English Teaching Methodologies:

AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD
- aka the Army Method
- teaching method that emphasizes the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing.

AUDIO-VISUAL METHOD **
- AKA Multimedia-Based Education
- It is an instruction where particular attention is paid to the audio and visual presentation of the the topic being discussed.
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BEHAVIORISM
Founder: John B. Watson
Definition: It states that learning is nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions. In short, it views learning or behavior as simple habit formation.

COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING *

- an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study.

COGNITIVE THEORY
- It states that language learning should be viewed as rule acquisition, not habit formation. It states that language acquisition is a conscious and reasoned thinking process.

DIRECT METHOD
- an approach in instruction wherein the lesson takes place entirely in the target language

ECLECTICISM ***
Founder: Christian Thomasius?
Definition: A conceptual approach that draws upon multiple theories, styles, ideas or or applies different theories

GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD

- aka The Classical Method
- A method of second language instruction based mostly on the translation of passages from the native language into the target language.

MOTHER TONGUE BASED MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION (MTB MLE)

- It refers to any form of schooling that makes use of the language or languages that children are most familiar with.

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY *

Founder: Howard Gardner
- It states that there are several different kinds of intelligence namely Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence, Logical-
Mathematical Intelligence, Naturalist Intelligence and Existential Intelligence

OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION (OBE) *

- It is a system of education wherein the main focus is the performance of the learners and making sure that the outcome of their learning is beneficial or useful to them.

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LEARNING ***

Founder: Stephen Krashen
- it states that gaining proficiency in any language can be done by either language learning or language acquisition and that language learning is done in classroom setting requiring extensive focus to grammatical rules while the latter one is
done out-of-class and in informal ways.

SUGGESTOPEDIA
Founder: Georgi Lozanov
- It's a theory stating that learning can accelerate through the use of positive suggestions such as setting a positive learning environment and planting good thoughts through music

SILENT WAY
- a teaching strategy where the teacher will remain silent during discussion and let students discover the lessons to be learned

TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE

Founder: James Asher
- a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts by using physical movement to react to verbal input (usually in form of commands).

UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR THEORY

Founder: Noam Chomsky
- It states that we are all born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, it states that language is a basic instinct for humans.

Types ng Language Testing:

Diagnostic - Strengths and weaknesses
Achievement Test - Attainment Test C
loze Test - fill in the blanks
Discrete Point Test - measure specific part of grammar being tested instead of mixed parts
Standardized Test - Proficiency test like TOEIC / TOFL. Tests with predefined standards
Criterion-reference - scores vs a set of standards or criteria
Norm-reference - score of examinees vs others
\Objective - unbiased with specific answrs like mutiple choice type tests
Subjective - biased test. Based on teachers preferences like essay type tests

Philosophical at Psycho-socio Foundations

BEHAVIORISM
Proponent: John B. Watson
Definition: It is based on the idea that behaviors are acquired or developed through conditioning. In other words, learning is nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions.

CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTION

Proponents: Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
Definition: It states that emotion is solely a mental process and does not originate from physiological reactions.

COGNITIVISM
Proponent: John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky and others.
Definition: learning is a result of different active mental processes such as perceiving, thinking, remembering, analyzing, solving, etc. Cognitivism states that all learnings can be affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which is in contrast
with behaviorism

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Proponent: Jean Piaget
Definition: It states that people move through four stages of cognitive development namely Sensorimotor (from birth - 2 y/o), Preoperational (2-7 y/o), Concrete Operational (7 - 11 y/o) and Formal Operational (11 y/o to adulthood).

DISCIPLINISM
Proponent: John Locke
Definition: It asserts that the mind is made up of certain faculties: memory, reason, will and judgment each of which needs special activities for its training and development. Locke believed that the mind is a “tabula rasa” which means that the
minds of people are born blank.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF EMOTION

Proponents: Charles Darwin, Stanley, Ruchmick, Spenser etc.
Definition: It states that evolution is the primitive matrix (or source) from which all later mental powers are developed.

EXISTENTIALISM
Proponents: Sӧren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus etc.
Definition: It is a philosophy that emphasizes on freedom and choice. It is the view that humans define their own meaning in life, instead of being predetermined before birth. It is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life
through free will, choice, and personal responsibility.

FIELD THEORY
Proponent: Kurt Lewin
Definition: The behavior of the individual at a given moment is the result of the existing forces operating simultaneously in his life space.

GESTALT THEORY
Proponents: Max Wertheimer with Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka
Definition: argued that the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules namely the Law of Proximity, Law of Similarity, Law of Closure, Law of Good Continuation and Law of Pragnanz.

HUMANISM
Proponent: Abraham Maslow with Carl Rogers
Definition: It states that human experience and rational thinking provide the only source of knowledge instead of divine or supernatural sources.
IDEALISM
Proponent: Plato
Definition: It states that our reality is shaped by our thoughts and ideas.

INSIGHT THEORY
Proponent: Wolfgang Kohler
Definition: States that learning can occur through immediate and clear understanding of relationships between objects and events that takes place without trial-and-error testing. Kohler believes that problem solving involves understanding the
problem first, which Kohler calls INSIGHT.

ISOLATION PERSONALITY THEORY

Proponent: Erich Fromm
Definition: This theory suggests that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation.

JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION

Proponents: William James and Carl Lange
Definition: It states that bodily changes are the antecedents (or source) of the different mental states.

MEANINGFUL LEARNING THEORY

Proponent: David Ausubel
Definition: In Ausubel’s view, to learn meaningfully, students must relate new knowledge (concepts and propositions) to what they already know.

MONASTICISM
Proponent: St. Anthony the Great
Definition: A religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. One of the earliest forms of education.

MONTESSORI METHOD
Proponent: Maria Montessori
Definition: It proposes that learning should be learner-centered instead of teacher-centered

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Proponent: Lawrence Kohlberg
Definition: This states that all humans undergo a sequential and gradual development of the concept of right and wrong which he called stages of moral development (Pre-Conventional Moral Development, Conventional Moral Development and
Post-Conventional Development)

NATURALISM
Proponent: Emile Zola
Definition: It is a belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world so supernatural things like spirits, ghosts and the like do not exist.

NEUROTIC NEEDS THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Proponent: Karen Horney
Definition: It states that people have 10 neurotic needs which can be categorized as needs that move you towards others, needs that move you away from others and needs that move you against others.

OVERCOMPENSATION THEORY
Proponent: Alfred Adler
Definition: This states that people always tend to find weaknesses and deficiencies in some aspects of their lives and compensate those with exceling in other aspects of life.

PRAGMATISM
Proponent: Charles Sander Pierce, John Dewey and William James
Definition: It is an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. It contends that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning,
belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Proponent: Sigmund Freud
Definition: This theory believes that the human behavior is formed through the interaction between the three components of the mind which are the Id (the primitive part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification of biological or instinctual
needs), Superego (sense of right and wrong) and the ego (the element that controls the id and superego into a socially approved behavior. It utilizes rational thinking)

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Proponent: Erik Erikson
Definition: It states that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development with each stage presenting a crisis namely: Trust vs Mistrust (birth - 1 ½ yo), Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1 ½ - 3 yo),
Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 yo), Industry vs Inferiority (5-12 yo), Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 yo), Intimacy vs Isolation (18-40 yo), Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 yo) and Ego Integrity vs Despair (65 yo onwards).

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Proponent: Sigmund Freud
Definition: It states that psychological development takes place in a series of five fixed psychosexual stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. This theory proclaims that life was built around tension and pleasure, that tension was due to
the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge.
REALISM
Proponents: Aristotle, Herbart, Comenius, Pestalozzi, Montessori, Hobbes, Bacon, Locke etc.
Definition: It states that reality has an absolute existence independent from our thoughts, ideas and even consciousness.

SCHOLASTICISM
Proponents: Medieval European universities and colleges
Definition: One of the earliest forms of education which strictly aligns education to the emphasis and compliance to tradition and dogma established by the church

SELF-ACTUALIZATION THEORY
Proponent: Abraham Maslow
Definition: This states that people have the need for personal growth and discovery that is present throughout a person's life which he also called self-actualization.