66 Power Electronics and Control Techniques for Maximum Energy Harvesting

96
u∆P = 2uP ∆P
94

92
PV Power [W]

90
∆VPV
88

86

84
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
PV Voltage [V]
(a)

96 uP

94
∆P
PV Power [W]

92

90 uP

88 ∆VPV

86

84
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
PV Voltage [V]
(b)

Figure 2.21
Balancing the steady-state oscillations for error compensation. (a) Two points with similar
power. (b) Two points well displaced on the PV curve.

therein, the basic P&O MPPT technique is compared with some improved
versions. Some of them suggest the use of a waiting function aimed at freez-
ing the duty cycle perturbation value if the sign of Δd is reversed several
times in a row. This trick reduces the hill climbing of the operating point
across the MPP under stationary irradiance conditions, but it deteriorates the
system response under changing atmospheric conditions. This emphasizes
the P&O erratic behavior under rapidly changing irradiance conditions typi-
cal of cloudy days.