Reviewer in Chemistry temperature relationship of gases at a

constant pressure.
Barometer - measures the atmospheric
measure. Invented by Italian physicist - “the volume of a gas is directly
Evangelista Torricelli. proportional to its absolute
temperature at a constant pressure”
Manometer or pressure gauge -
measures the pressure in a closed Avogradro’s Law
system.
- Amedeo Avogrado
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
- quantify the number of particles of an
describes the nature of gases and the
element or compound
behavior of the particles that comprise
them. - “the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of
The average kinetic energy of a gas is
particles at the same pressure and
directly proportional to its absolute
absolute temperature, regardless of the
temperature expressed in Kelvin.
nature of the gas”
LAWS
Mole - quantity of particles of a
Boyle’s Law substance

- Robert Boyle studied the pressure and 1 mole = avogradro’s number

volume relationship of a contained gas
International Union of Pure and
held at constant temperature.
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
- “the pressure of a fixed amount of
- defined mole of amount of substance
gas is inversely proportional to its
of a systems
volume at constant temperature”
Molar mass - mass of one mole of an
Gay-Lussac’s Law
element or compound.
- Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac is one of the
The gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and
pioneers in the study of the behavior of
Gay-Lussac can be combined into a
gases.
single equation to examine the behavior
- “the pressure of a fixed amount of of a constant amount of gas when the
gas is directly proportional to its three gas conditions are exchanged.
absolute temperature at a constant This is known as the combined gas
volume” law.

- In his investigation, he discovered that Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

all gases expand equally over a
- “the total pressure of a mixture of
temperature range.
gases in a container is equal to the sum
Charles’ Law of the partial pressures of the individual
gases”
- Jacques Charles, together with Gay-
Lussac, discovered the volume
Partial pressure - refers to the
pressure that would be exerted by a gas
in the mixture if it was the only gas
present in the container.
Chemical equation - shows the
identity of the reactants and products
and the relative amounts of these
substances consumed or produced in a
chemical reaction.
Example:
REACTANTS > PRODUCTS
2Mq(s) + O2(g) > 2MgO(s)
2Mq(s) + O.(g) > 2MgO(s)
Stoichiometric coefficients indicate
the mole ratio among the reactants and
products of a reaction.
Evidences of Chemical Reactions
 Change in color
 Evolution of gas
 Evolution or absorption of heat
 Formation of a precipitate
 Change in odor
Synthesis Reactions
- Two or more reactants combine to
form a single product
A + B -> C
metal + nonmetal > ionic compound
2Mg(s) + O2(g) > 2MgO(s)
Decomposition reactions
- involve only one reactant dissociating
into two or more products.
C > A+ B
2H2O(I) > 2H2(g) + 02(g)
Single Replacement Reactions
- One element of a compound is
replaced by a different element
AB+X>AX+B
Double replacement reactions
- occur when two ionic compounds
exchange cations and anions with each
other.
AX + BY > AY + BX
AgNO,(aq) + NaCi(aq) > NaNo; +
AgCl(s)
solution - is a homogeneous mixture
that consist of a solute dissolved in a
solvent.
neutralization reaction
- involves an acid and a base. This type
of reaction generally follows a double
type replacement type, where the
products are salt and water.
Precipitation Reaction
- It involves two ionic compounds as
reactants and forms a water-soluble
salt as the other product.
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
Oxidation - is the process in which an
atom loses an electro, resulting in an
increase in the oxidation number of that
atom.
Reduction - is the process where an
atom gains an electron, resulting in the
decrease in its oxidation number.
Oxidation number of an atom in a
molecule or ion indicates the number of
electrons that have been removed or
added to get to its new state.

The substance that is oxidized is called

the reducing agent because it causes
the reduction of the other substance.

The substance that is reduced is called

the oxidizing agent because it causes
the oxidation of the reducing agent.

Percent Composition and Chemical

Formula

Molecular Formula

- contains symbol and the

corresponding number of atoms of all
the elements in a compound

Empirical Formula

- reduced form of molecular formula

- Subscripts in the original molecular

formula are written in their simplest
whole number ratio.

Structural Formula

- Shapes the bond pattern and

connectivity of atoms in compounds.

Law of Definite Proportions

- a given chemical compound always

contains the same elements in the exact
same proportions by mass.

Chemical formula from present

composition

- chemical formula of a compound can

also be derived from given percent
composition of its constituent elements.
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