MID-TERM EXAMINATION

UNEP MAED, Iriga City

Educ. 207 Theories and Practices in Guidance

Name: ARNEL B. PORTERIA JR. Permit No. 0939

Professor: JINA-LUZ ZAMUDIO ALFELOR Ed.D., Ph.D.

1. How is guidance defined by different authorities?

Guidance is defined by different authorities in many aspects and these two authors captured my

interest on how they defined guidance which hit me personally on realizing the importance of showing

guidance to others. According to Ruth Strang. “Guidance is a process of helping every individual,

through his own efforts, to discover and develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and social

usefulness.”, and A.J. Jones. “Guidance involves personal help given by a competent person; it is

designed to assist a person in deciding where he wants to go, what he wants to do, or how he can best

accomplish his purposes; it assists him in solving problems that arise in his life. It does not solve

problems for the individual but helps him to solve them. The focus of guidance is the individual and not

the problem; its purpose is to promote the growth of the individual in self-direction.”

2. Explain how guidance is more than "teaching the learners."

Guidance is more than teaching the learners because guidance and counselling are important for

children, and schools have a huge role in bringing out the best in children. Good conduct is coveted,

but sometimes young minds need guidance to polish their personality. Through counselling, children

are given advice on how to manage and deal with emotional conflict and personal problems. Proper

counselling will help incorporate valuable lessons in their daily life. Some sessions should involve

career guidance, where the students are advised on the selection of courses and different career paths.

It's important to prepare them for life after school and what to expect in the different fields they might
opt for, that is why, ―guidance is more than teaching the learners: Students are given proper guidance on

how to deal with psychological problems which can badly impact their studies. Through these

sessions, the students will be able to develop certain problem-solving skills which to an extent help

them deal with issues surrounding their lives; The students are advised on how to cope with different

situations they tend to face in their school life.

3. How do helping relationships for counseling develop?

‘Helping’ is one of those taken-for-granted words. The notion of helping is tied up with counselling and

guidance. People having to deal with difficult situations and choices, worrying feelings and/or a sense

of having missed opportunities may well feel they need someone to listen and to assist them to make

sense of what is going on, and to move on. Sometimes it will be others who judge that it is in the best

interests of people that they receive such ‘help’. Helping others is like having a support system beside

you, especially those persons who really know you and understand you. These are your family

members, closes friends and others. It is more advisable to ask help in most trusted person you have so

that you can freely open yourself to that counselor. If you are already comfortable with the counselor

you can be as honest as possible, in that way you build deeper relationship to that person.

4. How did the guidance movement develop in the Philippines?

In the Philippines, guidance is said to be accidental and incidental origin. Teachers and principal have

assisted pupils to make choices and to make self-adjustments. They also treat problems or misbehavior

among pupils in the classroom and on the playground, including the cutting of classes or low or

inconsistent grades. Filipino Psychologist, Dr. Sinforoso Padilla in 1932 started s Psychological Clinic, to

assist emotion, educational and vocational issues, and 1945 the first Guidance Institute was

established, and the Bureau of Public Schools started to send teachers o study guidance. Dr. Roy g.

Bone and George H. Bennett, UNESCO specialists in guidance, helped much in making Filipino

education officials guidance conscious. In 1951, Congress proposed the establishment of a functional

guidance and counselling program. In 1952, division superintendents of schools recommended the

establishments of guidance services in the public school. In 1945, National Teachers College was
chosen to be the site of the first Guidance Institute. Guidance Association of the Philippines has been

organized also. In 1953 the Philippine association of guidance counselors was organized to establish a

Testing Bureau.

5. As a student, do you have any inclination to help others? Cite situations.

As a student of course I have inclined to help others because helping others feel good, it creates a

sense of belonging for example helping others can help us to make new friends and connect with our

community. This is because helping others can make you feel rewarded, fulfilled, and empowered.

Giving helps keep things in perspective. Helping others, especially those who are less fortunate than

yourself, can help to put things into perspective and make you feel more positive about your own

circumstances. Helping others can teach you to help yourself. If you’ve been through a tough

experience or just have a case of the blues. When you help others, you give off positive vibes, which

can rub off on peers and improve your friendships.  Having a positive impact on someone else could

help you change your own outlook and attitude. Experts say that performing acts of kindness boosts

your mood and ultimately makes you more optimistic and positive.

6. How is guidance related to discipline?

The key difference between guidance and discipline is that guidance does not

involve punishment whereas discipline often involves rules and punishment. Guidance and discipline

are two terms that have similar meanings in the education sector. Guidance refers to advice or

information that helps to resolve a problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority

whereas discipline refers to the practice of training someone to obey rules or a code of behavior, using

punishment to correct disobedience. Guidance refers to advice or information that helps to resolve a

problem or difficulty, especially as given by someone in authority. In other words, it is the act of

guiding someone or help or advice that tells you what to do. Discipline refers to the practice of training

people to obey rules or a code of behavior, typically using punishment to correct disobedience. In
other words, it involves teaching someone to act in accordance with rules. Moreover, discipline is often

associated with rules and punishment.

7. Why should the counselors make referrals?

Making appropriate referrals is part of professional conduct for counsellors in practice. A referral

procedure should provide a seamless journey from one professional helper to another. It is important

that clients are not taken by surprise by your suggestion that referral maybe be needed; this could feel

like a rejection and lead them to believe their problems are particularly complex and therefore difficult

to solve. Preparation for referral should ideally begin during contracting, with the counsellor

introducing the idea that this is a process that sometimes happens, simply because different

professionals are trained and have strengths in different types of helping and different client issues. In

this way, the client is aware from the very start that referral is not threatening but is instead intended

as a genuinely helpful action to support them in getting the right help at the right time. It is important

that clients are not taken by surprise by your suggestion that referral maybe be needed; this could feel

like a rejection and lead them to believe their problems are particularly complex and therefore difficult

to solve. In this way, the client is aware from the very start that referral is not threatening but is

instead intended as a genuinely helpful action to support them in getting the right help at the right

time.

8. How can employees be helped through counseling?

Employees face lots of problems in day-to-day life, they may have problem with their subordinates,

colleagues, boss, system of the work or may have problem in personal life. This problem starts

affecting their work, their career and their performance in job. Counselling is like giving advice, sorting

out the problems of employees, guiding and helping them for the problem they face in office or in

personal life. Employee counselling is done to bring out a positive result from the de-stressed

employee. In simple terms employee counselling is like a stressed person discuss about the problem or

about the poor performance and other person consoles and try to sort the problem. Counselling helps
the employees to come out from the problems, gives a new way to deal with the problems. Counselling

shows how much the employer care for the employee. Counselling may help to identify the employee

the work-related problems and the poor performance.

9. How may illegal work stoppage be prevented?

A work stoppage is a temporary cessation of work as a form of protest and can be initiated by

employees or company management. When a work stoppage is initiated by unionized employees it's

considered a strike and when it's initiated by management at a unionized facility it's considered a

lockout. 

One important way to prevent illegal work stoppage is to anticipate the employees' needs and

potential gripes. For example, if the employees are provided with less comprehensive health benefits

plan than other employers in the same industry, the leader can anticipate this issue arising during her

discussions with union leaders. Even when employers cannot fix employees' problems immediately,

acknowledging the problems and publicly discussing ways to resolve them can prevent it

10. How should the information about the individual be utilized and released?

Protecting the confidentiality of clients’ personal health information is a key component of the

counseling profession’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. It’s also mandated by HIPAA’s privacy

provision and state privacy laws. But there are important exceptions to these rules, outlined in federal

and state statutes. Disclosures are generally allowed under the following circumstances and should be

done in accordance with state law and your employer’s policies and procedures. first, Consulting with

other practitioners. Counselors can share pertinent information with key members of the healthcare

team as needed for continuity of care. Second, Court or disciplinary actions. A court can order a

counselor to release confidential health information without a client’s permission—unless the

counselor can compel the court to reconsider because of potential harm to the client-counselor

relationship. Third, Dangerous clients. If you believe your client is suicidal or is a “clear and imminent
danger” to himself or others, you have an obligation to report it to your supervisor, the client’s primary

care provider or the appropriate authorities. These are only few of the examples.

11. What components are required of the counseling service?

A Comprehensive Guidance and Counselling Program is designed to assist the personal, social,

educational and career development of students. Here are some components that are required in

counseling service. First, Guidance Curriculum includes structured experiences presented

systematically through classroom and group activities for all grades. Second, Individual Planning

includes counseling activities to assist all students to plan, monitor, and manage their own academic

achievement as well as their personal and career development. Third, Responsive Services includes

counseling or referral activities to meet the immediate needs and concerns of students. And lastly,

System Support includes indirect guidance management activities that maintain and enhance the total

guidance program. Responsibilities in this component include staff and community relations, special

research projects, committees, professional development, and student support.

12. Discuss each of the trends and issues in guidance.

Nowadays these are the example trends and issues in guidance. First is the issue on Professional

Title. Some professional in the field prefer to be called guidance counselor, while an increasing number

prefer the term school counselor. The growing trend is for counselors to be seen as professionals in a

large system, working fluidly with all aspects within the system. The expected duties are more

extensive than those practiced by vocational guidance counselors of the past, hence the feeling of

many school counselors that the name of the profession should reflect is expanded roles. Second, is

the Prevention versus Remediation. The Growing trend in the field of counseling is the focus on

prevention instead of remediation. In the past it was not uncommon for counselors to have

interactions with students only after some crisis had occurred. Third is the Teen Pregnancy. Teen

pregnancy continues to be a social concern. Counselors are often the liaison with community agencies
that work to prevent student pregnancy and assist with students who do become pregnant.

13. Explain the seven principles of guidance.

The Seven principles of guidance include the following: first Principle of all-round development of the

individual said guidance must take into account the all-round development of the individual when

bringing about desirable adjustment in any particular area of his personality. Second, the principle of

human uniqueness states that no two individuals are alike. Individuals differ in their physical, mental,

social, and emotional development. Third, Principle of holistic development this is likely to imparted in

the context of total development of personality. The child grows as a whole and even if one aspect of

personality is in focus, the other areas of development which are indirectly influencing the personality

have also to be kept in mind. Forth, the principle of cooperation said that no individual can be forced

into guidance. Fifth, the principle of continuity said that guidance should be regarded as a continuous

process of service to an individual in different stages of his life. Sixth, the principle of extension wherein

guidance service should not be limited to a few persons, who give observable evidence of its need, but

it should be extended to all persons of all ages, who can benefit from it directly or indirectly. And lastly,

the principle of elaboration said that curriculum materials and teaching procedures should be

elaborated according to the viewpoint of guidance.

14. Illustrate and interpret your school guidance organization.

In our school at Tinocawan Elementary in Rapu-rapu, Albay, we only have guidance coordinator

assigned by our school principal. Her role is to discuss and implement the Child Protection Policy for

our students be aware of the guidance policy. It always started with the principal, who assigned the

coordinator ship and after that the assigned teacher will be responsible if there are issues that needs

guidance support. The adviser or the teacher has a big role also in assuring that guidance will also be

implemented to support the students need. We have learned that guidance does not

involve punishment whereas discipline often involves rules and punishment. The role of the Guidance

Coordinator has a big part in managing issues like this. I also believe that guidance is not something

that can be separated from the general life of the school; is something that can be located only in some

particular of the school.

15. What are the problems covered by guidance?

What are the common problems school guidance counselors come across? It can sometimes be

frustrating for counselors to do their job. The job requires exceptional communication skills to be able

to communicate with even the most difficult students and their parents. If a counselor does it right,

they can serve as a secondary parent whom students can trust and confide in. Bullying is one of them.

A guidance counselor plays a big role in these matters. If someone is being bullied, a counselor will help

the child cope with it by giving strategies and ideas. It will make the child feel less alone and eradicate

the fear of going to school. The counselor will also converse with the one bullying and assess the

reason for the child's behavior. Next, it can be Relationship with family and Parents. Home issues are

common problems of High school students that counselors regularly address. The student may be

undergoing the divorce of parents or the lack of time they spend with them. Often, their stress come

from their time spent at home than in school. Some teens also have a hard time talking to their parents

regarding personal matters like peer pressure and sex, so they need an unbiased opinion of an adult

from time to time.

16. Discuss the nature of counseling.

Counseling is the application of mental health, psychological, or human development principles,

through cognitive, affective, behavioral, or systemic intervention strategies, that address wellness,

personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology. Depending on the needs of the client

and the availability of services, counseling may range from a few brief interactions in a short period of

time, to numerous interactions over an extended period. Brief interventions, such as classroom

discussions, workshop presentations, or assistance in using assessment, information, or instructional

resources, may be sufficient to meet individual needs. Or these brief interventions may lead to longer-
term counseling interventions for individuals with more substantial needs. Counseling may be

delivered by a single counselor, two counselors working collaboratively, or a single counselor with brief

assistance from another counselor who has specialized expertise that is needed by the client.

Counseling is the advice or help given by a professional counselor to a counselee to help them

overcome their personal or psychological difficulties.

17. How important ethical standards in counseling?

Ethics are important in counseling, as they are a means to protect the welfare of the client and

counselors by clearly outlining what is appropriate. Counsellors and therapists often come across some

difficult and sensitive subjects. This leaves the client in a vulnerable position. It’s expected of a

counsellor to act ethically, meaning adhering to what’s known as an ethical framework. They have a

duty of care for clients, and by nature of the profession, counsellors are to act in the best interest of

their client, promoting client goals, protecting client rights, maximizing good and minimizing harm.

Example, Setting and maintaining boundaries This is probably the most important ethical concern for a

counsellor. It’s necessary to avoid developing personal relationships with clients, due to privacy,

confidentiality, and a duty of care. Counsellors should also avoid working with family, friends, or

people they know personally. This includes working with family members of someone they know.

These ethical boundaries are in place to allow everyone a fair, unbiased therapy, where they can rely

on confidentiality to express their problems freely.

18. What are the purposes of test?

Counselors use tests generally for assessment, placement, and guidance, as well as to assist clients to

increase their self-knowledge, practice decision making, and acquire new behaviors. They may be used

in a variety of therapies--e.g., individual, marital, group, and family--and for either informational or
non-informational purposes (Goldman, 1971). Informational uses include the gathering of data on

clients, assessing the level of some trait, such as stress and anxiety, or measuring clients' personality

types. The purpose of non-informational tests is to stimulate further or more in-depth interaction with

the client. Steps involved in the process of using tests in counseling include the following: -- Selecting

the test. -- Administering the test. -- Scoring the test. -- Interpreting the results. -- Communicating the

results. Selecting. Having defined the purpose for testing, the counselor looks to a variety of sources

for information on available tests. Resources include review books, journals, test manuals, and

textbooks on testing and measurement (Anastasi, 1988; Cronbach, 1979). The most complete source of

information on a particular test is usually the test manual.

19. Explain the different type of tests.

The Guidance and Testing Program focuses on the psychological and socioemotional aspects of

formation. It seeks to journey with students in their personal social, academic, and career development

through comprehensive and developmental encounters, interventions, programs, activities, testing,

counseling, interviews, and referrals. It hopes to form students with a realistic self-knowledge that will

enable them to navigate well life’s challenges, opportunities, and choices. It has four major program

components and services: Guidance Curriculum initiated and facilitated by the guidance personnel, this

consists of activities focusing on the areas of personal-social, academic, and career development of the

students, then, Individual Planning collaboration with teachers, formators, and parents, students are

assisted in planning, monitoring, and managing their own learning as well as their personal and career

development through different services., next, Responsive Service this consists of activities designed to

meet immediate needs of students that may require counseling, consultation, or referral. This service

is a response to a student/parent-initiated request or a result of a referral from a teacher or a

formation officer., and Routine Interview This involves activities that help establish, maintain, and

enhance the implementation of a comprehensive Guidance Program. This entails collaboration and
coordination with and/or participation of the school administration, faculty and staff, parents, alumni,

and other resources in the community.

20. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of anecdotal records.

Anecdotal records refer to a detailed narrative record which is descriptive in nature after the

occurrence of a particular behavior or interaction. They enable teachers to be informed about various

things as they plan the learning experiences, offer insights into probable delays in development, and

offer information to families. An anecdotal record should always be concise, brief, and should give

enough detail about the report as well as an accurate description of the same. Example advantage, it

enables the teacher to gain deep insight into the incidents of total behavior. And the disadvantage of

this can be the teacher may only record things which interest him or her and many things may get

neglected. Another advantage It also acts as a validation and supplement for other structured

instruments. And the disadvantage of this can be the observation of the teacher may also sometimes

end up influencing learner behavior negatively.