「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 06 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本

C H A P T E R 6
Differential Equations
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method .......................................................568
Section 6.2 Growth and Decay ..............................................................................579
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and Logistic Equation .................................589
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations .........................................601
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................610
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................618
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 6
Differential Equations
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method
1. A function f ( x) is a solution of a differential equation if 4. Euler’s Method allows you to approximate the solution
to a first-order initial value problem.
the equation is satisfied when y and its derivatives are
replaced by f ( x) and its derivatives. 5. Differential equation: y′ = 5 y
2. The general solution of a first-order differential equation Solution: y = Ce5 x

represents a family of curves known as solution curves, Check: y′ = 5Ce5 x = 5 y
one for each value assigned to the arbitrary constant.
3. The line segments show the general shape of all the 6. Differential equation: 3 y′ + 5 y = −e −2 x
solutions of a differential equation and give a visual Solution: y = e−2 x
perspective of the directions of the solutions of the
differential equation. y′ = −2e−2 x
( ) ( )
Check: 3 −2e−2 x + 5 e−2 x = −e−2 x
7. Differential equation: y′′ + y = 0

Solution: y = C1 sin x − C2 cos x
y′ = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
y′′ = −C1 sin x + C2 cos x
Check: y′′ + y = ( −C1 sin x + C2 cos x) + (C1 sin x − C2 cos x) = 0
8. Differential equation: y′′ + 2 y′ + 2 y = 0
Solution: y = C1e− x cos x + C2e− x sin x
Check: y′ = −(C1 + C2 )e − x sin x + ( −C1 + C2 )e − x cos x

y′′ = 2C1e − x sin x − 2C2e − x cos x
y′′ + 2 y′ + 2 y = 2C1e − x sin x − 2C2e − x cos x +
2( −(C1 + C2 )e − x sin x + ( −C1 + C2 )e − x cos x) + 2(C1e − x cos x + C2e − x sin x)
= ( 2C1 − 2C1 − 2C2 + 2C2 )e − x sin x + ( −2C2 − 2C1 + 2C2 + 2C1 )e− x cos x = 0
9. Differential equation: y′′ + y = tan x

Solution: y = −cos x ln sec x + tan x
1
y′ = ( −cos x)
sec x + tan x
(sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x) + sin x ln sec x + tan x
(−cos x)
= (sec x)( tan x + sec x) + sin x ln sec x + tan x
sec x + tan x
= −1 + sin x ln sec x + tan x
1
y′′ = (sin x )
sec x + tan x
(sec x ⋅ tan x + sec2 x) + cos x ln sec x + tan x
= (sin x)(sec x) + cos x ln sec x + tan x
Check: y′′ + y = (sin x)(sec x) + cos x ln sec x + tan x − cos x ln sec x + tan x = tan x.
568 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method 569
10. Differential equation: y′′ + 4 y′ = 2e x

2 −4 x
Solution: y =
5
(e + e x )
2 8 2
y′ = ( −4e−4 x + e x ) = − e−4 x + e x
5 5 5
32 −4 x 2
y′′ = e + ex
5 5
 32 2   8 2   2 8
Check: y′′ + 4 y′ =  e−4 x + e x  + 4 − e −4 x + e x  =  + e x = 2e x
5 5   5 5  5 5
11. y = sin x cos x − cos 2 x

y′ = −sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 cos x sin x
= −1 + 2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
Differential equation:
2 y + y′ = 2(sin x cos x − cos 2 x) + ( −1 + 2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
= 2 sin x cos x − 1 + sin 2 x
= 2 sin 2 x − 1
π 
Initial condition  , 0  :
4 
2
π π π 2 2  2
sin cos − cos 2 = ⋅ −   = 0
4 4 4 2 2  2 
12. y = 6 x − 4 sin x + 1 In Exercises 15–22, the differential equation is

y′ = 6 − 4 cos x y (4) − 16 y = 0.
Differential equation: y′ = 6 − 4 cos x 15. y = 3 cos 2 x

Initial condition (0, 1): 0 − 0 + 1 = 1 y (4) = 48 cos 2 x
2
y (4) − 16 y = 48 cos 2 x − 48 cos 2 x = 0,
13. y = 4e −6 x
2 2
Yes
y′ = 4e −6 x ( −12 x) = − 48 xe −6 x
16. y = 3 sin 2 x
Differential equation:
y (4) = 48 sin 2 x
y′ = −12 xy = −12 x 4e −6 x ( 2
) = − 48xe −6 x 2
y (4) − 16 y = 48 sin 2 x − 16(3 sin 2 x) = 0
Initial condition (0, 4): 4e 0 = 4 Yes
14. y = e− cos x 17. y = 3 cos x
y′ = e− cos x (sin x) = sin x ⋅ e − cos x y (4) = 3 cos x
Differential equation: y (4) − 16 y = − 45 cos x ≠ 0,
y′ = sin x ⋅ e − cos x = sin x( y ) = y sin x No
π  18. y = 2 sin x
Initial condition  , 1: e − cos(π 2) = e 0 = 1
2  y (4) = 2 sin x
y (4) − 16 y = 2 sin x − 16( 2 sin x) ≠ 0
No
570 Chapter 6 Differential Equations
19. y = e −2 x 20. y = 5 ln x
y (4) = 16e −2 x 30
y ( 4) = −
x4
y (4) − 16 y = 16e −2 x − 16e −2 x = 0,
30
Yes y (4) − 16 y = − 4 − 80 ln x ≠ 0,
x
No
21. y = ln x + e 2 x + Cx 4
6
y (4) = 16e 2 x − + 24C
x4
6
y (4) − 16 y = 16e 2 x − 4 + 24C − ln x − e 2 x − Cx 4 ≠ 0,
x
No
22. y = 3e 2 x − 4 sin 2 x
y (4) = 48e 2 x − 64 sin 2 x
y (4) − 16 y = ( 48e 2 x − 64 sin 2 x) − 16(3e 2 x − 4 sin 2 x) = 0,
Yes
In Exercises 23–30, the differential equation is (

25. y = x 2e x , y′ = x 2e x + 2 xe x = e x x 2 + 2 x )
xy′ − 2 y = x 3e x .
(
xy′ − 2 y = x e ( x + 2 x) − 2( x e
x 2
) 2 x
)= xe ,3 x
23. y = x 2 + e x , y′ = 2 x + e x
Yes
xy′ − 2 y = x( 2 x + e x ) − 2( x 2 + e x )
= xe x − 2e x
( ) ( )
26. y = x 2 2 + e x , y′ = x 2 e x + 2 x 2 + e x ( )
≠ x3e x xy′ − 2 y = x  x 2e x + 2 xe x + 4 x − 2  x 2e x + 2 x 2 
No = x 3e x ,
Yes
24. y = x3 − e− x , y′ = 3x 2 + e− x
27. y = e x − sin x, y′ = e x − cos x
xy′ − 2 y = x(3 x 2 + e − x ) − 2( x 3 − e − x )
= x 3 + xe − x + 2e − x xy′ − 2 y = x(e x − cos x) − 2(e x − sin x)
≠ x 3e x = xe x − x cos x − 2e x + 2 sin x
No ≠ x 3e x
No
28. y = x 2e x + sin x + cos x, y′ = x 2e x + 2 xe x + cos x − sin x
xy′ − 2 y = x( x 2e x + 2 xe x + cos x − sin x) − 2( x 2e x + sin x + cos x) ≠ x3e x
No
2 x 30. y = x 2e x − 5 x 2 , y′ = x 2e x + 2 xe x − 10 x
29. y = 2e x ln x, y′ = 2e x ln x + e
x
xy′ − 2 y = x  x 2e x + 2 xe x − 10 x − 2  x 2e x − 5 x 2 
 2 
xy′ − 2 y = x 2e x ln x + e x  − 2( 2e x ln x) ≠ x3e x
 x  = x 3e x ,
No Yes
31. y = Ce − x 2 passes through (0, 3). 33. y 2 = Cx3 passes through ( 4, 4).
3 = Ce 0 = C  C = 3 16 = C (64)  C = 1
4
Particular solution: y = 3e − x 2 1 x3
Particular solution: y 2 = 4
or 4 y 2 = x3
( )
32. y x 2 + y = C passes through (0, 2).
34. 2x 2 − y 2 = C passes through (3, 4).
2(0 + 2) = C  C = 4
2(9) − 16 = C  C = 2
(
Particular solution: y x 2 + y = 4 ) Particular solution: 2 x 2 − y 2 = 2
35. Differential equation: 4 yy′ − x = 0

General solution: 4 y 2 − x 2 = C
Particular solutions: C = 0, Two intersecting lines
C = ±1, C = ±4, Hyperbolas
2 2 2
C=1 C = −1
C=0
−3 3 −3 3 −3 3
−2 −2 −2
2 2
C=4 C = −4
−3 3 −3 3
−2 −2
36. Differential equation: yy′ + x = 0 37. Differential equation: y′ + 6 y = 0
General solution: x 2 + y 2 = C General Solution: y = Ce − 6 x

Particular solutions: C = 0, Point C = 1, C = 4, y′ + 6 y = ( − 6Ce− 6 x ) + 6(Ce− 6 x ) = 0
Circles
2 Initial condition (0, 3): 3 = Ce0 = C
Particular solution: y = 3e − 6 x
−3 3
−2
38. Differential equation: 3x + 2 yy′ = 0

General solution: 3x 2 + 2 y 2 = C
6 x + 4 yy′ = 0
2(3x + 2 yy′) = 0
3 x + 2 yy′ = 0
Initial condition (1, 3): 3(1) + 2(3) = 3 + 18 = 21 = C

2 2
Particular solution: 3x 2 + 2 y 2 = 21
39. Differential equation: y′′ + 9 y = 0

General solution: y = C1 sin 3 x + C2 cos 3 x
y′ = 3C1 cos 3 x − 3C2 sin 3 x,
y′′ = −9C1 sin 3 x − 9C2 cos 3 x
y′′ + 9 y = ( −9C1 sin 3 x − 9C2 cos 3 x ) + 9(C1 sin 3 x + C2 cos 3 x) = 0
π  π
Initial conditions  , 2  and y′ = 1 when x = :
6  6
π  π 
2 = C1 sin   + C2 cos   C1 = 2
2 2
y′ = 3C1 cos 3x − 3C2 sin 3 x
π  π  1
1 = 3C1 cos  − 3C2 sin   = −3C2  C2 = −
2 2 3
1
Particular solution: y = 2 sin 3x − cos 3 x
3
40. Differential equation: xy′′ + y′ = 0

General solution: y = C1 + C2 ln x
1 1
y′ = C2  , y′′ = −C2  2 
 x x 
 1 1
xy′′ + y′ = x −C2 2  + C2 = 0
 x  x
1
Initial conditions ( 2, 0) and y′ = when x = 2:
2
0 = C1 + C2 ln 2
C2
y′ =
x
1 C
= 2  C2 = 1, C1 = −ln 2
2 2
x
Particular solution: y = −ln 2 + ln x = ln
2
41. Differential equation: x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 3 y = 0

General solution: y = C1x + C2 x3
y′ = C1 + 3C2 x 2 , y′′ = 6C2 x
x 2 y′′ − 3 xy′ + 3 y = x 2 (6C2 x ) − 3 x(C1 + 3C2 x 2 ) + 3(C1 x + C2 x 3 ) = 0
Initial conditions ( 2, 0) and y′ = 4 when x = 2:
0 = 2C1 + 8C2
y′ = C1 + 3C2 x 2
4 = C1 + 12C2
C1 + 4C2 = 0  1,
 C2 = 2
C1 = −2
C1 + 12C2 = 4
1 x3
Particular solution: y = −2 x + 2
42. Differential equation: 9 y′′ − 12 y′ + 4 y = 0
General solution: y = e 2 x 3 (C1 + C2 x)
y′ = 2 2x 3
3
e (C1 (
+ C2 x) + C2e 2 x 3 = e 2 x 3 23 C1 + C2 + 23 C2 x )
y′′ = 2 2x 3 2
3
e (
C
3 1 )
+ C2 + 23 C2 x + e 2 x 3 23 C2 = 3
e (
2 2x 3 2
C
3 1
+ 2C2 + 23 C2 x )
(
9 y′′ − 12 y′ + 4 y = 9 23 e 2 x 3 )( 23 C 1 ) ( )
+ 2C2 + 23 C2 x − 12(e 2 x 3 ) 23 C1 + C2 + 23 C2 x + 4(e 2 x 3 )(C1 + C2 x) = 0
Initial conditions (0, 4) and (3, 0):
0 = e 2 (C1 + 3C2 )
4 = (1)(C1 + 0)  C1 = 4
0 = e 2 ( 4 + 3C2 )  C2 = − 43
Particular solution: y = e 2 x 3 4 − ( 4x
3 )
dy dy
43. = 12 x 2 49. = x x −6
dx dx
 12 x
2
y = dx = 4 x 3 + C Let u = x − 6, then x = u 2 + 6 and dx = 2u du.
x  (u + 6)(u )(2u ) du
2
dy y = x − 6 dx =
44. = 3 x8 − 2 x
dx = 2 (u 4 + 6u 2 ) du
9
y =  (3x − 2 x) dx = x3 − x 2 + C
8
 u5
= 2

+ 2u 3  + C
5 
dy x 2
= ( x − 6) + 4( x − 6) + C
52 32
45. =
dx 1 + x2 5
x 1 2
y =  dx = ln (1 + x 2 ) + C = ( x − 6) ( x − 6 + 10) + C
32
1 + x2 2 5
(u = 1 + x 2 , du = 2 x dx ) 2
= ( x − 6) ( x + 4) + C
32
5
dy ex
46. = dy
dx 4 + ex 50. = 2x 4 x2 + 1
dx
ex
y =  4 + ex dx = ln ( 4 + e x ) + C
y =  2x 4 x 2 + 1 dx
1
dy =  4 x 2 + 1 (8 x) dx
47. = sin 2 x 4
dx
1 ( 4 x + 1)
32
2
1
y =  sin 2 x dx = − cos 2 x + C = +C
2 4 (3 2)
(u = 2 x, du = 2 dx) 1 2
( 4 x + 1) + C
32
=
6
dy
48. = tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
dx dy 2
51. = xe x
 (sec x − 1) dx = tan x − x + C dx
2
y =
x2 1 x2
y =  xe dx =
2
e + C
(u = x 2 , du = 2 x dx)
dy 61. (a), (b)

52. = 5(sin x)ecos x , u = cos x, du = − sin x dx
dx y
(4, 2)
5
y = −  5e cos x
( − sin x dx)
cos x
= − 5e + C
x
−2 8
53.
x –4 –2 0 2 4 8
y 2 0 4 4 6 8
4
dy dx –4 Undef. 0 1 3
2 (c) As x → ∞ , y → − ∞
As x → − ∞ , y → − ∞
54.
x –4 –2 0 2 4 8
62. (a), (b)
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 y
4
dy dx 6 2 4 2 2 0
(1, 1)
55. x
x –4 –2 0 2 4 8 4
y 2 0 4 4 6 8
−4
dy dx −2 2 –2 0 0 −2 2 –8
(c) As x → ∞ , y → ∞
56. As x → − ∞ , y → − ∞
x –4 –2 0 2 4 8
63. (a), (b)
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 y
(2, 2)
dy dx 3 0 − 3 − 3 0 3 5
dy
57. = sin 2 x
dx −4 4
x
dy
For x = 0, = 0. Matches (b). −3
dx
dy 1 (c) As x → ∞ , y → − ∞
58. = cos x
dx 2
As x → −∞ , y → − ∞
dy 1
For x = 0, = . Matches (c).
dx 2 64. (a), (b)
y
(0, − 4)
dy 2
59. = e −2 x
dx x
−4 −2 2
dy
As x → ∞, → 0. Matches (d). −2
dx
−4
dy x
60. = 2 −6
dx x +1
dy dy 3 (c) As x → ∞ , y → − ∞
For x = 0, = 0 and for x = 3, = > 0.
dx dx 10 As x → − ∞ , y → − ∞
Matches (a).
1 dy
65. (a) y′ = , (1, 0) 67. = 0.25 y , y (0) = 4
x dx
y
(1, 0) (a), (b)
3
12
2
x
6
−1 −6 6
−2
−4
−3
As x → ∞ , y → ∞ dy
68. = 4 − y , y ( 0) = 6
dx
[Note: The solution is y = ln x. ]
(a), (b)
1
(b) y′ = , ( 2, −1) 10
x
y
(2, −1)
3
2
−5 5
1 0
x
6
−1 dy
−2
69. = 0.02 y (10 − y ), y (0) = 2
dx
−3
(a), (b)
As x → ∞ , y → ∞ 12
1
66. (a) y′ = , (0, 1)
y
y − 12 48
(0, 1)
3 −2
dy
x
70. = 0.2 x( 2 − y ), y (0) = 9
3 dx
(a), (b)
−3 10
As x → ∞ , y → ∞
1
(b) y′ = , (1, 1)
y −5
0
5
y
(1, 1) dy
3 71. = 0.4 y (3 − x ), y (0) = 1
dx
(a), (b)
x
3 8
−3
−2 8
As x → ∞ , y → ∞
−2
dy 1 πy
72. = e − x 8 sin , y ( 0) = 2
dx 2 4
(a), (b)
5
−3 3
−3
73. y′ = x + y , y (0) = 2, n = 10, h = 0.1

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 2 + (0.1)(0 + 2) = 2.2
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 2.2 + (0.1)(0.1 + 2.2) = 2.43, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 2 2.2 2.43 2.693 2.992 3.332 3.715 4.146 4.631 5.174 5.781
74. y′ = x + y , y (0) = 2, n = 20, h = 0.05

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 2 + (0.05)(0 + 2) = 2.1
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 2.1 + (0.05)(0.05 + 2.1) = 2.2075, etc.
The table shows the values for n = 0, 2, 4,  , 20.
n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 2 2.208 2.447 2.720 3.032 3.387 3.788 4.240 4.749 5.320 5.960
75. y′ = 3 x − 2 y, y(0) = 3, n = 10, h = 0.05

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 3 + (0.05)(3(0) − 2(3)) = 2.7
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 2.7 + (0.05)(3(0.05) + 2( 2.7)) = 2.4375, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
yn 3 2.7 2.438 2.209 2.010 1.839 1.693 1.569 1.464 1.378 1.308
76. y′ = 0.5 x(3 − y ), y (0) = 1, n = 5, h = 0.4

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 1 + (0.4)(0.5(0)(3 − 1)) = 1
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 1 + (0.4)(0.5(0.4)(3 − 1)) = 1.16, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
xn 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
yn 1 1 1.16 1.454 1.825 2.201
77. y′ = e xy , y(0) = 1, n = 10, h = 0.1

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 1 + (0.1)e0(1) = 1.1
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 1.1 + (0.1)e(0.1)(1.1) ≈ 1.2116, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 1 1.1 1.212 1.339 1.488 1.670 1.900 2.213 2.684 3.540 5.958
78. y′ = cos x + sin y , y (0) = 5, n = 10, h = 0.1

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 5 + (0.1)(cos 0 + sin 5) ≈ 5.0041
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 5.0041 + (0.1)(cos(0.1) + sin (5.0041)) ≈ 5.0078, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 5 5.004 5.008 5.010 5.010 5.007 4.999 4.985 4.965 4.938 4.903
dy
79. = y, y = 3e x , (0, 3)
dx
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

y ( x ) (exact) 3 3.6642 4.4755 5.4664 6.6766 8.1548
y( x) ( h = 0.2) 3 3.6000 4.3200 5.1840 6.2208 7.4650
y( x) ( h = 0.1) 3 3.6300 4.3923 5.3147 6.4308 7.7812
dy 2x
80. = ,y = 2 x 2 + 4, (0, 2)
dx y
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

y ( x ) (exact) 2 2.0199 2.0785 2.1726 2.2978 2.4495
y( x) ( h = 0.2) 2 2.000 2.0400 2.1184 2.2317 2.3751
y( x) ( h = 0.1) 2 2.0100 2.0595 2.1460 2.2655 2.4131
dy 1
81.
dx 2
(
= y + cos x, y = sin x − cos x + e x , ) (0, 0)
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y ( x ) (exact) 0 0.2200 0.4801 0.7807 1.1231 1.5097
y( x) ( h = 0.2) 0 0.2000 0.4360 0.7074 1.0140 1.3561
y( x) ( h = 0.1) 0 0.2095 0.4568 0.7418 1.0649 1.4273
82. As h increases (from 0.1 to 0.2), the error increases. 84. When x = 0, y′ = 0, therefore (d) is not possible.
dy 1 When x, y > 0, y′ < 0 (decreasing function) therefore

83. = − ( y − 72), (0, 140), h = 0.1 (c) is the equation.
dt 2
(a) 85. Euler’s Method produces an exact solution to an initial
t 0 1 2 3
value problem when the exact solution is a line.
Euler 140 112.7 96.4 86.6
86. y = Ce kx
(b) y = 72 + 68e −t 2 exact dy
= Cke kx
dx
t 0 1 2 3
Because dy dx = 0.07 y , you have Cke kx = 0.07Ce kx .
Exact 140 113.24 97.016 87.173
So, k = 0.07.
dy 1 C cannot be determined.
(c) = − ( y − 72), (0, 140), h = 0.05
dt 2
87. False. Consider Example 2. y = x3 is a solution to
t 0 1 2 3 xy′ − 3 y = 0, but y = x3 + 1 is not a solution.
Euler 140 112.98 96.7 86.9 88. False. A slope field shows the slopes of all solutions.
The approximations are better using h = 0.05.
dy
89. = −2 y , y (0) = 4, y = 4e −2 x
dx
(a) (b) If h is halved, then the error is
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
approximately halved ( r ≈ 0.5).
y 4 2.6813 1.7973 1.2048 0.8076 0.5413
y1 4 2.5600 1.6384 1.0486 0.6711 0.4295
y2 4 2.4000 1.4400 0.8640 0.5184 0.3110
e1 0 0.1213 0.1589 0.1562 0.1365 0.1118
e2 0 0.2813 0.3573 0.3408 0.2892 0.2303
r 0.4312 0.4447 0.4583 0.4720 0.4855
(c) When h = 0.05, the errors will again be approximately halved.
dy
90. = x − y, y (0) = 1, y = x − 1 + 2e − x
dx
(a) (b) If h is halved, then the error is halved
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(r ≈ 0.5).
y 1 0.8375 0.7406 0.6976 0.6987 0.7358
y1 1 0.8200 0.7122 0.6629 0.6609 0.6974
y2 1 0.8000 0.6800 0.6240 0.6192 0.6554
e1 0 0.0175 0.0284 0.0347 0.0378 0.0384
e2 0 0.0375 0.0606 0.0736 0.0795 0.0804
r 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48
(c) When h = 0.05, the error will again be approximately halved.
Section 6.2 Growth and Decay 579
dI 93. y = A sin ω t
91. (a) L + RI = E (t )
dt y′ = Aω cos ω t
dI y′′ = − Aω 2 sin ω t
4 + 12 I = 24
dt
y′′ + 16 y = 0
dI 1
= ( 24 − 12 I ) = 6 − 3I
dt 4 − Aω 2 sin ω t + 16 A sin ω t = 0
A sin ω t 16 − ω 2  = 0
I
If A ≠ 0, then ω = ±4
−3 3
t
94. y = e kt
y′ = ke kt
−3 y′′ = k 2e kt
(b) As t → ∞, I → 2. That is, lim I (t ) = 2. In fact, y′′ − 16 y = 0
t →∞
2 kt
I = 2 is a solution to the differential equation. k e − 16e kt = 0
92. False. The slope field could represent many different

k 2 − 16 = 0 (because ekt ≠ 0)
differential equations, such as y′ = 2 x + 4 y. k = ±4
95. f ( x) + f ′′( x) = − xg ( x) f ′( x), g ( x) ≥ 0

2
2 f ( x) f ′( x) + 2 f ′( x ) f ′′( x) = −2 xg ( x )  f ′( x )
d  2
f ( x) + f ′( x)  = −2 x g ( x )  f ′( x)
2 2
dx  
2
For x < 0, − 2 x g ( x)  f ′( x) ≥ 0
2
For x > 0, − 2 x g ( x )  f ′( x ) ≤ 0
So, f ( x) + f ′( x) is increasing for x < 0 and decreasing for x > 0.

2 2
f ( x) + f ′( x) has a maximum at x = 0. So, it is bounded by its value at x = 0, f (0) + f ′(0) . So, f (and f ′ ) is bounded.
2 2 2 2
96. Let the vertical line x = k cut the graph of the solution y = f ( x) at ( k , t ). The tangent line at ( k , t ) is
y − t = f ′( k )( x − k )
Because y′ + p( x) y = q( x), you have y − t = q( k ) − p( k )t ( x − k )
 1 q( k ) 
For any value of t, this line passes through the point  k + , .
 p ( k ) p( k ) 
To see this, note that
q(k ) ?  1 
− t = q( k ) − p( k )t   k + − k
p( k )  p ( k ) 
 
? q( k ) q(k )
= q( k )k − p( k )tk + − t − kq( k ) + p( k )kt = − t.
p(k ) p( k )
Section 6.2 Growth and Decay
1. In the model y = Cekt , C represents the initial value of 2. When k > 0 (and C > 0), the function y = Ce kt is
y (when t = 0 ). k is the proportionality constant. increasing for t > 0. On the other hand, if k < 0, then
y = Ce kt is decreasing.
dy 9. y′ = xy
3. = x +3
dx y′
= x
x2 y
y =  ( x + 3) dx =
2
+ 3x + C
y′
 y
dx =  x dx
dy
4. = 5 − 8x dy
dx
 y
=  x dx
 (5 − 8 x) dx
2
y = = 5x − 4x + C
2 32
ln y = x + C1
dy 3
5. = y +3 32
dx y = e(2 3)x + C1
dy 32
= dx = eC1 e(2 3)x
y +3
1 = Ce
(2 x3 2 ) 3
 y +3
dy =  dx
ln y + 3 = x + C1 10. y′ = x(1 + y )
y′
y + 3 = e x + C1 = Ce x = x
1+ y
y = Ce x − 3
y′
 1 + y dx =  x dx
dy
6. = 6− y
dx dy
dy
 1 + y =  x dx
= dx
6− y x2
ln (1 + y ) = + C1
−1 2
 6 − y dy =  − dx ( x2 2) + C1
1+ y = e
ln 6 − y dy = − x + C1 2 2
− x + C1 −x
y = eC1 e x −1
6− y = e = Ce
x2 2
= Ce −1
y = 6 − Ce − x
11. (1 + x 2 ) y′ − 2 xy = 0
5x
7. y′ =
y 2 xy
y′ =
yy′ = 5 x 1 + x2
y′ 2x
=
 yy′ dx =  5 x dx y 1 + x2
y′
 y dy =  5 x dx  dx = 
2x
dx
y 1 + x2
1 2 5
y = x 2 + C1 dy 2x
2 2  y =  1 + x2 dx
y 2 − 5x2 = C
ln y = ln (1 + x 2 ) + C1
8. y′ = −
x ln y = ln (1 + x 2 ) + ln C
4y
ln y = ln C (1 + x 2 )
4 y y′ = − x
y = C (1 + x 2 )
 4 y dy = − x dx
2
2 y 2 = − x3 2 + C1
3
6 y 2 + 2 x3 2 = C
12. xy + y′ = 100 x dy
(b) = x(6 − y ), (0, 0)
y′ = 100 x + xy = x(100 − y ) dx
y′ dy
= x = − x dx
100 − y y −6
y′ − x2
 100 − y dx =  x dx ln y − 6 =
2
+C
2 2+C 2 2
1 y − 6 = e−x = C1e − x
 100 − y dy =  x dx 2 2
y = 6 + C1e − x
x2
−ln (100 − y ) = + C1 (0, 0): 0 = 6 + C1  C1 = − 6
2
2 2
x2 y = 6 − 6e − x
ln (100 − y ) = − − C1
2 7
100 − y = e
( )
− x 2 2 − C1
− x2 2
− y = e − C1 e − 100
−6 6
2 2
y = 100 − Ce − x −1
dQ k 16. (a) y
13. = 2
dt t 4
dQ k
 dt
dt =  2 dt
t (0, 12 )
x
k −4 4
 dQ = − t + C
k −4
Q = − + C
t
dy  1
(b) = xy,  0, 
dP dx  2
14. = k ( 25 − t )
dt dy
= x dx
dP y
 dt
dt =  k (25 − t ) dt
x2
k ln y = +C
 dP = − 2 (25 − t ) + C
2
2
2 2+C 2 2
k y = ex = C1e x
P = − ( 25 − t ) + C
2
2  1 1 1
 0, : = C1e0  C1 =
 2 2 2
15. (a) y
1 x2 2
9 y = e
2
dy 1
17. = t , (0, 10) 16
dt 2
1
−5 −1 5
x  dy =  2 t dt (0, 10)
(0, 0)
1
y = t2 + C −4 4
4 −1
1 2
10 = (0) + C  C = 10
4
1 2
y = t + 10
4
dy dN
18. = −9 t , (0, 10) 21. = kN
dt dt
 dy =  −9 t dt N = Ce kt (Theorem 6.1)
y = − 6t 3 2 + C (0, 250): C = 250
10 = 0 + C  C = 10 400 8
(1, 400): 400 = 250e k  k = ln = ln
y = − 6t 32
+ 10 250 5
12 N = 250e ln (8 5)t ≈ 250e 0.4700t
(0, 10) 4
When t = 4, N = 250e 4 ln(8 5) = 250e ln(8 5)
4
8 8192
−1 3 = 250  = .
5 5
−2
dP
dy 1 22. = kP
19. = − y, (0, 10) dt
dt 2
dy 1
P = Ce kt (Theorem 6.1)
 y =  − 2 dt (0, 5000): C = 5000
1  19 
ln y = − t + C1 (1, 4750): 4750 = 5000e k  k = ln  
2  20 
y = e−(t 2) + C1 = eC1 e−t 2 = Ce −t 2
P = 5000e ln(19 20)t ≈ 5000e −0.0513t
10 = Ce  C = 10 0
When t = 5, P = 5000eln(19 20)(5)
y = 10e−t 2 5
 19 
16 = 5000  ≈ 3868.905.
 20 
(0, 10)
23. y = Ce kt , (0, 2), ( 4, 3)

−1 10 C = 2
−1
y = 2e kt
dy 3 3 = 2e 4 k
20. = y, (0, 10)
dt 4 ln (3 2)
dy 3 k =
 y =  4 dt 4
2e ( ) ( )
1 4 ln 3 2 t
y = ≈ 2e0.1014t
3
ln y = t + C1
4
(0, 4),  5,
1
y = e(3 4)t + C1 24. y = Ce kt , 
 2
= eC1 e(3 4)t = Ce3t 4 C = 4
10 = Ce0  C = 10 y = 4e kt
y = 10e3t 4 1
= 4e5k
40 2
ln (1 8)
k = ≈ −0.4159
5
(0, 10) y = 4e −0.4159t
−5 5
−5
25. y = Ce kt , (1, 5), (5, 2) 29. Because the initial quantity is 20 grams,
5 = Ce k  10 = 2Ce k y = 20e kt .
2 = Ce5k  10 = 5Ce k Because the half-life is 1599 years,
2Ce k = 5Ce5k 10 = 20ek (1599)
2e k = 5e5k k = 1
1599
ln ( 12 ).
2
So, y = 20e  ( )
ln 1 2 1599t
= e4k .
5
When t = 1000, y = 20e  ( )
ln 1 2 1599(1000)
1  2  2
14 ≈ 12.96 g.
k = ln   = ln  
4 5 5 When t = 10,000, y ≈ 0.26 g.
−1 4 14
2 5
C = 5e − k = 5e −1 4 ln(2 5) = 5  = 5  30. Because the half-life is 1599 years,
5 2
14
1
2
= 1e k (1599)
 5  1 4 ln 2 5 t
y = 5  e  ( ) ≈ 6.2872 e −0.2291t
2 k = 1
1599
ln ( 12 ).
Because there are 1.5 g after 1000 years,
 1
26. y = Ce kt ,  3, , ( 4, 5) 1.5 = Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 1599(1000)
 2
1 C ≈ 2.314.
= Ce3k  1 = 2Ce3k
2 So, the initial quantity is approximately 2.314 g.
When t = 10,000, y = 2.314e  ( )
1 ln 1 2 1599(10,000)
5 = Ce 4 k  1 = Ce 4 k
5
≈ 0.03 g.
3k 1
2Ce = Ce 4 k
5 31. Because the half-life is 1599 years,
10e3k = e 4 k 1 = 1e k (1599)
2
k
10 = e
k = ln 10 ≈ 2.3026
k = 1
1599
ln ( 12 ).
Because there are 0.1 gram after 10,000 years,
y = Ce2.3026t
0.1 = Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 1599(10,000)
5 = Ce2.3026(4)
C ≈ 7.63.
C ≈ 0.0005
So, the initial quantity is approximately 7.63 g.
y = 0.0005e2.3026t
When t = 1000, y = 7.63e  ( )
ln 1 2 1599(1000)
dy 1 ≈ 4.95 g.
27. = xy
dx 2
32. Because the half-life is 5715 years,
dy
> 0 when xy > 0. Quadrants I and III.
dx
1
2
= 1e k (5715)
dy 1 k = 1
5715
ln ( 12 ).
28. = x2 y
dx 2 Because there are 3 grams after 10,000 years,
dy 3 = Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(10,000)
> 0 when y > 0. Quadrants I and II.
dx
C ≈ 10.089.
When t = 1000, y = 10.09e  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(1000)
≈ 8.94 g.
33. Because the initial quantity is 5 grams, C = 5. 37. y = Ce kt

Because the half-life is 5715 years, 1C = Ce k (1599)
2
k (5715)
2.5 = 5e
k = 1
ln ( 12 )
k = 1
5715
ln ( 12 ). 1599
When t = 100, y = Ce ln(1 2) 1599(100)

5e  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(1000)
When t = 1000 years, y = ≈ 4.43 g.
≈ 0.9576C
5e  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(10,000)
When t = 10,000 years, y = Therefore, 95.76% remains after 100 years.
≈ 1.49 g.
38. y = Ce kt
34. Because the half-life is 5715 years, 1
C = Ce k (5715)
1 = 1e k (5715) 2
2
1 1
k = 1
5715
ln ( 12 ). k = ln  
5715  2 
Because there are 1.6 grams when t = 1000 years, 0.15C = Ce[ln(1 2) 5715]t
1.6 = Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(1000)
1
ln  t
ln (0.15) =  
C ≈ 1.806. 2
5715
t ≈ 15,641.8 yr
When t = 10,000, y = 1.806e  ( )
ln 1 2 5715(10,000)
≈ 0.54 g. 39. Because A = 1000e0.12t , the time to double is given by

2000 = 1000e 0.12t
35. Because the half-life is 24,100 years,
2 = e0.12t
1
= 1ek (24,100)
2 ln 2
t = ≈ 5.78 years
k = 1
24,100
ln ()
1
2
. 0.12
The amount after 10 years is
Because there are 2.1 grams after 1000 years,
A = 1000e 0.12(10) ≈ $3320.12.
2.1 = Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 24,100(1000)
C ≈ 2.161. 40. Because A = 28,000e0.025t , the time to double

So, the initial quantity is approximately 2.161 g. is given by
When t = 10,000, y = 2.161e  ( )
ln 1 2 24,100(10,000)
56,000 = 28,000e0.025t
≈ 1.62 g. 2 = e 0.025t
ln 2
36. Because the half-life is 24,100 years, t = ≈ 27.73 years.
0.025
1
2
= 1ek (24,100) The amount after 10 years is
k = 1
24,100
ln ( ).
1
2
A = 28,000e0.025(10) ≈ $35,952.71.
Because there are 0.4 grams after 10,000 years, 41. Because A = 150e rt and A = 300 when t = 15,
Ce  ( )
ln 1 2 24,100(10,000)
0.4 = you have
C ≈ 0.533. 300 = 150e r(15)
So, the initial quantity is approximately 0.533 g. 2 = e15 r
0.533e  ( )
ln 1 2 24,100(1000)
When t = 1000, y = ln 2
r = ≈ 0.0462 or 4.62%.
≈ 0.52 g. 15
The amount after 10 years is
A = 150e 0.0462(10) ≈ $238.09.
42. Because A = 31,000e rt and A = 62,000 when t = 8, (12)(35)

 0.08 
47. 1,000,000 = P1 + 
you have  12 
62,000 = 31,000e r(8)  0.08 
−420
P = 1,000,0001 + 
2 = e8 r  12 
ln 2 = $61,377.75
r = ≈ 0.0866 = 8.66%.
8
(12)( 25)
The amount after 10 years is  0.09 
48. 1,000,000 = P1 + 
A = 31,000e0.0866(10) ≈ $73,698.85.  12 
−300
 0.09 
P = 1,000,0001 + 
43. Because A = 900e and A = 1845.25 when t = 10,
rt
 12 
you have ≈ $106,287.83
1845.25 = 900e r(10)
49. (a) 2000 = 1000(1 + 0.07)
t
2.0503 ≈ e10 r
ln ( 2.0503) = 10r 2 = 1.07t
r ≈ 0.0718 or 7.18%. ln 2 = t ln 1.07
The time to double is given by ln 2
t = ≈ 10.24 yr
1800 = 900e 0.0718t ln 1.07
12t
2 = e 0.0718t  0.07 
(b) 2000 = 10001 + 
ln 2  12 
t = ≈ 9.65 years.
0.0718 12t
 0.007 
2 = 1 + 
44. Because A = 6000e rt and A = 6840 when t = 10, you  12 
have  0.07 
ln 2 = 12t ln 1 + 
 12 
6840 = 6000e r(10)
ln 2
1.14 = e10 r t = ≈ 9.93 yr
12 ln (1 + (0.07 12))
ln (1.14) = 10r
365t
ln (1.14) 
(c) 2000 = 10001 +
0.07 
r = ≈ 0.0131 = 1.31%. 
10  365 
365t
The time to double is given by  0.07 
2 = 1 + 
12,000 = 6000e0.0131t  365 
2 = e0.0131t  0.07 
ln 2 = 365t ln 1 + 
 365 
ln 2
t = ≈ 52.91 years. ln 2
0.0131 t = ≈ 9.90 yr
365 ln (1 + (0.07 365))
(12)(20)
 0.075 
45. 1,000,000 = P1 +  (d) 2000 = 1000e(0.07)t
 12 
−240 2 = e0.07t
 0.075 
P = 1,000,0001 +  ln 2 = 0.07t
 12 
ln 2
≈ $224,174.18 t = ≈ 9.90 yr
0.07
(12)(40)
 0.06 
46. 1,000,000 = P1 + 
 12 
−480
P = 1,000,000(1.005) ≈ $91,262.08
50. (a) 2000 = 1000(1 + 0.055)

t 365t
 0.055 
(c) 2000 = 10001 + 
2 = 1.055t  365 
365t
ln 2 = t ln 1.055  0.055 
2 = 1 + 
ln 2  365 
t = ≈ 12.95 yr
ln 1.055  0.055 
ln 2 = 365t ln 1 + 
12 t  365 
 0.055 
(b) 2000 = 10001 +  1 ln 2
 12  t = ≈ 12.60 yr
365  0.055 
12 t ln 1 + 
 0.055   365 
2 = 1 + 
 12 
(d) 2000 = 1000e 0.055t
 0.055 
ln 2 = 12t ln 1 +  2 = e0.055t
 12 
ln 2 = 0.055t
1 ln 2
t = ≈ 12.63 yr ln 2
12  0.055  t = ≈ 12.60 yr
ln 1 +  0.055
 12 
51. (a) P = Ce kt = Ce − 0.011t

P(5) = 2.0 = Ce − 0.011(5)  C = 2.0e0.011(5) ≈ 2.113
P = 2.113e − 0.011t
(b) For 2030, t = 20 and P = 2.113e − 0.011(20) ≈ 1.70 million
(c) Because k < 0, the population is decreasing.
52. (a) P = Ce kt = Ce 0.008t

P(5) = 35.1 = Ce0.008(5)  C = 35.1e − 0.008(5) ≈ 33.724
P = 33.724e0.008t
(b) For 2030, t = 20 and P = 33.724e 0.008(20) ≈ 39.57 million
(c) Because k > 0, the population is increasing.
53. (a) P = Ce kt = Ce 0.012t

P(5) = 6.8 = Ce0.012(5)  C = 6.8e − 0.012(5) ≈ 6.404
P = 6.404e 0.012t
(b) For 2030, t = 20 and P = 6.404e 0.012(20) ≈ 8.14 million
(c) Because k > 0, the population is increasing.
54. (a) P = Ce kt = Ce − 0.006t

P(5) = 44.4 = Ce − 0.006(5)  C = 44.4e0.006(5) ≈ 45.752
P = 45.752e− 0.006t
(b) For 2030, t = 20 and P = 45.752e − 0.006(20) ≈ 40.58 million
(c) Because k < 0, the population is decreasing.
55. (a) N = 100.1596(1.2455)

t
58. (a) 20 = 30(1 − e30 k )
(b) N = 400 when t = 6.3 hr (graphing utility) 30e30 k = 10

Analytically, ln (1 3) −ln 3
k = = ≈ −0.0366
30 30
400 = 100.1596(1.2455)
t
400 N ≈ 30(1 − e −0.0366t )

1.2455t = = 3.9936
100.1596 (b) 25 = 30(1 − e−0.0366t )
t ln 1.2455 = ln 3.9936
1
ln 3.9936 e−0.0366t =
t = ≈ 6.3 hr 6
ln 1.2455 −ln 6
t = ≈ 49 days
−0.0366
56. (a) Let y = Ce kt .
At time 2: 125 = Ce k (2)  C = 125e −2 k 59. (a) Because the population increases by a constant each
month, the rate of change from month to month will
At time 4: always be the same. So, the slope is constant, and the
350 = Cek (4)  350 = (125e −2 k )(e 4 k ) model is linear.
14 = e2k (b) Although the percentage increase is constant each
5
month, the rate of growth is not constant. The rate of
2k = ln 14
5
change of y is given by
k = 1 ln 14 ≈ 0.5148 dy
2 5 = ry
dt
C = 125e −2 k
which is an exponential model.
= 125e −2(1 2)ln(14 5)
60. (a) Both functions represent exponential growth because
= 125 (145 ) = 625
14
≈ 44.64
the graphs are increasing.
Approximately 45 bacteria at time 0. (b) g has a greater k value because its graph is increasing
at a greater rate than the graph of f.
(b) y = 625
14
e(1 2) ln(14 5)t ≈ 44.64e0.5148t
61. (a) Using a graphing utility, M 1 = 2335.3e0.0407 t .
(c) When t = 8,
(b) Using a graphing utility, M 2 = 206.9t + 1685.
( )
4
y = 625 e(1 2)ln(14 5)8 = 625 14 = 2744.
14 14 5
(c) One way to determine which model fits the data
625 (1 2) ln(14 5)t better is to use a graphing utility to graph the data
(d) 25,000 = 14
e  t ≈ 12.29 hr
with both models.
(
57. (a) 19 = 30 1 − e20k ) 10,000
M2
30e 20 k = 11
M1
ln (11 30)
k = ≈ − 0.0502 0 40
20 2000
N ≈ 30(1 − e − 0.0502t ) The exponential model fits the data better because
the graph is closer to the data values than is the
(b) 25 = 30(1 − e − 0.0502t )
graph of the linear model.
1 (d) 15,000 = 2335.3e0.0407t
e − 0.0502t =
6
6.423 = e0.0407t
− ln 6
t = ≈ 36 days ln 6.423
− 0.0502 t = ≈ 46 years, or year 2026
0.0407
Yes. The exponential model indicates a reasonably
slow growth rate.
62. A(t ) = V (t )e− 0.10t 65. (a)

dy
= k ( y − 80)
dt
= 100,000e0.8 t e − 0.10t = 100,000e0.8 t − 0.10 t
1
dA  0.4   y − 80
dy =  k dt
= 100,000 − 0.10 e0.8 t − 0.10t
dt  t  ln ( y − 80) = kt + C1
dA 0.4
= 0 when = 0.10  t = 16. y = 80 + e kt + C1 = 80 + Ce kt
dt t
When t = 0, y = 1500, so C = 1420.
The timber should be harvested in the year 2026
(2010 + 16). y = 80 + 1420e kt
Note: You could also use a graphing utility to graph When t = 1, y = 1120 = 80 + 1420ek (1)
A(t ) and find the maximum value. Use a viewing
1120 − 80 52
window of 0 ≤ x ≤ 30, 0 ≤ y ≤ 600,000.  ek = =
1420 71
I  52 
63. β ( I ) = 10 log10 , I 0 = 10−16  k = ln   ≈ − 0.3114
I0  71 
10 −14 So, y = 80 + 1420e − 0.3114t
(a) β (10 −14 ) = 10 log10 = 20 decibels
10 −16
(b) At t = 6, y = 80 + 1420e− 0.3114(6) ≈ 299.2° F.
−9
10
(b) β (10−9 ) = 10 log10 = 70 decibels
10−16 dy
66. (a) = k ( y − 20)
10 −4 dt
(c) β (10−4 ) = 10 log10 = 120 decibels 1
10−16
 y − 20
dy =  k dt
64. 93 = 10 log10
I
= 10(log10 I + 16) ln ( y − 20) = kt + C1
10−16
y = 20 + Ce kt
−6.7 = log10 I  I = 10−6.7
I When t = 0, y = 160 = 20 + Cek (0)  C = 140
80 = 10 log10 = 10(log10 I + 16)
10−16 y = 20 + 140e kt
−8
−8 = log10 I  I = 10
When t = 5, y = 60 = 20 + 140e k (5)
 10 − 10 
−6.7 −8
60 − 20 2 1  2
Percentage decrease:  −6.7 (100) ≈ 95%  = = e5k  k = ln  
 10  140 7 5 7
≈ − 0.2506
So, y = 20 + 140e − 0.2506t .
(b) 25 = 20 + 140e − 0.2506t
1 ln (1 28)
= e − 0.2506t  t = ≈ 13.3
28 − 0.2506
So, it takes about 13.3 − 5 = 8.3 minutes longer.
67. False. The half-life of radium is 1599 years.
68. False. The prices are rising at a rate of 6.2% per year.
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 589
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation

dy dr 4
1. (a) y = 2 x 5 y′ − y′ = ( 2 x 5 − 1) 9. = r
dx ds 9
dx dy dr 4
(2 x 5
− 1)
=
y  r =  9 ds
4
Separable ln r = s + C1
9
(b) Not separable
r = e 4 9 s + C1
2. Two families of curves are mutually orthogonal if each r = Ce 4 9 s
curve in one family is orthogonal to all curves in the
other family. dr 9
10. = s
ds 4
3. The carrying capacity is the maximum population that
9
can be sustained over-time  dr =  s ds
4
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Releasing deer into a 9 2
r = s +C
forest that can only support a certain larger amount of 8
deer.
11. ( 2 + x ) y′ = 3 y
dy x
5. = dy 3
dx y  y
= 2 + x
dx
 y dy =  x dx ln y = 3 ln 2 + x + ln C = ln C ( 2 + x)
3
y2 x2
= + C1
y = C ( x + 2)
3
2 2
y 2 − x2 = C
12. xy′ = y
2
dy 3x dy dx
6.
dx
= 2
y  y
=  x
ln y = ln x + ln C = ln Cx
y  3x
2 2
dy = dx
y = Cx
y3
= x 3 + C1
3 dy
y 3 − 3x3 = C
13. y2 = sin 9 x
dx
dy x −1  y 2 dy =  sin 9 x dx
7. = 3
dx y3 y 1
= − cos 9 x + C1
3 9
  ( x − 1) dx
3
y dy =
3 1
y = C − cos 9 x
1 4 1 3
y = x 2 − x + C1
4 2
y 4 − 2x2 + 4x = C 14. yy′ = −8 cos(π x)
dy
y = −8 cos(π x)
dy 6 − x2 dx
8. =
dx 2 y3
 y dy =  − 8 cos(π x) dx
 2 y dy =  (6 − x ) dx −8 sin (π x)
3 2 2
y
= +C
y4
x 3 2 π
= 6x − + C1 −16
2 3 y2 = sin (π x) + C
π
3 y 4 + 2 x3 − 36 x = C
15. 1 − 4 x 2 y′ = x 20. x + y y′ = 0
x
y dy = −  x1 2 dx
12
dy = dx
2
1 − 4x 2 32 2
x y = − x 3 2 + C1
 dy =  1 − 4x2
dx 3 3
y 3 2 + x3 2 = C
1
( )
−1 2
= −  1 − 4x2 (−8 x dx) Initial condition (1, 9):
8
1
(9) + (1)
32 32
y = − 1 − 4x2 + C = 27 + 1 = 28 = C
4
Particular solution: y 3 2 + x3 2 = 28
dy
16. x3 − 5 = x2
dx 21. y ( x + 1) + y′ = 0
2
x dy
 dy =  dx
 = −  ( x + 1) dx
( x3 − 5)
12
y
1 (x + 1)
2
 (x − 5) (3x 2 dx)
−1 2
3
= ln y = − + C1
3 2
2 2 2
y = x3 − 5 + C y = Ce −( x + 1)
3
Initial condition ( −2, 1): 1 = Ce −1 2 , C = e1 2
17. y ln x − xy′ = 0
dy ln x  dx  Particular solution: y = e 
1 − ( x + 1)2  2
 = e
( )
− x2 + 2 x 2
y =  x dx  u = ln x, du =
 x

1 22. 2 xy′ − ln x 2 = 0
(ln x) + C1
2
ln y =
2 dy
2 2
2x = 2 ln x
y = e(1 2)(ln x) + C1 = Ce(ln x) 2 dx
ln x
 dy =  x dx
18. 12 yy′ − 7e x = 0
dy
y =
(ln x)2 +C
12 y = 7e x
dx 2
 12 y dy =  7e
x
dx Initial condition (1, 2): 2 = C
2 x
6 y = 7e + C 1
(ln x) + 2
2
Particular solution: y =
2
19. yy′ − 2e x = 0
dy 23. y(1 + x 2 ) y′ = x(1 + y 2 )
y = 2e x
dx y x
dy = dx
  2e dx 1 + y2 1 + x2
x
y dy =
1 1
y2
= 2e x + C ln (1 + y 2 ) = ln (1 + x 2 ) + C1
2 2 2
9 5 ln (1 + y 2 ) = ln (1 + x 2 ) + ln C = ln C (1 + x 2 )
Initial condition (0, 3): = 2+ C  C =
2 2 1 + y 2 = C (1 + x 2 )
y2 5
Particular solution:
2
= 2e x +
2 Initial condition 0, ( )
3: 1+3 = C  C = 4
y 2 = 4e x + 5
Particular solution: 1 + y 2 = 4(1 + x 2 )
y 2 = 3 + 4 x2
dy 27. dP − kP dt = 0
24. y 1 − x2 = x 1 − y2
dx dP
 = k  dt
 (1 − y )  (1 − x )
−1 2 −1 2
2
y dy = 2
x dx P
ln P = kt + C1
−(1 − y 2 ) = −(1 − x 2 )
12 12
+C
P = Ce kt
Initial condition (0, 1): 0 = −1 + C  C = 1 Initial condition: P(0) = P0 , P0 = Ce0 = C
Particular solution: 1 − y2 = 1 − x2 − 1 Particular solution: P = P0e kt
du 28. dT + k (T − 70) dt = 0
25. = uv sin v 2
dv dT
du T = − k  dt
 u =  (sin v )v dv − 70
2
ln (T − 70) = − kt + C1
1
ln u = − cos v 2 + C T − 70 = Ce − kt
2
Initial condition:
1
(
Initial condition e 2 , 0 : ln e2 = − ) 2
cos 0 + C T (0) = 140: 140 − 70 = 70 = Ce0 = C
1 Particular solution:
2 = − +C
2 (
T − 70 = 70e− kt , T = 70 1 + e− kt )
5
C =
2 dy x
29. y′ = =
1 5 dx 4y
Particular solution: ln u = − cos v 2 +
2 2
 4 y dy =  x dx
u = e
(5 − cos v2 ) 2 x2
2 y2 = +C
2
dr
= er − 2s
26.
ds ( )
Initial condition (0, 2): 2 22 = 0 + C  C = 8
e e
−r −2 s
dr = ds x2
Particular solution: 2 y2 = +8
1 2
− e − r = − e −2 s + C
2 4 y 2 − x 2 = 16
Initial condition:
1 1 dy −9 x
r (0) = 0: −1 = − +C  C = − 30. =
2 2 dx 16 y
Particular solution:  16 y dy = −  9 x dx
1 1 −9 2
−e − r = − e−2 s − 8 y2 = x +C
2 2 2
−r 1 −2 s 1
e = e + 9 25
2 2 Initial condition (1, 1): 8 = − + C, C =
2 2
1 1  1 + e −2 s 
−r = ln  e −2 s +  = ln   −9 2 25
2 2  2  Particular solution: 8 y2 = x +
2 2
 2  16 y 2 + 9 x 2 = 25
r = ln  −2 s 
1 + e 
y dy
31. y′ = − 36. (a) = k ( x − 4)
5x dx
dy 1 (b) The direction field satisfies ( dy dx) = 0 along
 −
y
= 
5x
dx
x = 4. Matches (b).
1
ln y = ln x + C1
5 dy
37. (a) = ky( y − 4)
5 ln y = ln x + ln C = ln Cx dx
y 5 = Cx (b) The direction field satisfies ( dy dx) = 0 along
1 y = 0 and y = 4. Matches (c).

Initial condition (3, 1): 15 = C (3)  C =
3
dy
1 38. (a) = ky 2
5
Particular solution: y = x dx
3
15
(b) The direction field satisfies ( dy dx) = 0 along
 x
y =   y = 0, and grows more positive as y increases.
 3
Matches (d).
dy 2y
32. = dy
dx 3x 39. = ky, y = Ce kt
dt
3 2
 y
dy =  dx
x
Initial amount: y(0) = y0 = C
ln y 3 = ln x 2 + ln C y0
Half-life: = y0e k (1599)
2
y 3 = Cx 2
1 1
1 k = ln  
Initial condition (8, 2): 23 = C (82 ), C = 1599  2 
8
y = Ce  ( ) 
ln 1 2 1599 t
1
Particular solution: 8 y = x , y = x 2 3
3 2
2 When t = 50, y = 0.9786C or 97.86%.
dy 0− y y dy
33. m = = = − 40. = ky, y = Ce kt
dx ( x + 2 ) − x 2 dt
dy 1 Initial conditions: y(0) = 40, y(1) = 35
 y
=  − 2 dx
40 = Ce0 = C
1
ln y = − x + C1 35 = 40ek
2
7
y = Ce − x 2 k = ln
8
34. m =
dy y − 0 y Particular solution: y = 40et ln(7 8)
= =
dx x − 0 x When 75% has been changed:
dy dx
 y
= 
x
10 = 40et ln(7 8)
1
ln y = ln x + C1 = ln x + ln C = ln Cx = et ln(7 8)
4
y = Cx ln (1 4)
t = ≈ 10.38 hr
ln (7 8)
dy
35. (a) = k ( y − 4)
dx
(b) The direction field satisfies ( dy dx) = 0 along
y = 4; but not along y = 0. Matches (a).
dw
41. (a) = k (600 − w)
dt
dw

600 − w
=  k dt
ln 600 − w = −kt + C1
600 − w = e − kt + C1 = Ce − kt
w = 600 − Ce − kt
w(0) = 30 = 600 − C  C = 600 − 30 = 570
w = 600 − 570e − kt
(b) 700 700 700
0 10 0 10 0 10
0 0 0
k = 0.8 k = 0.9 k = 1
(c) 400 = 600 − 570e − kt (d) Maximum weight:

− 200 200 57 lim w = 600 kg
= e − kt  kt = − ln = ln t →∞
− 570 570 20
k = 0.8: t ≈ 1.31 yr
k = 0.9: t ≈ 1.16 yr
k = 1.0: t ≈ 1.05 yr
dw
42. (a) = k (115 − w)
dt
 dw 
  115 − w  =  k dt
ln 115 − w = − kt + C1
115 − w = e − kt + C1 = Ce − kt
w = 115 − Ce − kt
w(0) = 3 = 115 − C  C = 115 − 3 = 112
w = 115 − 112e − kt
(b) 130 130 130
0 10 0 10 0 10
0 0 0
k = 0.8 k = 0.9 k = 1
(c) 80 = 115 − 112e − kt (d) Maximum weight: lim w = 115 kg

t →∞
− 35 35 16
= e − kt  kt = − ln = ln
−112 112 5
k = 0.8: t ≈ 1.45 yr
k = 0.9: t ≈ 1.29 yr
k = 1.0: t ≈ 1.16 yr
43. Given family (hyperbolas): 3 x 2 − y 2 = C 46. Given family (parabolas): y 2 = 2Cx

6 x − 2 yy′ = 0 2 yy′ = 2C
3x C y2  1  y
y′ = y′ = =   =
y y 2x  y  2x
y 2x
Orthogonal trajectory: y′ = Orthogonal trajectory (ellipse): y′ = −
3x y
4
1 1
 y
dy =  3x
dx  y dy = −  2 x dx
2
−6 y
3 ln y = ln x + ln K = ln Kx
6
= − x 2 + K1
2
K 2 x2 + y 2 = K
y 3 = Kx  y = 3 −4
x
4
47. Given family: y 2 = Cx3
2 yy′ = 3Cx 2
−6 6
3Cx 2 3x 2  y 2  3y
y′ = =   =
2y 2 y  x3  2x
−4
2x
Orthogonal trajectory (ellipses): y′ = −
44. Given family (hyperbolas): x − 2 y = C 2 2 3y
2 x − 4 yy′ = 0 3 y dy = −2  x dx
x 3y2
y′ = = − x 2 + K1
2y 2
−2 y 3 y 2 + 2x2 = K
Orthogonal trajectory: y′ = 4
x
dy 2
 y
= −  dx
x −6 6
ln y = −2 ln x + ln K
K −4
y = Kx −2 =
x2
2
48. Given family (exponential functions): y = Ce x
y′ = Ce x = y
−3 3 1
Orthogonal trajectory (parabolas): y′ = −
y
−2 4
 y dy = −  dx
2
45. Given family (parabolas): x 2 = Cy y
−6 6 = − x + K1
2 x = Cy′ 2
2x 2x 2y y 2 = −2 x + K
y′ = = 2 = −4
C x y x
x 12
Orthogonal trajectory (ellipses): y′ = − 49. y =
2y 1 + e− x
Because y(0) = 6, it matches (c) or (d).
4
2  y dy = −  x dx
x2 Because (d) approaches its horizontal asymptote slower
−6 6
y2 = − + K1 than (c), it matches (d).
2
x2 + 2 y2 = K
−4 12
50. y =
1 + 3e− x
12
Because y(0) = = 3, it matches (a).
4
12 5000
51. y = 54. P(t ) =
1 1 + 39e −0.2t
1 + e− x
2 (a) k = 0.2
12 (b) L = 5000
Because y(0) = = 8, it matches (b).
 3 5000
  (c) P(0) = = 125
 2 1 + 39
12 5000
52. y = (d) 2500 =
1 + e −2 x 1 + 39e −0.2t
Because y(0) = 6, it matches (c) or (d). 1 + 39e −0.2t = 2
1
Because y approaches L = 12 faster for (c), it e −0.2t =
39
matches (c).
1
−0.2t = ln   = −ln 39
2100  39 
53. P(t ) =
1 + 29e −0.75t ln 39
t = ≈ 18.3178
(a) k = 0.75 0.2
(b) L = 2100 dP  P 
(e) = 0.2 P1 − , P(0) = 125
2100 dt  5000 
(c) P(0) = = 70
1 + 29
2100
(d) 1050 =
1 + 29e −0.75t
1 + 29e −0.75t = 2
1
e −0.75t =
29
 1
−0.75t = ln   = −ln 29
 29 
ln 29
t = ≈ 4.4897 yr
0.75
dP  P 
(e) = 0.75 P1 − , P(0) = 70
dt  2100 
dP  P 
55. = 3P1 −  (a) k = 3
dt  100 
(b) L = 100
(c) 120
0 5
0
d 2P  P   − P′ 
(d) = 3P′1 −  + 3P  
dt 2  100   100 
  P   P  3P   P   P  P P   P  2P 
= 33P1 −  1 − − 3P1 −  = 9 P1 − 1 − −  = 9 P1 − 1 − 
  100   100  100   100   100  100 100   100  100 
d 2P  L 100 
= 0 for P = 50, and by the first Derivative Test, this is a maximum.  Note: P = 50 = = 
dt 2  2 2 
dP dy 3y y2 3  y 
56.
dt
= 0.1P − 0.0004 P 2 60. = − = y 1 − , (0, 15)
dt 20 1600 20  240 
= 0.1P(1 − 0.004 P ) 3
k = , L = 240
 P  20
= 0.1P1 − 
 250  L 240
y = =
1
1 + be− kt 1 + be(−3 20)t
(a) k = 0.1 = 240
10 (0, 15): 15 =  b = 15
1+b
(b) L = 250
240
(c) 300 Solution: y = ( −3 20)t
1 + 15e
L
61. (a) P = , L = 200, P(0) = 25
0 100 1 + be − kt
0
200
25 =  b = 7
250 1+b
(d) P = = 125. (Same argument as in Exercise 77)
2 200
39 =
1 + 7e − k (2)
dy  y
57. = y 1 − , (0, 4) 1 + 7e −2 k =
200
dt  36  39
k = 1, L = 36 23
e −2 k =
L 36 39
y = − kt
=
1 + be 1 + be − t 1  23  1  39 
k = − ln   = ln   ≈ 0.2640
36 2  39  2  23 
(0, 4): 4 =  b = 8
1+ b 200
P =
36 1 + 7e −0.2640t
Solution: y =
1 + 8e − t (b) For t = 5, P ≈ 70 panthers.
dy  y 200
= 4.2 y1 − (0, 9) (c) 100 =
58. , 1 + 7e −0.264t
dt  21 
k = 4.2, L = 21 1 + 7e −0.264t = 2
L 21 1
y = = −0.264t = ln  
1 + be − kt
1 + be − 4.2t 7
21 4 t ≈ 7.37 years
(0, 9): 9 =  b =
1+ b 3 dP  P
(d) = kP1 − 
21 dt  L
Solution: y =
4  P 
1 + e − 4.2t = 0.264 P1 − , P(0) = 25
3  200 
dy 4y y2 4  y  Using Euler’s Method, P ≈ 65.6 when t = 5.

59. = − = y1 − , (0, 8) (e) P is increasing most rapidly where
dt 5 150 5  120 
P = 200 2 = 100, corresponds to t ≈ 7.37 years.
4
k = = 0.8, L = 120
5
L 120
y = =
1 + be− kt 1 + be −0.8t
120
(0, 8): 8 =  b = 14
1+b
120
Solution: y =
1 + 14e −0.8t
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and Logistic Equation 597
L
62. (a) y = , L = 20, y (0) = 1, y ( 2) = 4
1 + be − kt
20
1=  b = 19
1+b
20
4 =
1 + 19e −2 k
1 + 19e −2 k = 5
19e −2 k = 4
1 4 1  19 
k = − ln   = ln   ≈ 0.7791
2  19  2 4
20
y =
1 + 19e −0.7791t
(b) For t = 5, y ≈ 14.43 grams
20
(c) 18 =
1 + 19e −0.7791t
20 10
1 + 19e −0.7791t = =
18 9
1
19e −0.7791t =
9
1
e −0.7791t =
171
−1  1 
t = ln   ≈ 6.60 hours
0.7791  171 
dy  y 1  19   y
(d) = ky1 −  = ln   y 1 − 
dt  L 2 4  20 
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
Exact 1 2.06 4.00 7.05 10.86 14.43
Euler 1 1.74 2.98 4.95 7.86 11.57
(e) The weight is increasing most rapidly when y = L 2 = 20 2 = 10, corresponding to t ≈ 3.78 hours.
63. Yes. Rewrite the equation as 1

65. y =
dy 1 + be − kt
= f ( x)( g ( y ) − h( y ))
−1
dx y′ = (−bke− kt )
(1 + be− kt )
2
dy
= f ( x) dx.
g ( y ) − h( y )
k be − kt
= ⋅
64. A logistic differential equation has the form (1 + be ) (1 + be−kt )
− kt
dy  y k 1 + be − kt − 1
= ky1 −  = ⋅
dt  L  (1 + be ) (1 + be− kt )
− kt
where k and L are positive constants. The slopes are

k  1 
horizontal for y = 0 and y = L because dy dt = 0. = ⋅ 1 − = ky(1 − y )
The slopes are positive for 0 < y < L because (1 + be )  1 + be− kt 
− kt
dy dt > 0. The slopes are negative for y < 0 and

y > L because dy dt < 0.
dy  y 70. f ( x, y ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 + x + y
66. = ky 1 − , y(0) < L
dt  L
f (tx, ty ) = (tx) + 2(tx) (ty ) + tx + ty
4 2 2
d2y  y  y′ 
= ky′ 1 −  + ky  − 
dt 2
 L  L = t t 3 x 4 + 2t 3 x 2 y 2 + x + y
  y  ≠ t n f ( x, y )
 − ky 1 − L  
2
2  y  
= k y1 −  + ky  Not homogeneous
 L  L 
 
71. f ( x, y ) = e x y
 y   y y f (tx, ty ) = etx ty = e x y
= k 2 1 −  y 1 −  − 
 L   L  L
Homogenous of degree 0
 y  2y 
= k 2 1 −  y1 − 
 L  L 72. f ( x, y) = x 2e4 x + y 2
d2y 2y L
f (tx, ty ) = (tx) ety tx + (ty )
2 2
So, = 0 when 1 − = 0  y = .
dt 2 L 2
= t 2  x 2e 4 x + y 2 
By the First Derivative Test, this is a maximum.
Homogenous of degree 2
dv
67. (a) = k (W − v)
dt 73. f ( x, y ) = 2 ln xy
dv
 W − v =  k dt f (tx, ty ) = 2 ln[txty]
−ln W − v = kt + C1 = 2 ln t 2 xy = 2(ln t 2 + ln xy ) ≠ t n f ( x, y )
v = W − Ce − kt Not homogeneous
Initial conditions:
74. f ( x, y ) = tan ( x + y )
W = 20, v = 0 when t = 0 and v = 10
f (tx, ty ) = tan (tx + ty ) = tan t ( x + y ) ≠ t n f ( x, y )
when t = 0.5 so, C = 20, k = ln 4.
Not homogeneous
 1 
t x
( )
v = 20 1 − e −(ln 4)t = 201 −   
  4  
75. f ( x, y ) = 2 ln
y

tx x
or f (tx, ty ) = 2 ln = 2 ln
ty y
v = 20(1 − e −1.386t )
Homogeneous of degree 0
 20(1 − e ) dt ≈ 20(t + 0.7215e ) + C
−1.386 t −1.386 t
(b) s =
y
76. f ( x, y ) = tan
Because s(0) = 0, C ≈ −14.43 and you have x
s ≈ 20t + 14.43(e −1.386t − 1). f (tx, ty ) = tan
ty
= tan
y
tx x
68. The rate increases then decreases. Sample answer: There Homogeneous of degree 0
might be limits on available food or space.
69. f ( x, y ) = x3 − 4 xy 2 + y 3
f (tx, ty ) = t 3 x3 − 4txt 2 y 2 + t 3 y 3
= t 3 ( x 3 − 4 xy 2 + y 3 )
Homogeneous of degree 3
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and Logistic Equation 599
77. (x + y )dx − 2 x dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx 79. ( x − y )dx − ( x + y) dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx
( x + ux)dx − 2 x( x du + u dx) = 0 ( x − ux)dx − ( x + ux)( x du + u dx) =0

(1 + u )dx − 2 x du − 2u dx = 0 (1 − u)dx − (1 + u)( x du + u dx) =0
(1 − u)dx = 2 x du (1 − 2u − u 2 )dx = x(1 + u)du
1 2 dx 1+u
dx = du − = 2 du
x 1−u x u + 2u − 1
1 1 dx u +1
 x dx = 2  1 − u du − =  2 du
x u + 2u − 1
ln x + ln C = − 2 ln 1 − u 1
− ln x + ln C = ln u 2 + 2u − 1
ln Cx = ln 1 − u
−2 2
C 12
1 1 ln = ln u 2 + 2u − 1
Cx = = x
(1 − u) 2
1 − ( y x)
2
C2
x2 = u 2 + 2u − 1
Cx = x2
( x − y)2 C  y
2
 y
=   + 2  − 1
x = C ( x − y)
2
x2  
x  x
C = y 2 + 2 yx − x 2
78. ( x3 + y3 )dx − xy 2 dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx
x3 + (ux)3  dx − x(ux)2 ( x du + u dx) = 0

 
(1 + u3 )dx − u 2 ( x du + u dx) = 0
dx = xu 2 du
dx
 u
2
= du
x
3
u3 1 y 
ln x + C1 = =  
3 3 x 
3
 y
  = 3ln x + C
 x
y 3 = 3 x3 ln x + Cx3
80. ( x2 + y 2 )dx − 2 x dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx
(x 2
)
+ (ux) dx − 2 x(ux)( x du + u dx) = 0
2
(1 + u 2 )dx − 2u( x du + u dx) = 0
(1 − u 2 )dx = 2ux du
dx − 2u
− = du
x 1 − u2
dx − 2u du
− = 
x 1 − u2
− ln x + ln C = ln 1 − u 2 = ln u 2 − 1 = ln u 2 − 1
C
ln = ln u 2 − 1
x
2
C  y
= u2 − 1 =   − 1
x  x
Cx = y 2 − x 2
( )
81. xydx + y 2 − x 2 dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx
x(ux) dx + (ux) − x 2 ( x du + u dx) = 0

2
 
u dx + (u 2 − 1)( x du + u dx) = 0
u 3 dx = − (u 2 − 1) x du
dx 1 − u2
= du
x u3
dx  −3 1
 x =   u − u  du
1
ln x + ln C1 = − 2 − ln u
2u
1
ln C1 xu = − 2
2u
1 x2
ln C1 y = − = −
2( y x)
2
2 y2
y = Ce
− x2 (2 y2 )
82. ( 2 x + 3 y )dx − x dy = 0, y = ux, dy = x du + u dx
(2 x + 3ux)dx − x( x du + u dx) = 0
(2 + 3u )dx − x du − u dx = 0
(2 + 2u )dx = x du
2dx du
=
x 1+u
1 1
2  dx =  du
x u +1
2ln x + ln C = ln u + 1
ln x 2 C = ln u + 1
1 + u = x2 C
y
1+ = x2 C
x
y
= Cx 2 − 1
x
y = Cx3 − x
dy x
83. False. = is separable, but y = 0 is not a solution.
dx y
84. True
dy
= ( x − 2)( y + 1)
dx
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations 601
85. True 86. fg ′ + gf ′ = f ′g ′ Product Rule

2 2
x + y = 2Cy 2 2
x + y = 2 Kx (f − f ′) g ′ + gf ′ = 0
dy x dy K − x f′
= = g′ + g = 0
dx C − y dx y f − f′
x K − x Kx − x 2 Need f − f ′ = e x − 2 xe x
2 2
= (1 − 2 x)e x
2
≠ 0, so
⋅ =
C − y y Cy − y 2
1
avoid x = .
2 Kx − 2 x 2 2
=
2Cy − 2 y 2 2
g′ f′ 2 xe x 1
x2 + y2 − 2x2 = = =1+
= 2 g f′ − f (2 x − 1)e x2 2 x −1
x + y2 − 2 y2
1
y2 − x2 ln g ( x) = x + ln 2 x − 1 + C1
= 2
x2 − y 2
g ( x) = Ce x 2 x − 1
12
= −1
So there exists g and interval ( a, b), as long as
1
∉ ( a, b).
2
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations

1. The term “first-order” means that the derivative in the dy  1 
equation is first order. 7. +   y = 6x + 2
dx  x 
2. To solve a first-order linear differential equation, write it
Integrating factor: e 
(1 x) dx
= eln x = x
in the form y′ + P( x) y = Q( x). Multiply the equation
xy =  x(6 x + 2) dx = 2 x3 + x 2 + C
by the integrating factor u ( x) = e 
P( x) dx
. The solution is
C
y = 2 x2 + x +
1 x
y =
u ( x)  Q( x)u( x) dx.
dy 2
8. + y = 3x − 5
dx x
3. x 3 y′ + xy = e x + 1
Integrating factor: e
2 x dx 2
1 1 = eln x = x 2
y′ + y = 3 (e x + 1)
x2 x 3 4 5 x3
x2 y =  x (3x − 5) dx
2
= x + +C
Linear 4 3
3 2 5 C
4. 2 xy − y′ ln x = y y = x + x + 2
4 3 x
(ln x) y′ + (1 − 2 x) y = 0
9. y′ + 2 xy = 10 x
y′ +
(1 − 2 x) y = 0
ln x Integrating factor: e 
2 x dx 2
= ex
Linear 2 x2 2
ye x =  10 xe dx = 5e x + C
5. y′ − y sin x = xy 2 y = 5 + Ce − x
2
Not linear, because of the xy 2 -term.

10. y′ + 3 x 2 y = 6 x 2
2 − y′ 2 dx
6. = 5x Integrating factor: e 
3x 3
y = ex
3 2 x3 3
2 − y′ = 5 xy ye x =  6x e dx = 2e x + C
y′ + 5 xy = 2 3
y = 2 + Ce − x
Linear
11. (y + 1) cos x dx = dy
(b)
dy
= ex − y
y′ = ( y + 1) cos x = y cos x + cos x dx
dy
dx
y′ − (cos x) y = cos x + y = ex = ex
dx
− cos x dx
= e− sin x e x y′ + e x y = e 2 x
y′e − sin x − (cos x)e − sin x y = (cos x)e − sin x ( ye x ) =  e2 x dx

1 2x
ye − sin x =  (cos x)e
− sin x
dx ye x = e + C
2
= −e − sin x + C
1 1
y = −1 + Cesin x y ( 0) = 1  1 = + C  C =
2 2
1 2x 1
12. ( y − 1) sin x dx − dy = 0 ye x = e +
2 2
y′ − (sin x) y = −sin x 1 x 1 −x 1
y = e + e = (e x + e − x )
2 2 2
− sin x dx
= ecos x
(c) 6
yecos x =  − sin xe dx = e + C
cos x cos x
y = 1 + Ce − cos x
−6 6
13. y′ + 3 y = e 3x
−2
3 dx
= e3 x 16. (a)
y
4
1 6x
ye3 x = e e
3x 3x 6x
e dx = dx = e +C
6
1 3x
y = e + Ce −3 x x
6 −4 4
14. xy′ + y = x 2 ln x −4
y
y′ + = x ln x 1 1
x (b) y′ + y = sin x 2 , P( x) = , Q( x) = sin x 2
x x
1 x dx
= eln x = x
u ( x) = e 
(1 x) dx
= eln x = x
x (3 ln x − 1)
3
x
2
xy = ln x dx = +C y′x + y = x sin x 2
9
1
x 2 (3 ln x − 1) C yx =  x sin x
2
dx = − cos x 2 + C
y = + 2
9 x
1 1 
y = − cos x 2 + C 
15. (a) Answers will vary. x  2 
y
1  1  1
5
0 = − cos π + C   C = −
π 2  2
1 1 1
y = − cos x 2 − 
x  2 2
x
−4 4
(c) 4
−3
−4 4
−4
17. y′ + y = 6e x 1
21. y′ +   y = 0
 x
Integrating factor: e  = e x
dx
(1 x) dx
= eln x
= x
ye x =  6e
2x
dx
Separation of variables:
1
y = x(3e 2 x + C ) = 3e x + Ce − x dy y
e = −
dx x
Initial condition: y(0) = 3, 3 = 3e0 + Ce0 , C = 0 1 1
x
 y dy =  − x dx
Particular solution: y = 3e
ln y = −ln x + ln C
1 x2 ln xy = ln C
18. x 3 y′ + 2 y = e
2 1 2 xy = C
y′ +  3  y = 3 e1 x
 
x x Initial condition: y( 2) = 2, C = 4
( )
2 x3 dx
= e
( )
− 1 x2
Particular solution: xy = 4
x2 1 1 22. y′ + ( 2 x − 1) y = 0
ye −1 =  x3 dx = −
2x2
+ C1
( 2 x −1) dx 2
x 2  Cx − 1
2
= ex − x
y = e1  2
 2x  2 −x
ye x = C
Initial condition: y(1) = e, C = 3 2
y = Ce x − x
x2  3 x − 1
2
Particular solution: y = e1 Separation of variables:
 
 2 x2  1
 y dy =  (1 − 2 x) dx
19. y′ + y tan x = sec x + cos x
ln y + ln C1 = x − x 2
tan x dx
= eln sec x = sec x 2
yC1 = e x − x
y sec x =  sec x(sec x + cos x) dx = tan x + x + C y = Ce x − x
2
y = sin x + x cos x + C cos x

Initial condition: y(1) = 2, 2 = C
Initial condition: y(0) = 1, 1 = C 2
Particular solution: y = 2e x − x
Particular solution: y = sin x + ( x + 1) cos x
23. x dy = ( x + y + 2) dx
20. y′ + y sec x = sec x dy x + y + 2 y 2
= = +1+
Integrating factor: dx x x x
e
sec x dx
= eln sec x + tan x = sec x + tan x dy 1 2
− y =1+ Linear
dx x x
y (sec x + tan x) =  (sec x + tan x) sec x dx 1
u ( x) = e 
−(1 x) dx
=
= sec x + tan x + C x
C  21 1 2
y =1+ y = x  1 +  dx = x   + 2  dx
sec x + tan x  xx x x 
C  −2 
Initial condition: y (0) = 4, 4 = 1 + ,C = 3 = x ln x + + C
1+ 0  x 
Particular solution: = −2 + x ln x + Cx
3 3 cos x y (1) = 10 = −2 + C  C = 12
y =1+ =1+
sec x + tan x 1 + sin x
y = −2 + x ln x + 12 x
24. 2 xy′ − y = x 3 − x 26. dA

= rA + P
dy 1 x2 1 dt
− y = − Linear dA
dx 2x 2 2 = dt
1 rA + P
u ( x) = e 
−(1 2 x) dx
= dA
x1 2  rA + P =  dt
 x2 1 1  x3 2 x −1 2 
y = x1 2   −  1 2 dx = x1 2   −  dx 1
ln ( rA + P) = t + C1
 2 2x  2 2  r
 x5 2  ln ( rA + P) = rt + C2
= x1 2  − x1 2 + C 
 5  rA + P = ert + C2
3
x C3e rt − P
= − x +C x A =
5 r
64 17 P
y( 4) = 2 = − 4 + 2C  C = − A = Ce rt −
5 5 r
x3 17 When t = 0: A = 0
y = − x − x
5 5 P P
0 = C −  C =
r r
25. dP
= kP + N , N constant P rt
dt A =
r
(e − 1)
dP
= dt
kP + N P rt
1 27. (a) A =
r
(e − 1)
 kP + N
dP =  dt
1 A =
0.06
e (
275,000 0.08(10)
)
− 1 ≈ $4,212,796.94
ln ( kP + N ) = t + C1
k
ln ( kP + N ) = kt + C2 (b) A =
0.05
e (
550,000 0.059(25)
)
− 1 ≈ $31,424,909.75
kP + N = e kt + C2
125,000 0.08t
P =
C3e kt − N 28. 1,000,000 =
0.08
(e − 1)
k
1.64 = e0.08t
kt N
P = Ce − ln (1.64)
k t = ≈ 6.18 years
0.08
When t = 0: P = P0
N N
P0 = C −  C = P0 +
k k
 N  kt N
P =  P0 + e −
 k k
dN
29. (a) = k (75 − N ) (c) For t = 1, N = 20:
dt
20 = 75 + Ce − k  − 55 = Ce − k
(b) N ′ + kN = 75k
For t = 20, N = 35:
k dt
= ekt 35 = 75 + Ce −20 k  − 40 = Ce −20 k
N ′e kt + kNe kt = 75 ke kt 55 Ce − k 11 1  11 
=  e19 k =  k = ln  
Ce −20 k
( Nekt )′ = 75 ke kt 40 8 19  8 
≈ 0.0168
Ne kt =  75 ke
kt
= 75 e kt + C
Ce − k = −55
N = 75 + Ce − kt
C = −55e k ≈ −55.9296
N = 75 − 55.9296 e−0.0168t
dQ dI R E
30. (a) = q − kQ, q constant 33. L + RI = E0 , I ′ + I = 0
dt dt L L
(b) Q′ + kQ = q
( R L) dt
= e Rt L
Let P(t ) = k , Q(t ) = q, then the integrating factor E0 Rt L E

is u(t ) = e .kt
I e Rt L =  L
e dt = 0 e Rt L + C
R
E0
q  q I = + Ce − Rt L
Q = e− kt  qe kt dt = e − kt  ekt + C  = + Ce − kt R
k  k
When t = 0: Q = Q0 34. I (0) = 0, E0 = 120 volts, R = 600 ohms,
q q L = 4 henrys
Q0 = + C  C = Q0 −
k k E0
I = + Ce − Rt L
q  q  − kt R
Q = +  Q0 − e
k  k 120 1
( 0) = + C  C = −
q 600 5
(c) lim Q =
t →∞ k 1 1 −150t
I = − e
5 5
− mg
31. From Example 3, v =
k
(1 − e− kt m
), solution lim I =
1
amp
t →∞ 5
g = 9.8 m/sec2 , mg = (9.8)( 4) = 39.2, (0.90)
1
=
1
0.18 = (1 − e −150t )
5 5
− 39.2
v(5) = − 31 =
k
(
1 − e − k (5) 4
) 0.9 = 1 − e −150t
e −150t = 0.1
Using a graphing utility, k ≈ 0.7984, and
−150t = ln (0.1)
− 39.2
v =
0.7984
(1 − e−0.7984t 4
) ln (0.1)
t = ≈ 0.0154 sec
−150
= − 49.0982(1 − e− 0.1996t )
The limiting value is 35. Let Q be the number of kilograms of concentrate in the
lim v = − 49.0982 meters per second. solution at any time t. Because the number of liters of
t →∞ solution in the tank at any time t is v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t and
because the tank loses r2 liters of solution per minute, it
32. s (t ) =  v(t ) dt must lose concentrate at the rate
 − 49.0982(1 − e ) dt
− 0.1996 t
=
 Q 
  r2 .
= − 49.0982t − 245.9830e − 0.1996t + C  0 ( 1
v + r − r2) 
t 
s(0) = 1500 = − 245.9830 + C  C = 1745.98 The solution gains concentrate at the rate r1q1. Therefore,
the net rate of change is
s(t ) = − 49.0982t − 245.983e− 0.1996t + 1745.98
dQ  Q 
1600
= q1r1 −   r2
dt  v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t 
or
dQ r2Q
0 50 + = q1r1.
−100 dt v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t
s(t ) = 0 when t ≈ 35.6 seconds. 36. From Exercise 35, and using r1 = r2 = r ,
So, the velocity of the object when it reaches ground dQ rQ
level is about v(35.6) ≈ − 49.05 meters per second. + = q1r.
dt v0
37. (a) From Exercise 35, (c) The volume of the solution is given by
dQ r2 Q v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t = 100 + (5 − 3)t = 200  t = 50
+ = q1r1
dt u0 + ( r1 − r2 )t minutes.
r2Q
You have Q(0) = q0 = 25, q1 = 0, v0 = 200, and Q′ + = q1r1
v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t
r1 = r2 = 10. Hence, the linear differential
Q(0) = q0 = 0, q1 = 0.2, v0 = 100, r1 = 5, r2 = 3
equation is
3Q
dQ 1 Q′ + =1
+ Q = 0. 100 + 2t
dt 20
Integrating factor is (50 + t ) .
32
By separating variables,
dQ 1 2
Q(50 + t ) =  1(50 + t ) (50 + t ) + C
32 32 52
 Q
= −
20
dt dt =
5
1 2
ln Q = − t + ln C1 Q = (50 + t ) + C (50 + t )−3 2
20 5
−1t Q(0) = 0:
Q = Ce 20 .
−3 2
0 = 20 + C (50)  C = − 20(50)
32
The initial condition Q(0) = 25 implies that

2 −3 2
(50 + t ) − 20(50) (50 + t )
32
−1t Q=
C = 25. Hence, Q = 25e 20 . 5
−1t 3 −1t  3 1 When t = 50:
(b) 15 = 25e 20  = e 20  ln   = − t
5  
5 20 20−3 2
Q = 40 − 20(50) (100)
32
= 40 −
 3 23 2
 t = − 20 ln   ≈ 10.2 min ≈ 32.929 kg (two-fifths of the amount in part (b))
5
−1t
(c) lim Q = lim 25e 20 = 0 39. y′ + P( x) y = Q( x)
t →∞ t →∞
Integrating factor: u = e 
P( x) dx
38. (a) The volume of the solution in the tank is given by

y′u + P( x) yu = Q( x)u
v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t. Therefore, 100 + (5 − 3)t = 200 or
t = 50 minutes. (uy )′ = Q( x)u
r2Q so u′( x) = P( x)u

(b) Q′ + = q1r1
v0 + ( r1 − r2 )t Answer (a)
Q(0) = q0 = 0, q1 = 0.5,v0 = 100, r1 = 5,
40. (a) At t = 0, Q = 20 kilograms.
3
r2 = 3, Q′ + Q = 2.5 (b) The rate of solution withdrawn is greater.
100 + 2t
(c) At t = 25, Q = 0. It takes 25 minutes to empty the
3 (100 + 2 t ) dt
Integrating factor: e   = (50 + t )
32
tank.
Q(50 + t )  2.5(50 + t ) dt = (50 + t )

32 32 52
= +C 41. Separation of variables:
−3 2 dy
Q = (50 + t ) + C (50 + t ) = x − 3 xy = x(1 − 3 y )
dx
Initial condition: dy
= x dx
Q(0) = 0, 0 = 50 + C (50 −3 2 ), C = −505 2 1 − 3y
Integrating factor. P( x) = 3 x, Q( x) = x, u ( x) = e 
3 x dx
−3 2
Q = (50 + t ) − 50−5 2 (50 + t )
42. You can omit the constant of integration because
−3 2
Q(50) = 100 − 505 2 (100) P( x) dx
multiplying by the integrating factor u ( x) = e 
25 always produces a derivative on the left:
= 100 − ≈ 82.32 kg
2
P( x) dx ′
y′e  + P( x) ye  =  ye 
P( x) dx P( x) dx
 
43. y′ − 2 x = 0 45. y′ − 2 xy = 0
 dy =  2 x dx 
dy
=  2 x dx
2
y
y = x + C
ln y = x 2 + C1
Matches (c). 2
y = Ce x
44. y′ − 2 y = 0
Matches (a).
dy
y =  2 dx 46. y′ − 2 xy = x
ln y = 2 x + C1 dy
2x
 2y + 1 =  x dx
y = Ce
1 1
Matches (d). ln ( 2 y + 1) = x 2 + C1
2 2
2
2 y + 1 = C2 e x
1 2
y = − + Ce x
2
Matches (b).
47. (a) 10
−4 4
−6
dy 1
(b) − y = x2
dx x
1
Integrating factor: e −1 x dx = e − ln x =
x
1 1
y′ − 2 y = x
x x
1  x2
 y  =  x dx = +C
x  2
x3
y = + Cx
2
−8 x3 1
(−2, 4): 4 = − 2C  C = −4  y = − 4 x = x( x 2 − 8)
2 2 2
3
8 x 1
(2, 8): 8 = + 2C  C = 2  y = + 2 x = x( x2 + 4)
2 2 2
(c) 10
−4 4
−6
48. (a) 5
−1 3
−1
(b) y′ + 4 x 3 y = x3
3 dx
4x 4
= ex
4 4 4
y′e x + 4 x 3 ye x = x 3e x
4 3 x4 1 e x4
ye x = x e dx = 4
+C
1 − x4
y = 4
+ Ce
(0, 72 ): 72 = 14 + C  C = 134  y = 14 + 134 e − x4
(0, − 12 ): − 12 = 14 + C  C = − 34  y = 14 − 34 e − x4
(c) 5
−1 3
−1
49. e2 x + y dx − e x − y dy = 0 52. y′ = 2 x 1 − y 2
Separation of variables: Separation of variables:
2x y
e e dx = e e x −y
dy 1
 1 − y2
dy =  2 x dx
 e dx = e
x −2 y
dy
arcsin y = x 2 + C
e x = − 12 e −2 y + C1
y = sin ( x 2 + C )
2e x + e −2 y = C
y cos x 2 53. ( 2 y − e x ) dx + x dy = 0
50. y′cos x 2 + = sec x 2
x
 2 1
y Linear: y′ +   y = e x
Linear: y′ + = sec 2 x 2  
x x
x
( 2 x) dx 2
= eln x = x 2
1 x dx
= eln x = x
21 x
xy′ + y = x sec 2 x 2 yx 2 = x e dx = e x ( x − 1) + C
x
( xy )′ = x sec 2 x 2 ex C
y = ( x − 1) + 2
1 x2 x
 x sec
2
xy = x 2 dx = tan 2 x 2 + C
2
1 C 54. (x + y ) dx − x dy = 0
y = tan 2 x 2 +
2x x 1
Linear: y′ − y = 1
x
51. ( y cos x − cos x) dx + dy = 0
−1
1
−(1 x) dx ln x
Separation of variables: = e =
x
−1
 cos x dx =  y − 1 dy y
1
=
1
 x dx = ln x + C
x
sin x = −ln ( y − 1) + ln C y = x(ln x + C)
ln ( y − 1) = −sin x + ln C
y = Ce −sin x + 1
55. 3( y − 4 x 2 ) dx = − x dy 1
59. y′ +   y = xy 2
dy  x
x= −3 y + 12 x 2
dx n = 2, Q = x, P = x −1
3
e
−(1 x) dx
y′ + y = 12 x = e − ln x = x −1
x
y −1 x −1 =  − x( x ) dx
−1
= −x + C
(3 x) dx
= e3 ln x = x3
1
3 = − x 2 + Cx
y′x 3 + x 3 y = 12 x( x 3 ) = 12 x 4 y
x 1
12 5 y =
yx 3 =  12 x 4 dx = x + C Cx − x 2
5
12 2 C 1
y = x + 3 60. y′ +   y = x y
5 x  x
56. x dx + ( y + e y )( x 2 + 1) dy = 0 1
n = , Q = x, P = x −1
2
Separation of variables: e(1 2)(1 x) dx = e(1 2) ln x = x
x
  − ( y + e ) dy
y
dx = 1 12
x2 + 1 y1 2 x1 2 =  2 x ( x) dx
1 1
2 2
(
ln x 2 + 1 = − y 2 − e y + C1 ) =
1 52
x + C1 =
x5 2 + C
5 5
(2 2
)
ln x + 1 + y + 2e = Cy
( x5 2 + C)
2
y =
57. y′ + 3x 2 y = x 2 y 3 25 x
2 2
n = 3, Q = x , P = 3x 61. xy′ + y = xy 3
( −2)3 x2 dx (−2)3 x2 dx
y −2e  =  (−2) x e
2
dx y′ +
1
y = y3
3 3
x
y −2e −2 x = −  2 x 2e −2 x dx −2
1  dx
n = 3, Q = 1, P = , e x = e −2 ln x = x −2
−2 −2 x3 1 3 x
y e = e −2 x + C
3
y −2 x −2 =  − 2x
−2
dx + C = 2 x −1 + C
−2 1 3
y = + Ce 2 x
3 y −2 = 2 x + Cx 2
1 3 1 1 1
2
+ Ce 2 x + y2 = or = 2 x + Cx 2
y 3 2 x + Cx 2 y2
58. y′ + xy = xy −1 62. y′ − y = y 3
n = −1, Q = x, P = x, e 
2 x dx 2
e
−2( −1) dx
= ex n = 3, P = −1, Q = 1, = e2 x
2 x2 2
y 2e x =  2 xe dx = e x + C y −2e 2 x =  (−2)e
2x
dx = −e 2 x + C
2
y 2 = 1 + Ce − x y −2 = −1 + Ce −2 x
1
y2 =
−1 + Ce −2 x
63. y′ − y = e x 3 y , n = 13 , Q = e x , P = −1
e
−( 2 3) dx
= e −(2 3)x
y 2 3e −(2 3)x =  23 e e
x −( 2 3) x
dx =  23 e
(1 3) x dx
y 2 3e −(2 3)x = 2e(1 3)x + C

y 2 3 = 2e x + Ce 2 x 3
64. yy′ − 2 y 2 = e x 65. False. The equation contains y.

y′ − 2 y = e x y −1
66. True. y′ + ( x − e x ) y = 0 is linear.
x
n = −1, Q = e , P = −2
e
2( −2) dx
= e −4 x
y 2e −4 x =  2e
−4 x x
e dx = − 23 e −3 x + C
y 2 = − 23 e x + Ce 4 x
Review Exercises for Chapter 6

1. y = x3 , y′ = 3 x 2 dy
9. = 2x − y
dx
2 xy′ + 4 y = 2 x(3 x 2
) + 4( x ) = 10 x .
3 3
Yes, it is a solution. x –4 −2 0 2 4 8
y 2 0 4 4 6 8
2. y = 2 sin 2 x
y′ = 4 cos 2 x dy dx –10 –4 –4 0 2 8
y′′ = −8 sin 2 x
y′′′ = −16 cos 2 x
dy π y 
10. = x sin  
y′′′ − 8 y = −16 cos 2 x − 8( 2 sin 2 x) ≠ 0 dx  4 
Not a solution
x –4 −2 0 2 4 8
dy y 2 0 4 4 6 8
3. = 4x2 + 7
dx
dy dx –4 0 0 0 –4 0
4 x3
 (4 x + 7) dx =
2
y = + 7x + C
3
dy 6− x 2 1 11. y′ = 2 x 2 − x, (0, 2)
4. = = −
dx 3x x 3 (a) and (b)
 2 1 1 y
y =   −  dx = 2 ln x − x + C (0, 2)
x 3 3 5
dy
5. = cos 2 x
dx
1
y =  cos 2 x dx =
2
sin 2 x + C −3
−1
3
x
dy
6. = 8 csc x cot x 12. y′ = y + 4 x, (−1, 1)
dx
(a) and (b)
y = 8  csc x cot x dx = − 8 csc x + C
y
(− 1, 1)
2
dy
7. = e2 − x
dx x
−3 3
 e dx = − e + C
2− x 2− x
y =
dy
8. = 2 e3 x −4
dx
2 3x
 2e
3x
y = dx = e +C
3
Review Exercises for Chapter 6 611
13. y′ = x − y, y(0) = 4, n = 10, h = 0.05

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 4 + (0.05)(0 − 4) = 3.8
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 3.8 + (0.05)(0.05 − 3.8) = 3.6125, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
yn 4 3.8 3.6125 3.437 3.273 3.119 2.975 2.842 2.717 2.601 2.494
14. y′ = 5 x − 2 y, y (0) = 2, n = 10, h = 0.1

y1 = y0 + hF ( x0 , y0 ) = 2 + (0.1)(5(0) − 2( 2)) = 1.6
y2 = y1 + hF ( x1 , y1 ) = 1.6 + (0.1)(5(0.1) − 2(1.6)) = 1.33, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 2 1.6 1.33 1.164 1.081 1.065 1.102 1.182 1.295 1.436 1.599
dy dy x
15. = 6 x − x3 18. = 2
dx dx x + 2
x4 x
 (6 x − x ) dx  dy =  2 dx
3
y = = 3x 2 − +C
4 x + 2
1
dy y = ln ( x 2 + 2) + C
16. − 3y = 5 2
dx
dy 19. ( 2 + x ) y′ − xy = 0
= 3y + 5
dx dy
dy (2 + x) = xy
dx
 3 y + 5 =  dx 1 x
dy = dx
1 y 2 + x
ln 3 y + 5 = x + C1
3 1  2 
dy = 1 −  dx
ln 3 y + 5 = 3 x + 3C1 y  2 + x
3 y + 5 = e3( x + C1 ) ln y = x − 2 ln 2 + x + C1
3x
3 y = − 5 + Ce −2 Ce x
y = Ce x ( 2 + x) =
(2 + x)
2
1
y =
3
(
− 5 + Ce3 x )
20. xy′ − ( x + 1) y = 0
dy
= ( y − 1)
2
17. dy
dx x = ( x + 1) y
−2
dx
 ( y − 1) dy =  dx dy x +1
− ( y − 1)
−1
= x +C
 y
= 
x
dx
1 ln y = x + ln x + C1
− ( y − 1) =
x + C y = Cxe x
−1
y = +1
x + C
21. x + 1 y′ − y = 0 26. y = Ce kt
dy (0, 5): 5 = C
x +1 = y
dx
1 −1 2
(5, 16 ): 16 = 5e k (5)
dy = ( x + 1) dx
y 1
= e5 k
30
ln y = 2 x + 1 + C1 k = 15 ln 1
= − 15 ln 30
30
2 x + 1 + C1 2 x +1
y = e = Ce − ln (30) 5 t
y = 5e  ≈ 5e− 0.6802t
22. y′ + x y = 9 x
27. y = Ce kt
y′ = 9 x − x y
y′ = x (9 − y )
(2, 32 ): 32 = Ce 2 k  C = 3 −2 k
2
e
y′
= x
(4, 5): 5 = Ce 4 k = ( 32 e )e
−2 k 4k
= 3 2k
2
e
9− y 10
3
= e2k  k = 1
2
ln (103 )
dy
 =  x dx
2 ( 10 )
3 −2(1 2) ln(10 3) 3 3 9
9− y So, C = 2
e = = 20
.
2 32 9 1 2 ln(10 3)t
− ln y − 9 = x + C1 y = e ≈ 9 0.602t
e
3 20 20
3 2 +C 32
y − 9 = e− 2 3 x 1 = Ce − 2 3 x
28. y = Ce kt
− 2 3 x3 2
y = 9 + Ce
(1, 4): 4 = Cek (1) = Ce k  C = 4e − k
23.
dy k
= 3
(4, 1): 1 = Cek (4) = Ce 4 k
dt t
1 = ( 4e − k )(e 4 k ) = 4e3k
 dy =  kt
−3
dt
1 1 1
4
= e3k  k = 3
ln 4
= − 13 ln 4 ≈ − 0.4621
k
y = − 2 +C
2t So, C = 4e − k = 4e 0.4621 ≈ 6.3496.
y = 6.3496e − 0.4621t
dy
24. = k (50 − t )
dt dP
29. = kP, P(0) = 760
 dy =  k (50 − t )dt =  (50k − kt )dt dh
k 2 P( h) = 760e kh
y = 50kt − t +C
2 P(5500) = 760e5500 k = 380
k
(Alternate form: y = − (50 − t ) + C1 ) ln (1 2) −ln ( 2)
2
2 k = =
5500 5500
− ( h ln 2) 5500
25. y = Ce kt P( h) = 760e
P(10,000) = 760e − (10,000 ln 2) 5500 ≈ 215.5 mm
(0, 34 ): 34 =C
(5, 5): 5 = 34 e k (5) 30. y = Ce kt = 15e kt

20
3
= e5 k 7.5 = 15e k (1599)
k = 1
5
ln ( 203 ) k = 1
1599
ln ( 12 ) ≈ −0.000433
y = 3 ln (20 3) 5t
e ≈ 3 0.379t
e When t = 750, y = 15e−0.000433(750) ≈ 10.84 grams.
4 4
31. P = Ce0.0185t 33. S = Ce k t

2C = Ce0.0185t (a) S = 5 when t = 1.
2 = e0.0185t 5 = Cek
ln 2 = 0.0185t lim Ce k t = C = 30
t →∞
ln 2
t = ≈ 37.5 years 5 = 30e k
0.0185
k = ln 1 ≈ −1.7918
6
rt 0.02(11)
32. A = Pe = 400e ≈ $498.43
S = 30e −1.7918 t
(b) When t = 5, S ≈ 20.9646 which is 20,965 units.
(c) 30
0 40
0
34. S = 25(1 − e kt )
(
(a) 4 = 25 1 − e k (1)  1 − e k = ) 4
25
 ek = 21
25
 k = ln ( 2521 ) ≈ −0.1744
S = 25(1 − e −0.1744t )
(b) 25,000 units lim S = 25 ( t →∞

)
(c) When t = 5, S ≈ 14.545 which is 14,545 units.
(d) 25
0 8
0
dy 5x 37. y′e y − 3 x = e x + 2 y
35. =
dx y y′e y e − 3 x = e x e2 y
 y dy =  5 x dx e
−y
dy = e
4x
dx
y2 5x2 1 4x
= + C1 − e− y = e + C
2 2 4
y 2 = 5x2 + C 1
e− y = C − e4 x
4
dy x3
36. =  1 
dx 2 y2 − y = ln  C − e 4 x 
 4 
 2y x
2 3
dy = dx  1 
y = − ln  C − e 4 x 
2y 3 4
x  4 
= + C1
3 4
8 y 3 = 3x 2 + C
38. y′ − e y sin x = 0 42. y′ + sin x cos x = 0, y(π ) = − 2

dy dy
= e y sin x = − sin x cos x
dx dx
e  sin x dx
−y
dy =
−y
 dy =  − sin x cos x dx
−e = −cos x + C1
cos 2 x
1 y = + C
ey = (C = −C1 ) 2
cos x + C
Initial condition:
1 1 5
y = ln = −ln cos x + C y (π ) = − 2: − 2 = + C  C = −
cos x + C 2 2
1 5
39. y 3 y′ − 3 x = 0, y( 2) = 2 Particular solution: y = cos 2 x −
2 2
dy
y3 = 3x
dx 2x
43. y′ =
 y 3 dy =  3x dx y
y4 3x 2 y dy = 2 x dx
= + C1
4 2  y dy =  2 x dx
y 4 = 6x2 + C
y2
= x2 + C
Initial condition: y ( 2) = 2: 16 = 24 + C 2
C = −8 9 7
(1, 3): =1+C  C =
4 2 2 2
Particular solution: y = 6 x − 8
y2 7
= x2 +
40. yy′ − 5e 2 x = 0, y(0) = − 3 2 2
2 2
dy y = 2x + 7
y = 5e 2 x
dx
y
 y dy  5e y′ =
2x
= dx 44.
8x
y2 5 dy 1
= e 2 x + C1
2 2  y
=  8 x dx
y 2 = 5e 2 x + C 1 18
ln y = ln x + C1 = ln x + ln C
Initial condition: y(0) = − 3: ( − 3) = 5 + C
2 8
C = 4 y = Cx1 8
Particular solution: y 2 = 5e 2 x + 4 (1, − 2): − 2 = C

y = − 2 x1 8
41. y 3 ( x 4 + 1) y′ − x3 ( y 4 + 1) = 0, y(0) = 1
dy
y 3 ( x 4 + 1) = x3 ( y 4 + 1)
dx
y3 x3
 4
y + 1
dy =  4
x +1
dx
1 1 1
ln ( y 4 + 1) = ln ( x 4 + 1) + ln C1
4 4 4
ln ( y 4 + 1) = ln C ( x 4 + 1)
y 4 + 1 = C ( x 4 + 1)
Initial condition: y (0) = 1: 1 + 1 = C (0 + 1)

C = 2
Particular solution: y 4 + 1 = 2( x 4 + 1)
y 4 = 2 x4 + 1
45. Given family (hyperbolas): 5 x 2 − 4 y 2 = C 5250

(d) 2625 =
10 x − 8 yy′ = 0 1 + 34e −0.55t
5x 1 + 34e −0.55t = 2
y′ =
4y 1
e −0.55t =
34
Orthogonal trajectory:
−4y −1 1
y′ = t = ln   ≈ 6.41 yr
5x 0.55  34 
5 −4 dP  P 
 y dy =  x dx (e)
dt
= 0.55 P1 −


5250 
5 ln y = − 4 ln x + K1 = − 4 ln x + ln K
4800
y 5 = Kx − 4 48. P(t ) =
1 + 14e −0.15t
y = Kx − 4 5 (a) k = 0.15
4
(b) L = 4800
4800
−6 6 (c) P(0) = = 320
1 + 14
4800
−4 (d) 2400 =
1 + 14e −0.15t
x3 14e −0.15t = 1
46. Given family: x3 = Cy, C =
y 1 1
t = − ln   ≈ 17.59 yr
0.15  14 
 x3  3y
3 x 2 = Cy′ =   y′  y′ = dP  P 
 y x (e) = 0.15 P1 − 
dt  4800 
−x
Orthogonal trajectory: y′ =
3y dy  y
49. = y1 − , (0, 8)
 3 y dy =  − x dx dt  80 
y2 x2 k = 1, L = 80
3 = − +C
2 2 L 80
y = =
3 y2 + x2 = K 1 + be − kt 1 + be −t
80
4
y(0) = 8: 8 =  b = 9
1+b
80
−6 6
Solution: y =
1 + 9e − t
−4
dy  y
50. = 1.76 y 1 − , (0, 3)
dt  8
5250
47. P(t ) = k = 1.76, L = 8
1 + 34e −0.55t
L 8
(a) k = 0.55 y = − kt
=
1 + be 1 + be −1.76t
(b) L = 5250
8 5
5250 y(0) = 3: 3 =  b =
(c) P(0) = = 150 1+b 3
1 + 34
8
Solution: y =
 5  −1.76t
1 +  e
 3
dN (e) From Exercise 66 in Section 6.3, the point of

51. = k (380 − N (t ))
dt inflection of a logistic equation occurs at y = L 2.
dN 20,400 20,400
 380 − N
=  k dt
2
=
1 + 16e − 0.553t
ln 380 − N = kt + C1 1 + 16e − 0.553t = 2
380 − N = Ce kt 16e − 0.553t = 1
N = 380 − Ce kt 1
e − 0.553t =
16
N (0) = 110 = 380 − C  C = 270
1
− 0.553t = ln
N = 380 − 270e kt 16
N ( 4) = 150 = 380 − 270e k (4) t ≈ 5.014 yr
150 − 380 23 53. y′ − y = 10

e k ( 4) = =
− 270 27
P( x) = −1, Q( x) = 10
1  23 
k = , ln   ≈ − 0.04 u ( x) = e 
− dx
4  27  = e− x
1
e− x 
N (t ) = 380 − 270e − 0.04t y = 10e − x dx
N (8) = 380 − 270e − 0.04(8) ≈ 184 racoons = e x ( −10e − x + C )

= −10 + Ce x
52. (a) L = 20,400, y(0) = 1200, y(1) = 2000
20,400 54. e x y′ + 4e x y = 1
y =
1 + be − kt y′ + 4 y = e − x
20,400
y(0) = 1200 =  b = 16 P( x) = 4, Q( x) = e− x
1+b
20,400 u ( x) = e 
4 dx
y(1) = 2000 = = e4 x
1 + 16e − k
1 1  1
e4 x 
46 y = e − x e 4 x dx = e −4 x  e3 x + C  = e − x + Ce −4 x
16e − k = 3  3
5
23 40 55. 4 y′ = e x y
+ y
k = −ln = ln ≈ 0.553
40 23 1 1
20,400 y′ − y = ex 4
y = 4 4
1 + 16e −0.553t 1 1
P( x) = − , Q( x) = e x 4
(b) y (8) ≈ 17,118 trout 4 4
20,400 u ( x) = e  −(1 4) dx
= e −(1 4) x
(c) 10,000 =  t ≈ 4.94 yr
1 + 16e −0.553t 1 1 x 4 −(1 4) x
y =
e −(1 4) x  4e e dx
dy  y 
(d) = 0.553 y 1 − , y(0) = 1200 1 
= e(1 4)x  x + C 
dt  20,400 
4 
Use Euler’s method with h = 1. 1 x4
= xe + Ce x 4
4
t 0 2 4 6 8
dy 5y 1
Exact 1200 3241 7414 12,915 17,117 56. − 2 = 2
dx x x
Euler 1200 2743 5853 10,869 16,170 5 1
P( x ) = − 2 , Q( x ) = 2
x x
Euler’s method gives y (8) ≈ 16,170 trout.
u ( x) = e 
−(5 )
x 2 dx
= e5 x
1 1 1  1 5x  1
 x2 e − e + C  = − + Ce −5 x
5 x
y = 5 x
dx = 5 x
e e  5  5
57. (x − 2) y ′ + y = 1  3
60. y′ −   y = 2 x3 , y (1) = 1
dy 1 1  x
+ y = 3
dx x − 2 x − 2 P( x) = − , Q( x ) = 2 x 3
x
1 1
P( x) = , Q( x) = 3
u ( x) = e  x = e − 3 ln x = x − 3
− dx
x − 2 x − 2
u ( x) = e 
(1 x − 2) dx 1
 2 x ( x ) dx
x−2
= eln = x − 2 y = 3 −3
x −3
1  1  1
y =  ( x − 2) dx =
x − 2  x − 2 x − 2
(x + C) = x3  2 dx
= x (2 x + C )
3
(x + 3) y′ + 2 y = 2( x + 3)
2
58. = 2 x 4 + Cx3
dy 2 Initial condition: y(1) = 1: 1 = 2 + C  C = −1

+ y = 2( x + 3)
dx x + 3 Particular solution: y = 2 x 4 − x 3
2
P( x) = , Q( x) = 2( x + 3) 61. (3 y + 5) cos x dx = dy, y(π ) = 0
x + 3
u ( x) = e 
(2 x + 3) dx
= e 2 ln( x + 3) = ( x + 3)
2
dy
− 3 cos x y = 5 cos x
dx
1
 2( x + 3)( x + 3)
2
y = dx P( x) = − 3 cos x, Q( x ) = 5 cos x
( x + 3)
2
u( x) = e 
−3 cos x dx
1  ( x + 3)4  = e−3 sin x
=  + C
( x + 3)  2
2
 dy − 3 sin x
e − 3 cos x(e− 3 sin x ) y = 5 cos x(e − 3 sin x )
dx
(x + 3)
2
C
= + ye − 3 sin x =  5e
− 3 sin x
cos x dx
(x + 3)
2
2
− 5 − 3 sin x
= e +C
59. y′ + 5 y = e , y(0) = 3
5x 3
5
P( x ) = 5, Q( x) = e5 x y = − + Ce3 sin x
3
u( x) = e 
5 dx
= e5 x 5 5
1 Initial condition: y (π ) = 0: 0 = − + C  C =
y =
e5 x 
(e5 x )(e5 x ) dx 3 3
5 5
1 Particular solution: y = − + e3 sin x
= 5 x  e10 x dx 3 3
e
1 1 
= 5 x   e10 x + C 
4
62. y′ − 8 x 3 y = e 2 x , y ( 0) = 2
e  10 
1 5x −5 x P( x) = − 8 x3 , Q( x) = e 2 x
4
= e + Ce
10
3 dx
u ( x) = e 
−8 x 4
Initial condition: = e− 2 x
y (0) = 3: 3 =
1 0
10
e + Ce 0  C =
29
10
4
( ) 4 4
y′e − 2 x − 8 x3 e − 2 x y = e 2 x ⋅ e − 2 x
4
=1
1 5x 29 − 5 x 4
Particular solution: y =
10
e +
10
e ye − 2 x =  1 dx = x +C
4
y = ( x + C )e 2 x
Initial condition: y(0) = 2: 2 = (0 + C )e0  C = 2

4
Particular solution: y = ( x + 2)e 2 x
Problem Solving for Chapter 6

dy dS
1. (a) = y1.01 2. (a) = k1S ( L − S )
dt dt
y  dt L
−1.01
dy = S = is a solution because
−0.01 1 + Ce − kt
y
= t + C1 dS
( ) ( )
−2
−0.01 = − L 1 + Ce − kt −Cke − kt
dt
1
= −0.01t + C LC ke − kt
y 0.01 =
( )
2
1 1 + Ce − kt
y 0.01 =
C − 0.01t k L C Le − kt
=   ⋅
1  L 1 + Ce
− kt
1 + Ce − kt
y =
(C − 0.01t )
100
k L  L 
=   − kt
⋅ L − 
1  L 1 + Ce  1 + Ce − kt 
y (0) = 1: 1 =  C =1 k
C100 = k1S ( L − S ), where k1 = .
1 L
So, y = . L = 100. Also, S = 10 when t = 0  C = 9.
(1 − 0.01t )100 4
For T = 100, lim y = ∞. And, S = 20 when t = 1  k = −ln .
t →T − 9
−(1 + ε ) 100 100
(b) y dy =  k dt Particular Solution: S =
1 + 9e ln( 4 9)t
=
1 + e −0.8109t
9
y −ε dS
= kt + C1 (b) = k1S (100 − S )
−ε dt
y −ε = −ε kt + C d 2S   dS  dS 
= k1 S  −  + (100 − S )
1 dt 2   dt  dt 
y = 1ε
(C − ε kt ) = k1 (100 − 2 S )
dS
dt
ε
1 1 1 dS
y(0) = y0 =  C1 ε =  C =   = 0 when S = 50 or = 0.
C1 ε y0  y0  dt
1 Choosing S = 50, you have:
So, y = 1ε
. 100
 1  50 =
 ε − ε kt  1 + 9eln(4 9)t
y
 0 
2 = 1 + 9eln(4 9)t
1
For t → , y → ∞. ln (1 9)
y0ε ε k = t
ln ( 4 9)
t ≈ 2.7 months
(This is the point of inflection.)
(c) 125
0 10
0
(d) S
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
t
1 2 3 4
(e) Sales will decrease toward the line S = L.
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 619
?
dy L 4.  f ( x) g ( x)′ = f ′( x) g ′( x)
3. (a) = k ln   y
dt  y
(a) Let g ( x) = x, g ′( x) = 1, then
dy
= k dt
y[ln L − ln y]
 f ( x) x′ = f ′( x)
ln [ln L − ln y] = − kt + C1
f ′( x) x + f ( x) = f ′( x)
L
ln = Ce − kt df
y ( x − 1) = − f ( x)
dx
L − kt
df dx
= eCe
y  f = 1 − x
− kt
y = Le − Ce ln f ( x) = −ln 1 − x
(b) 2000
1
f ( x) =
1− x
(b) ( fg )′ = f ′g ′
0
0
500 f ′g + fg ′ = f ′g ′
f ′( g − g ′) = − fg ′
(c) As t → ∞, y → L, the carrying capacity.
f′ g′
=
(d) y0 = 500 = 5000e −C  eC = 10  C = ln 10 f g′ − g
7000 g′
ln f =  dx
g′ − g
g′
 g ′ − g dx
f = e
0 500
0 (c) If g ( x) = e x , then g ′( x) − g ( x) = e x − e x = 0
dy  L Therefore, no f can exist.
= k ln   y
dt  y
d2y  L  dy 1  − L  dy
= k ln   + ky
dt 2 y
  dt ( y )  y 2  dt
L
dy   L   2  L   L 
= k ln   − 1 = k ln   y ln   − 1
dt   y   y
     y 
d2y
So, = 0 when
dt 2
L L L
ln   = 1  = e  y = .
 y y e
L 5000
y = = ≈ 1839.4 and t ≈ 41.7.
e e
The graph is concave upward on (0, 41.7) and
downward on ( 41.7, ∞).
5. k = (0.02) π
2
g = 9.8
x 2 + ( y − 2) = 4
2
Equation of tank
x = 4 − ( y − 2) = 4 y − y 2
2 2
Area of cross section: A( h ) = ( 4h − h 2 )π
dh
A( h)
= −k 2 gh
dt
(4h − h2 )π dh
dt
= − (0.02) π 19.6h
2
(4h − h2 ) dh
dt
= − 0.0004 19.6h1 2 2m
 2500h3 2 10,000h1 2 
  19.6 − 19.6  dh =  dt
h
1000 5 2 20,000 3 2
h − h = t +C x
19.6 3 19.6 x 2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
h3 2  20,000 
1000h −  = t +C
19.6  3 
23 2  20,000 
When h = 2, t = 0 and C =  2000 −  ≈ −2981.42.
19.6  3 
The tank is completely drained when
h = 0  t ≈ 2981.42 sec ≈ 49 min, 41 sec
dh
6. (a) A( h) = − k 2 gh (b) t = 3600 sec  2 h = − 0.000499(3600) + 2 6
dt
dh  h ≈ 2.406 m
π r2 = − k 19.6h
dt
− 19.6k 19.6k
h −1 2 dh = dt = −C dt , C = r
πr2 πr2
2 h = −Ct + C1
6m
2 6 = C1 (at t = 0, h = 6) h
So, 2 h = −Ct + 2 6.
At t = 30(60) = 1800, h = 4:
2 4 = −1800 C + 2 6
2 6 − 4
= C ≈ 0.000499
1800
So, 2 h ≈ − 0.000499t + 2 6.
2 6
h = 0  t =
0.000499
≈ 9817.6 seconds ( 2 h, 43 min, 38 sec)
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 621
dh dy
7. A( h) = −k 2 gh 10. = − ry
dt dt
dh dy
π4 = − 0.0004π 19.6h = − r dt
dt y
−1 2
ln y = − rt + C1
h dh =  − 0.0001 19.6 dt
y = Ce − rt
2 h =  − 0.0001 19.6t + C
Initial condition:
h = 5: 2 5 = C y(0) = 0.4: 0.4 = Ce− r(0)  C = 0.4
2 h = − 0.0001 19.6t + 2 5
General solution: y = 0.4e − rt
2 5
h = 0  t = dC R
0.0001 19.6 11. (a)  C
=  −V dt
≈ 10,101.53 sec ≈ 2 h, 48 min, 22 sec
R
ln C = − t + K1
V
1  ln b 
8. Let u = k t − . C = Ke−Rt V
2  k 
Since C = C0 when t = 0, it follows that K = C0
eu − e − u 2
1 + tanh u = 1 + = and the function is C = C0e − Rt V .
eu + e − u 1 + e −2u
(b) Finally, as t → ∞, we have
e −2u = e ( (
− k t − ln b k ))
= eln b e − kt = be − kt
lim C = lim C0e − Rt V = 0.
Finally, t →∞ t →∞
1  1  ln b   L 12. From Exercise 11, you have C = C0e − Rt V .

L 1 + tanh  k  t −   = [1 + tanh u]
2   2  k   2
(a) For V = 2, R = 0.5, and C0 = 0.6, you have
L 2 
=   C = 0.6e −0.25t
2  1 + be − kt 
0.8
L
= .
1 + be − kt
Notice the graph of the logistics function is just a shift of
the graph of the hyperbolic tangent. (See Section 5.8.) 0 4
0
ds (b) For V = 2, R = 1.5, and C0 = 0.6, you have

9. = 3.5 − 0.019 s
dt C = 0.6e −0.75t .
− ds
(a)  = −  dt 0.8
3.5 − 0.019 s
1
ln 3.5 − 0.019s = −t + C1
0.019
ln 3.5 − 0.019s = −0.019t + C2 0 4
0
3.5 − 0.019 s = C3e−0.019t
0.019 s = 3.5 − C3e−0.019t 1 1
−0.019 t
13. (a)  Q − RC dC =  V dt
s = 184.21 − Ce
(b) 400 1 t
− ln Q − RC = + K1
R V
Q − RC = e (
− R  t V ) + K1 
0
0
200
C =
1
R
Q ( −e
− R (t V ) + K1 
)
1
(c) As t → ∞, Ce −0.019t → 0, and s → 184.21. = (Q − Ke − Rt V )
R
Because C = 0 when t = 0, it follows that
Q
K = Q and you have C =
R
(1 − e− Rt V ).
(b) As t → ∞, the limit of C is Q R.

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C H A P T E R 6

Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method .......................................................568

Section 6.2 Growth and Decay ..............................................................................579

Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and Logistic Equation .................................589

Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations .........................................601

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................610

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................618

2. The general solution of a first-order differential equation Solution: y = Ce5 x

7. Differential equation: y′′ + y = 0

8. Differential equation: y′′ + 2 y′ + 2 y = 0

Solution: y = C1e− x cos x + C2e− x sin x

Check: y′ = −(C1 + C2 )e − x sin x + ( −C1 + C2 )e − x cos x

9. Differential equation: y′′ + y = tan x

10. Differential equation: y′′ + 4 y′ = 2e x

11. y = sin x cos x − cos 2 x

12. y = 6 x − 4 sin x + 1 In Exercises 15–22, the differential equation is

Differential equation: y′ = 6 − 4 cos x 15. y = 3 cos 2 x

14. y = e− cos x 17. y = 3 cos x

y′ = e− cos x (sin x) = sin x ⋅ e − cos x y (4) = 3 cos x

Differential equation: y (4) − 16 y = − 45 cos x ≠ 0,

y′ = sin x ⋅ e − cos x = sin x( y ) = y sin x No

In Exercises 23–30, the differential equation is (

28. y = x 2e x + sin x + cos x, y′ = x 2e x + 2 xe x + cos x − sin x

xy′ − 2 y = x( x 2e x + 2 xe x + cos x − sin x) − 2( x 2e x + sin x + cos x) ≠ x3e x

35. Differential equation: 4 yy′ − x = 0

36. Differential equation: yy′ + x = 0 37. Differential equation: y′ + 6 y = 0

General solution: x 2 + y 2 = C General Solution: y = Ce − 6 x

38. Differential equation: 3x + 2 yy′ = 0

Initial condition (1, 3): 3(1) + 2(3) = 3 + 18 = 21 = C

39. Differential equation: y′′ + 9 y = 0

40. Differential equation: xy′′ + y′ = 0

41. Differential equation: x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 3 y = 0

Initial conditions ( 2, 0) and y′ = 4 when x = 2:

42. Differential equation: 9 y′′ − 12 y′ + 4 y = 0

General solution: y = e 2 x 3 (C1 + C2 x)

Initial conditions (0, 4) and (3, 0):

dy 61. (a), (b)

73. y′ = x + y , y (0) = 2, n = 10, h = 0.1

74. y′ = x + y , y (0) = 2, n = 20, h = 0.05

75. y′ = 3 x − 2 y, y(0) = 3, n = 10, h = 0.05

76. y′ = 0.5 x(3 − y ), y (0) = 1, n = 5, h = 0.4

77. y′ = e xy , y(0) = 1, n = 10, h = 0.1

78. y′ = cos x + sin y , y (0) = 5, n = 10, h = 0.1

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

y( x) ( h = 0.2) 2 2.000 2.0400 2.1184 2.2317 2.3751

y( x) ( h = 0.1) 2 2.0100 2.0595 2.1460 2.2655 2.4131

dy 1 When x, y > 0, y′ < 0 (decreasing function) therefore

The approximations are better using h = 0.05.

(c) When h = 0.05, the errors will again be approximately halved.

(c) When h = 0.05, the error will again be approximately halved.

92. False. The slope field could represent many different

95. f ( x) + f ′′( x) = − xg ( x) f ′( x), g ( x) ≥ 0

So, f ( x) + f ′( x) is increasing for x < 0 and decreasing for x > 0.

Because y′ + p( x) y = q( x), you have y − t = q( k ) − p( k )t ( x − k )

Section 6.2 Growth and Decay

23. y = Ce kt , (0, 2), ( 4, 3)

2 = Ce5k  10 = 5Ce k Because the half-life is 1599 years,

2Ce k = 5Ce5k 10 = 20ek (1599)

33. Because the initial quantity is 5 grams, C = 5. 37. y = Ce kt

When t = 100, y = Ce ln(1 2) 1599(100)

≈ 0.54 g. 39. Because A = 1000e0.12t , the time to double is given by

C ≈ 2.161. 40. Because A = 28,000e0.025t , the time to double

「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 06 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本

「9781337616249 - CalcMetric - 06 - CSM.pdf」複本的副本