2.

UNIT
Matter.
Gases.

Matxalen
Madariaga
3.DBH
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO LEARN?
Matter and its states of aggregation (changes in state)
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Gases (substances, pressure in gas)

Gas Laws (Boyle-Mariotte, Charles, Gay Lussac)
Atmospheric pressure
MATTER AND ITS STATES OF AGGREGATION
Matter may exist in 3 different states of
aggregation: Solid, liquid and gas
The state of aggregation depends on:
- The intensity of the forces of attraction
between the elementary particles the substance
is made of
- The P and T at which is found
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE OF AGGREGATION
SOLID

The particles attract one another with very

strong forces
Rigid and cannot flow
Specific shape and volume
Internal structure is organised
Very difficult to compress.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE OF AGGREGATION
LIQUID

The forces of attraction between their particles

are not as intense as in solids.
Liquids can flow. Random structure.
They take on the shape of the container
they are put in. They have volume.
They can be compressed more easily
than solids.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE OF AGGREGATION
GAS
Very weak forces of attraction
Particles move freely, they can be far away
from each other
Gases are fluids
Do not have a specific shape, not their own
volume. They occupy the space available.
They can be easily compressed.
CHANGES IN STATE
Matter changes in state if P and T are modified.

Change in state is a PHYSICAL change. The

particles don´t change their chemical nature,
they are still the same.

The temperature remains constant while a pure

substance is having a change in state
CHANGE OF STATE

The T remains constant while a pure substance undergoes a change in state

CHANGE OF STATE (THE SAME, IN ENGLISH)

http://concurso.cnice.mec.es/cnice2005/93_iniciacion_interacti
va_materia/curso/materiales/estados/cambios.htm
EXERCISE:RESULT
The melting temperature, Tm, and the boiling temperature, Tb,
of various substances are:
Substance Tm (ºC) Tb (ºC)
Water 0 100
Ethanol -114 78
Mercury -39 357

Decide which state of aggregation these substances would be in

at the following temperatures
a) 30ºC
b) 90ºC
c) -120ºC
EXAMPLE
The melting temperature, Tm, and the boiling temperature, Tb,
of various substances are:
Substance Tm (ºC) Tb (ºC)
Water 0 100
Ethanol -114 78
Mercury -39 357

Substance T=30 ºC T=90 ºC T= -120ºC

Water L L S
Ethanol L G S
Mercury L L S

Can we use an old mercury thermometer to measure the T

in January, in Antartica?
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY: KMT
(KMT HYPOTHESES-FOR GASES)
Kinetic = From Greek word Kinesis (motion-mugimendua)
Gases are formed by a number of very small particles.
They move at random.
There are large gaps between particles. Most of the space
is empty.
When they move, particles collide with one another, as
well as with the walls of the container.
When they move faster, the temperature is higher and
viceversa.
When the temperature is increased, particles move faster
and possess more kinetic energy Collisions againts the wall - Pessure

Container
Particle
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY: KMT
Did you know this?
Absolut Zero Temperature (0 Kelvin, 0K, -273ºC)
There is no lower temperature than 0K.
Particles don´t move
When the temperature rises, they start moving faster

Remember…
EXERCISE: TEMPERATURE
CHANGE OF UNITS
Indicate the following temperatures in Kelvin (K)
a) 100ºC
b) -10ºC

Indicate the following temperatures in Celsius (ºC)

a) 0K
b) 298K
EXERCISE:TEMPERATURE
CHANGE OF UNITS
Indicate the following temperatures in Kelvin (K)
a) 100ºC +273 = 373K
b) -10ºC +273 = 263K

Indicate the following temperatures in Celsius (ºC)

a) 0K - 273 = -273ºC
b) 298K - 273 = 25ºC
KMT AND THE STATES OF MATTER
Condensed phases: solids and liquids (forces of
attraction between particles very intense)
With KMT we can explain the changes in state
- Melting: T kinetic energy particles abandon the
fixed positions and flow
- Vaporisation: continue T kinetic energy The
particles separate from each other and the forces of
attraction disappear
-

Check this out!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jt
w8g795Us
http://www.physics-chemistry-interactiv
e-flash-animation.com/matter_interactiv
e.htm
GASES
Gas: From the Greek term Khaos (dark abyss
and a mass of matter without form)
Substances that exist as gases
Elementary substances Compounds
H2 molecular hydrogen CO2 carbon dioxide
N2 molecular nitrogen CO carbon monoxide
O2 molecular oxigen NO nitrogen monoxide
O3 ozone NO2 nitrogen dioxide
Cl2 molecular chlorine NH3 ammonia
PRESSURE IN GASES
The pressure of a gas is the amount of force
particles exert when they collide against the unit
of surface.
When the particles move they collide with one
another, as well as with the walls of the container
they are found in

Collisions againts the wall - Pessure

Container
Particle
PRESSURE IN GASES
Pressure is a derived physical quantity
Units: N/m2 (Pascal, Pa in the SI)
It is measured with a device called manometer
For atmospheric pressure: barometer
PRESSURE: CHANGE OF UNITS
Unit Symbol Equivalent
Atmosphere atm 1atm= 101325 Pa
Millimetre of mercury mmHg 1atm= 760 mmHg

Exercise: Change the following units

a) 740mmHg to atm
b) 1,2 atm to Pa
c) 101140 Pa to mmHg

Results

a) 740mmHg = 0,97 atm

b) 1,2 atm = 121590 Pa
c) 101140 Pa = 758,6 mmHg
PRESSURE: TORRICELLI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVBLseIXMnY
GAS LAWS
We are going to use P,V and T to describe the
behaviour of gases.
Ideal gases: The particles occupy a very small
volume in comparison to the container. There are
no forces of attraction between the particles.
There are 3 laws:
- Boyle Mariotte (P and V)
- Charles (P and T)
- Gay-Lussac (V and T)
GAS LAWS: BOYLE-MARIOTTE’S LAW
T constant V P P⋅V= constant

P1⋅V1= P2⋅V2

http://www.physics-chemistry-interactive-flash-anima
tion.com/matter_interactive.htm
GAS LAWS: BOYLE-MARIOTTE’S LAW
T constant V P P⋅V= constant

P1⋅V1= P2⋅V2
GAS LAWS: BOYLE-MARIOTTE. EXERCISE
T constant V P P⋅V= constant

P1⋅V1=
P2⋅V2
Fill this table, applying Boyle-Mariotte´s Law and draw
the P-V graph (P x-axis, V y-axis)

P (atm) V (L)
0,25 80
50
1
10

Do also Exercise 20 (page 44)

GAS LAWS: CHARLES & GAY-LUSSAC´S 1ST LAW
P constant T V V/T= constant

V1/T1= V2/T2

Do Exercise 20
page 38
http://www.physics-chemistry-interactive-flash-animation.com/matter_interactive.htm
GAS LAWS: CHARLES & GAY-LUSSAC´S 1ST LAW
P constant T V V/T= constant

V1/T1= V2/T2

T (K) V(L)
300 2
4
600
6
GAS LAWS: CHARLES & GAY-LUSSAC´S 2ND LAW
V constant T P P/T= constant

P1/T1= P2/T2
GAS LAWS: CHARLES & GAY-LUSSAC´S 2ND LAW
V constant T P P/T= constant

P1/T1= P2/T2

Fill the table and draw the graph P-T

P (atm) T (K)
1,5 300
350
3
600
THE GASES LAW:REVIEW
Boyle-Mariotte
T constant V P
P1⋅V1= P2⋅V2

Charles and Gay-Lussac 1st Law

P constant T V
V1/T1= V2/T2

Charles and Gay-Lussac 2nd law

V constant T P
P1/T1= P2/T2
THE GASES LAW: IDEAL GASES LAW
The ideal gases law is the relationship between
the 3 laws

2nd law 1st law