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Origins
Learning Objective:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
• Analyze the significance of Pacto de Sangre to
nationalism; and
• Compare and contras Rizal and Morga’s view of
Filipinos and Philippine culture.
The Pacto de Sangre in the Late
19th Century: Nationalist
Emplotment of Philippine History
Pacto de Sangre (Blood Compact)

● Philippine custom
● Intended to seal a friendship or treaty
● Done through mixing a blood taken from an incision
● Reconciliation
● To prevent betrayal
● Increase the solidarity of the bond
Sikatuna and Legaspi

● Hostile approach of the Boholanos (Sikatuna)

● Datu Sikatuna (Bohol) and Miguel de Legazpi made a blood compact to
offer peace
● Even under linguistic division
Blood Compact as a form of betrayal

● Under a blood compact between Legazpi and Sikatuna, the Spanish Miguel
de Legazpi still took the island of Bohol
Del Pilar: Assimilation and the Pacto de Sangre

● Gloominess about blood alliances

● Blood compact is a valid negotiation, hence Philippines must be assimilated
● It was Spain’s responsibility to assimilate Tagalogs
Luna: Ambivalence in El Pacto de Sangre

● Contradictory idea about the alliance because as ilustrados explained it was

an alliance between two “equally nations”
Floro Quibuyen
● Four-fifths of the canvass were Spaniards
● Sikatuna seemed tense, Legazpi was relaxed

Paul Zafaralla
● Sikatuna: good faith and honor
system
● Legazpi: bad faith and deceit
Bonifacio: The “Fall” in the Plot of Nationalistic History

GOLDEN
FALL DARK AGE
AGE
Sucesos de Las Islas
Filipinas by Antonio de
Morga: Rizal’s
Annotation
Antonio de Morga

● Author of “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”

● He was born on 1559 in Seville. Growing up he obtained a doctorate in
Canon Law and studied Civil Law.
● Joined the government service and was appointed to Manila as a lieutenant
governor in 1593.
Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas

● “Events in the Philippine Island”

● Published in Mexico 1609
● First formal history of Spanish conquest in the Philippines
● The book was a narration on the experiences of Antonio Morga on the
history of the Philippines.
Eight Chapters of Morga’s Work

● Of the first discoveries of the Eastern islands.

● Of the government of Dr. Francisco de Sande
● Of the government of don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa
● Of the government of Dr. Santiago de Vera.
● Of the government of Gomes Perez Dasamariñas.
● Of the government of don Francisco Tello
● Of the government of don Pedro de Acuña
● An account of the Philippine Islands.
Eight Chapters of Morga’s Work

● The first seven chapters mainly concern the political events which occurred
in the colony.
● Chapter 8 contains descriptions of the pre-Hispanic Filipinos, or rather the
indios, at the Spanish contact.
Rizal’s annotation of Morga

● The annotation of Morga is simply the views and explanation or comments

of Dr. Jose Rizal about what Antonio de Morga wrote in his book.
● Rizal covered many things about the book from geography, art, weather &
climate, technology, customs & traditions, literature, materials, minerals &
other forms of resources, manner of dressing, language, food, weapons,
animals, beliefs & religion etc.
Rizal’s annotation of Morga

● Rizal published his version of the book himself in Paris with the Spanish
title:
“Sucesos de las islas Filipinas po el Doctor Antonio de Morga Obra publicada en mejico en
el año de 1609, nuevamente sacada a luz y anotada por Jose Rizal, y precedida de un
prologo del Prof. Fernando Blumentritt”
(Translation: Events in the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga. A work published in
Mexico in the year 1609, reprinted and annotated by Jose Rizal and preceded by an
introduction by Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt)
Rizal’s annotation of Morga

● An English translation of Rizal's Morga was commissioned and published by

the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission in 1961.
● Although it had another translated edition by H.E.J. Stanley, Rizal’s Morga
didn’t contain any censorship of explicit context.
How did Rizal discover Morga’s work?

● Rizal is known to be a great historian

● Desire
● To prove his theory
Why did Rizal chose to annotate Morga’s work?

● The original book was very rare and is possible that there are some
unrecorded copies in private collections.
● Morga was a layman not a religious chronicler
● Rizal felt Morga to be more "objective" than the religious writers
whose accounts included many miracle stories
● Morga was not only an eyewitness but a major actor in the events
he narrates
Propositions in the Rizal’s Morga

● The Filipinos had a culture that they practice on their own, before the
Spaniards colonization.
● The people of the Philippines were demoralized, exploited and ruined
● The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past