Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions:
1. Kinship, Marriage, and the Household
2. Political and Leadership Structures
3. Economic Institutions
4. Nonstate Institutions and Organizations
5. Education
6. Religion and Belief Systems
7. Health Systems
Kinship
 A network of relatives within which
individual possess certain mutual rights
and obligations.
Kinship by Blood
Consanguineal Kinship
 is considered as the most basic and
general forms of relation
 The relationship is achieved by birth or
blood affinity
Descent
 Refers to biological relationships
 An individual’s child or offspring
Symbols Used to Study Patterns of Descents
And Kin Groups
Matrilineal Descent
 kinship is seen through his or her
mother’s line of descent.
Patrilineal Descent
 kinships is reckoned through his or her
father’s line of descent.
Kinship by Marriage
Marriage
 a socially or ritually recognized union or
legal contract between spouses that
establishes rights and obligations
between them.
Affinity
 the kinship by marriage or the human
relation through marriage.
Types of Marriages
Endogamy
 the social rule which states that a partner
must be selected from a person’s own
social group.
Exogamy
 the rule which proclaims that a partner
must be chosen from a group different
from one’s own.
Monogamy
 refers to the marriage of one woman to
one man at a time.
Serial monogamy
 if remarriage is allowed following divorce
or death of a partner.
Polygamy
 is the custom of having more than one
legal spouse at the same time.
Post-marital Residency Rules
  Refer to the conventional rules or
patterns of behavior concerning the
place a married couple live after
marriage.

Type Of Post-marital Residency

1. Patrilocal – the married couple’s normal 2. Tribes

residence is with or near the husband’s patrilineal
kinsmen.  Tribal system consists of separate bands
or villages
2. Matrilocal – the married couple’s normal
residence is with or near the wife’s patrilineal  Integrated through lineages, clans, age
kinsmen. grades, or other associations cross-
cutting kinship and territory
3. Biological – the married couple’s stay with the
husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately.  Associated with farming or herding
subsistence strategies
Kinship By Ritual
 Greater population density
 In some societies, kinship relationships
extend to people an individual has  No centralized leadership
religious, economic, or political
 Typically someone respected for wisdom
relationship with or other kinds of social
or prowess – charisma & “big men”
ties such as friendship.
 Group decisions by consensus
Compadrazgo – Godparenthood
Sambia Tribe
Political And Leadership Structure

Political Organizations

 Any entity that is participating in a

political process.

Four Types of Sociopolitical Organizations

1. Bands
 Small group of politically independent,
though related, households
 All social relationships based on kinship
 Least complex form of political
organization
 Associated with foraging forms of
subsistence
 Decisions made through consensus
 No fixed leadership, only informal
recognition of prowess
Inuit
3. Chiefdoms
 A regional society in which one or more
local groups are organized under a
single ruling individual – the chief – who
is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of
people
 A true authority figure with a formal office
 Can distribute resources
 Recognized hierarchy linked to chief
 Tend to be unstable
 Rank society
 Do
not
 have unequal access to economic
resources or to power, but they do
contain social groups having unequal
access to prestige
 Unequal access to prestige often
reflected in position of chief to which only
some members of a
specified group in the Type
society can succeed
Generalized Reciprocity
 Ascribed status
Balanced Reciprocity
Trobrianders
Negative Reciprocity
4. States
 The
most formal of political organizations and
is one of the hallmarks of civilization
 Political power is centralized in a
government which may legitimately use
force to regulate the affairs of its citizens
 Weber’s monopoly on the legitimate use
of force
3 Types of Legitimate Rule (Weber)
1. Charismatic Authority
- character, heroism, leadership,
religious
2. Traditional Authority
- patriarchs, patrimonialism, feudalism
3. Rational-legal Authority
- modern law and state, bureaucracy
Economic Institutions
 Cater on the social need for an orderly
way of producing and distributing goods
and services in the society.
Economic Processes
Reciprocity
 When you give something away, you
expect something in return.
Types of Reciprocity
Characterization
Gift Giving without any expectation of immediate
return.
Expecting immediate return from any given favor. The
value of the commodities is expected to be equal.
The exchange tends to favor one party over the other,
as the value of the goods for exchange is unequal.
Transfers
 When resources from one individual or
organization are given to another with no
expectation of return, an economic
transfer is in place.
Redistribution
 Occurs when the resources of one,
several individuals, or groups are
collected and distributed proportionally or
equally to participating members.
Market Transactions
 Involves parties who sell their goods and
services in exchange for cash from
consumers.
State-Market Relationships
 The state, through government, comes in
to regulate prices to protect the interest
of the consuming public.
Nonstate Institutions and Organizations
 These are institutions that are not
controlled by the government or by the
State.
1. Banks and Corporations
 These are financial institutions that aid
people in terms of money and
investments.
 Commercial Banks

 Financial deposit with security and

convenience which could be in the form
of credit card, debit card, and check.

 Provide business, individual, and

personal loans, enabling commercial
banks to earn interest.
Investment Banks
 Serve as payment agents within and
outside the country through wire transfer.  Financial intermediaries that perform a
variety of services for businesses and
some governments

 Issue securities to the investing

public

 Act as a broker for institutional

clients

Insurance Companies

 Aid individuals and companies in terms

of risk management and wealth
preservation

 Capable of earning profit and

paying claims, through their large
number of insurances

Brokerages

 Intermediaries in the transaction between

buyers and sellers for the purpose of
security

 Commission-based earnings

Investment Companies or Corporations

 Help individuals invest funds or money

with others investors to manage
portfolios of security
  Purchase securities indirectly through a  Takes place in a school environment
package product such as a mutual fund. with classrooms of multiple students
learning together with a trained, certified
teacher of the subject.

 It has an approved curriculum

 It has the prescribed number of sessions

to finish the lesson

 Authentic assessments and outputs

2. Cooperatives and Trade Unions

Cooperatives or Coop

- an autonomous association whose

membership is voluntary toward the attainment of
common economic, social and cultural needs or
aspirations

Trade Unions

- an organization of workers whose main

objective is to protect the welfare of its members.
Non-formal Education
3. Transnational Advocacy Group
 Is an organized educational activity that
 The very essence of TAG is the takes place outside a formal set-up.
formation and development of their
advocacies and campaigns that  Flexible, learner-centered and uses
represents principled causes, ideas, participatory approach
values and beliefs.

4. Development Agencies

 They concentrate on the growth,

progression, and advancement of
specific societal concerns, which can be
infrastructure or social institutions.

5. International Organizations

 They broadly perform development-

Function of Education
related work, including advocacy on
specific issues like environment 1. Manifest
protection, health, and gender and
human rights  Socialization

Education -Allows the learning of the rules and

norms of society as a whole.
 is the process of facilitating learning, or
the acquisition of knowledge,  Transmission of culture, skills and values
skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

Formal Education
 -They allow the younger generation to EDUCATION
absorb information on what their society
is about. Section 2. The State shall:

 Enforce social control (1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete,

adequate, and integrated system of education
-Teaching students respect for authority relevant to the needs of the people and society;
and conformity to rules and regulations.
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public
2. Latent education in the elementary and high school
levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents
 Venues for expanding people’s to rear their children, elementary education is
networks. compulsory for all children of school age;
 Ability to work in groups Religion and Belief Systems
Goals of Education
Religion
1. Productive Citizenry
 Is defined as “people’s beliefs and
 The idea that a citizen must create the
opinions concerning the existence,
environment and opportunities to
nature and worship of a God or holy
become productive
beings and divine involvement in the
2. Self-Actualization universe and human life” .

 It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment,  It denotes the belief in, or worship of, a
namely, to the tendency for him to God, Gods or the supernatural
become actualized in what he is
Functions Of Religion
potentially.
1. Religion helps man to bear sufferings .
Primary Education as a Human Right
2. It boosts self-worth and dignity.
1. The right to education is stated in Article 26 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3. It serves as a foundation of societal
harmony.
Primary Education as a Human Right
4. It helps create disciplined and beneficial
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
citizens.
OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV
5. It promotes social welfare and
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
development.
ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS
Evolution of Religion
EDUCATION
Animism
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote
the right of all citizens to quality education at all  It also involves the belief that beings
levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make have spiritual essence, that is souls or
such education accessible to all. spirits exist, not only in humans but also
in animals, plants, inanimate objects like
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
rocks, geographical features such as
OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV
mountains and rivers, phenomena of the
EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, natural environment including wind,
ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS thunder, lightning and even shadow.
Polytheism
 Refers to the worship of or belief in more
than one god, especially several gods
usually assembled into a pantheon of
gods and goddesses, along with their
own religions and rituals.
Monotheism
 Is the belief in single or one god.
Types of Religious Organizations
Church
 Is defined as a large and formalized
organization that is incorporated into
society and is sometimes fused with the
state.
Denomination
 Religious organizations that have a large
number of members but are less formal
than a church
Sect
 Religious organizations that tend to differ
and oftentimes reject a larger religion’s
beliefs.
 Sects oppose religious pluralism and
focus on the promotion of strict religious
doctrines that incorporate all aspects of
the member’s life.
Cults
 Are relatively small religious
organizations whose doctrines are
outside mainstream religious traditions.
 Led by a charismatic leader who
exercises absolute control over its
members.
Institutionalized Religions
Judaism
 Hebrew word Yehudim means “Judah”
 The foundational text of the Hebrews is
called Torah or the Five Books of Moses
(Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers
and Deuteronomy)
 Jews – believer of Judaism
 Synagogues – sacred temples
 God created all things by the
unimaginable power of divine speech.
Christianity
 Greek word Christos means “anointed”
 Jesus Christ – founder of Christianity
 Christians – people who professed their
belief in Jesus Christ
 Bible – sacred text of Christianity
 God is “triune” or “three equal persons in
one deity – the Father, Son, and Holy
Spirit
Islam
 Arabic word Aslama means “surrender”
 Muslim – follower of Islam
 Allah – one God
 Muhammed – prophet or messenger of
God
 Koran – sacred text of Islam
 Mosques – sacred temples
 Five Pillars of Islamic Faith
- Shahada (only one God)
- Salat (prayer done five times everyday)
- Zakat (almsgiving)
- Sawm (fasting during Ramadan)
- Hajj (pilgrimage to the holy city of
Mecca)
Hinduism
 World’s oldest living religion
  Vedas, Upanishads and Brahmanas–
sacred text
 Brahma (creator), Shiva (destroyer),
Vishnu (preserver – different Gods
Buddhism
 Third major religion in India
 Focuses on the importance of
unworldliness and the need for discipline
 Vinaya Pitaka, Sutra Pitaka and
Abhidharma Pitaka – sacred texts
 Four Noble Truths of Buddha
Separation of Church and State in the Philippines
The Phil. Constitution declares, in Article II
Section 6 :
“The separation of Church and State shall be
inviolable” (unbreakable)
Article III Section 5
“No law shall be made respecting(in regards) an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever
be allowed. No religious test shall be required for
the exercise of civil or political rights”
Health Systems
Health
 The condition of being well or free from
disease.
 The overall condition of someone's body
or mind.
Health Systems in the Philippines
 Department of Health
 Local Government Units (LGU)
 Centers for Health Department (CHD)
 Rural Health Units (RHU)
Filipino Attributions of Illness
1. Usog
- a Filipino belief regarding discomfort
brought about by a stranger who thought to have
an evil eye or who brings an evil wind.
2. Binat
- is the term used to refer to the ailments
- a mother experiences after giving birth
Health Beliefs and Behavior
1. Rapid shifts from hot to cold lead to
illness.
2. Warm environment is essential to
maintain optimal health.
3. Cold drinks or food should be avoided in
the morning.
4. An overheated body is vulnerable; and
heated body or muscles can get
“shocked” when cooled suddenly.
5. Sudden changes in weather patterns,
cool breezes, exposure in evening hours
to low temperature, intense heat
immediately after a lengthy rain, and
vapors rising from the soil all may upset
the body balance.
Filipino Theories of Illness
1. Mystical
- often associated with experiences or
behaviors such as retribution from
ancestors for unfulfilled obligations.
2. Personalistic
- may be attributed to social punishment
or retribution by supernatural beings.
3. Naturalistic
- include a range of factors from nature
events, excessive stress, incompatible
food and drugs, infection.
4. Bacterial/Viral
-a lot of illnesses are now attributed to
as effects of these entities invading the
 body and making the body weak and research, responsive to the country’s health
defenseless. needs and problems.

Cultural Health Actors

1. Albularyo

2. Hilot

3. Mangluluop

4. Medico

Health as Human Right

 means that everyone has the right to the

highest attainable standard of physical
and mental health, which includes
access to all medical services, sanitation,
adequate food, decent housing, healthy
working conditions, and a clean
environment.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES –
ARTICLE XIII

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

HEALTH

Section 11. The State shall adopt an

integrated and comprehensive approach to
health development which shall endeavor to
make essential goods, health and other
social services available to all the people at
affordable cost. There shall be priority for the
needs of the underprivileged, sick, elderly,
disabled, women, and children. The State
shall endeavor to provide free medical care
to paupers.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES –
ARTICLE XIII

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

HEALTH

Section 12. The State shall establish and

maintain an effective food and drug
regulatory system and undertake appropriate
health, manpower development, and