.
R
E a D
R D A D a
E
R E ED + a
2
gIqk;k’ A 16jmjvo-nj ED 3fp;jk

RE +EA +RA = RA + AD + RD s^n RE +EA = AD + RD
s^n EA - AD = RD – RE lq,,5f;jk7;k,s^5f]njooUgmqjk a.
c8j;jk EA + AD = ED
c]t EA – AD = a
2EA = ED + a ([;drkd8+rkd? 4vowfhG
ED + a
EA = , gIqk;k’ A 16jg7yj’dk’0v’ ED + a
2
!*D I6[ ! xtdv[fh;pglAog7yj’,qomuj,uglAozjkdk’ 2,6cm, mjvo-njmuj,u];’pk;gmqjk2,6cm
c]t sobj’lj;oluj0v’;q’,qomuj,u]aflts,ugmqjk 2,6cm.
1 1
];’Iv[0v’,aoc,joG × 2,6cm× π + 2,6cm + × 2 × 2,6cm × π =10,764 cm.
2 4
I6[ @ xtdv[fh;p cxfg7yj’;q’,qomuj,uglAozjkdk’ 1,3cm .
];’Iv[0v’I6[ @G 8 × 1 × 1,3cm × π = 16,328 cm.
2
!)D cotoeG gIqk0uf8+ AE c]t BF .sh8af
dao16jg,af C, .sh.-h[aomaf;afcmd AE, 3,4 cm
4hk;jk AE = 3,4cm, .sh.-h[aomaf;af 4 cm
E
cmd EC c]t FC.
4hk;jk AE gmqjkda[9eo;ovnjo d=.sh F C
-vdsk,kflj;o c]h;7yfw]jsk7jk B 6 cm
EC c]t FC.
110
[qfmu !( dkog7yj’7n
g;]k & -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ I6hoe.-hcdhw0,ao]vdc[[I6[grnjv.shwfhI6[g7yj’7nS
{ I6h7ela[dPj;da[gonhv.o0v’dkog7yj’7nS
{ I6hlkh’c8h,I6[8q;g7yj’7n0v’g,afobj’fh;p[aomaflkdF fh;p[aomafF fh;p;q’;PoD
{ I6h9adgIafdkoryl6f3fp[+0Po.ljxnh,0PoD
ສິດ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ິຂະ
{ 7;k,leobddPj;da[dkog7yj’7nmP[.ljI6[onj’S
{ dkora[ c]t dko7yj’7nS
ນລ
{ 8q;7yyj’7n0v’obj’g,afD
ວ
ຫງ
{ cdhw0,aoXg9hple]a[dkogd?S w,h[aomafS w,h[aomaflkdS ;qq’;PoS g9hp8kdk3iS

[qflvoS xnh,c[[IPo X8e]k?F l=feF xnh,0PoF g9hp0k;D
ສະ
dyf9tdemu 1
ສ
{ 768A’7e4k,8+oadIPo7nG dkog7yj’7nc,jospa'L c]tc,joco;.f

ສວ
X.shpqd8q;1jk’ s^n c8h,I6[,kg[yj’?

{ XoadIPoDDDDDDDDDDDX[+wfKh?
{ 76[vd.shgvqkxnh,c[[IPo0nho,kS gxufg[yj’[qfmu!) 0v’7toyflkf ,D!G
gsaoI6[lv’I6[muj16jIP’daooAo[=L .zlk,kf[vdwfh;jkc,joI6[spa’L
{ oadIPoDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDX[+8v[?
{ 76ltgs]upG
{ lv’I6[IP’daoouh7nc8j]tI6[,uglAoc[j’Xzjko?8k,co;ovogIaf.sh,u@rkd
111
lj;oc]tc8j]trkd0v’glAooAoc,joDDDlj;ogmy’c,joI6[8Qow,hFgInhvod+F 8Qo
w,hcc]tlj;o]5j,c,jog’qk0v’gInvoc]t8Qow,hhoAogv’g-yj’gIqkgsaozjkooE
c]tIhv’g’qkouh;jkG <8q;g7yj’7n<0v’8Qow,hFgInvoF8Qow,hoAogv’D
ma’s,qf];,daoc]h;gryjog;Qk;jkdkog7yj’7n
{ 760Posq;[qf.ljdtfkorhv,vtmy[kpgruj,;jkG
9qj’[vdlyj’mmujr;dohv’gsao;jk,uspa’cfj7hkp7nco;ouh L
{ 76c8h,I6[dkog7yj’7nc]tlkmyf.shoadIPowfhgsao8q;9yj’rhvv,4k,;jkG 9qj’g[yj’
I6[8+wxouhmujwfh]vdc[[gvqk,k3fp.-hg9hpw0,aos^n8kojk’ c]h;lkh’8q;g7yj’
7n0v’,aomP[.ljglAo-njXc8j[+leg]af?
{ 76c8h,I6[dkog7yj’7n3fpmp[.ljglAo-nj.shoadIPogsao8q;9yj’c]t44k,
g4y’lyj’mujoadIPo7hk’7jk.9
{ 76[vd.shoadIPo9qfgvqkc]tc8h,gvqkgxaoc[[1jk’
7e8v[G
I6[dkog7yj’7n
I6[sobj’mP[.ljglAo-njsobj’
dyf9tdemu 2
{ 760Poc8j]tsq;0=h.ljdtfkorhv,vtmy[kp;ymudkogIafdyf9tdec8j]t0=hD
{ 76c[j’oadIPovvdgxaod5j,8k,7;k,gs,ktlq,0v’shv’IPoD
{ .shc8j]td5j,la’gdfc]tvjkodyf9tde 0=hmmuj!DXdkog7yj’7nc]tdkora[?
112
dD oe.-h3fp]vdc[[Xs^ng9hpdkogd?
{ 76.shoe.-h g9hp]vdc[[s^ng9hpdkogdgrnjvc8h,gvqk I6[ d fvdw,hf;hpl=7nfaj’
I6[0hk’0;kouhc]h;ra[g9hp8k,Ivp0uf d 9kdouhd=.-hl=fe
Xxkp?0uf8k,7v’l=fhkos]a’0v’I6[ d
c8h,D I6[c8h,wfh]vfc[[7no.s,j8nj,
faj’I6[0hk’]5j,D s,kp7;k,;jk
ma’lv’I6[ouch,jog7yj’7ndao
3fpmP[.ljglAo-nj d X7v’Ivpra[?
ສິດ
lk,kfg;Qkwfh;jkGI6[mujlv’g7yj’7n
da[I6[musobj'8k,cdoglAo-nj d
ິຂະ
0D dko8afda[cdog7yj’7n
ນລ
{ 76.shoadIPoc8j]t7qola’gdfI6[.o0=h 0 .oc[[IPo7toyflkf [qfmuj!)
c[['P[M
ວ
{ 76vjkoc]tvtmy[kp.shoadIPo2a’g4y’;ymudko9txt8y[af
ຫງ
{ 76.shoadIPoc8h,I6[.ljg9hp]vdc[[faj’]5j,ouhD
d c]h;rhk8k,glAo-nnj d D0uffh;pxkpl=.ljfhkos]aa’
ສະ
0v’I6[c8h,9af8k,7v’l=muj,uc]h;oAoF
9kdouhd=rnXc[?vvd9twfhfaj’I6[0hk’0;kouhS
;k’grvvd.shrP’ d
ສ
9tgsao[jvo8afdao
ສວ
0v’I6[c]tdko
g7yj’7n0v’I6[D
dyf9tdemu 3
{ .shoadIPola’gdf0=hmu@0v’dyyf9tdeF 8q;g7yj’7n0v’’g,afsobj’
113
{ 76vjkogonhv.oc]tvtmy[kp.shoadIPo2a’]tvPf
{ 76c8h,I6[;q’,qo.;ljdtfhkofaj’00hk’0;k
rhhv,vtmy[kkp;jkG g,af A g7yj’7nda[g,af B
A B
mP[.ljgg,afg7yj’dk’S gIqklk,kfryl6fwfh O
fh;pdkora[8k,glAo-nj d D s]a’dkora[44hhk
gsao;jkg,af A g8a’da[g,af B d=ltcf’;jk d
lv’g,afouhg7yj’7ndaoc]tgxaog’qk0v’daoc]tdao
c]tglAo-nj d d=8A’lkdda[ [ AB] gIqklk,kf0Powfh d ⊥ [ AB]
{ 76laj’.shoadIPo.-hw,h[aomaflkdd;f7nog[yj’;jkm5dg,afmujovo16jglAo-nj
d ⊥ [ AB ] Sc]td;fg[yj’;jkglAo-nj d 8afmjvo-nj [ AB ] 16jg,afg7yj’dk’
dyf9tdemu 4
{ .shoadIPoc8j]t7qooe.-hg9hp0k;S 0ufglAo-nj d c]h;s,kpg,af A 16jovdglAo-nj
d D .shoe.-h[aomafF [aomaflkdF ;q’;Po grnjvlhk’ B g-yj’gxao8q;g7yj’7n0v’
g,af A mP[.ljglAo-nj d D
{ oadIPo]q’,nxt8y[afF76g]ktwxc8j]t38tgrnjvda[7;k,-j;pgs^Nvg,nvoadIPo
,u[aoskD
{ g,njvoadIPoxt8afc]h;M76d=.sh7qommujgIaf0nhocdh Xc8h,? .shs,6jg[yj’16jdtfhko
{ 76 c]t 7qovnhoMd;fcdh c]t .sh7;k,-j;pgs]nvD
dyf9tdemu 5
{ 76lts]6[c8j]tdyf9tdezjko,kc]t9qf.97;k,0v’[qfIPomuj!).oc[[
IPo7toyflkf ,D! .ljdtfko.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqkX8k,.97;k,G
I6[c]tgonhv.o?
s,kpgsfG {4hkg,af C ovo16jglAo-nj d D8q;g7yj’7n0v’g,af C mP[.ljglAo-nj d
c,jo8q;g,af C 8q;,aogv’?D
dyf9tdemu *
{ .shoadIPoc8jj]t7qocdh[qfg/ydsaf3fp76pqd0nhosobj’7e4k,grnjv.shoadIPo
114
c8h,I6[7hkp7ndaofaj’7e4k,ouhD
9qj’c8h,I6[7hkp7ndao0v’I6[88+wxouhmP[.ljglAo-nj d D
4 d
ສິດ
3
{ ,njvoadIPoc8h,c]h;76d+gda[gvqkwxd;f.sh7tcooD
ິຂະ
{ 76laj’.shoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsaf0=hmu! c]t mu @ 16jgInvogrnjv,kd;fcdh.o-qj;
3,’8+wxD
ນລ
ວ
{ laj’gdf9kddkoxtdvplj;o0v’oadIPo;jk2qf2nhoS g0Qk.98v[7e4k,
ຫງ
fu-O.fL
{ laj’gdfdkocdh[qfg/ydsaf;jk8A’.9s^n]q[d;os,6jD
ສະ
VI. 7ecotoe c]t 7e8v[[qfg/ydsafD

dkog7yj’7nmP[.ljg,afsobj’D
ສ
{ m5dMg,afovo16jglAo-nj d 4hk0uf8k,glAo-nj d 9tgsao;jk d 8af c]t 8A’lkd.sh

ສວ
[ AB] D
{ I6[g7yj’7ndao4hkkrq[8k,glAo-nj d 9tgsaoma’lv’I6[ma[g8aj’da[daofu
115
[qfmu !) ,5, c]t dko;afcmd,5,
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ lhk’7;k,leobddjP;da[,5, c]t la[8jk’MdjP;da[,5, c]t ,5,ryglf 8jk’M
{ lhk’7;k,leobddjP;da[sq;|j;p;afcmd,5,F 7jk;afcmd,5, c]t ;ymu cmd,5,D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
dkodeoqf,5,G
{ sq;|j;p;afcmd,5, <vq’lk< c]t 7jk;afcmd,5,ryglfF
{ dko;afcmd,5,fh;p[aomafcmd,5,F
{ dko7yfw]jdjP;da[7jk;afcmd,5,D
III. lndkoIPo { dkolvo
{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D!F ;q’;Po c]t [aomafD
IV. cotoedkocdhdyf9tde c]t 7e8v[

dyf9tdemu !D
dD 3fpoe.-hc8j;q’;Po c]t [aomaf[+,u0uf\kp X\kp7;k,;jk[+.shcmd
0hk’0v’I6[fh;p[aomaf?F gIqk9tcmd];’pk;0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9muj
.sh,kfh;p;q’;PoD
xt8y[afdyf9tdeG .shla’kdf c]t xt8y[afdyf9tde8k,0Ao8vomujcotoeD
7e8v[G { 0ufmjvodqj’0v’;q’,qomuj,ug,af.9dk’ B c]t ]aflt\u BC D
{ l5fmhkpg,njvgIqkc8h,mjvo-nj [ BC] c]h;F muj8A’mujgxaowxwfh0v’
g,af C ,ulv’95fg7yj’7ndaomP[.lj ( AB ) faj’oUD
116
C I6[lk,c9 ABC' gmqjkI6[lk,c9 ABC
muj.shdjvoD
A B
C'
0D .shoadIPo;afcmd0hk’0v’I6[lk,c9 EFG c]h;gvqkwx;k’ma[da[I6[

lk,c9 ABC 3fpgIaf.shr;d,aog8a’daor=fu la’gdfg[yj’9v,mujg8a’daoD
7e8v[G 9v, E g8a’da[9v, A S 9v, F dq’da[9v, B c]t 9v, C
ສິດ
dq’da[9v, G D
faj’oAo gIqkwfh ABC = FEG; CAB = GFE; ACB = EGF
ິຂະ
7D [aofkd5j,g,afmuj1j6sjk’9kdg,af A 4 cm c,joI6[;q’,qomuj,ug,af.9dk’ A
ນລ
c]t ]aflt\u 4 cm
{ [aofkd5j,g,afmuj1j6sjk’9kdg,af B 5cm c,joI6[;q’,qomuj,ug,af.9dk’ B
ວ
c]t ]aflt\u 5cm

ຫງ
{ phvo;jk 4 + 5 > 6 faj’oAo lv’;q’,qo8afdao16jlv’g,afD ltcf’;jkd=]tou

,ao,ulv’g,afIj;,dao r;d,aosjk’9kdg,af A 4 cm c]t sjk’9kdg,af
ສະ
B 5cm D
4cm
ສ
A B 5cm
ສວ
0=h7;ogvqk.9.ljG
4hk AB = 9 cm gIqkwfh 4 + 5 = 9 = AB
.od=]touoU lv’;q’,qo8yfdaoD
ltcf’;jk,urP’g,afIj;,g,affP; 4cm
mujsjk’9kdg,af A 4 cm c]t sjk’9kd A B 5cm
g,af B 5cm D
117
{ 4hk AB > 9 gIqkwfh 4 + 5 < AB d=]touoU lv’;q’,qo[+8afdao c]t
[+,ug,afIj;,daomujsjk’9kdg,af A 4 cm c]t sjk’9kdg,af B 5cm
4cm
A B 5cm
’D 3fpdkoxP[mP[fh;plkp8k X7n g[yj’1jk’fP; c]h;xP[mP[?

fh;pdko.-g9hpra[gxao,5,.f|bj’ X8q;1jk’ ra[gxaoI6[;u? c]h;gvqkg9hpwx
;k’ma[da[I6[;uvnjo c]h;la’gdfg[yj’;jk 4hk,u,5,.fmuj,aog8a’daor=fu lt
cf’;jk r;d,aogmqjkdaoS 4hk[+g8a’daor=fu d=ltcf’;jk [+gmqjkdaoD
7e8v[G I6[ 1 = I6[ (
,5, ,5,lkd ,5,cs^, ,5,s;k ,5,rP’ ,5,g8a, ,5,l6o

;uoEg[u # !S ( $S ) & * @
dyf9tdemu @ dko;afcmd,5,
dD a. AOB = BOC = COD = ... gryjo;jk ,5,sq;|j;p;afcmdD
b..-hg9hp[k’-jv’-vf;k’ma[g7yj’;q’,qo AOS muj.sh c]h;c8h,]vdc[[
g7yj’;q’,qo AOS rhv,0uf\kp.sh7q[4h;oD
c. gIqklk,kf.-hg7yj’;q’,qomuj]vd,k9kdI6[g7yj’;q’,qo AOS gxaog7njv’
;afcmd,5,wfhD3fp;k’g7yj’;q’,qo [OA ) ma[g8a’0hk’|bj’0v’,5,muj8hv’
dko;afcmd7jkc]h;vjko7jk;afcmd1j60uf\kpg-yj’0hk’mujlv’0v’,5,
zjkoD
8q;1jk’G I6[0hk’oU gIqk;k’.sh AOB = 3u gIqkwfh a = 3u
gryjovjko7jk ;af cmd,5, a # sq;|j;p Xs^n 3a ?
d. 9kd d1 ⊥ d 2 S 4hk;jk AOB = u gxaosq;|j;p;afcmd,5, gIqkwfhG
,5, a = 3u
118
c8j,5, a = 90 c]t a = 9u faj’oAo u = 10
0D xt8y[af8k,0Ao8vo8jk’Mmujcotoe
{ 0ufmjvo-nj BC pk; 5cm
{ .-h[aomafcmd,5, cmd,5, ABC .shwfh 35 3fpxt8y[affaj’oUG
;k’g,af.9dk’0v’[aomafcmd,5,.shg8a’da[g,af B c]t 0uf\kp 0 16j
[ BC] F glAo-nj [ BA ) c,jo0uf\kp 35 0v’[aomafcmd,5, gIqkwfh
CBA = 35
{ cmd,5, BCA = 70 G
ສິດ
;k’g,af.9dk’ O 0v’[aomafcmd,5,g8a’da[g,af C c]t 0uf\kp 0
16j [ BC] F glAo-nj [CA ) c,jo0uf\kp 70 0v’[aomafcmd,5, gIqkwfh
ິຂະ
BCA = 70 D <I6[lk,c9 ABC gxaoI6[lk,c9muj8hv’dkoc8h,<D
7D dkovjko,5,
ນລ
|hk3,’muj,u.9dk’16jsâd9a[g0a,3,’ 8jk’gxao,5,g8a, ,u7jk;afcmd 360
4ndc[j’gxao !@ s;jk’gmqjkdao X0uf\kp3,’? s;jk’|bj’,u7jk;afcmd
ວ
30 F 16jc8j]ts;jk’,u & s;jk’ohvp X0uf\kp ;yokmu? ! ;yokmugmqjk 6 D

ຫງ
vu’8k,I6[3,’mujgsao
{ ,5,xtdv[fh;pg0a,.spj XlAo? c]t g0a,ohvp Xpk;?D
ສະ
,5,.od;, # s;jk’da[s;jk’ohvp ,u7jk;afcmd gmqjk

30 + 30 + 30 + 5 = 95
,5,ovdd;, ) s;jk’da[ $ s;jk’ohvp ,u7jk;afcmd gmqjk
ສ
30 × 8 + 6 × 4 = 264
ສວ
{ ,5,xtdv[fh;pg0a,lAo c]t g0a,.spjpk;D

,5,.od;, # s;jk’g7yj’ ,u7jk;afcmd 30 × 3 + 15 = 105
,5,ovdd;, ) s;jk’g7yj’ ,u7jk;afcmd 30 × 8 + 15 = 255
{ ,5,xtdv[fh;pg0a,.spjpk; c]t g0a,ohvppk;D
,5,.oxtdv[fh;p $ s;jk’ da[s;jk’ohvp * s;jk’g7yj’ ,u7jk;afcmd
30 × 4 + 39 = 159
,5,ovdd;, * s;jk’da[s;jk’ohvp # s;jk’g7yj’ ,u7jk;afcmd
119
30 × 6 + 21 = 201
{
,5, ,5, 120 ,5, 90 ,5, 180 ,5, 30
w]pt s;jk’ W ;yok !& ;yokmu s;jk’ !W ;y ]ts;jk’ !W
g;]k musk @W ;yok okmusk $W ;y ;yokmu c]t
mu okmu !& ;yokmu
IV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo

.sh76la’gdf c]t 8u]k7kzqodkoIPo0v’oadIPofaj’oUG
{ la’gdf]adltot8A’|hk.odkocdhdyf9tdeF lqomtokda[76g;]k76cdhdyf
9tde c]t la’];,4vf4vo[qfIPo9kddkocdhdyf9tde16jdtfkoF
{ 76la’gdf c]t 8u]k7k7;k,g0Qk.9[qfIPo c]t 7;k,lk,kfoe.-h[qf
IPo0v’oadIPo9kddkocdh;Pd[hko ;jk cdhwfh4nd8hv’ c]t lafg9o
|hvps^kpxko.fD
{ 76gIaf[qfd;fdkxt9e[qfIPo 3fpg]nvdgvqk[qfg/ydsaf0=h.f|bj’ s^n 76c8j’
gv’D
VI cotoecdh[qfg/ydsaf c]t 7e8v[

!D vjko,5, X[aofkg,afmuj1j6g7yj’glAo-njfP;dao xtdv[da[g7yj’glAo-njvnjo gxao,5, gmqjkdao?
dD { A, M, B 16j [ AB ) fP;dao c]t A, N, C 16j [ AC ) 16jglAo-njfP;daoD faj’oAo
,5,mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-nj [ AB ) c]t [ AC ) lk,kfvjkogxao,5,
ABC, BAN, MAC, MAN c]t c,jo,5,fP;daoD
{ B, M, A 16j [ AB ) fP;dao c]t B, I, N 16j [ BN ) 16jglAo-njfP;daoD faj’oAo
,5,mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-nj [ AB ) c]t [ BN ) lk,kfvjkogxao,5,
ABN, ABI, MBN, MBI c]t c,jo,5,fP;daoD
{ N, I, B 16j [ NB) fP;dao c]t N, C 16j [ NC ) 16jglAo-njfP;daoD faj’oAo
,5,mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-nj [ NB) c]t [ NC ) lk,kfvjkogxao,5, BNC, NIC
c]t c,jo,5,fP;daoD
120
{ P, I, A 16j [ PA ) fP;dao c]t N, P 16j [ NP ) 16jglAo-njfP;daoD faj’oAo
,5,mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-nj [ PA ) c]t [ NP ) lk,kfvjkogxao,5, APN, IPN
c]t c,jo,5,fP;daoD
{ I, C, M 16j [CM ) fP;dao c]t C, P, B 16j [CB ) 16jglAo-njfP;daoD faj’oAo
,5,mujxtdv[fh;pg7yj’glAo-nj [CM ) c]t [CB ) lk,kfvjkogxao,5,
MBC, MCP, ICB, ICP c]t c,jo,5,fP;daoD
0D 16j [ IB ) gIqkI6hc8jg,af B c]t 16j [ IC ) gIqkI6hc8jg,af C D faj’oAo ,5, BIC
lk,kfvjkowfh-njfP;D
ສິດ
@D AIN, AIC, AIP, AIB, AIM, NIC, NIP, NIB, NIM, CIP...
#D dD z 0D ,5,lkd yAz, yAt, xAz, xAt
ິຂະ
x y ,5,rP’ zAy c]t zAt
A
ນລ
t
$D b<d <c<a<e
ວ
&D dD
ຫງ
z xOz = xOy − zOy = 180 − zOy ⎫⎪

y
⎬ faj’oAo xOz = yOt
x O yOt = tOz − zOy = 180 − zOy ⎪⎭
t
ສະ
0D
xOt = xOy − yOt = 180 − yOt ⎪⎫
⎬ faj’oAo xOt = yOz
ສ
yOz = zOt − yOt = 180 − yOt ⎪⎭

*D 0D .-hg9hp[k’ -jv’-vfS ]vdc[[,5, APB c]h;gvqk;k’ma[,5, AOB
ສວ
c]t ARB gsao;jkr;d,aog8a’daor=fuD ltcf’;jk APB = AQB = ARB

(D 3fpoe.-h[aomaflkd gIqkwfhG
,5,cs^,G DAC, DAE, CAB, EAB, ABD, ABE, DBC, EBC
ACD, ECD, CDB, CDE, BEC, BDA, AED, EDA, DCB, ADC
,5,lkdG DAB, DEC, AEB, ABC, DEB, AEC
)D 3fpoe.-h;q’;Po c]t w,h[aomafmuj,u0uf\kplk,kfvjkowfh c8h,I6[lk,
c9mjP’ ABC 3fp.sh AB = AC c]t 0hk’ BC pk;8k,.9 c8jlAod;jk 2AB D
121
{ xP[mP[,5, ABC c]t ACB 3fp.-hg9hp-jv’-vf]vdc[[I6[lk,c9 ABC
c]h;ra[I6[lk,c9faj’djk;8k,];’l6’muj0uf9kd9v, A F la’gdf
dkog8a’dao0v’lv’,5, ABC c]t ACB 9tgsao;jkr;d,aog8a’daor=fuD
ltcf’;jk,5, ABC = ACB D
_D dD
{ 0ufmjvo-nj [ MN ] = [ AB] F
{ 0uflv’mjvodqj’muj,ug,af.9
dk’16j M c]t N fh;p
]aflt\ugmqjk [ AB] c]t
[ AC] 8k,]efa[F
{ lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af
P gIqkwfh I6[lk,c9
MNP = ABC
0D MPN = a
!WD { lhk’g7yj’glAo-nj [ Mx )
P
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,ug,af.9dk’16j M c]t
]aflt\ugmqjk [ BE ] mjvodqj’8af [ Mx )
N x
16j N D M
{ 0ufmjvodqj’muj,ug,af.9dk’ N c]t ]af
lt\u [CE ] D lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16j P gIqkwfhG NP = CE
!!D { 0uf [Su ) c]h;0ufmjvodqj’muj,ug,af.9dk’ S x w
c]t ]aflt\u r mjvodqj’faj’djk;8af [Su ) 16j A D y
E D C v
{ 9kdoAo gIqk.-h;q’;Poc[j’mjvodqj’faj’djk; B
vvdgxao & mjvodqj’ohvp]Po8yfdao7nG r u
S A
AB = BC = CD = DE = MN D
{ 0ufg7yj’glAo-njmuj,ug,afg7Qk S 7nG [SB ) ; [SC ) ; [SD ) ; [SE ) gIqkwfhG
ASB = BSC = CSD = DSE = uSv
!@D dko;k’[aomafcmd,5,G g,af.9dk’0v’[aomafcmd,5,8hv’g8a’da[9v,
122
0v’,5,muj8hv’dkocmd c]t 0uf\kp 0 .o[aomafcmd,5,8hv’g8a’da[
0hk’|bj’0v’,5,muj8hv’dko;afcmd 9kdoAo d=vjko7jk;afcmd,5,8k,7jk;af
cmd,5,8k,0uf\kpmujg8a’da[0hk’mujlv’0v’,5,D faj’oAo .o[aofkI6[c8h, muj.sh
,uI6[ a, d , f muj;k’[aomafcmd,5,[+4nd8hv’D
I6[ b 4nd8hv’ c]t ,u7jk;afcmd 80
I6[ c 4nd8hv’ c]t ,u7jk;afcmd 135
I6[ e 4nd8hv’ c]t ,u7jk;afcmd 115
!#D xt8y[af8k,7ecooe.o0=h !@F gIqkwfhG
ສິດ
a = 10 ; b = 40 ; c = 75 ; d = 100 ; e = 110
!$D dD 0ufmjvo-nj [ AB] = 11cm
{ 0uflv’mjvodqj’muj,g,af.9dk’16j
ິຂະ
C
A c]t B fh;p]aflt\u 7 cm
85
c]t 9 cm D
ນລ
7 cm 9 cm
{ lv’mjvodqj’8afdao16jg,af C D
I6[lk,c9 ABC c,joI6[lk,c9
ວ
55 40
mujgIqk8hv’dkoc8h,D A 11cm B
ຫງ
0D .-h[aomafcmd,5,G BAC = 55 ; BCA = 85 ; ABC = 40

7D 7yfw]jzqo[;dG BAC + BCA + ABC = 55 + 85 + 40 = 180
ສະ
!&D gIqkI6hc]h;;jk ,5,g8a,,u7jk;afcmdgmqjk 360 D faj’oAo ∠xOy = 360 − xOy

= 360 − 54 = 305
ສ
!*D I6[mu !G xOz = xOy + yOz I6[mu @G xOz = xOy − yOz

ສວ
= 78 + 34 = 120 − 43
= 112 = 77
!(D z b = xOy − xOz = 180 − a
a
b
d=]tou a = 15 ⇒ b = 165
x O y d=]tou a = 63 ⇒ b = 117
d=]tou a = 98 ⇒ b = 82
d=]tou a = 124 ⇒ b = 56
123
!)D I6[muj !G vjkoc8j-hkpsk0;k a = 46 ; b = 134
I6[muj @G vjkoc8j0;ksk-hkp c = 46 ; d = 134
!_D c8h,,5, xAy = 50
y
{ 0uf [ Ax ) c]h;.-h[aomafcmd,5,
muj,u9v, A c]t 0hk’|bj’c,jo [ Ax )
c]h;vjko,5, 50 16j[aomafcmd,5,D 50 x
A
0ufg7yj’glAo-nj [ Ay ) gIqkwfh xAy = 50
{ 3fp;ymufP;dao gIqkc8h,,5, zBt = 90 c]t uCv = 144
z
v
144
90 t
B C u
x
@WD { c8h,mjvo-nj AB = 7 cm 9kdoAo c8h,,5, C
BAx = 65 D
5 cm
1j6 [ Ax ) F ;k’g,af C 3fp;jk AC = 5 cm
gIqkwfhI6[lk,c9 ABC muj8hv’dkoc8h,D A B
7 cm
@!D { 0ufmjvo-nj AB = 8 cm 9kdoAo c8h,5, BAx = 48 c]t ,5, ABy = 84
16jg[Nv’fP;daomP[.lj ( AB ) D
{ [ Ax ) c]t [ By ) 8afdao16jg,af C D gIqkwfh I6[lk,c9 ABC muj8hv’c8h,D
y x
C
48 84
A B
8 cm
124
@@D dD 0D i uBv = 90
u
i xBv = 150
v
x 64 26 y
i uBy = 116
B y
@#D { 0ufmjvo-nj CD = 9 cm S 9kdoAo x B
b
c8h,,5, CDy = 62 D A
a
{ 16j0hk’ [ Dx ) gIqk;k’g,af A 5 cm 10 cm
ສິດ
3fp;jk AD = 5 cm
110
{ 16j0hk’ [Cy ) gIqk;k’g,af B D
9 cm
ິຂະ
3fp;jk CB = 5 cm 62
C
{ 0uf8+ A sk B gIqkwfh I6[lujc9 ABCD muj8hv’dkoc8h,D
ນລ
@$D dD 9kdI6[c8h,muj.shw;hF gIqkgsao;jk lv’;q’,qo,u]aflt\u r = 20 mm gmqjkdao
faj’oAo r;d,aogmqjkdaoD A c]t D c,jog,afIj;,0v’r;d,ao gIqkwfhG
ວ
ຫງ
AB = AC = 20 mm grktc,jo]aflt\u0v’;q’,qoD ltoAo
ABC c,joI6[lk,c9ltg\u
ສະ
BC = CD = 20 mm grktc,jo]aflt\u0v’;q’,qoD ltoAo
ABC c,joI6[lk,c9ltg\u
0D I6[lujc9 ABCD muj,u AB = BC = CD = DA = 20 cm c]t ,u,5, BAC = 60

ສ
ສວ
X,5,.o0v’I6[lk,c9ltg\u? c,joI6[fvd9aoD
125
@&D dD c]t 0D F
G C
5 cm
6 cm
A 7 cm B
E
7D mjvo-nj [CE ] ; [ AF] ; [ BG ] r;d,ao8afdao1jg,af|bj’D d;f7no];’pk;
0v’mjvo-njfaj’djk;fh;p;q’;Po gsao;jkr;d,ao,u];’pk;gmqjkdaoD
@*D I6[ !G xOy = uOx − uOy = 108 − 76 = 36
I6[ @G xOy = xOu + uOy = 120 + 118 = 238
I6[ #G xOy = 135 + 125 + 125 − 360 = 25
I6[ $G xOy = 120 + 110 + 85 + 85 − 360 = 138
@(D dD 7yfw]j,5, xAu 0D c8h,I6[7no.sh4nd8k,7jk8q;9y’
v
xAu + uAv = xAy − vAy u
80
a + 2a = 180 − 60
y 40 60 x
a = 40 A
{ 0ufglAo-nj ( xy ) c]h;;k’g,af A 8k,.9
16j ( xy )
{ c8h,,5, yAu = 60 c]t xAu = 40
gIqkwfhI6[muj8hv’dkoc8h,D
126
@)D a. 0uf [OA ) c]t mjvodqj’0v’;q’,qo C
muj,u.9dk’ O c]t ]aflt\u OA = 4 cm F
B
16jmjvodqj’ gIqk;k’g,af B c]t C 3fp;jk 50
35
AB = 35 c]t BC = 50 gIqkwfh,5, O A
4 cm
AOC = AOB + BOC = 35 + 50 = 85
C
b. xt8y[afmeov’fP;daoda[0=h a. D
3fp;jk AB = 35 , BC = CD = CA = 50 B
50 50
gIqkwfhG AOD = 135 35
ສິດ
4 cm A
C
ິຂະ
c. xt8y[afmeov’fP;daoda[0=h a. B
3fp;jk AB = 50 c]t BC = 15 15
ນລ
50
gIqkwfhG AOC = 65 O 4 cm A
ວ
d.xt8y[afmeov’fP;daoda[0=h a.
ຫງ
D C
3fp;jk AB = 50 , BC = CD = 35 B
ສະ
gIqkwfhG AOD = 120 35 35

@_D { 0ufmjvo-nj [ AB] = 5 cm 50
O 4 cm A
{ lhk’glAo-nj Δ 8A’lkdda[ [ AB] 16j B
ສ
Δ
ສວ
c]t lhk’,5, BAx = 35 x

{ [ Ax ) 8af Δ 16j C F gIqkwfhI6[ C
lk,c9 ABC muj8hv’lhk’D

35 B
A
5 cm
127
[qfmu !_ I6[g7yj’7n0v’,5, c]t 0v’glAo-nj
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
.shoadIPo,u7;k,leobddjP;da[lv’g,af s^n lv’I6[g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljglAo-nj|bj’
{ .shoadlk,kflhk’g,af s^n I6[g7yj’7n0v’g,af|bj’ s^n I6[|bj’mP[.ljglAo-nj|bj’
{ .shoadIPo,u7;k,leobddjP;da[cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’ c]t lk,kf-vdsk
cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
dkoc8h,g’qkg7yj’7n0v’g,af|bj’ s^n I6[|bj’mP[.ljglAo-nj|bj’
cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’ s^n I6[muj,ucdog7yj’7b
III. lnjdkoiPo{dkolvo
xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! xB,76j,n76
w,h[aomafpk;muj,u0uf\kplk,kfvjkowfhF w,h[aomaflkdF
;q’;PoFl=feF[aomafcmd,6,
IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo { dkolvo
rkdm;o7no
.shoadIPogIaf8q;9y’7nGra[g9hpc]h;Iuf8k,Ivpra[.shfu c]t .-h0v’cs^,g9kt
g9hpmujra[.sh-vf 9kdoAod=czjc[vvdc]h;.-hl=fe0uf8k,Ivpra[ c]t \kpI6
g9ktfh;p8q;vadlvo M c]t N Xg[yj’8k,I6[? 0ufglAo-njXMN?8afglAo-njmujgxao
Ivpra[16jg,af A 9kdoAod=.-h[aomafcmd,5, cmd,5,mujxtdv[fh;plv’ glAo-nj
c]t.-h;q’;PoxP[mP[];’pk;0v’mjvo-njnAM c]t AN la’gdfgsao;jkG
7jk;afcmdgmqjk 90° ltcf’;jkglAo-njIvpra[8A’lkddao (MN) c]t AM=AN
gryjog;Qk;jkGg,af M c]t N g7yj’7ndaomP[.ljglAo-njIvpra[ s^n;jk g,af M c,jo
g’qk0v’g,af N 9kddkog7yj’7bmP[.ljglAo-njIvpra[
128
M
N
A
ສິດ
dyf9tdemu !
ິຂະ
.shoadIPoc8h,I6[muj.sh7noF.sh4nd8hv’8k,I6[gfu,m5d1jk’c8h,g,af B lv’;ymu
8jk’daoG
ນລ
;ymumuj!G 9kdg,af A gIqk0ufglAo-nj ( Ax ) ⊥ ( d ) 16j E c]t 8af [ HJ ) 16j B
w-h;q’;Pod;fw]ptsjk’c8j A sk ( d ) c]t B skglAo-nj ( d ) g-y’c,jo];’pk;
ວ
AE c]t EB 8k,]efa[ gIakwfhw]ptmk’c8j A sk ( d ) c]t B sk ( d ) gmqjkda[

ຫງ
AE =BE
faj’oAoG B g7yj’7nda[A skmP[.lj ( d )
ສະ
H
ສ
A B
ສວ
F I
J
(d)
;ymumuj@G oew-h[aomaflkdD0ufglAo-nj9kdg,af I 8A’lkdda[ (HJ ) 16j
129
gIqk0ufglAo-nj ( AB ) 8af (d ) 1j6 E w-h;q’;PoxP[mP[w]ptsjk’c8j (d ) sk A
c]t (d ) sk B gIqkwfh AE =BE w-h[aomafcmds^n [aomaflkdd;fg[yj’;jk
(d ) c]t ( AB ) 8A’lkddaoD ltoAo gIqkg;Qkwfh;jk A c]t B g7yj’7n daomP[
.lj (d ) s^ng;Qkvudco;|bj’;jkGg,af B c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’g,af A 9kddkog7yj’7n
mP[.lj (d )
0=h!{@ c8h,I6[7noD
M R
N S
T
O (d)
9kddkog7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj (d ) Gg,af M ,ug’qkc,jo R

g,af N ,ug’qkc,jo S
g,af O ,ug’qkc,jo T
gIqkwfh;jk I6[lk,c9 MNO ,ug’qkc,joI6[lk,c9 RST mP[da[glAo-nj (d )
s^ng;Qkvud1jk’|bj’;jkG I6[lk,c9 RST c,joI6[g7yj’7n0v’I6[lk,c9 MNO
mP[.ljglAo-nj (d )
dyf9tdemu @
{ phvo;jkzjkolv’g,afgIqklk,kf0ufwfhglAo-njobj’faj’oAoG grnvc8h,g’qkg7yj’7b
0v’glAo-nj (d ′) mP[da[glAo-nj j (d ) gIqk;k’gvqklv’g,af A c]t B 8k,.9
16jglAo-nj (d1 ) 9kdoAogIqklhk’g’qkg7yj’7nj 0v’r;d,ao A′ c]t B ′ 8k,]efa[ mP[
.lj (d ) gIqkwfhgIqkglAo-nj ( A′B′) c,jog’qk0v’ ( AB ) mP[da[ (d ) d=]tou16jI6[
c8h,glAo-nj8afcdog7yj’7nd=]touglAo-nj (d1 ) 8afcdog7yj’7n (d ) 16jg,af I gIqkwfh;jkG
g’qk0v’g,af I c,jo I ,aogv’ faj’oAoG gIqkrP’c8jgvqkg,af A 8k,.916j (d1 )
c]h;c8h,g’qkg7yj’7n A′ 0v’,aomP[.lj (d ) gIqkwfh g’qkg7yj’7n0v’glAo-nj (d1 )
c,joglAo-nj ( A′I ) mP[.lj (d )
130
dyf9tdemu #
lhk’I6[g7yj’0v’,5,
{ oe.-h[aomaflkdd;fg[yj’;jkglAo-nj ( AF ) c]t (d ) 8A’lkddaoc]toe.-h;q’
;Pod;fg[yj’g,af A c]t F 16jsjk’9kd (d ) gmqjkdaoD faj’oAogIqkg;Qkwfh;jk A
c]t F g7yj’7ndaomP[.lj (d ) D
{ 3fpdkod;f7no;uymufP;dao gIqkwfh;jkG B c]t E g7yj’7ndaomP[.lj (d ) D
{ C 16jglAo-nj (d ) faj’oAo g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ C mP[.lj (d ) c,jo8q;,aogv’zjkodko
d;f7nog;Qkwfh;jkG
9kddkog7yj’7nmP[da[ (d ) G A ,ug’qkc,jo F
ສິດ
B ,ug’qkc,jo E ltoAoF g’qkg7yj’
C ,ug’qkc,jo C n mP[
7n0v’,5, BAC
ິຂະ
.ljglAo-nj (d ) c,jo EFCn g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ BA] mP[.lj ( d ) c,jo [ EF ]
{ 3fpdko;afcmdfh;pfh;p[aomafcmd,5,gIqkwfh 7jk;afcmd,5, EFC n = 45D

ນລ
c]t gmqjkda[7jk;afcmd0v’,5, BAC n
{3fpdko;afcmdfh;pw,h[aomaf gIqkwfh];’ [ EF ] gmqjk 3cm c]tgmqjkda[];’
ວ
pk; 0v’mjvo-nj [ AB ]
ຫງ

ສະ
grnjvxtg,uozqo dkoIPo{dkolvo .o[qfoU 76la’gdfG

{ ]adltot8A’|hk0v’oadIPo.odkocdh[qfdyf9tdeFdko9qf[qfIPo0v’
ສ
oadIPo
ສວ
{ dko8yf8k,F7;k,lqo.9 lqomtokda[760v’oadIPog;]kIPo
{ dkocdh;Pd[hko0v’oadIPo;jkwfhfu s^kp|hvpxko.fD
VI. cotoecdh[qfg/ydsaf c]t 7e8v[

!D dD gIqkI6h;jkG 9kddkog7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj ( d ) G I ,ug’qkc,jo J, H ,ug’qkc,jo K
c]t E ,ug’qkc,jo F
fa’oAo gIqkg;Qkwfh;jkG g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ HB ] 9kddkog7yj’7nmP[.lj (d ) c,jo
131
[ kJ ] F g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ HJ ] 9kddkog7yj’7nmP[.lj (d ) c,jo [ kI ]
0D E ,ug’qkc,jo F
4hk E gxaog,afg7yj’dk’ [ HI ]
c]t [ KJ ] c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ HI ] gIqkwfh;jkG F d=c,jog,afg7yj’dk’
0v’ [ kJ ] D
-uhc9h’G
E g7yj’dk’ [ HI ] gIqkwfh G HE = IE
IE = JF
[ JF ] c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ IE ] faj’oAoG ltoAoG FJ = FK
HE = KF
c]t [ KF ] c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [ KF ] F c,jog,afg7yj’
dk’0v’ [ KJ ]
A' P
N
M
3cm
A (d)
lhk’c8h,G glAo-njg7yj’7nda[ (d ) mP[.lj Δ

{ lq,,5f ( A′A) 8afdao (d ) 16j E
{ lhk’g,af F g’qkg7yj’7n E mP[.lj Δ
{ P 16jglAo-nj Δ D faj’oAog’qkg7yj’7n0v’,aomP[da[ Δ c,jo8q;,aogv’ gIqkwfhglAo-nj
132
( FP ) c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ (d ) mP[.lj Δ
{ 3fpgvqk0hk’,5,lkd0v’w,h[aomaflkdcxt.lj ( A′N ) c]t vud0hk’|bj’gIqk
gvqk w,h[aomafcxt.ljD c]h;g]njvo[aomaflkdwx8k,w,h[aomafmujcxt1j6oAo9qowx
g4y’glAo-nj ( FP′) gIqk9tla’gdfgsao;jkG 0hk’0v’[aomaflkd 0hk’mujxtda[glAo-nj
( A′H ) d=9tcxtda[glAo-nj ( FP ) r=fu faj’oAo gIqkg;Qkwfh;jkG ( FP ) 0t|kodao
( A′N ) “g’qk0v’lv’glAo-njt|kodaoc,joglAo-nj0t|kodao”.
#D dD gIqkI6h;jk dkog7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj ( IJ ) D B c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ A mP[
.lj ( IJ ] D g’qk0v’ I c]t J c,jo8q;r;d,aogv’
ສິດ
faj’oAoF g’qk0v’ ( AI ) mP[.lj ( IJ ) c,jo ( IB )
g’qk0v’ ( AJ ) mP[.lj ( IJ ) c,jo ( BJ ) gIqkwfhG g’qkg7yj’7n0v’,5,
ິຂະ
( AI ) ⊥ ( AJ ) faj’oAo IAJ
n = 90D n mP[.lj ( IJ ) c,jo
IAJ
n c]t IBJ
IBJ n = 90D
ນລ
faj’oAoG ( BI ) ⊥ ( BJ ) D
0D 4hk;jklv’glAo-njskd8A’lkddaogIqkwfh g’qkg7yj’7n0v’r;d,aomP[.ljglAo-nj
ວ
|bj’ d=8A’lkddaoD
ຫງ
$D dD gIqkc8h,,5, xiy m = 55D 9kdoAo d=0ufmjvodqj’0v’;q’,qomuj,u.9dk’ I c]t

]aflt\u r = 6 cm mjvodqj’8af0hk’0v’,5,16jlv’g,af7n g,af C c]t P
ສະ
I6[# c9 PIC gxaoI6[#c9muj8hv’dkoc8h,

ສ
C
ສວ
55°
I x
P
0D gIqkI6h;jkGglAo-nj0uf9kd9v,8A’da[rNo0v’I6[lk,c9mjP’ gxaoma’glAo9v,
dk’S glAodk’lkdS ];’l6’ c]t glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,D ltoAoF I6[lk,c9mjP’
133
xty muj,u9v, t c]t 0hk’rNo [ xy ] gIqkwfh g,af t 16jglAodk’lkd0v’ [ xy ]
X Y
7D 9kd $ g,afmuj.shgIqklhk’wfhI6[lk,c9ma’\qf $ I6[G ABC, BAC, CAD ,

DAB
B D
&D dD I ∈ ( d ) g’qkg7yj’7b0v’ I mP[.lj (d ) c,jo I 8q;,aogv’F O' c,jog’qkg7yj’

0v’ O mP[.lj (d ) D faj’oAo g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ [OI] mP[.lj (d ) c,jo [O′ I]
g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ζ ( O; r = 1, 2 ) mP[.lj (d ) c,jo;q’,qoζ ( O′; r = 1, 2 )
0D 9kddkog7yj’7nmP[da[ (d ) S [ IO′] c,jog’qk [ IO] faj’oAoG IO′ = IO
134
IF = IO − OF
IG = IO′ − O′G gIqkwfh IF = IG I6[lk,c9
OF = O′G = 1, 2 ]aflt\u0v’;q’,qo IFG gxaoI6[lk,c9mjP’muj,u9v, I
faj’oAoF I 16jglAodk’lkd0v’ [ FG ] S glAo ( d ) c,joglAodk’lkd0v’ [ FG ]
gIqkwfhG F c]t G g7yj’7ndaomP[.lj ( d ) D
faj’oAoF g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ F mP[.lj ( d ) c,jo G. 9kdg7yj’7nmP[.ljglAo-nj ( d ) S
[OI ] ,ug’qkg7yj’7nc,jo [ IO′] c]t;q’,qo ζ ,ug’qkg7yj’7nc,jo ;q’,qo ζD F
c,jog,afIj;,dao0v’ [OI ] c]t ζD gIqkwfh G g’qkg7yj’7n0v’g,af F mP[.lj
ສິດ
( d ) c,jog,afIj;,dao0v’ [ IO′] c]t ;q’,qo ζD
*D I6[ a. ( AB ) 8af ( d ) 16j I c8h,g’qkg7yj’7n0v’g,af c]tg,af B mP[.ljglAo-nj ( d )
ິຂະ
lq,,5fc,jo A′ c]t B′ 8k,]efa[ gIqkwfh g’qkg7yj’7n0v’glAo-nj ( A′B′) mP[
.ljglAo-nj ( d ) c,joglAo-nj ( A′B′) 8af ( d ) 16j I.
ນລ
A B (d)
ວ
ຫງ
I
ສະ
B'
ສ
ສວ
A'
135
I6[ b. ( AB ) 0t|koda[ ( d ) g-ajofP;da[I6[a gIqklhk’g,af A′ F B′ g7yj’7nda[g,af Ac]t
B mP[.lj ( d ) 8k,]efa[ gIqkwfh ( A′B′ ) c,jog’qkg7yj’7n0v’ ( AB ) mP[ .lj
c]t ( A′B′) 0t|kodao ( AB )
A B
(d)
A' B'
I6[ c. ( AB ) 8A’lkddao ( d ) g-ajofP;daoG gIqklhk’g,af A′ F B′ g7yj’7nda[g,af AF
B mP[.lj ( d ) 8k,]efa[ phvo;jk ( AB ) ⊥ ( d ) faj’oAoG A′ F B′ g’qkg7yj’7n0v’
Ac]t B 9bj’16j ( AB ) DgIqkwfh ( A′B′ ) = ( AB )
B'
(d)
A'
ltcf’;jk g’qkg7yj’7n0v’glAo-nj ( AB ) muj8A’lkdda[glAo-nj ( d ) mP[.ljglAo-nj

( d ) c,joglAo-nj ( AB ) 8q;,aogv’
136
(D
A'
C'
B'
ສິດ
I C
B
ິຂະ
ນລ
A
dD g,njvc8h,I6[7noc]h;D grnjvc8h,g’qk7ng,af A′, B′, C ′ mP[.lj ( d ) fh;p;q’;Po

ວ
gIqk,ug,af I c]t J 16j ( d ) faj’oAo 0ufmjvodqj’lk,vao muj,u.9dk’Ij;, I c]t

ຫງ
]aflt\u IC , IA, IB c]t vudlk,mjvodqj’mu,u.9dk’ J c]t ]aflt\u JC , JA, JB

{ lhk’;q’,qomuzjkog,af C 9t8afdao16jlv’g,af C c]t C’ g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ C
ສະ
mP[.lj ( d ) D
{ lhk’;q’,qomuzjkog,af A 9t8afdao16jlv’g,af A c]t A’ g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ A
mP[.lj ( d ) D
ສ
{ lhk’;q’,qomuzjkog,af B 9t8afdao16jlv’g,af B c]t B’ g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ B

ສວ
mP[.lj ( d ) D x
)D A
6cm
25D
I H d
137
dD gIqk0ufglAo-nj ( d ) 8k,.9F 9kdoAo;k’g,af I 8k,.9F16jglAo-nj ( d ) D 0ufg7yj’glAo
-nj [ Ix ) xtdv[glAo-nj ( d ) gxao,5, 25D 16j [ Ix ) gIqk;k’g,af A 3fp.sh IA=6cm
0D zjkog,af A,gIqk0ufglAo-nj8A’lkdda[ ( d ) 16jg,af H 16jg7yj’glAo-nj [ AH ) gIqk
;k’g,af B 3fp;jk AH=HB gIqkwfh B g’qkg7yj’7n0v’ A mP[.lj ( d )
_D { c8h,,5, n AOB = 90D c]t OA=OB=4cm,0ufmjvodq’;q’,qomuj,ug,af.9dk’ O
c]t ]aflt\u OA=4cm c8h,,5, OBE n = 40D D 0uf ( BE ) = ( d )
A B
A'
40°
4cm 4cm
O O'
(d)
{ c8h,g’qkg7yj’7n0v’I6[D
lhk’g’qkg7yj’7n O′ c]t A′ 0v’g,af O c]t A mP[.lj ( d ) 8k,]efa[D
q′ mu,u.9dk’ O′ c]t ]aflt\u O′B = 4cm gIqkwfhI6[muj8hv’
0ufmjvodq’ BEA
dkoc8h,D
138
[qfmu @W dkog7yj’7n0v’I6[F glAodk’lkdF glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,
g;]k !@ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
!D cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’
{ dewfhoypk,0v’cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’
{ -vdskcdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’fh;pdkooe.-hg9hp]vdc[[ Xs^n g9hpdkogd?D
@D glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’
ສິດ
{ dewfhoypk,0v’glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’
ິຂະ
{ dewfh75o]adltot c]t I6hlhk’c8h,glAodk’lkdfh;p;q’;PoD
#D glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,|bj’
ນລ
{ dewfhoypk,0v’cdog7yj’7n0v’,5,|bj’
ວ
{ gIaf.shgduf,ucdog7yj’7n0v’,5,|bj’fh;pdkora[D
ຫງ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ສະ
{ cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[|bj’D
{ glAodk’lkd0v’mjvo-nj|bj’D
{ glAoc[j’g7yj’,5,0v’,5,|bj’D
ສ
III.
ສວ
lndkoIPo{dkolvo
{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D!F l=feF ;q’;PoF [aomafF [aomaflkdF g9hpdkogdD
dyf9tdemu !
{ 76.shoadIPovjko7;k,leobddjP;da[cdog7yj’7n0v’I6[ .o[qfmu @W r=.zr=]k;
139
s’P[MD
{ 76vjko c]t vtmy[kp.shoadIPoma’\qf2a’rhv,dao ma’pqdI6[.oxB,c[[IPo.sh
oadIPog[yj’ wxc8j]tI6[faj’oUG
!D I6[g7yj’dk’ μ c,joc,jc[[S
@D I6[mu ! c,jogvqkc,jc[[lv’vao,k8+.ljdao3fpgvqk A c]t A' 16j0hk’gmyj’\qf
7n.shlj;omuj ! 8+.ljlj;omu @ c]h;\kpg]d.ljfaj’I6[S g,njvra[.shg,af A g8a’da[g,af
A' 9twfhIvpra[c,jo d faj’I6[16j0hk’]5j,0v’I6[mu|bj’D
#D I6[mu @ c,jogvqkc,jc[[ma’lv’,k8+.ljdao8k,dkoxUo];’ c]h;ra[grnjv.shg,af
A g8a’da[ A' 8k,Ivpra[ d c8jdu[0v’ A [+g8a’da[du[0v’ A' faj’I6[16j0hk’
]5j,0v’I6[mu @D
dyf9tdemu @
{ 76.shoadIPoryl6f fh;pdko1kpg9hpw0,ao Xs^n g9hpdkogdS g9hpljv’-vf?muj76dP,
w;hdjvo.shoadIPo c]t laj’.shoadIPoxt8y[af8k,7elaj’0v’dyf9tde djP;
da[cdog7yj’7n 0=h d c]t 0=h 0 c]h;.sh0=hlts^5[,krhv,D
{ oadIPo]q’,nxt8y[af 3fp76g]ktwxc8j]t38tgrnjv.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nv g,njvoadIPo,u
[aoskD
{ g,njvoadIPoxt8y[afc]h;MF 76.shzh60hvo0hk’gdaj’0Bholtg|u16jdtfko9ad @{# 7qoD
{ 76 c]t oadIPo7qovnjo.sh7;k,-j;pgsn^vD
dyf9tdemu #
{ 76laj’.shoadIPogvqkxB,0Po0Bo,k c]h;0ufmjvo-nj [ AB] pk;8k,.9F \kpg,af
g7yj’dk’fh;pvadlvo M D
{ .shoadIPora[mjvo-nj [ AB] 3fp.shlQo B g8a’da[lQo A F 9kdoAo c[vvd c]t
lqomtokda[oadIPo faj’oUG
76G oadIPola’gdfgsaoco;.fL
oadIPoG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
140
76G Ivpra[16j[jvo.f0v’mjvo-njL
oadIPoG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
76G gIqkIhv’Ivpra[oAo;jkco;.fL
oadIPoG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
76G cdog7yj’7n s^n g;Qkvudc[[ ;jk “glAodk’lkd”D
{ .shoadIPo.-hw,h[aomaflkd c]t l=fe,k0uf,k0ufglAodk’lkd16jIvpra[zjko
g,af M F 76g]ktwxc8j]t38grnjv-j;pgs^nvD
ສິດ
d
mjvo-nj [ AB]
ິຂະ
A B
M
ນລ
glAodk’lkd
ວ
dyf9tdemu $
ຫງ
{ .shoadIPogvqkxB,0Po0Bo,k c]h;c8h,I6[oUF 9kdoAo laj’.shoadIPora[[jvo9v,

ສະ
x O grnjv.sh0hk’ Ox g8a’da[ Oy S 76 g]ktwxc8j

]t38tgrnjv.sh7;k,-j;pgs^nvD
{ .shoadIPo c[I6[mujra[vvdF .-h[aomaf c]t
ສ
O
ສວ
l=fe 0ufglAozjkog,af O 8k,Ivpra[ c]h;lqo

mtokda[oadIPo grnjvsk0=hlts^5[D
y x
O glAoc[j’g7yj’,5, d
141
dyf9tdemu &
{ 76oerkoadIPolts^5[[qfIPo c]t 0Po.97;k,.ljdtfko.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk
{ .shoadIPocdh[qfg/ydsaf0=h d c]t 0=h 0 0v’7ecotoe.odkolhk’c8h,
8 2
c]h;76d;f .sh7tcoo S vud c,jo7tcoo 7;k,vtvPf c]t l;p’k,D
10 10
IV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo

{ la’gdf9kd7;k,gvqk.9.lj8yf8k, c]t cdh[qfg/ydsaf rhv,8v[7e4k,D
{ dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
VI. 7ecotoe sn 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf
*D ma’lk,glAodk’lkd8afdao16jg,affP; I
7n g,af I.
1
3
A C
2
(D lv’glAo-nj d1 c]t d 2
0t\kodao phvo;jk ABCD A B
c,joI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko
3fp;jk AB//DC D
D C
d2 d1
142
[qfmu @! ,kf8klj;o
g;]k # -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grjnv.shoadIPolk,kf Ih67;k,\kp0v’,kf8klj;o g-yj’oadIPovkfrq[gsao8q;
g]dmujgxaog]dlj;omuj,u9eo;or6f c,jo!D 8q;1jk’ 1j6.oczomuj0v’[k’xtgmf gryjo
1
.-h,kf8klj;o s^n 8q;1jk’16j.oczoza’dkod+lhk’D gryjo,ad.-h,kf8k
1500000
1
ສິດ
lj;o s^n ,kf8klj;ovjnoMD
50
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ິຂະ
{ ,kf8klj;o c,jo7;k,c8d8jk’ 0v’dko;afcmd]ts;jk’ I6[8q;9y’ 0v’lyj’
ນລ
|bj’ c]t I6[c8h,0v’,ao1j6.og9hpD
{ ,kf8klj;osp=h mujltg|ufh;pg]dlj;o g-yj’9eo;or6f c,jo !D ,kf8klj;osp=h
ວ
c,jovaf8klj;ovao|bj’ muj-U.shgsaog4y’dkosp=h 0v’w]ptsjk’8q;9y’9adgmjnv grjnv
ຫງ
oeg0qhkc8h,gxaoI6[.ljg9hpmuj,u1j6wfhD
{ ,kf8klj;o0tspkp mujltg|ufh;pg]dlj;og-bj’r6fc,jo!D ,kf8klj;o0tspkp
ສະ
c,jovaf8klj;ovao|bj’ muj-U.shgsaog4y’dko0tspkp0v’w]ptsjk’8q;9y’vvdwx
8jn,9adgmnjv grjnv.shgsaolyj’oAo-afg9o0NoD
ສ

ສວ
xB,c[[IPoF czomujxtgmfF czoza’dkod+lhk’ X4hk,u?F v5xtdvorNo4ko.odko

lvo7toyflkfF w,h[aomafF g9hp8kdk3iFDDDDDDDDDDDD
dyf9tdemu !
!D dkoxt8y[afdyf9tde8jk’M .shfegouogxao0Ao8vo7nG
{ .shoadIPovjko[qf39f grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ L
143
{ vkf9afoadIPogxaod5j,8k,7;k,g\ktlq, grjnv-j;pdao-vd7e8v[D 76vkf.sh
7tcoogrju,c8j]td5j,djvog;]kmuj[+mao.shoadIPo0Bocdh1j6dtfkoD
{ .sh8k’|hkd5j,mujgsao;jk cdh[qfg]d4nd0Bovtmy[kpzqo0v’dkocdh c]t .shgsf
zqoD 9kdoahoF .shoadIPo9eo;o|bj’vtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp 76gxaozh6vtmy
[kplyj’ mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[ 9qfdkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D m;o7noF rhv,7ecotoe
{ c,jodkom;o7nodkosp=h c]t 0tspkpI6[mujoadIPowfhg7upIPozjko,k1j6shv’
xD&D
{ dkosp=h c]t 0tspkpI6[,5,8jk’M0v’I6[[+,udkoxjPocx’ c]t ];’pk;
gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoD
{ la’gdfg[yj’-hk’XI6[!? c]t XI6[@? muj4ndc8h,1j6.o8kdk3iF 8kdk3ima’lv’I6[
,u0t|kfgmqjkdaoD c8j9eo;o8kdk3i 0v’XI6[@? |hvpd;jkXI6[!? $ gmjnvD gIqk
lts^5[wfh;jkG -hk’ XI6[@? ohvpd;jk-hk’ XI6[!? $ gmjnvD
{ la’gdfg[yj’XI6[#? c]t XI6[$? muj4ndc8h,1j68kdk3iF9eo;o8kdk3i 0v’XI6[$?
c]t XI6[#? gmqjkdaoF c8j0t|kf0v’8kdk3i XI6[#?cmdwfh 6 mm c]t XI6[$?
cmdwfh 4 mm \kp7;k,;jk 8kdk3i ma’lv’I6[0t\kf[+gmqjkdaoD gIqklts^5[
wfh;jk XI6[$? ohvpd;jk XI6[#? 2, 25 gmjnvD
#D dyf9tde rhv,7ecotoe
{ ];’pk; AB .oI6[cmdwfh10cm S ];’pk; BC cmdwfh 6cm D
{ .o8k8t]k’|hkXDDDD#DD?];’pk;.oI6[c8h,sp=h9kd8q;9y’ 5000 gmjnvD c]t ,kf
1
8klj;o D
5000
{ 76g[yj’9kd0=hla’gdf0=h7X|hkDDDDD$DDD?d+lk,kfvtmy[kp.97;k,wfhD
{ 8q;1jk’! c]t 8q;1jk’@ X.o|hkDDDD$DDDD? wfh-U[vdg4y’,kf8klj;osp=h c]t
,kf8klj;o0tspkpD
{ -vdsk,kf8klj;omujg|ktlq,X|hkDD&DDDD? grjnv.shoadIPog0qhk.9;jkF g,jnv9tc8h,
I6[8hv’.-hg9hp.sh4ndda[,kf8klj;omujg]nvdc]h;D
$D oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=h 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9.
{ cotoe;Pd[hkoF [qfg/ydsaf0=h 3, 6, 7, 10, 11.
144
la’gdf9kdG
!D dkofegouodyf9tdeF 7;k,lqo.9-ad4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,.odj5,D
@D dkocdh[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’IPoD
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
$D 9kddkod;fdk s^n [qfgla’D
VI. 7ecotoe c]t [qfcdh[qfg/ydsaf
ສິດ
!D ,kf8klj;o0v’G
{ czomujmu ! c,jo 1: 10000000
ິຂະ
{ czomujmu @ c,jo 1: 2000000
{ czomujmu # c,jo 1: 800000
ນລ
@D dD oadIPo8hv’c8h,dtfkofeczjooAogxaoI6[lujc9lkdD
ວ
0D ,kf8klj;oc,joG
ຫງ
{ ];’pk;0v’I6[c8h,10cm mP[gmqjk];’pk;8q;9y’0v’dtfko 4 m s^n

400cm D
ສະ
];’pk;0v’I6[c8h, 1cm mP[gmqjkda[];’pk;8q;9y’ 40cm s^n

];'pk;0v'I[6c8,h 10 1
ສ
{ ,kf8kl;j o = = =
];'pk;0v'8q; 9y' 400 40
ສວ
1
ltoAo ,kf8klj;oc,jo 1:40 (s^n )
40
7D ];’pk;8q;9y’ 4 m s^n 400cm wfhsp=hlj;o.shohvp]q’ 40 gmjnv7n 10cm ];’pk;
200
9y’ 2 m s^n 200cm wfhsp=hlj;o]q’ 40 gmjnv7n faj’oAo ];’d;hk’0v’dtfko
40
.oI6[c8h, c,jo 5cm .
#D I6[mjvo-jnmu $ gIqkcmd.oczomujwfh 1,5cm mP[gmqjkda[389y’ Xw]ptsjk’? 45km
7n ,k8klj;o c,jo 1: 3000000
145
9
$D 0=h 0D c,jo-vdsk,kf8klj;o0tspkp7n
1
&D gryjo8hv’dkoc8h,I6[fyol;oF g,jnvI6h];’pk;0v’I6[c,jo 5cm . oadIPo8hv’-vd
sk];’d;hk’0v’I6[c8h,7nG
dD ];’pk;0v’fyol;o8q;9y’ 200 m s^n 20 000 cm wfhsp=hlj;o.shohvp]q’gxao
5cm F 7nsp=h]q’ 4000 gmjnvD
ltoAo ];’d;hk’8q;9y’140 m s^n 14000cm wfhsp=h]q’ 4000 gmjnv7nG
14000 ÷ 4000 = 3,5 D ltoAoF ];’d;hk’0v’I6[ c,jo 3,5cm D
*D dD cotoe.shoadIPogvqkw,h[aomafcmdI6[muj1j60hk’0;kD
];’pk;0v’I6[cmdwfh 4cm c]t ];’d;hk’0v’I6[cmdwfh 1,5cm D
0D ];’pk;0v’I6[c8h, 4cm mP[gmqjk ];’pk;8q;9y’ 40 m s^n 4000cm
];’pk;0v’I6[c8h, 1cm mP[gmqjk ];’pk;8q;9y’ 4000 ÷ 4 = 1000
7D ];’d;hk’0v’I6[c8h,cmdwfh 1,5cm c]t ];’d;hk’8q;9y’ 15m s^n 1500cm
];’d;hk’0v’I6[c8h,1cm mP[gmqjk ];’d;hk’8q;9y’1500 ÷1,5 = 1000
1
ltoAo le]a[I6[lujc9lkdoU wfh4ndc8h,3fp.-h,k8klj;o
1000
(D 0=h dD ,kf8klj;o1: 40000
0=h 0D ];’pk; 5cm 0v’I6[ mP[gmjqk ];’pk;8q;9y’ 2 km
7e8v[G ];’pk;0v’I6[c,jo 20cm
)D dD c,joI6[lk,c9lkd ,5,lkdxtdv[fh;p0hk’ 3cm c]t 0hk’ 4cm
0D .sh-vdsk,kf8klj;o0tspkpG
{ 0hk’ 5cm 0tspkpgxao10cm F 0hk’wfh0tspkp0Bo @ gmjnvD
{ 0hk’ 3cm 0tspkp0Bo @ gmjnv7nG 3× 2 = 6cm
{ 0hk’ 4cm 0tspkp0Bo @ gmjnv7nG 4 × 2 = 8cm
7e8v[G 0hk’ 3cm dkpgxao 6cm
0hk’ 4cm dkpgxao 8cm
_D .sh-vdsk,kf8klj;omuj.-hc8h,I6[G
{ ];’pk;0v’I6[ 4cm mP[gmqjk ];’pk;8q;9y’ 40 m s^n 4000cm
];’pk;0v’I6[ 1cm mP[gmqjk ];’pk;8q;9y’10cm s^n 100cm
146
1
ltoaho ,kf8klj;omuj.-hc8h,];’pk; c,jo
1000
{ ];’d;hk’0v’I6[ 2,5cm mP[gmqjk ];’d;hk’8q;9y’ 20 m s^n 2000cm
];’d;hk’0v’I6[ 1cm mP[gmqjk ];’d;hk’8q;9y’ 800cm
1
ltoaho ,kf8klj;omuj.-hc8h,];’d;hk’ c,jo
800
7e8v[G ,kf8klj;omuj.-hc8h,I6[ c,jo[+,uF grkt,kf8klj;omuj.-hc8h,];’pk;
c]t ];’d;hk’0v’I6[[+gmqjkdaoD
ສິດ
ິຂະ
ວ ນລ
ຫງ
ສະ
ສ
ສວ
147
[qfmu @@ ,kf8klj;o X8+?
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
grjnv.shoadIPolk,kf7yfw]jskw]ptsjk’8q;9y’ g,jnvIh6w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, c]t I6h
,kf8klj;o s^n Ih67yfw]jw]ptsjk’0v’I6[c8h, g,jnvI6h,kf8klj;o c]t w]ptsjk’
8q;9y’D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
a
{ dko76o9eo;o d da[ X b ≠ 0 ? c,jo7yfw]jwfhlk,;ymu7nG
b
a
• d× = d × ( a ÷ b ) = d × (........) = ....................
b
• d × a = ( d × a ) ÷ b = (........) ÷ b = ....................
b
• d × a = ( d ÷ b ) × a = (........) × a = ....................
b
{ ];’pk;.oI6[c8h, = ];’pk;8q;9y’ × ,kf8klj;o
Xsq;|j;pvaofP;dao?D
{ w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ = w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, ÷ ,kf8klj;o s^n
= w]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, × 8q;xUo0v’,kf8klj;o

{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D!F 76dtdjP,czomuj0v’xtgmfF czoza’dkod+lhk’X4hk
,u?F v5xtdvorNo4ko.odkolvo7toyflkfF w,h[aomafFDDDDDDDDDDDD

dyf9tdemu !
148
{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsafF grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qfoU4k,sksap’ Xshk,76[vd;ymu
cdh?D
7tcoo grju,c8j]td5j,djvog;]kmuj[+mao.shoadIPo0Bocdh1j6dtfkoD
zqoD 9kdoaho .shoadIPo9eo;o|bj’vtmu[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp76gxaozh6vtmy
[kplyj’mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[ 9qfdkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D m;o7no rhv,7ecotoe
ສິດ
{ zqowfhIa[4aol5fmhkp.o8k8t]k’1, 2 c,jo,u7jkgmqjkdaoD
#D dyf9tdemu !F rhv,7ecotoe
ິຂະ
a b c d e f g h
ນລ
];’pk;8q; 660 372 516 144 336 192 180
528
9y’ ( cm)
ວ
1
×
];’pk;.o 120
ຫງ
5,5 3,1 4,3 1, 2 2,8 1, 6 1,5 4,4

I6[ ( cm)
ສະ
{ 8k8t]k’
1
{ zqosko ];’pk;0v’I6[.sh];’pk;8q;9y’c8j]t4aoc,jogmqjkda[
120
ສ
$D dyf9tdemu @F rhv,7ecotoe
ສວ
{ 8k8t]k’
fyol;oI6[X&? I6[c8h,X cm ? ];’pk;8q;9y’X cm ? ,kf8klj;o
149
];’pk; 10 50 000 1:5000
];’d;hk’ 6 30 000 1:5000
w]ptsjk’]ts;jk’
5,5 27 000 1:5000
95f I sk95f J
&D { oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=hmu 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15.
{ cotoeoadIPogIaf;Pd[hko0=hmu1, 2, 3,

la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
$D dkod;fdk s^n [qflv[D
VI. 7ecotoe c]t 7e8v[[qfg/ydsaf

!D { w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ AB = w]ptsjk’ AB 0v’I6[c8h, × 8q;xUo0v’,kf8klj;o
= 134 mm × 5000000 = 670 km
{ g;]kmuj.-h[yoc8jg,nv’ A skg,nv’ B c,jo 670 ÷134 = 5h
{ gInv[yo9tIvfg,nv’ B c,jo 12 h 20 + 5h = 17 h 20
7e8v[G 17 h 20
@D dD 7e8v[ 864 m
0D 7e8v[ 721 sâd
7D 7e8v[ 13 4hP;
#D dD 7e8v[ 11 950 m
0D 7e8v[ 35 850 m
7D 7e8v[ 240 sâd
$D ,kf8klj;oc,jo 1:100000
&D 9kdl6f7yfw]jG
150
w]ptsjk’0v’I6[c8h, = w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ × ,kf8klj;oD
1
faj’oAo 0hk’ 3m 9t,uw]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, = 300cm × = 3cm D
100
7e8v[G 0hk’8qq;9y’ 3m F ,uw]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, 3cm D
0hk’8qq;9y’ 4 m F ,uw]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, 4cm D
0hk’8qq;9y’ 5m F ,uw]ptsjk’.oI6[c8h, 5cm D
*D dD vy’8k,l6f7yfw]j grjnv-vdskG
w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ = w]ptsjk’.oczomuj × 8q;xUo0v’,kf8klj;oD
0D vy’8k,l6f7yfw]j grjnv-vdskG
ສິດ
w]ptsjk’.oczoza’ = w]ptsjk’8q;9y’ × ,kf8klj;oD
(D 7e8v[G ,kf8klj;o = 1:1500000
ິຂະ
)D .shg[yj’7ecotoe0v’0=h * gmy’oUDນລ
25
_D ,kf8klj;o0tspkpc,jo
1
dD { ];’pk;.o|hkg9hpmP[gmqjk];’pk;8q;9y’ 6 mm c,jo 6 mm × 25 gmqjkda[
ວ
150 mm s^n 15cm

ຫງ
{ ];’pk;.o|hkg9hpmP[gmqjk];’pk;8q;9y’ 8 mm c,jo 8 mm × 25 gmqjkda[

200 mm s^n 20 cm
ສະ
1
0D { ];’pk;8q;9y’mP[gmqjk];’pk;.o|hkg9hp 5cm c,jo 50 mm × = 2 mm
25
{ ];’pk;8q;9y’mP[gmqjk];’pk;.o|hkg9hp 2,5cm c,jo
ສ
1
25mm × = 1mm
ສວ
25
1
!WD 0v’czoza’gdqjk c,jo 1 × 1 = 1
3 3 24 72
8jn,.lj 0v’czoza’gdqjk c,jo 1 + 1 = 1
1
3 72 24 18
7e8v[G ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’.\jc,jo 1
18
1
!!D 0v’czoza’gdqjkc,jo 1 × 1 = 1
4 4 60 240
151
gvqkvvd 1 0v’czoza’gdqjk c,jo
1
−
1
=
1
4 60 240 80
1
7e8v[G ,kf8klj;o0v’czoza’.\j c,jo
80
!@D cotoe
glAogoaj’9v,0v’I6[c,jo 65 mm
!&D dD 1cm cmdwfh.oI6[c8h,mP[gmqjkda[ 200 000 cm 0v’8q;9y’ s^n 2 km
0D .oc4;l5fmhkpc]h;c8j76 9tgvqk8q;g]d.ljshv’.fshv’|bj’D
!(D { ];’Iv[fyo0v’I6[c8h,c,jo 4 cm + 4 cm + 6,8cm + 2,5cm =17,3cm
{ ];’Iv[fyo8q;9y’c,jo17,3× 200 = 3460 cm s^n 34, 6 m
7e8v[G 34, 6 m
152
[qfmu @# d5j, c]t vq’xtdv[0v’dj5,
g;]k # -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ g0qhk.9g4y’7;k,\kp0v’leo;omujgvUo;jkG “ dj5, ” d+7ndko3I,gvqklyj’0v’
8jk’M lyj’muj,u-u;yf s^n [+,u-u;yf vkf9t,u7;k,leraodao s^n [+,u7;k,leraodao
g0qhk,k1j6.o0v[g0ffP;dao lyj’gs^qjkoAogvUo;jkG “vq’xtdv[0v’dj5,”.
ສິດ
{ Ih68q;cmo0v’dj5,8hv’ 0Pogxao8q;vadlvo.spj 8q;1jk’ “ E ” s^n “ A ” c]t
8hv’ 0Po8q;vadlvoohvpF le]a[8q;cmovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, 8q;1jk’ x s^n a D
ິຂະ
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, lk,kfg]nvdgvqkm5d1jk’gxao8Qo 9eo;oF glAo-jnF [k’95f
0v’I6[g]0k7toyf c]t vjnoMDDDDDDDDDDD [k’vq’xtdv[lk,kfgxaovq’xtdv[0v’
ນລ
s^kpdj5,F 8q;1jk’15 c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5,me,t-kfF s^n 15 c,jovq’xtdv[
0v’dj5,9eo;o7ud s^n 15 c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5,9eo;omuj,usq;|j;p c,jo g]d
ວ
5 c]t vjnoMDDDD
ຫງ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ສະ
{ dko0Podj5,,ulv’I6[c[[7nG I6[c[[dko0Podj5, “c[[0tspkp” d+7nc[[

c9d1kpvq’xtdv[ c]t dko0Podj5,“c[[sp=h” d+7nc[[gvqk75o]adltot];,
ສ
0v’vq’xtdv[D
ສວ
{ dko0Podj5,c[[0tspkp8hv’,ug’jnvow0faj’oUG
• 8hv’,u;q’xuddkD
• 8hv’,u95f s^n 9E95f grjnv0Aolv’vq’xtdv[D
• vq’xtdv[|bj’0Powfhc8jrP’gmjnvfP;.odj5,|bj’D
• [jvo0v’vq’xtdv[[+le7aoD
153
{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D!F [aomafF ;q’;PoF [ydF l=F 4q’xN,F 1k’]b[F D D D

{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsaf grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ X76.sh7ecot
oe?D
7tcoo grju,c8j]td5j,djvog;]kmuj[+mao.shoadIPo0Nocdh1j6dtfkoD
zqoD 9kdoaho .shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp76gxaozh6vtmy
[kplyj’mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dyf9tdemu !F rhv,7ecotoeG
dD lt,k7q,vk-Po ,ult,k-yd1j6 10 xtgmf7nG ]k;F dex6g9pF ;Pfok,F wmF ,kg]
g-pF ly’dt3xFvyo3fgog-pF 2u]y[xyoF [i6wo c]t ,Po,kD
0D vq’xtdv[0v’ S muj[+wfhdjk;g4y’c,jo “;aova’7ko”
#D dyf9tdemu @F rhv,7ecotoeG
dj5,muj0Po4nd7n M = {a, , U, 2}
C = { 3}
D = { a , d , b , c , e , t } grkt vq’xtdv[fP;8hv’0Powfhgmjnv
fP;.odj5,|bj’D
$D dyf9tdemu #F rhv,7ecotoeG
dD dj5, A = { 0F lF 4F zF /F s } gvUo;jkG <dj5,vadlvol6’< .ortpao-tot]k;D
dj5, B gvUo;jkG <dj5,vadlvo8O< .ortpao-tot]k;D
dj5, C = { 2, 7,5 } S s^n D = { 4, 2,1 } grkt vq’xtdv[fP;0PowfhgmjnvfP;.o
dj5,|bj’D
&D { oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=hmu 1, 2,3,6,8.
{ cotoeoadIPogIaf;Pd[hko0=hmu 7, 9, 11
154
la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
ສິດ
!D E dj5,0v’gfnvomuj,u 31;aoF E = { ,a’dvoF ,uokF rbfltrkF d=]tdqfF ly’skF 85]kF
mao;k }
ິຂະ
@D ` dj5,9eo;ome,t-kfF ` = { 0,1, 2, 3,....................... }
ນລ
{ [+lk,kf0Povq’xtdv[0v’ ` wfh\qfm5d8q;F phvo;jk ,ao,uvtlq’w0vq’xtdv[
0Pogmqjk.fd+[+\qfD
ວ
{ ` wfh4ndgvUo;jk “dj5,[+lyhol5f”
ຫງ
{ 1c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ ` S 8,54 [+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ `

#D { P ,u @ vq’xtdv[G P = { , U } m5dM dj5,muj,urP’lv’vq’xtdv[wfh4ndgvUo;jk
ສະ
c,joG < dj5,76j <

{ dj5, S ,uvq’xtdv[fP;F S = { ∗ } D m5dM dj5,,urP’vq’xtdv[vaofP;D wfh4ndgvUo
;jkG “dj5,gvd”
ສ
{ dj5, V [+,uvq’xtdv[F V = { } s^n V = φ D dj5,muj[+,uvq’xtdv[wfh4ndgvUo;jkG

ສວ
“dj5,gxqjk”
$D 8q;1jk’!G S = { 9aoF 7koF rf5F rtsfaF ld5F glkqF myf } S deoqfdj5, S c[[0tspkpD
S c,jodj5, “ g9af;ao.o|bj’vkmyf ”S deoqfdj5, S c[[sp=hD
&D dD 0Podj5,c[[0tspkpD
A = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 }
P = { 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, }
I = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }
155
0D m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ P c,jo vq’xtdv[0v’ A D 4ndD
m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ I c,jo vq’xtdv[0v’ A D 4ndD
m5dM vq’xtdv[0v’ A c,jo vq’xtdv[0v’ P D zyfD
*D { dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 72 c,jo { 7, 2 }
{ dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 727 c,jo { 7, 2 } grktvq’xtdv[fP;0Powfhc8j
gmjnvfP;.odj5,|bj’D
{ dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 122 436; 2 221 435 660 c,jo { 1, 2, 4, 3, 6 } ;
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,0 } 8k,]efa[D
(D { 9eo;ome,t-kfmuj|hvpd;jk 100 F g-yj’dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Poc,jo { 2, 9 } 7n9eo;o
29 c]t 92
{ 9eo;ome,t-kfmuj|hvpd;jk 400 F g-yj’dj5,8q;g]d.-h0Poc,jo { 2, 9 } 7n 9e
o;o 29,92, 229, 292, 299,
)D { dj5,gxqjk c,jodj5,muj[+,uvq’xtdv[ s^n 9eo;ovq’xtdv[0v’dj5,gmqjkl6o xt3spdoU
4ndD
{ dj5,0v’gfnvomuj,u 32 ,NF dj5,oU c,jodj5,gxqjkD
_D { 0Podj5,c[[0tspkpD
A = { a, b, c, d , e, h } ; B = { d , e, j }
C = { a, b } ; D = { a, b, c, d , e, h, j, k , m }
{ vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ A c]t B c,jo e, d .
{ vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ A c]t C c,jo a, b.
{ vq’xtdv[Ij;,0v’ B c]t C c,jo [+,UD
!WD 0Po I c[[0tspkpF I = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 }
!!D 0Podj5,c[[sp=h
T dj5,vadlvol6’.ortpao-tot]k;D
W dj5,vadlvodk’.ortpao-tot]k;D
P dj5,9eo;o76j|hvpd;jk 12 D
!@D 8q;vadlvo mujgxaovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A ,u a, b, e
8q;vadlvo muj[+gxaovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A ,u c, d
!#D 9eo;ome,t-kfc,joG 337, 373, 377.
156
[qfmu @$ g7jnv’\kp ∈ c]t ∉ c]t dj5,gmqjkdao
g;]k # -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ I6h.-hg7njv’\kp∈ g-yj’,k9kd8q;vadlvogdiadX grecque ? E vjko;jk gv[-u]vo
X epsilon ?D 4hk gxao7;k,leraomujdq’dao0hk, gryjo9t.-hg7jnv’\kp∉ F c,jo9e
o;ome,t-kf ` s^n Ο c,jovq’ xtdv[0v’ ` 0Pogxaoxt3spdlAoM 7nG
“ Ο∈` ”; (−5) [+c,jo9eo;ome,t-kf ` s^n (−5) [+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ `
ສິດ
0Pogxaoxt3spdlAoM 7nG “ (−5)∉` ”
ິຂະ
{ Ih6;jk ly’;af45lv’vao gmqjkdao.og,jnv;jk r;d,ao,u75o]adltotvaofP;daoD
grktlyj’;af45oAo c,jowfh4nddeoqffh;p75o]adltot0v’,aoD 8k,myfltfu0v’
ນລ
dj5,F dj5,wfh4ndde oqffh;pvq’xtdv[0v’,ao faj’oAo dj5, A c]t dj5, B gmqjkdao
Xgryjo0Po A = B ? .og,jnv;jk r;d ,ao,u vq’xtdv[vaofP;daoD
ວ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ຫງ
{ g7njv’\kp∈ F 8q;1jk’ 4 ∈` vjko;jk 4 c,o9eo;ome,t-kf s^n 4 c,jovq’xt

ສະ
dv[0v’dj5, ` D
{ g7njv’\kp∉ F 8q;1jk’ 8, 4 ∉` vjko;jk 8, 4 [+c,jo9eo;ome,t-kf s^n 8, 4 [+
c,jovq’xtdv[ 0v’dj5, ` D
ສ
{ lv’dj5,gmqjkdao 0Pogxao A = B c,jolv’dj5,,uvq’xtdv[vaofP;daoD

ສວ
{ c8j A dj5,0v’gfnvomuj,u 32 ,N c]t B dj5,0v’9eo;omujs^kpd;jk 9eo;o,6oD

A c]t B c,jo dj5,gxqjk\qflv’dj5, faj’oAo A = B wfhg-ajofP;dao grkt,uvq’
xtdv[vaofP;daoD

{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf,D!F v5xtdvorNo4ko.odkolvo7toyflkfD
157
{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsaf grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’X76.sh7ecot
oe?D
7tcoogrju,c8j]td5j,djvog;]kmuj[+mao.shoadIPo0NocdhD
{ .sh8k’|hkd5j,mujgsao;jkcdh[qfg]d4nd0Novtmy[kpzqodkocdhc]t.shgsfzqoD
9kdoaho.shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtryxkp[aoskoedaoDl5fmhkp76gxaozh6vtmy[kplyj’
mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[9qfdkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dyf9tdemuF rhv,7ecotoe
7D 0Podj5, P c[[0tspkp P = { 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13 }
4∈P 4nd 14∉P 4nd
5∈P 4nd 12∈P 4nd
5∉P zyf 24∉P 4nd
0,34∉P 4nd 16∉P 4nd
’D
e∈T 4nd e∈M zyf vq’xtdv[ T M
4∈T 4nd 4∈ M zyf e 1 0
d ∈T 4nd d ∈M zyf 4 1 0
d 1 0
a ∈T 4nd a ∈M 4nd a 1 1
m∈T 4nd m∈ M 4nd m 1 1
zyf h 0 1
h∈T h ∈M 4nd
2 0 1
2∈T zyf 2∈ M 4nd
9D A = { , m, u,0} ; B = { 4, i, m }
158
A B vq’xtdv[ A B
1 0
4 0 1
4 i 0 1
0 m m 1 1
u i u 1 0
0 1 0
#D dj5,gmqjkdao
dyf9tdemu !F rhv,7ecotoe
0D dj5,muj,uvq’xtdv[7ndao7nG B = D S C = E
ສິດ
dyf9tdemu @F rhv,7ecotoe
dD dj5, = { dF 0F 7F 9 } ≠ { 7F 0F 9 } phvodj5, { 7F 0F 9 } 0kfvq’xtdv[ dD
ິຂະ
0D X = { 6, 2, 4 } c]t U dj5,9eo;o7j6c8j ! sk ( S X = U grkt0Podj5,
U c[[0tspkpd+9twfhdj5, { 2, 4,6 } mujgxaovq’xtdv[vaofP;da[0v’dj5, X
ນລ
7D djj, A = { dF fF 9F 8F [F 1 } c]t E dj5,vadlvodk’0v’rtpaoltot]k;S
A ≠ E phvodj5, A pa’ 0kfvq’xtdv[ x c]t vD
ວ
’D F = { 1, 4,3, 2 } c]t dj5, E 8q;g]d.-h0Po9eo;o 142,332. F = E grkt0Po

ຫງ
dj5, E c[[0tspkpd+9twfhdj5, { 1, 4,3, 2 }

ສະ
X]t;a’G vq’xtdv[fP;[+lk,kf0Polv’gmjnvwfh.odj5,|bj’?D

ສ
la’gdf9kdG
ສວ
!D dkofegouodyf9tdeF 7;k,lqo.9-ad4k,F dko,ulj;oIj;,0v’oadIPoD

#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
$D dkod;fdk s^n [qfgla’D
159
!D
{ a, b } = { b, a } { 27,52 } ≠ { 25,72 }
{ a, b } ≠ { c, d } { a} = { a}
{ 1, 2,3 } = { 3, 2,1} { a} ≠ {b}
#D dj5, I = { 1,3, 5, 7, 9 } I c,jodj5,9eo;ome,t-kf7udgxaodko0Podj5,c[[sp=hmujzyf

Xdj5,9eo;ome,t-kf7udmju|hvpd;jk 10 9yj’gxaodko0Poc[[sp=hmuj4nd?
$D 0Podj5,c[[sp=h
{ 2, 4, 6, 8,10 } dj5,9eo;ome,t-kf76js^kpd;jk 0 c]t |hvpd;jk10
{ 5,7, 9,11,13 } dj5,9eo;ome,t-kf7uds^kpd;jk 5 c]t |hvpd;jk13
*D { [+lk,kf0Povq’xtdv[0v’dj5, ` c[[0tspkpwfh\qfF phvodj5, ` gxaodj5,
[+lyhol5fD
{ dj5,9eo;ome,t-kf76jd+c,jodj5,[+lYol5fD
{ dj5, M c]t F .o[qfg/ydsaf0=h& c,jodj5,lYol5f phvogIqklk,kfoa[vq’xtdv[
0v’dj5, M c]t F wfhD
(D
A B A ≠ B ,u9eo;ovq’xtdv[
gmqjkdaoc8jvq’xtdv[0v’lv’dj5,
8 5 1 [+c,jovaofP;daoD
2 6 13 3
7 4
14 12
)D
A=B zyf E=F zyf
C=D zyf G=H zyf
160
4hk A′ = B′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[ a, e vvd9kddj5, A
4hk C′ = D′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[ f,g vvd9kddj5, C c]t j, k vvd9kd
dj5, D
4hk G′ = H′ F oadIPo7;ogvqkvq’xtdv[ t , u, v vvd9kddj5, G c]t x, y, z vvd
9kddj5, H
{ dj5,.\j G′ c]t H′ c,jodj5,gxqjk
!!D dD 0Podj5,c[[0tspkp
ສິດ
M = {7,1, 2} ; P = {1, 2, 7} X]t;a’ vq’xtdv[fP;0PowfhgmjnvfP;.odj5,|bj’?D
0D
ິຂະ
m= p zyf M=M 4nd
M=P 4nd m=M zyf
ນລ
m=m 4nd p=P zyf
ວ
ຫງ
ສະ
ສ
ສວ
161
[qfmu @& vto5d5j, c]t czo;kfI6[dj5,
g;]k # -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ I6h.-hg7jnv’\kp ⊂ mujc8d8jk’9kdg7nnjv’\kp∈
{ I6h;jkG vto5dj5, Xs^n rkdlj;odj5,? 0v’ A F c,jodj5,muj,uvq’xtdv[vaofP;da[vq’
xtdv[0v’dj5, A c8j,u9eo;ovq’xtdv[|hvpd;jk0v’ A D g-ajo8q;1jk’F .shdj5,
rtpao-tot]k; E c]t dj5, T c,jodj5,vadlvo8OF T c,jovto5dj5,0v’ E
grkt;jk vadlvo8Om5d8q;d+c,jortpao-tot]k;ma’\qfD vud8q;1jk’7nG P dj5,
9eo;ome,t-kf76j c,jovto5dj5,0v’dj5, ` F grktm5dM9eo;ome,t-kf76jma’
\qfc,jogxao9eo;ome,t-kfD
{ dj5,gxqjkc,jogxaovto5dj5,0v’m5dMdj5,D
{ I6h;jkG dkoc8h,I6[dj5,,ulv’c[[7n c8h,c[[czo;kf0v’ Carroll D mujgxao
I6[lujc9lkd c8j[+7jvpoYpq,.-h c]t c8h,c[[czo;kf0v’ Venn mujgxaoI6[;q’
,qoD faj’oaho .o[qfg/ydsafgryjo,ad.-hczo;kf0v’ Venn
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ .odj5,|bj’9t,ulj;og8a, c]t lj;ogxqjkD 8q;1jk’G lj;og8a,0v’dj5, A c,jodj5,
A gv’ c]t lj;ogxqjkd+c,jovto5dj5,muj[+,uvq’xtdv[D
{ 7;k,\kp0v’g7jnv’\kp ⊂
{ dkoc8h,I6[dj5,c[[czo;kf0v’ Carroll c]t c[[czo;kf0v’ Venn D

{ xB,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,D!F v5xtdvorNo4ko.odkolvo7toyflkfD

{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsaf grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’X76cotoe?D
162
7tcoogrju,c8j]td5j,djvog;]kmuj[+mao.shoadIPo0BocdhD
zqoD 9kdoaho .shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp 76gxaozh6vtmy
[kp lyj’mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[F oadIPo9qfdkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D vto5dj5,
dyf9tdeF rhv,7ecotoe
dD { dj5, { c, b, u } c,jovto5dj5,0v’ A phvo\qfm5dM vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, { c, b, u }
c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A
ສິດ
{ dj5, { c, h, u } [+c,jovto5dj5,0v’ A phvovq’xtdv[ h ∉ A
0D { 0Podj5, M, P,S,T c[[0tspkpD
ິຂະ
M = { 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,9,1,8 } S P = { 5, 4, 2,9,3 }
S = { 5, 6, 7 } S T = { 9,3 }
ນລ
{ T [+c,jovto5dj5,0v’ S F phvo;jk vq’xtdv[0v’ T [+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’ S D
#D czo;kfI6[dj5,D
ວ
ຫງ
A E A E
3 0 0
2
ສະ
7 2 7 3
E E
B 0 B
ສ
3 0
3
7 2 7 2
ສວ
A E A E
B 3
0 B 0 2
3
7 2 7
163
la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
$D dkod;fdk s^n [qfgla’D

!D .-hg7njv’\kp∈,∉, ⊂ .
5∈` −6∉` ¸−
ñ r5f∈ W
{1} ⊂ ` ¸ñ−v'
a 7ko∉` 1∈`
a ∉L 0, 72∉` { dF 0F 7 } ⊂ L
{1, 2,3, 4} ⊂ ` d∈L { d}⊂ L
@D E ⊂ E gxaoxt3spd4ndF gIqkg;qhkwfh;jk E c,jovto5dj5,0v’ E
#D 0Podj5, A, B,C c[[0tspkpD
A = { 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,9,10,11,12,13 }
B = { 0,3, 6,9,12 }
C = { 0, 6,12 }
vto5dj5,0v’ A ,udj5, A F dj5, B F dj5, C c]t dj5,gxqjk vto5dj5,0v’ B ,udj5, B F dj5,
CF φD
&D
A B A B A B
A⊂B B⊂ A A=B
*D dD J c,jodj5,0v’;ao]af4tdko X[k’muvkflk,kf.lj-njvjnoMwfh?D
164
0D J ≠ SD gvqk;aoglqk c]t ;aovkmyf8jn,.ljdj5, JF lv’dj5,faj’djk;9tgmqjkdao
J′ = S
(D dD { c8h,czo;kf0v’ venn dj5, AD
8
{ V⊂A
{ W⊂A
-
)D 0Podj5,c[[0tspkpD
ສິດ
A = { 2, 4, 6,8,10,12,14 } ; P = { 0, 2, 4, 6,8,10,12,14,16 }
E = { 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 }
ິຂະ
gryjolk,kf0Podj5, A ⊂ P ; A ⊂ E ; P ⊂ E
_D c8h,czo;kf0v’ Venn dj5, `, J, C 9eo;ome,t-kfmuj8q;g]d1j6sâdsq;\j;p
ນລ
c,jo8q;g]d & 0v’dj5, C c,jo9eo;ome,t-kf7ud0v’ I F m5dM9eo;ome,t
-kf7ud I c,jo 9eo;ome,t-kf `
ວ
faj’oAo C ⊂ I c]t I ⊂ ` ; C ⊂ `
ຫງ
C
ສະ
I
!WD dD a ∈V ⇒ a ∈ L gIqkwfh V⊂L
ສ
m∈S ⇒ m∈ L gIqkwfh S⊂ L S X⊂L

ສວ
0D
L
X
V
S
7D V ∩S∩ X = φ
165
[qfmu @* dko8af0v’d5j, dko3I,dao0v’dj5,
g;]k $ -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ I6hdko7yfw]jF dko7eo;odjP;da[dj5,muj,ug7njv’\kp “dko8afdao0v’dj5,” lao
pt]adfh;p X ∩ ? c]t g7jnv’\kp “dko3I,dj5,” laopt]adfh;p X ∪ ? g-yj’[+
c8d8jk’ da[dko7eo;odjP;da[9eo;o g-yj’,ug7jnv’\kp +, −, ×, ÷
{ I6h75o]adltot0v’dko8afdao0v’dj5,F 0v’dko3I,dao0v’dj5, 7hkp7n75o]adlt
ot0v’dko[;d c]t dko76oD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ vq’xtdv[0v’lj;o8afdao0v’s^kpdj5, c,jovq’xtdv[Ij;,muj,u1j6.oc8j]tdj5,D
{ vq’xtdv[0v’lj;o3I,dao0v’s^kpdj5, c,jovq’xtdv[ 0v’c8j]tdj5,muj1j6ovd
0v’lj;o8af0v’dj5, 3I,da[vq’xtdv[lj;o8af0v’dj5,D
{ dko8af0v’dj5,gxaodko7eo;omujla[xjPo[jvowfhF 3I,\j6wfhD
{ dko3I,0v’dj5, gxaodko7eo;omujla[xjPo[jvowfhF 3I,\j6wfhD


{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsafF grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ X76cotoeoad
IPo?D
{ .sh8k’|hkd5j,mujgsao;jk cdh[qfg]d4nd0Bovtmy[kpzqodkocdh c]t .shgsfzqoD
166
9kdoaho .shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp 76gxaozh6vtmy[kp
lyj’mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[gxao[qfIPoF .shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dko8afdao0v’dj5,
dD dyf9tdemu ! rhv,7ecotoe
{ c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A c]t 0v’dj5, B
{ vq’xtdv[0v’dj5, B muj[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A 7nG 0, x D
{ vq’xtdv[muj[+c,jovq’xtdv[0v’dj5, A 7nG 0, x, 2, 7 S vq’xtdv[muj[+c,jovq’xt
dv[0v’ B 7nG a, 2, 7
0D dyf9tdemu @F rhv,7ecotoe
ສິດ
{ lj;o8afdao0v’ A c]t B 0v’I6[X!? [+,uF ltoaho A ∩ B = φ
{ lj;o8afdao0v’ A c]t B 0v’I6[X@? c,joI6[dj5, B F ltoAo A ∩ B = B
ິຂະ
{ lj;o8afdao0v’ A c]t B 0v’I6[X#? c,jogoNvmuj8afdao0v’dj5, A c]t B
7D dyf9tdemu @ rhv,7ecotoe
ນລ
{ 0Podj5, A, B,C c[[0tspkp
A = { 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 } ; B = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8} faj’oAo A ∩ B = B
ວ
C = { 0, 3, 5, 6, 8 }
ຫງ
{ A ∩ B = { 2, 7, 6, 8 } ; B ∩ A = { 6, 8, 2, 7 }
ltoAo A ∩ B = B ∩ A
ສະ
{ M = A ∩ B = { 2, 7, 6,8 } ; M ∩ C = { 6, 8 }
ltoAo M ∩ C = (A ∩ B) ∩ C = { 6, 8 }
{ P = B ∩ C = { 6, 8, 0 } ; A ∩ P = { 6,8 }
ສ
ltoAo A ∩ P = A ∩ (B ∩ C) = { 6,8 }
ສວ
faj’oao (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) = A ∩ B ∩ C
#D dko3I,dj5,D
dD dyf9tdemu !F rhv,7ecotoe
• { rkdlj;o A ∩ B c,jorkdlj;ooEg[u 1
{ rkdlj;omuj,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j[+,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B c,jooEg[u 2
{ rkdlj;omuj,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B c8j[+,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A c,jooEg[u 3
{ dj5, A ∪ B 7nG rkdlj;ooEg[u 1, 2, 3 3I,daoD
167
• dj5, A ∪ B 0v’czo;kf dk3io c,jorkdlj;o9Eg,afmujgxao8q;cv;.spj X7nG
L ?D
0D dyf9tdemu @F rhv,7ecotoe
{ A ∩ B = { 6, 8 }
{ ,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A c8j[+,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B 7nG 1, 4
{ ,uvq’xtdv[0v’ B c8j[+,uvq’xtdv[0v’ A 7nG 5, 7, 9
{ ltoAo A ∪ B = { 1, 4,5,7,9,6,8 } c]t B ∪ A = { 5, 7,9,1, 4, 6,8 }
faj’oAo A ∪ B = B ∪ A
7D dyf9tdemu #F rhv,7ecotoe
{ 0Podj5,c[[0tspkpD
A = { 5,7,9, a, c, n, m } ; B = { 2, 4,5,8, c, n, m } ;
C = { 7,8, d , m, n }
{ E = A ∪ B = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 5, 8, c, n, m }
X]t;a’ vq’xtdv[|bj’ 0PogmjnvfP;.odj5,\bj’?D
ltoAo E = A ∪ B = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 8 }
{ E ∪ C = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 8, 7, m, n, 8, d }
ltoaho E ∪ C = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 8, d }
{ F = B ∪ C = { 2, 4, 5, c, 8, m, n, m, n, 8, 7, d } X]t;a’ vq’xtdv[|bj’0Po
gmjnv|bj’.odj5,\bj’?D
F = B ∪ C = { 2, 4, 5, c, 8, m, n, 7, d }
{ A ∪ F = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 5, c, 8, n, m, 7, d }
ltoAo A ∪ F = A ∪ ( B ∪ C) = { 5, 7, 9, a, c, n, m, 2, 4, 8, d }
faj’oAo ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) = A ∪ B ∪ C
$D 7ecotoe c]t [qfcdh[qfg/ydsafD
!D
168
F F F
M N M
N M N
0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N 0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N 0uf0hklj;o M ∪ N

M∪N = M
@D oadIPosÛo[kog8t18 7qoF oadIPosUo[kolqj’15 7qoF ];, 18 +15 = 33 gmjnv
7qoD ltcf’;jk 8hv’,uoadIPo9eo;o|bj’sÛoma’[kog8t c]t [kolqj’ rhv,dao
7nG 33 − 23 = 10 7qo
ສິດ
7e8v[G oadIPo 10 7qo sÛoma’lv’xtgrfD
#D ( A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) grktdko8af0v’dj5,c,jo3I,\j6wfhD
ິຂະ
( A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ ( C ∩ B) grktdko8af0v’dj5,c,jola[xjPo[jvowfhD
( A ∩ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∩ B grktdko8af0v’dj5,c,jo3I,\j6wfhD
ນລ
$D dD A ∪ B = A ; A ∪ A = A
0D B ∩ C = φ ; C ∩ D = φ
7D D ∩ A = D ; A ∩ C = C
ວ
’D B ∪ C ∪ D = A ; B ∪ D = vq’xtdv[ma’\qf0v’ A 3I,.shvq’xtdv[
ຫງ
ma’\qf0v’ D grkt B ∪ D = φ
&D dD c8h,czo;kf0v’
ສະ
C E
carroll dj5, E F C, D
D 7
ສ
ສວ
3
2
0D C ∩ D = φ ; C ∪ D = E = { 3, , 2, U,7, a, x }
*D 9kdzqoIa[ B ⊂ A ⇒ A ∪ B = A
I6h;jk A ⊂ A ⇒ A ∪ A = A
I6h;jk φ ⊂ A ⇒ A ∪φ = A
I6h;jk φ ⊂ φ ⇒ φ ∪φ = φ
169
(D .shg[yj’7evtmy[kp0v’0=h #D
)D dD
C C C
5 5
9 4 9 4
P P P
3 6 3 6
7 7
M M M
XI6[ !? XI6[ @? XI6[ #?
7ecotoeG
{ 0aho8vomu!G 9af9eo;ooadIPo mjP;c8j]t[jvorP’csj’fP; w;h.oczo;kf
I6[X!? 7nG 9 7qowxmjP;;afr6rP’csj’fP;F 7 7qowxmjP;8kfgpnv’rP’csj’fP;F
4 7qowxmjP;7vortgra’rP’csj’fP;D
{ 0aho8vomu @G 9af9eo;ooadIPomjP;ma’lv’[jvoF .lj.oczo;kf I6[X@? 7nG 3 7qo
wxmjP;;afr6 c]t 8kfgpnv’F 5 7qo wxmjP;;afr6 c]t 7vortgra’F 6 7qowxmjP;
7vortgra’ c]t 8kfgpnv’D
{ 0aho8vomu #G 9af9eo;ooadIPomjP;8k,0Ao8vo!da[0Ao8vo @ 9kdczo;kf
I6[X!? c]t I6[X@? ,k.ljI6[X#?D
{ d;fg[yj’ dko9af;k’9eo;ooadIPo.oczo;kf I6[X#? ;jk xt8y[af\qfm5dM
g’njvow0muj[vd.o39fg]d7q[c]h;[+ L .ooU9tla’gdfg[yj’g’jnvow0muj;jkG oadIPo
wx7vortgra’,u 17 7qo c8jla’gdfg[yj’9eo;ooadIPowxmjP;7vortgra’,urP’
15 7qo Xg[yj’dj5, C .oczo;kfI6[X#??D
ltoAo oadIPovudlv’7qo8hv’wfhmjP;\qfma’lk,95fD
faj’oAo czo;kfI6[dj5,muj4nd8hv’ c,joczo;kfI6[X$?D
170
C
5
9 4
2 P
3 6
7
M
XI6[ $?
0D ,uoadIPo 2 7qo muj,u3vdkfwfhwxmjP;ma’lk,[jvoD
ສິດ
,uoadIPo 3 + 6 + 5 = 14 7qo mujwfhwxmjP;rP’c8jlv’[jvogmqjkoAoD
7D oadIPomujwxmjP;;afr6,u 3 + 2 + 5 + 9 = 19 7qoD
ິຂະ
oadIPomujwxmjP;8kfgpnv’ 3 + 2 + 6 + 7 = 18 7qoD
oadIPoma’\qfmujwxmjP;,uu 9 + 3 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 5 + 4 = 36 7qoD
ນລ
_D dD
A dD dj5,oadIPomujIPorklkva’dyf
ວ
c]t rklk9yo c8j[+wfhIPo

ຫງ
B
rklk/ia’ c,jo[+,uD
0D • \kpfh;p n F c,jooadIPomujIPo
ສະ
C
rklk/ia’c8jrP’rklkfP;D
• \kpfh;p i F c,jooadIPomujIPo
rklk9uoc8jrP’rklkfP;D
ສ
• \kpfh;p c F c,jooadIPomuj[+IPo\qfma’lk,rklkD
ສວ
• \kpfh;p j F c,jooadIPomuj[+wfhIPorklk.f\qfD
• \kpfh;p d F c,jooadIPomujIPoc8jrP’lv’rklk7nG rklk/ia’ c]t rklk
9uoc8j[+wfhIPorklkva’dyfD
• \kpfh;p h F c,jooadIPomujIPoc8jrP’lv’rklk7nG rklkva’dyf c]t rklk
/ia’ c8j[+wfhIPorklk9uoD
!WD 8jn,8k8t]k’.sh7q[D
171
8k8t]k’dko8afdao0v’dj5, 8k8t]k’dko3I,dao0v’dj5,
∩ φ {a} {b} E ∪ φ {a} {b} E
φ φ φ φ φ φ φ {a} {b} E
{a} φ {a} φ {a} {a} {a} {a} E E
{b} φ φ {b} {b} {b} {b} E {b} E
E φ {a} {b} E E E E E E
-vdsk7jk X
• { b }∩ X = { a } gIqkwfh X= [+,u7e8v[D
• E∩X = E gIqkwfh X=E
• X ∩{ a } = { a } gIqkwfh X = {a} ; X = E
• X ∪{ b } = E gIqkwfh X = {a} ; X = E
• X ∪{ a } = { a } gIqkwfh X = φ ; X = {a}
• E∪X = { a } gIqkwfh X = φ ; X = {b}
X = {a} ; X = E
• X ∪{ b } = { b } gIqkwfh X = {b} ; X = φ
7ecotoe
8q;1jk’G
• ltg\uzqo { b } ∩ X = { a } 7jk0v’ X 8hv’g[yj’8k,c4;mu! c]t zqoIa[
0v’ { b } ∩ X = ............ g[yj’8k,c4;0v’ { b } c]t 4ao0v’DDDDDDDDDDDDDD
• ltg\uzqo X ∩ { a } = { a } 7jk0v’ X 8hv’g[yj’8k,4aomu! c]t zaoIa[
0v’ X ∩ { a } = { a } g[yj’8k,4ao0v’ { a } 9trq[;jk X ,ulv’7jk7nG
{ a } c]t E
172
[qfmu @( vaf8klj;o
g;]k # -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ I6hdkoxP[mP[]ts;jk’lv’vkdkoXmujgxaosq;\j;pfP;dao?F ;jkvkdkooU,u9ad
gmjnv0v’vkdkooAo c]t d+8A’g]dgxaog]dlj;oD
{ g4y’c,jo;jk I6[Ijk’0v’vaf8klj;o0Po7nda[g]dlj;od+8k,F ,ao,ulyj’c8d8jk’
da[g]dlj;o7nG .og]dlj;o|bj’M g;]k.f8q;g]dma’lv’d+c,jo9eo;o4h;oF lj;o
ສິດ
;jk vaf8klj;olv’rkd0hk’ oAovkf0Po8k,.9D
{ I6hvaf8klj;oc,jozqoIa[ 0v’g]dskoc8jme,tfkc]h; gIqk[+wfhgIaf8k,g]d
ິຂະ
sko1jk’lq,[6oF ,urP’c8jltcf’fh;pg]dskogmqjkoAoD
ນລ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
{ gvUo;jkG vaf8klj;o0v’lv’vkdko7nG a c]t b c,jo9eo;o\bj’g-yj’
ວ
a
ຫງ
b×t = a s^n
= t S -bj’ a = bt
b
a a×n a ÷m
{ = = ; ( b, n, m ≠ 0)
ສະ
b b× n b ÷ m

ສ

ສວ

{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsaf grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ X76cotoe?D
173
9kdoaho.shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp 76gxaozh6vtmy[kplyj’
mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[rhv,.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dyf9tdemu !F rhv,ma’7ecotoe
{ 7jk0v’dv’mu|bj’3fpgvqkdv’mujlv’gxaosq;|j;pF zqoIa[c,jo|hvpd;jk !F 8A’
7
[A’g]d 7 ÷12 s^n
12
#D dyf9tdemu #F rhv,ma’7ecotoe
{ sâ’9kd7yfw]jg]dlj;o8jk’M gxaog]dmqfltoypq,c]h;9yj’g;qhkwfh;jkG
5 15 1
= =
20 60 4
{ vu’8k,75o]adltot0v’vaf8klj;ogIqkwfhG
× 3 ÷ 15
5 15 1
= =
20 60 4
× 3 ÷ 15
$D 9eo;ooadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=h 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11
cotoe;Pd[hkogIaf[qfg/ydsaf0=h 2, 4, 9

la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
6
!D dD { phvovaf8klj;ofyox6dg0qhk8+fyox6d,aofhk’c,jo >1 F ltoAo fyox6dg0qhks^kp
5
d;jkfyox6d,aofhk’D
174
5
{ phvovaf8klj;ofyox6d,aofhk’8+fyox6d\kd4qj;fyoc,jo >1 F ltoAo fyox6d
4
,aofhk’s^kpd;jkfyox6d\kd4qj;fyoD
lts^5[ fyox6dg0qhks^kpdj;k\6j c]t fyox6d\kd4qj;fyo|hvpd;jk\6jD
0D lq,,5f a c,jogoNvmujfyox6d\kd4qj;fyoma’\qfD
{ vaf8klj;ofyox6d\kd4qj;fyoX,ugonhvmu a ? 8+fyox6d/a’ma’\qf X,ugoNvmu 525 ha ?
a
c,jo
525
4 a 4 a 4
mP[gmqjkda[ s^n= s^n × 525 = × 525
15 525 15 525 15
ສິດ
525 4 × 525
a= s^n a = 140 ha
525 15
ິຂະ
ltoAo goNvmujfyox6d\kd4qj;fyo c,jo 140 ha
{ 7yfw]jskgoNvmuj0v’fyox6d,aofhk’ c]t fyox6dg0qhXg[yj’8k,0Ao8vodko7yfw]j
ນລ
0hk’gmy’D
7e8v[ goNvmujfyox6d,aofhk’ c]t fyox6dg0qhk c,jo 175 ha c]t 210 ha 8k,
]efa[?D
ວ
@D g[yj’8k,0Ao8vodko7yfw]j0=h !D0
ຫງ
7e8v[G 9eo;ozh61n, c,jo 52 7qo 9eo;oma’\qf 232 7qoD

1× 20 20
ສະ
1 .......... 1 20
#D dD = c,jo = faj’oAo =
4 80 4 × 20 80 4 80
{ g[yj’8k,0Ao8vodko7yfw]j0hk’gmy’grjnv7yfw]j0=h8+M wxD
ສ
$D vaf8klj;o8+oadIPofugfajo 8+oadIPoma’\qfX\kpfh;p a ?D
ສວ
9 1 9 1
c,jo = s^n × a = × a
a 4 a 4
1
9 = ×a
4
Xvjko;jkG 9eo;ooadIPofugfajo 9 7qo c,jogmqjkda[ 1 0v’oadIPoma’\qf?D
4
1 1
9 = ×a s^n 9× 4 = 4× a
4 4
4
36 = a s^n a = 36 faj’oAo 9eo;ooadIPoma’\qf c,jo 36 7qoD
4
175
&D g[yj’8k,0Ao8vodko7yfw]j0v’0=h ! 0D
7e8v[G { goNvmuj0v’gfujody]kxtgrfvjnoM c,jo 4800 m 2
{ goNvmujvjnoM c,jo 6 000 m 2
7
*D dD 7e8v[G ...........
9
(D { .shoadIPomklu8k,vaf8klj;omuj1j6dhv’c8j]tI6[D
1
{ 0v’I6[ L 1 × 24 8kdk3i = 12 8kdk3i
2 2
76 76 ÷ 2 38
)D dD = = c]t 38 = 38 ÷ 2 = 19
12 12 ÷ 2 6 6 6÷2 3
faj’oAo 76 = 38 = 19
12 6 3
Xle]a[0=hvjnoM .shg[yj’0Ao8vodko7yfw]j0=h d?D
_D dD c,jo I6[X#? muj4ndda[[qf39fD
0D g[yj’8k,I6[X#? 4a’9t,u1j6 8 0ufr=fuF oE 27 A muj9t4vd8jn,.shg8a,4a’r=fu c,jo
gmqjkda[ 2 0ufD
2
ltoAo vaf8klj;ooE 27 A muj9t4vd8jn,8+[=]y,kfma’\qf.o4a’ X a A ? c,jo
8
2 27 2 27
s^n = s^n×a = ×a
8 a 8 a
2 2
a = 27 s^n 8 × a = 8 × 27
8 8
2a = 8 × 27 s^n a = (8 × 27 ) ÷ 2 = 108 A
176
[qfmu @) vaf8klj;orq;rao
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ I6h7yfw]jlv’xt]y,komujgxaovaf8klj;orq;raofh;plk,;ymu7nG 7yfw]j3fpoe.-hdko
7yfw]jsq;|j;pF 7yfw]j3fpoe.-hdko[;d c]t dko76oF c]t dko7yfw]j3fpoe
.-h8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
{ I6hla’gdfs^kpvaf8klj;o mujgxaovaf8klj;orq;raofh;ps^kp;ymu7nG fh;p;ymu-vdsk
ສິດ
8q;lextlyf Xzqosko4nd0v’s^kpvaf8klj;o,u7jkgmqjkdao c]t 7jkfaj’djk; c,jo
8q;lextlyf? c]t fh;p;ymu-vdI6h;jk 7jk0v’xt]y,komulv’wfh,kfh;pdko76o
ິຂະ
xt]y,komu|bj’da[9eo;ofP;dao7nG k s^n 7jk0v’xt]y,komu|bj’wfh,kfh;pdko
skoxt]y,komulv’.sh9eo;ofP;7nG k D 9eo;o k gvUo;jkG 8q;lextlyf0v’
ນລ
vaf8klj;orq;raoD
ວ
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
ຫງ
{ xt]y,ko a′, b′, c′,......... gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[ a, b, c,.......... d+8+g,njv;jkG

a′ b′ c′
ສະ
= = = k S 9eo;o k gvUo;jkG 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoD

a b c
a c a +c a −c
{ = = = ; ( b, d ≠ 0)
b d b+d b−d
ສ
ສວ


{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/yd grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ X76cotoe?D
177
9kdoaho.shoadIPo\qfm5d7qovtmy[kp[aoskoedaoD l5fmhkp 76gxaozh6vtmy[kplyj’
mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[ c]t .shoadIPo9qfdkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dyf9tdeF rhv,7ecotoe
• 8k,dyf9tdemu !S #S & r;dgIqklts^5[wfhfaj’oUG
{ lts^5[! .oc4;mulv’0v’8k8t]k’ m5dM9eo;odq’daoda[9eo;o.oc4;
mu|bj’F wfh,kfh;p dkogvqk9eo;o.oc4;mu|bj’76oda[9eo;o7q’7jkD
{ lts^5[@ g,jnv8jn,.lj8k8t]k’c]h;gIqkgsao;jkG 9eo;o0v’c4;mu|bj’gryj,
0Bo Xs^n s^5f]q’? 9eo;o0v’c4;mulv’d+gryj,0BoXs^n s^5f]q’? 8k,D -bj’ltcf’
g4y’dkogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoD
{ 8k,dyf9tdemu !G
9eo;o0v’c4;mulv’wfh,kfh;pdko76o9eo;o0v’c4;mu|bj’da[ 1000.
{ 8k,dyf9tdemu #G
32 16 40 4
= = = =4 -bj’ c,jo8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao]t
8 4 10 1
s;jk’ 9eo;o 32, 16, 40, 4 da[9eo;o 8, 4, 10, 1 8k,]efa[D
{ 8k,dyf9tdemu &G
6050 12100 30 250 60500 90750
= = = = = 6050 D
1 2 5 10 15
9eo;o 6 050 c,jo8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao]ts;jk’9eo;o
6 050, 12100,.......; 90 750 da[9eo;o 1, 2,.......,15
8k,]efa[D
{ 8k,dyf9tdemu @F $G lv’lt4kotdko[+c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
#D 7ecotoe c]t [qfcdh[qfg/ydsafoe.-hD
!D 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao c,jo 800.
@D 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao c,jo 24 000.
2
#D 8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao c,jo .
3
$D oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=hmu 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13
178
cotoe;Pd[hko [qfg/ydsaf0=hmu 2, 7, 9, 10, 12

la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
ສິດ
!D dD 8k8t]k’ !
ິຂະ
9eo;odk3i
1 10 20 25 35 40 45
X m2 ?
ນລ
9eo;og’yo
muj8hv’9jkp 25000 250 00 500000 625000 875000 1000000 1125000
ວ
Xdu[?
ຫງ
0D 8k8t]k’ @
9eo;odk3i
ສະ
1 10 20 25 35 40 45
X m2 ?
9eo;og’yo
ສ
muj8hv’9jkp 25000 250000 500000 600000 800000 900000 975000

ສວ
Xdu[?
]k7k8+
25000 25000 25000 24000 22857 22000 21666
X 1m2 ?
7D 8k,8k8t]k’ ! rq[;jkG
8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;raoX.o8k8t]k’!? c,jo 25000.
’D 8k,8k8t]k’ @ rq[;jkG
]k7k1m2 0v’dk3is^5f]q’8k,9eo;odk3i gryj,0No c]t [+lk,kf-vdsk
8q;lextlyf0v’8k8t]k’wfhD
179
@D .sh8jn,.lj8k8t]k’ # fh;p8qogv’D
.oc8j]t4aoF 9eo;o0v’c4;mulk,wfh,kfh;pdko7yfw]j muj[+7nda[9eo;o0v’c4;
mulv’ c]t [+lk,kf-vd8q;lextlyf0v’8k8t]k’xtdv[fh;pc4;mu! da[c4;
mulk,D
3
#D { 8k8t]k’ &F 8q;lextlyf c,jo .
2
{ 8k8t]k’ *F 8q;lextlyf c,jo 2.
35 3,5 49
$D { 8k8t]k’ )F c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raogrkt = = =7
5 0,5 7
Xle]a[ 0 = 0 × 7 ?F 8q;lextlyf c,jo 7.
1 4
{ 8k8t]k’ !!F [+c,jo 8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raogrkt ≠ .
3 14
{ 8k8t]k’ !WF c,jo 8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raogrkt
5 10 50 1 1
= = = = 0,5 D 8q;lextlyf c,jo 0,5 s^n .
10 20 100 2 2
2 3
{ 8k8t]k’ _F [+c,jo 8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raogrkt ≠ .
3 4
&D 0D 7;k,w;0v’]qf c,jo 1,5km mn s^n 90 km h
*D dD
]k; s;Pfok, dex6g9p ,Po,k
g;]kmjv’mjP;
11 16 21 18
X9eo;o;ao?
9eo;og’yo8hv’
1045000 1360 000 1785000 1940 000
9jkpXdu[?
0D
]k; s;Pfok, dex6g9p
g;]kmjv’mjP;
11 16 21
X9eo;o;ao?
9eo;og’yo8hv’
........... 1360 000 1785000
9jkpXdu[?
180
{ 9eo;og’yo8hv’9jkple]a[dkomjv’mjP;11;ao.oxtgmf]k; c,jo 935000 du[
{ dko7yfw]j0v’0=h 0F .sh.-hzqo76ow0;jgmqjkoAoD
)D lq,,5f9eo;og’yomuj mhk; vvH8 c,jo a c]t 9eo;og’yo0v’ ok’ 8yd c,jo b D
xt3spdmuj;jkG “c[j’xaog’yo9eo;o 10 545 du[ 8k,vaf8klj;orq;raoda[vkp5c8j
a b
]t7qo” \kp7;k,;jkG = c]t a + b = 10545 D
12 7
a b a + b 10545
I6h;jk = = = = 555
12 7 12 + 7 19
ສິດ
ltoAo a = b = 555
12 7
faj’oAo { 9eo;og’yo0v’ mhk; vvHf a = 12 × 555 = 6 660 du[D
ິຂະ
{ 9eo;og’yo0v’ ok’ 8yd b = 7 × 555 = 3885 du[D
_D ;ymu7yfw]j .shg[yj’0Ao8vo0v’0=h )
ນລ
!WD dD
D
vj5ostr6, D c 0 ....... 100
ວ
c
× 1, 8
( vj5ostr,6 F) − 32
ຫງ
D
D
....... 72 180 1,8× c
ສະ
0D
( voj5str,6 F) − 32 = 1,8× c ⇒
D D D
F = 1,8 × Dc + 32
ສ
ສວ
!!D
glAo]aflt\u R (cm)
×2
glAozjk.9dk’ D (cm) × 2π
];’Iv[0v’;q’,qo ×π
P (cm)
181
!@D dD
gvdtlko 15 30 45 75 90 180
X9eo;o|hk? × 110
]k7kXdu[? 1650 3300 4950 8250 9900 19800
{ 8q;lextlyf c,jo 110 D

0D
gvdtlko 30 75 180 201 225
X9eo;o|hk?
]k7kXdu[? 3300 8250 19800 22 080 24 000
3300 22 080
[+c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao phvo ≠ .......
30 201
!#D -vd7jk 3fpoe.-h8q;lextlyfF 8k8t]k’]k7k gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[9eo;o
\kddhP’7nG
3600 x 9 000 y
= = = = 1800
2 4 5 9
8q;lextlyf0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao c,jo 1 800.
ltoAo x = 4 × 1 800 = 7 200.
y = 9 × 1 800 = 16 200.
182
[qfmu @_ -vdrqfmuj[+maoIh60v’vaf8klj;orq;rao
g;]k & -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
{ 0Poltg\uzqo vaf8klj;orq;rao c]t 75o]adltotD
{ -vdzqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o muj1j6glAogoaj’9v,mu|bj’gmqjkda[zqo76o 0v’lv’9e
o;omuj1j6 glAogoaj’9v,mulv’gvUo;jkG “zqo76ow0;jgmqjkdao”D
ສິດ
{ -vdskrqfmu $ g,jnvIh6lk,rqfF rqfmu $ wfh,k3fpoe.-hzqo76o0v’lv’9eo;omuj
1j6glAogoaj’9v,vaofP;dao sko.sh9eo;omulk,D
ິຂະ
II. goNv.o8Qo8= ນລ
a c
{ lv’vaf8klj;omujgxaovaf8klj;orq;rao = ⇔ ad = bc c,jozqo76ow0;j
b d
gmqjkdaoF
ວ
a, b, c, d gvUo;jk rqf0v’vaf8klj;o c]t b, d ≠ 0

ຫງ

ສະ

ສ
!D dkoxt8y[afdyf9tde8jk’M.shfegouogxao0Ao8vo7nG
ສວ
{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/yd grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’X76cotoe?D

lyj’muj zyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[rhv,ma’.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D
@D dyf9tdeF rhv,7ecotoe
183
dD dyf9tdemu !D
{ [jvo9Eg,af0v’8k8t]k’cmofh;p9eo;o 30,8 D
{ [jvo9Eg,afc8j]t[jvo cmofh;p9eo;o 30,8 D
0D dyf9tdemu @
{ [jvo9Eg,af x = 15000 × 8q;lextlyf s^n x = 10500
2 450 x
{ 0=hla’gdf = mP[gmqjkzqo76ow0;j 3500 × x = 2 450 ×15000
3500 15000
2 450 ×15000
9twfh x= = 10500 kg
3500
7D dyf9tdemu #
;ymucdhmu !
fh;pdkosko c]t dko76o fh;pdko[;d
÷2 × 3 +
600 300 900 600 300 900

15000 7 500 22500 15000 7 500 22500
÷2 × 3
+
;ymucdhmu@ X3fpdko-vdsk8q;lextlyf? c]t ;ymu# Xfh;pzqo76ow0;jgmqjkdao? .sh

oerkoadIPocdhD
#D oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=hmu 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12
cotoe;Pd[hko [qfg/ydsaf0=hmu 3, 6, 9

la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD
184
0=hcotoe le]a[[qfg/ydsaf0=h!F @D
25 x 25 × 21
!D dD = ⇔ 35 x = 25 × 21 ⇔ x = = 15 ltoAo x = 15 D
35 21 35
21× 64
y= = 42 ltoAo y = 42 D
32
152 × 55
z= = 88 ltoAo z = 88 D
95
0D x = 72 ×19 = 114 ltoAo x = 114 D
12
ສິດ
56 × 72
z= = 48 ltoAo z = 48 D
84
ິຂະ
34 × 6
y= = 1,5 ltoAo y = 1,5 D
136
3 × 20
@D ltoAo x = 20 D
ນລ
x= = 20
3
5 × 78
y= = 130 ltoAo y = 130 D
ວ
3
#D dD a = 1200 ; b = 8 D
ຫງ
0D 8q;lextlyf 0v’vaf8klj;orq;rao0v’0t|kflj;osp=h da[0t|kf8q;9y’D 8q;

lextlyf gvUo;jkG ,kf8klj;oD
ສະ
7D l6f7yfw]j-vdsk,kf8klj;o c,jozqosko 0v’0t|kflj;osp=h.sh0t|kf8q;

9y’D
’D l6f7yfw]j-vdsk0t|kflj;osp=h c,jo ,kf8klj;o76oda[0t|kf8q;9y’D
ສ
9D l6f7yfw]j-vdsk0t|kf8q;9y’ c,jo9eo;oxUo0v’,kf8klj;o76oda[0t|kf
ສວ
lj;osp=hD
$D dD 7yfw]jfh;p;ymudko76o3fpoe.-hdkolhk’8k8t]k’pjvpD
x6 x3
x6 x3
185
3 24 48 3 99 3 0, 6
2 2 2
\kpgsfG
{ dkolhk’8k8t]k’pjvpF vkf9tg]ju,8qhofh;p9eo;ovjnoMd+wfhmujgsao;jkg\ktlq,
grjnv.shwfh9eo;o8k8t]k’pjvp.sh,u|hvpmujl5fD
3
{ 8q;lextlyfc,jo
2
0D 7yfw]jfh;p;ymuc[[[;d s^n c[[]q[D
+
0,5 2 3 5 7 8 10 9,5 4,5
3 12 18 30 .... .... .... .... ....

+
\kpgsfG
{ -vdsk9eo;o8+Mwx.shg[yj’8q;1jk’0hk’gmy’ s^n oe.-h75o]adltot
a′ b′ a′ + b′ 12 18 12 + 18 30
= = gIqkwfh = = =
a b a +b 2 3 2+3 5
ltoAo .o4aomu $F 9eo;o & rq;raoda[9eo;o 30............
&D dD oE,aocvaf-a’\qf 27 A D
0D wxwfh 1700 km D
*D 0D { lextlyf0v’8k8t]k’ d1 c,jo 1,5 D
{ lextlyf0v’8k8t]k’ d2 c,jo 2 D
)D 8k8t]k’ !F #F $ gxao8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raoD
_D dD
AB AC BC CD EF FG
];’pk;.o
2, 65 2, 6 2 0, 7 1,1 0,35
I6[!X cm ?
186
];’pk;.o
5,3 5, 2 4 1, 4 2, 2 0, 7
I6[@X cm ?
!WD dD x = 0, 08 7jk0v’ x ,u7;k,\kp;jk ]qfc]jowfh 1km 8+dko-yhogxnv’oE,ao

cvaf-a’ 0, 08 A
0D y = 12,5 7jk0v’ y ,u7;k,\kp;jkG ]qfc]jowfh 12,5 km 8+dko-yhogxnv’oE,ao
cvaf-a’ 1A
!!D dD x = 8,94 F x ,u7;k,\kp;jkG [=]y,kfmv’ 1cm3 ,u,;olko 8,94 g D
0D y = 0,112 F y ,u7;k,\kp;jkG ,u,;olkomv’1g ,u[=]y,kfmv’ 0,112 cm3
ສິດ
!@D dD x = 5 S 9D x = 30 S
0D x = 3,5 S lD x = 18 S
ິຂະ
7D x = 2 S -D x = 48 S
’D x = 2 S pD x = 112,5
ວ ນລ
ຫງ
ສະ
ສ
ສວ
187
[qfmu #W dko7yfw]jlj;oIhvp c]t vaf8klj;orq;raoxUo
g;]k * -qj;3,’
I. 95fxtlq’
!D dko7yfw]jlj;oIhvpD
{ 0Pog]dlj;o.shgxaog]dlj;oIhvp c]t 0Pog]dlj;oIhvp.shgxaog]dlj;o c]t
gxao9eo;omqj;wxD
{ I6hg]dgxug-ao c,jo9eo;omujgxaog]dlj;omuj,ur6f c,jo 100 D
{ cdh39f[aoskdjP;da[g]dlj;oIhvpD
{ Ih6g]dgxug-aowfh.-hczjs^kp.o3]dxt95[ao c]t gryjo,adrq[.olt4y8y8jk’MDDDDDDDD
@D vaf8klj;orq;raoxUoD
grjnv.shoadIPolk,kfIh67;k,8jk’]ts;jk’8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao c]t
8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raoxUoD
II. goNv.o8Qo8=
!D dko7yfw]jlj;oIhvp
a
{ 7yfw]jsk a % 0v’9eo;o T F c,jo76o9eo;o T da[
100
a
Xs^n a % 0v’9eo;o T c,jo T × = b ?D
100
a
{ l6f7yfw]j a % 0v’ T c,jo T × = b D
100
dD 30% 0v’ 60 gmqjkda[gmqjk.f L Xs^n 30% × 60 = b ?
30
Ih6G a = 30 ; T = 60 ltoAo b = 60× = 18 D
100
ltoAo b c,jo 18 lts^5[ 30% 0v’ 60 c,jo 18
0D 5 c,jogmqjk.fgxug-ao0v’ 20 L Xs^n 5 = a % × 20 ?
a a
Ih6G b = 5 ; T = 20 ltoAo 5 = 20 × s^n 5 = s^n a = 25 D
100 5
lts^5[ 5 c,jo 25% 0v’ 20
188
7D 15 gmqjkda[ 2% 0v’9eo;ogmqjk.f L X 15 = 2% × T ?
2
Ih6G b = 15 ; a = 2 ltoAo 15 = × T s^n 100 ×15 = 2 × T
100
1500 = 2T s^n T = 1500 ÷ 2 = 750; ltoaho T = 750
lts^5[15 c,jo 2% 0v’ 750 D
@D vaf8klj;orq;raoxUoD
{ 7yfw]jskxt]y,koX a, b,..... ? gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoxUoda[xt]y,ko X a′, b′,..... ?d+
8+g,jnv;jk zqo76o0v’r;d,aogmqjkdao7nG aa′ = bb′ = ........ Xc8j[+c,jorqo76ow0;j
gmqjkdao?D s^n xt]y,ko X a′, b′,..... ? gxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[8q;xUo0v’xt]y,ko
ສິດ
a′ b′
X a, b,..... ? 7n = ⇔ aa′ = bb′
1 1
a b
ິຂະ
ນລ
ວ

ຫງ
{ .shoadIPovjko[qfg/ydsaf grjnv.shg0qhk.9;jk [qf39foU4k,skspa’ X76cotoe?D
ສະ

{ .sh8k’|hkd5j,mujgsao;jk cdh[qfg]d4nd0Novtmy[kpzqodkocdh c]t .shgsfzqoD
ສ

ສວ
lyj’ mujzyf s^n 4nd c]h;lts^5[ rhv,.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvqk0=hlts^5[muj4nd8hv’D

@D dyf9tde0v’[qfdko7yfw]jlj;oIhvpF rhv,7ecotoeD
dD dyf9tdemu !
{ .o 100g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 45g F
45
{ .o 1g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 45 ÷100 = = 0, 45 g F
100
45 280 × 45
{ .o 280g 0v’goupc0’,uw0,ao1j6 280 × = = 126 g D
100 100
189
0D dyf9tdemu @
3lh’ glNv dt3xj’ glNvdao|k;
]k7kgfu, 24000 32000 28000 41000
Xdu[?
lj;os^5f15 :
3600 ......... ......... .........
Xdu[?
]k7kmujs^5fc]h;
20 400 ......... ......... .........
Xdu[?
{ 7yfw]j.o4aomu !D
15 24000
lj;os^5f15% 0v’ 24000 = 24000× = ×15 = 240 ×15 = 3600 F
100 100
]k7kmujs^5fc]h; 24000 − 3600 = 20 400 D
{ 7yfw]j.o4aomu @F #F $ c,jo7hkp7n4aomu !D
7D [qfg/ydsafoe.-hD
{ 125% 0v’ 200 c,jo 250 F
75 3
{ g]dlj;omujgmqjkda[ 75% c,jo s^n F
100 4
3
{ I6[X!? [=]y,kfoE s^n 37,5% F
8
1
{ I6[X@? [=]y,kfoE s^n 25% F
4
2
{ I6[X#? [=]y,kfoE s^n 40% F
5
{ 0=hD’ oaho.shoerkoadIPo7yfw]jgv’D
#D dyf9tde0v’[qfvaf8klj;orq;raoxUoF rhv,7ecotoeD ÷3 ×6
dyf9tdemu ! de,tdvo
X7qo? 3 1 6
7;k,pk;0v’
Ijv’ X m ? 4 12 2
× ... ÷ ...
190
{ 7e8v[dyf9tde.shg[yj’8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’D
{ 8k8t]k’0hk’gmy’oU [+c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raoF la’gdfgsao;jkG 9e
o;ode,tdvos^5f]q’ # gmjnv 9eo;o,Ngryj,0Bo # gmjnvD 9eo;ode,tdvogryj,
0Bo * gmjnv 9eo;o,Ns^5f]q’ * gmjnvD
{ la’gdfgsao;jkG zqo76o0v’lv’9eo;o .o4ao!F 4ao@ c]t 4ao# ,u7jkgmqjkdaoD
3 × 4 = 1×12 = 6 × 2 = 12 D
@D dyf9tdemu @
{ 9eo;ode,tdvogxaovaf8klj;orq;raoda[];’pk; 0v’Ijv’muj05fwfh-bj’8q;le
12
xtlyf c,jo =4
ສິດ
3
{ oadIPola’gdfgsao9eo;ode,tdvos^5f]q’ # gmjnvF ];’pk;0v’Ijv’muj05fwfhd+
ິຂະ
s^5f]q’ # gmjnv c8j4hk9eo;ode,vo gryj,0Bo * gmjnvF ];’pk;0v’Ijv’muj05fwfh
d+gryj,0Bo * gmjnvD ນລ
{ .sh76{oadIPola’gdfg[yj’ 8k8t]k’0v’dyf9tdemu! c]t 8k8t]k’0v’dyf9t
demu@ ;jk ,aoc8d8jk’dao1j695f.f L
ວ
7D dyf9tdemu #
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8k8t]k’
÷3
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0t|kf[ao95
X cA ? 75 25
9eo;odh;f
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cdh;X|j;p? 79 237
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$D { oerkoadIPogIaf[qfg/ydsaf.oshv’0=hmu 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10
{ cotoe;Pd[hko [qfg/ydsaf0=hmu 6, 7, 11, 15
191
la’gdf9kdG
#D dkocdh;Pd[hkoD

!D 0D { 8q;g]d0hk’gmy’gxaowxwfh 4hk7qo|bj’skdxt8y[afs^kpdyf9tdeD
{ 8q;g]d0hk’gmy’gxaowx[+wfh 4hkc8j]t7qoxt8y[afrP’dyf9tdefP; grkt
60% + 30% + 25% = 115% -bj’gduo9eo;o8q;9y’ 15%
@D 0D zqoIa[0hk’gmy’gxaowxwfh grkt 39% + 51% + 10% = 100%
#D dD zyf
0D zyf
&D 7D ];’Iv[.\j0v’I6[,u 80% 0v’];’Iv[gdqjkD
*D
,a’dvo d5,rk ,uok g,lk rbfltrk g,45ok
]k7kgfu, 200000 220000 198000 ......... ......... .........
lj;ogryj, 10 : 20000 ......... .........
lj;os^5f10 : 22000 ......... .........
]k7kl5fmhkp 22000 198000 ......... ......... ......... 194059
(D goNvmujmtg]-kp1j6mumt;u[vk2yiddk c,jo 17,5 ]hko km2

)D .shoe.-hl6f b = a % × T
dD -vdsk 72 450 du[ ,ugmqjk.fgxug-ao 0v’ 345000 L
a 72 450 ×100
72 450 = × 345000 s^n a= = 21
100 345000
faj’oaho dew],u 21% 0v’]k7k-ND
0D dew],u17,35% 0v’]k7k0kpD
192
_D 7e8v[G 3064g
!WD 7e8v[G 13 ,N
!!D 7e8v[G 5 ,N
!@D lhk’8k8t]k’!G c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;raoxUo
.og’jnvow0lhk’mk’.shc]h; 250 m
9eo;ode,tdvo X7qo? 20 24
g;]klhk’mk’ X,N? 12 10
ສິດ
7e8v[G de,tdvo 24 7qo lhk’mk’ 250 m .-hg;]k 10 ,ND
lhk’8k8t]k’ @G c,jo8k8t]k’vaf8klj;orq;rao
ິຂະ
.og’jnvow0de,tdvo 24 7qoD
ນລ
];’pk;0’mk’ (m) 250 350
9eo;o,N X,N? 10 x
ວ
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ຫງ
!#D 0D oadIPomuj[+wfhhwxmjP;,u 45% D

!$D dD 80% F
ສະ
0D 10% F
7D 300% D
!&D 7e8v[G ’q; 30 38 dyosphk\qf 5 ,af rkp.o 10 ,ND
ສ
!*D I6[X!? 75% F

ສວ
I6[X@? 12,5% F
I6[X#? 16, 66% F
!(D 7e8v[G 250 m D
!)D 7e8v[G 9 h c]t 30 mn 8+!,ND
!_D 7e8v[G 1473, 06g 0v’g0qhkg[^D
@WD dD zyfF 0D 4ndF 7D 4ndF ’D 4ndF 9D zyfF lD 4nd
193

ປື້ມຄູ່ມືຄະນິດສາດ ມ1

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ປື້ມຄູ່ມືຄະນິດສາດ ມ1

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76j,n76

IP[IP’3fpG s5,rao x=lts;affu lD;Dl

d;fcdh3fpG cv39 vkfzkl5d

{ w,hc,af s^n w,h[aomafmuj,u0yf\kplk,kfvjkowfhfuD

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoD

VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/bdsafD

dt8jkc,jo9eo;ome,t-kf grkt,aoc,jo9eo;ooa[7qo c]t \kd[uj

1529= MDXXIX; 608= DCVIII; 1108= MCVIII

0D CXLIX = 149; CDLXXVIII = 478; MCDLXIV = 1464

CVI = 106 ; MI = 1001; MXIII = 1013; MVII = 1007.

VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/bdsaf

’D p ∈ {.............; −3; −2; −1;0;1; 2;3; 4;5;6}

oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; [5oD

;ymmuu@G X oE|ad0v’ mhk; 7e + oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; 7e ? + X

oE|addtgxqk0v’ mhk; [5o?D

VI. 7ecotoe s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf

438 627 428 1659 1607 38725

789 730 973 2463 2099 16870

253 549 651 7691 3062

31 153 487 1625 1386

III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo

dkog7njvomuj muj8A’l5fmhkpmujwxg4y’mP[ ltcf’dkog7njvo

wx|hk & [kfdhk; 8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,afH ltcf’;jkwx|hk (+5) + (+3) = +8

4vps^a’vud & [kfdhk;D s^a’_ sq;|j;psjk’9kdg,af O

wx|hk @[kfdhk;8k,fh;p wxg4y’g,af H ltcf’;jkwx (+2) + (+6) = +8

III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo

{ g9hpgxao8kdk3i.sjplq,7;oF g;]k8yf.ljdtfko.shoadIPolk,kfg[yj’gsaoD grnjvlt

xN, !& sq; (WWW V !& = !W& WWW du[

!S @S # c]t *D .o9eo;ooU76o.sh & wfh W mk’mhkp,uc8j @ s^n * ltcf’;jk9eo;o,u

lv’8q;g]dc,joG @ s^n * 9kddkomqf]v’lt]a[daowx,kgIqkwfh9eo;o,u lv’8q;

gIqkwfh7e8v[c,joG 97 × 310 = 62 × 485 = 30 070 D

!!D goNvmuj0v’I6[lujc9lkd = ];’pk; × ];’d;hk’

5535 = ];’pk; × 45 vu’8k,dkorq;raodko76o c]t dkosko

{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxB,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16jvhv,

dD 76cotoeoadIPo.shla’gdfdko7yfw]jg-uj’9kdc4;mu|bj’gIqkwfhc4;mulv’ s^n c4;

)D dD −&S 0D −#S 7D @S ’D *S 9D !@S lD −!&S -D #S pD _S fD WS 8D WD

_D dD −@(S 0D −@S 7D −@S ’D −!S 9D #S lD −!@S -D −@WS pD −$S

!WD x −&* −!* $& −## −!) *W #@

!!D 7k0v’ x c,joG

dD x = −@S 0D x = −@$S 7D x = (S ’D x = (S 9D x = −#*S lD x = −$S

7D dj5,mt;u76o0v’ $ c,jo {0; 4;8; 12;16; 20;...} D

dj5,v5xt76o0v’ @* c,joG {1; 2;13; 26}

dj5,v5xt76o0v’ *_ c,joG {1;3; 4; 23;69}

dj5,v5xt76o0v’ @!@ c,joG {1 S @S $S &#S !W*S 212}

0hk’0v’czjodk3ic,jo !& -,D

&WW sk !WWW c,jomt;u76o0v’!@W muj16j]ts;jk’ &WW sk !WWW,uG

*WWS (@W c]t _*WD

III. lnjdkoIPo { dkolvo

{ xN,c[[IPo7toyflkf ,! c]t [qflvo76D xN,vnjoMg-yj’76-vdsk,kwfh c]t gsao

{ 76cotoeoadIPocdhdyf9tde.oxb,c[[IPofh;p8qogv’ s^n lqomtokda[\6jmuj16jvhv,

gIqk9tgsao;jkg;]kgryjooa[ !S @S #DDDg4y’ _ c]h;9eo;o4afwxc,jo !WS !! S g;]koa[

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoD

*D 7ecot7e s^n 7e8v[dyf9tde c]t [qfg/ydsaf

’{ 0Po9eo;ogxao9eo;ome,t-kfG a. 1537; b. 473; c. 2906; d. 340; e. 1578

-Aosq;8N -Ao0v’sq;]hko -Ao0v’sq;rao -Ao0v’sq;|j;p

a.15 = 1× 10 + 5; b.27 = 2 ×10 + 7; c.94 = 9 ×10 + 4;

f .2586 = 2 ×103 + 5 × 102 + 8 ×10 + 6

i.7 403179 = 7 × 10 ×6 +4 ×105 + 3 ×103 + 1×102 + 7 ×10 + 9

m. !&W= 128 + 16 + 4 + 2= 1x27 +0x26+0x25 +1x24+0x23+ 1x22+ 1x2+ 0

o. )( = 64 +16 +4 +2 +1=1x26+0x25 +1x24+0x23+ 1x22+ 1x2+ 1

$&# = 375 +75 +3= 3x53 +3x52+0x5+ 3 mP[gmqjk 3303

@$ mP[gmqjk 2x5+4 = 10 +4= 14

!S @S # c]t D .o9eo;ooU76o.sh & wfh W mk’mhkp,uc8j @ s^n ltcf’;jk9eo;o,u

WWS (@W c]t _WD