ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving us the
strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this project study and to
persevere and complete it with satisfaction.

We are ineffably indebted to our Principal Dr. B. GIRIRAJ, for giving us this
opportunity and encouraging us to accomplish this project.

We are highly indebted to Mr. M. R. VIGNNESH BABU, lecturer, for his valuable
guidance and constant supervision. Without his able guidance, this project would not have
been possible and we shall eternally be grateful to him for his assistance.

We acknowledge with deep sense of reverence, our special gratitude towards our Head
of the Department Mrs. S. SASIKALA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
for his guidance, inspiration and suggestions in our quest for knowledge.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents for their tremendous
contribution in helping us reach this stage in our life. This would not have been possible without
their unwavering and unselfish love, cooperation and encouragement given to us at all times.

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend our sincere
thanks to all of them.

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.
 ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

In teaching and learning process, the main focus is on teacher and student, delivering and
receiving information and knowledge. Nowadays, there are many methods which are used by teachers
to deliver their knowledge such as a computer, note but not the least whiteboard or blackboard as a
medium to deliver the information to students.

One of the problems we are experiencing in our classroom is erasing the blackboard. Chalk
is a composite of calcium carbonate and it looks like a stick. It was comfortable but it creates dust
during wiping the board using the duster.

A duster is a device which is used to wipe the writings from the board. Though the
blackboard has not lost its popularity as in present time and it's being used widely across the world.
Chalk dust scatter causes extreme nuisance especially for people who have asthma, skin irritation, and
serious health problems. Blackboards require a lot of time to get rubbed which increase the demand
for whiteboards.

The first whiteboards were very expensive and were made of enamelled steel but seeing the
growing demand in the market cheaper whiteboards made of steel with polyester or acrylic coating of
white colour on it was launched. Here a marker pen is used as pen medium and as duster a piece of
cloth or a foam duster. As the whiteboard has the advantage of not creating the dust as it only makes
the duster dirty and it is very much comfortable using marker pen as it comes in different colours.

Across the world now the whiteboard is the best writing medium. Different types of
whiteboards like laminated chipboard, high-pressure laminated boards, and porcelain boards were
launched in the market for cheaper alternatives. Now almost everything is automated and the
automation system has the capacity to reduce the human effort and to make any arrangement easier.

We have attended many lectures on Power electronics, Digital communication, and Digital
signal processing and so on. What we always say that teachers need to clean every corner of the board
for plotting graphs and writing equations. Teachers more time and energy is wasted in cleaning the
board during 60 minutes lecture. The link of teaching is disturbed. So after cleaning board teachers
need to pay more attention to students to get them on track again. This is a very difficult task to do.

This motivated us to propose “AUTOMATIC WHITEBOARD CLEANER”. The mechanism

of the automated board cleaner entails a horizontal motion. The duster which
spans horizontally across the width of the board is to clean the board. The design is such that when
the switch is turned on, the motor transmits energy which turns the duster material which in turn,
drives the pulley. The duster is fixed to the pulley chains which move to and from (horizontal motion)
along its plane, thereby cleaning the board.

Then the voltage is given to DC motor through L298N motor driver. In the Arduino program,
there is uploaded for DC motors rotation. After getting instruction from Arduino dc motors are rotate
at speed by given instruction in the program. Motors are connected to a mechanical shaft which has
also cleaning material of duster is attached. After start rotating of motors in the path the shaft also
moves and due to this the cleaning material of duster getting a move and it is closed to the whiteboard
surface.

So, it cleans the white board cleaner the written-on boards Modifications were also done in
cleaning and rubbing methods of whiteboards. Remote control motorized cleaners were innovated to
reduce the human efforts required for cleaning. This type of cleaner is operated by motors and is
controlled by the switch. In this paper Part II describes the Related Work where several previous
works have noted.

The methodology is explained in Part III of the paper which introduces the different elements
of the automatic whiteboard cleaner like LN298 MOTOR DRIVE, DC motor, motor drivers. Part IV
of the paper describes the Results & Discussion.

Then we conclude the paper along with future scope in Part V. Acknowledgement and
References are shown at the end of this paper

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The main aim of this project is to design and develop Automatic Whiteboard cleaning system
using Microcontroller which can overcome the problems related to discomfort for the teacher,
breaking concentration and conceptual link between lecturer and student and wastage of time and
energy while erasing the board. Objectives:

∙ To achieve a general understanding of the technology implicated in using automatic

whiteboard cleaner in college.

 It is not necessary to waste time cleaning up the written word.

 Saves our valuable and precious time.
 Cleaning work, merely by using an automatic board cleaner.

 low-cost and user-friendly whiteboard cleaning machine.

OUTCOMES

 The duster will successfully clean the whiteboard automatically.

 This project will reduce the time and save the time for teacher

HARDWARE

POWER SOURCE

12v DC power supply is given to the motor and motor drive, 5v DC supply is given to
Arduino uno.

RACK AND PINION

It is the gear mechanism that moves the duster and is attached to the railing. The length
of the rack is 18 inches.

RAILING

The Railing holds the rack and the duster holder at both ends. The railings are placed at both
ends of the board and can extend an additional 17 inches.

12 DC MOTOR

The Motors moves the duster using the rack & pinion and railing mechanism. Its is rated
at 60 RPM with high torque.

12v DC POWER SUPPLY

Supplies the motor with sufficient power to run via the motor drive.

WHITE BOARD

It is the component that is to be erased be the duster and to be written on

DUSTER MATERIAL

The material used is lambswool and cotton.

ARDUINO UNO

Arduino UNO is the controller of the hardware and instructs the motor to rotate based on the
given program.

MOTOR DRIVE

Provides the instruction to the motor as the output from the Arduino.
ADVANTAGES

 Construction is very simple and it requires less maintenance.

 Low cost.
 Portable in size and easily transportable.
 No external devices are used here to control it.
 Less manual work.
 Save time.
 Easy and Fast operation with maximum wiping area.
 Problem of the dust can be reduced.

PARTS USED IN PROPOSED HARDWARE

 Rack and pinion.

 Railing.
 Motor Drive.
 DC Motor.
 White board.
 Duster material.
 Arduino uno3.
 Power supply.

APPICATIONS

 College Lecture Halls

 Classrooms
 Office conference rooms
 Table of Contents

S.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Existing System 2

1.2 Proposed System 2

1.3 Block Diagram of Automatic White Board Cleaner 2

1.4 Concluding Remarks 4

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Journal Paper 5

2.3 Concluding Remarks 7

3. DESIGN OF HARDWARE CIRCUIT 8

3.1 Introduction 8

3.2 Overall Circuit Diagram 8

3.3 Arduino Uno 3 11

3.4 DC Series motor 15

3.5 Motor drive LN298 17

3.6 rack and pinion set 18

3.7 Telescopic Railing 19

3.8 white board 19

3.9 Concluding Remarks 20

4. DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE 21

4.1 Introduction 21

4.2 Explanation of Construction 21

4.3 Installation of Moving Components 23

4.4 Explanation of Final Outcome 25

4.5 Cost of Proposed Hardware 26

4.6 Concluding Remarks 26

5. DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE 27
5.1 Introduction 27
5.2 Algorithm 27
5.3 Flowchart 28
5.4 Program Development Steps 29
5.5 Concluding Remarks 29
6. TESTING AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS 30
6.1 Introduction 31
6.2 Result Analysis 32
6.3 Conclusion Remarks 32
7. CONCLUSION 32
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

3.3 Arduino Specifications 11
3.4 DC Series motor Specifications 15
3.5 Motor Drive Specifications 17
4.6 Cost Of hardware 26
6.3 motor output and analysis 32
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Existing Hardware

White boards are widely used in almost every educational institute. About 70-80% educational
institute around the world uses white board as the writing medium in their class room. They are large in
size, for that reason it is very time-consuming process to erase the writings from the board with duster.
Using duster also reduce the visual quality of the board. If a class continues about one hour, then about 8-
10% time become waste because of cleaning the board using duster.

The invention of blackboards was a revolutionary change in the history of mankind which led to
the development of the society. One of the problems that are experienced in a classroom is erasing the
blackboard. Chalk dust scatter causing extreme nuisance especially for people who have asthma. Also,
chalk dust causes skin irritation and serious health problems.

Blackboards require lot of time to get rubbed which increase the demand of whiteboards. The first
whiteboards were very expensive and was made of enameled steel but seeing the growing demand in the
market cheaper whiteboards made of steel with polyester or acrylic coating of white color on it were
launched. Innovations in the field of whiteboards were done since a long time. Different types of
whiteboards like laminated chipboard, high pressure laminated boards and porcelain boards were
launched in the market for cheaper alternatives.

Modifications were also done in cleaning and rubbing methods of whiteboards. Remote control
motorized cleaners were innovated to reduce the human efforts required for cleaning. This type of cleaner
is operated by motors and is controlled by switch or remote.

A blackboard is a black canvas where a chalk is used as the pen medium. Chalk is a composite of
calcium carbonate and it looks like a stick. It was comfortable but it creates dust during wiping the board
using the duster. A duster is device which is used to wipe the writings from the board. Though the black
board has not lost its popularity as in present time and it’s being used widely across the world. But a
white board is the modified version of the black board. Here a marker pen is used as pen medium and as
duster a piece of cloth or a foam duster. As the white board has the advantage of not creating the dust
as it only makes the
duster dirty and it is very much comfortable using marker pen as it comes in different colors. Across the
world now white board is the best writing medium during teaching.

Proposed Hardware

Considering this “The board wiper”, an automatic system can solve these problems. The board
wiper will shorten the time and also the effort. It takes around 8 sec to clear the board without destroying
the quality. The wiper has horizontal movements and it wipes the board twice at a short time. The wiper
consists of electric motor, supports, a wiper bar and a microcontroller to give that an automation figure. It
is possible to control the wiper by a remote-control system and this allows the controller to wipe the board
from a reasonable distance. And it has an advantage to remove the wiper if it’s necessary to clean and the
whole wiper system can be established at a very low cost. So, “The Automatic board wiper” is a
spectacular replacement of “duster” and it can be suggested to use this to reduce the effort of the board
user as well as to introduce the classroom with an automation system.

Block Diagram of Automatic White Board Cleaner

Fig. (1.1) Block Diagram of Automatic White Board Cleaner.

The Arduino UNO board is the controller of the whole system. Motor driver is used to
control the DC motor.
Basic Working

A 12v DC motor is used as the main actuator controlled by an Arduino using a motor drive. The
motor controls the movement of the duster across the board and does not use any sensors. The motor is
instead controlled using delays as the distance of the part of the white board that is to be wiped is a
constant. The duster moves across the board a set no. of times each time it is activated

Components

Arduino
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project that design and
manufactures single board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analogue input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or bread boards and other circuits.

Fig. (1.2) Arduino Uno 3.

The microcontroller can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a
standard API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing language and used
with a modified version of the Processing IDE.
L298n Motor Driver

The L298N Motor Driver Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving DC and Stepper
Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator.

Fig. (1.3) Motor Driver.

L298N Module (Fig 1.3) can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and
speed control.

Whiteboard

A whiteboard is a glossy, usually white surface for making non-permanent markings.

Fig. (1.4) White Board.

Whiteboards (Fig 1.4) are analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface allowing
for rapid marking and erasing of markings on their surface.
Concluding Remarks

This chapter deals about the existing system, the objective of the proposed system, and the
detailed explanation of the block diagram of the project. The next chapter covers the literature survey and
journal papers related to the project.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the literature survey of the project showing various analyses and researches
made in this particular field photodiode characteristic study kit. The main objective and the key
implementations of the following journal papers are studied and briefed.

JOURNAL PAPER

The journal papers with implementation rack and pinion gears with a motor using an Arduino. The
project is based on the motorized control using a rack and pinion gear. A total of five journal papers are
briefed in their aspects of objective, purpose, working and final outcome.

APPLICATION OF RACK PINION

This journal paper was published International Conference on Design, Automation, and Control
(ICDAC 2020) 6th-8th January 2020, Vellore, India. The authors of this journal paper are T. Narendran
Babu, E Rajkumar, Tanmay Joshi, Vedant Patil and Wasif Mukaddam. The contents of this journal paper
are of 10 pages.

INTRODUCTION

Due to its simplicity in construction and compactness the rack-and-pinion steering is one of the
most recurrent types of steering systems. Its implementation is mostly in, but not limited to cars, small
trucks and SUVs. It is a simple mechanism that directly transforms the rotational motion of the steering
wheel into linear movement at the wheels. It constitutes a rack-and-pinion gear set enclosed inside a
metal tube, with each extremity of the rack protruding from the tube. A rod, known as tie rod, attaches to
each end of the rack. The pinion gear, linked with the steering shaft, turns in tandem with the steering
and consequently moves the rack. The tie rod at the extremities of the rack attaches the spindle with the
steering arm.

Topology optimization is a mathematical method to optimize material arrangement contained by

a given design space, directed at a particular set of boundary conditions, loads and constraints . It
implements Finite Element Analysis (FEM) to evaluate design performance and optimizes the component
geometry
ARDUINO UNO 3

This journal paper was published on IEEE International Conference on Tools and techniques for
engineering wizardry in 2002.The authors of this journal paper are Jeremy Blum. The contents of this
journal paper are of 8 pages.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and
turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell
your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you
use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have
added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and
experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider
community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its
offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments.

DC Motor Speed Control Through Arduino and L298N Motor Driver Using PID
Controller

This journal paper was published on International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Emerging
Technology, Vol. 04, No. 02, DEC 2021, pp 21-24. The authors of this journal paper are Pirah Peerzadaa,
Wasi Hyder Larika, Aiman Abbas Maharb. The contents of this journal paper are of 4 pages.

INTRODUCTION
Among various actuators, DC motors are the mostly common in use. It is so because of their
higher efficiency, greater speed torque characteristics and availability in the market. Moreover, there is a
great variety in DC motors due to which they are largely used according to their applications. In DC
motor, to control its speed is a great concern.
 There are numerous techniques through which speed of the DC motor can be controlled. This
paper aims to develop an algorithm in which we can achieve desired speed of a DC motor on simulation
created in Simulink-MATLAB. The algorithm is furthermore implemented on hardware system to check
the actual response of DC motor. Moreover, simulated response is compared with INTRODUCTION
Among various actuators, DC motors are the mostly common in use. It is so because of their higher
efficiency, greater speed torque characteristics and availability in the market. Moreover, there is a
great variety in DC motors due to which they are largely used according to their applications. In DC
motor, to control its speed is a great concern. There are numerous techniques through which speed of the
DC motor can be controlled.
This paper aims to develop an algorithm in which we can achieve desired speed of a DC motor on
simulation, created in Simulink-MATLAB. The algorithm is furthermore implemented on hardware
system to check the actual response of DC motor. Moreover, simulated response is compared with actual
response of hardware system in order to observe the accuracy and precision.
he algorithm which would be used here is based on proportional integral derivative (PID) theory
of control engineering. actual response of hardware system in order to observe the accuracy and precision.
The algorithm which would be used here is based on proportional integral derivative (PID) theory of
control engineering.

L298N MOTOR DRIVER

This L298N Motor Driver Module that is shown in fig. 3 is a high-power motor driver module for
driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V
regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed
control.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This chapter details the summary of the journal papers are referred and its details have been
discussed. The journal papers discussed above are helpful for the present conditions and with wide future
scopes. The implementation has been used for reference in this system. The next chapter is the design of
hardware circuits.
 CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF THE HARDWARE CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION

The project white board cleaner is being proposed with automating white board cleaner in order
to clean the white board automatically. Rack and pinion gear, Arduino uno, telescopic rail, DC geared
motor, Arduino uno, power supply, white board cleaner, duster material, connecting wires, push button,
motor driver gives the output in forward and reverse.

OVER ALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The Fig.(3.1) and Fig(3.2) describes overall circuit diagram of the automatic white board cleaner.
Hardware is designed to function automatically, the overall circuit diagram comprises of LN298 motor
drive and it functions the 12-v geared DC motor.

Fig.(3.1) Circuit Diagram Of Proposed Hardware

The whole system is based upon two individual parts, one is the wiping system which ensure to
erase writings and other is the controlling part which control the wiping system.
 The wiping system consists of the necessary arrangement which enable the wiper slide over the
board and the controlling system consists of micro-controller which control the motor, rpm, and the time
of rotation.The over all controlling units contain the following elements:

 Ardunio UNO
 12 v DC adaptor
 Ln298 motor drive
 12 v dc geared motor
 Jumper wires
 +5v and +12 dc power supply for arduino and motor drive
 Interfacing cable

Fig.(3.2) Hardware Diagram Of Proposed Hardware

CONSTRUCION OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

After completing the virtual design main design has been executed. Material is same as it
determined. The main structure dimension is also same. But some attachment is added for better
performance. The main constructed model is shown in fig.(3.3) below
 The overall circuit of the automatic white board cleaner is constructed with motor drive such as
LN298 motor drive, the automatic white board clenaer is connected to the Microcontroller Arduino UNO
3. The Arduino UNO 3 is embedded inside a device to control the actions and it cantake from motor
drive.

Fig.(3.3)Construction Of The Circuit Diagram

A power source is given the systems.The power source contains an DC main supply is given to
the motor drive followed the connetion is further given to motor

WORKING PRICIPLE OF THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The main aim of this project is to design and develop Automatic Whiteboard cleaning system
using Microcontroller which can overcome the problems related to discomfort for the teacher, breaking
concentration and conceptual link between lecturer and student and wastage of time and energy while
erasing the board.

Objectives:

 To achieve a general understanding of the technology implicated in using automatic

whiteboard cleaner in college.
 The written can easily clean and not a waste of time.
 To saves our valuable and precious time.
 To do cleaning work, merely by using an automatic board cleaner.
 Make a low cost and user-friendly whiteboard cleaning machine.

Outcomes:

 Successfully cleans the whiteboard automatically.

 students were getting bored, deviates from the topic and start chatting on mobile. The link of teaching
is disturbed. So, after cleaning board teachers need to pay more attention to students to get them on track
again. This is a very difficult task to do. This motivated us to propose “AUTOMATIC WHITEBOARD
CLEANER”. The mechanism of the automated board cleaner entails a horizontal motion. The duster
which spans horizontally across the width of the board is to clean the board. The design is such that when
the switch is turned on, the motor transmits energy which turns the shaft which in turn, drives the pulley.
The duster is fixed to the pulley chains which move to and from (horizontal motion) along its plane,
thereby cleaning the board. The first command signal is given to motor drive. Then the voltage is given to
DC motor through L298N motor driver. In the Arduino program, there is uploaded for DC motors
rotation. After getting instruction from Arduino dc motors are rotate at speed by given instruction in the
program. Motors are connected to a mechanical shaft which has also cleaning material of duster is
attached.

After start rotating of motors in the path the shaft also moves and due to this the cleaning
material of duster getting a move and it is closed to the whiteboard surface. So, it cleans the written-on
boards.

ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER UNO 3

ATmega328P. Arduino Microcontroller Table(3.5)has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6

can be used as PWM outputs), 6 Analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

Arduino UNO contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker
with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst- case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again Ardunio UNO Specification were given above
Table(3.5).

Power Supply

The power supply of the Arduino can be done with the help of an exterior power supply
otherwise USB connection. The exterior power supply (6 to 20 volts) mainly includes a battery or an
AC to DC adapter. The connection of an adapter can be done by plugging a centre- positive plug (2.1mm)
into the power jack on the board. The battery terminals can be placed in the pins of Vin as well as GND.
The power pins of an Arduino board include the following.
Vin

The input voltage or Vin to the Arduino while it is using an exterior power supply opposite to
volts from the connection of USB or else RPS (regulated power supply). By using this pin, one can
supply the voltage.

5V Pin

The RPS can be used to give the power supply to the microcontroller as well as components
which are used on the Arduino board. This can approach from the input voltage through a regulator.

3V3 Pin

A 3.3 supply voltage can be generated with the onboard regulator, and the highest draw current will
be 50 mA.

GND

There are 4 ground pins on the basic Arduino. Two of which are at the power connector, which
can take the most current and should be used whenever possible. 1 pin is on the opposite side of the
board, on the 10-pin heather

Memory

The memory of an Atmega328 microcontroller includes 32 KB and 0.5 KB memory is utilized

for the Boot loader), and also it includes SRAM-2 KB as well as EEPROM-1KB.

Serial Pins

The serial pins of an Arduino board are TX (1) and RX (0) pins and these pins can be used to
transfer the TTL serial data. The connection of these pins can be done with the equivalent pins of the
Atmega8 U2 USB to TTL chip.

Input and Output

It is known that an Arduino Uno R3 includes 14-digital pins which can be used as an input
otherwise output by using the functions like pin Mode (), digital Read (), and digital Write (). These
pins can operate with 5V, and every digital pin can give or receive 20mA, & includes a 20k to 50k ohm
pull up resistor. The maximum current on any pin is 40mA which cannot surpass for avoiding the
microcontroller from the damage. Additionally, some of the pins of an Arduino include specific functions.
External Interrupt Pins

The external interrupt pins of the board are 2 & 3, and these pins can be arranged to activate an
interrupt on a rising otherwise falling edge, a low-value otherwise a modify in value

PWM Pins

The PWM pins of an Arduino are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, & 11, and gives an output of an 8-bit PWM
with the function Analog Write ().

Fig.(3.5) Arduino UNO Board

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Pins

The SPI pins are 10, 11, 12, 13 namely SS, MOSI, MISO, SCK, and these will maintain the SPI
communication with the help of the SPI library.

LED Pin

An arguing board is inbuilt with a LED using digital pin-13. Whenever the digital pin is high, the
LED will glow otherwise it will not glow.
TWI (2-Wire Interface) Pins

The TWI pins are SDA or A4, & SCL or A5, which can support the communication of TWI
with the help of Wire library.

AREF (Analog Reference) Pin

An Analog reference pin is the reference voltage to the inputs of an Analog I/P using the function
like Analog Reference ().

Reset (RST) Pin

This pin brings a low line for resetting the microcontroller, and it is very useful for using an
RST button toward shields which can block the one over the Arduino R3 board.

Communication

The communication protocols of an Arduino Uno include SPI, I2C, and UART serial
communication.

UART

An Arduino Uno uses the two functions like the transmitter digital pin1 and the receiver digital
pin0. These pins are mainly used in UART TTL serial communication.

I2C

An Arduino UNO board employs SDA pin otherwise A4 pin & A5 pin otherwise SCL pin is
used for I2C communication with wire library. In this, both the SCL and SDA are CLK signal and data
signal.

SPI Pins

The SPI communication includes MOSI, MISO, and SCK.

MOSI (Pin11)

This is the master out slave in the pin, used to transmit the data to the devices MISO

(Pin12)

This pin is a serial CLK, and the CLK pulse will synchronize the transmission of which is produced
by the master.
SCK (Pin13)

The CLK pulse synchronizes data transmission that is generated by the master. Equivalent pins
with the SPI library is employed for the communication of SPI. ICSP (in-circuit serial programming)
headers can be utilized for programming AT mega microcontroller directly with the boot loader.

S.no Parameter Description

1. Microcontroller Atmega328P

2. Operating Voltage 5V

Input
3. 7-12 V
voltage(recommended)

4. Input voltage(limits) 6-20

5. Digital I/O pins 14

6. Analogue input pins 6

7. DC current per I/O pin 40mA

8. DC current for 3.3 V pin 50mA

9. Flash memory 32KB

10. SRAM 2KB

11. EEPROM 1KB

12. CLOCK SPEED 16MHz

Table(3.5) Arduino Specifications

DC SERIES MOTOR

A DC motor Fig(3.6) is defined as a class of electrical motors that convert direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. From the above definition, we can conclude that any electric motor that is
operated using direct current or DC is called a DC motor Fig(3.6).

Fig.(3.6) DC Series Motor

The DC motor construction and how the DC motor converts the supplied DC electrical energy
into mechanical energy is covered below.

Armature or Rotor

The armature of a DC motor is a cylinder of magnetic laminations that are insulated from one
another. The armature is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The armature is a rotating part
that rotates on its axis and is separated from the field coil by an air gap

Field Coil or Stator

A DC motor field coil is a non-moving part on which winding is wound to produce a magnetic
field. This electro-magnet has a cylindrical cavity between its poles.

Commutator

The commutator of a DC motor is a cylindrical structure that is made of copper segments stacked
together but insulated from each other using mica. The primary function of a commutator is to supply
electrical current to the armature winding.
Brushes

The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon structure. These brushes conduct
electric current from the external circuit to the rotating commutator. Hence, we come to understand that
the commutator and the brush unit are concerned with transmitting the power from the static electrical
circuit to the mechanically rotating region or the rotor.

S.no Name Specfications

1. Motor speed 60 RPM

2. Torque 2 kg/cm

3. Shaft length 63 mm

4. Max load current 350 mA at 12 v-60 RPM

5. Max torque 3.5 kg-cm at 12 v-60 RPM

6. Motor type Series motor with Gear box,

metal gears
Table(3.6) DC Series motor Specifications

Motor Drive (LN298)

This L298N Motor Driver Fig(3.7) Module is a high-power motor driver module for driving DC
and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N
Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control. The L298N
Motor Driver module consists of an L298 Motor Driver IC, 78M05 Voltage Regulator, resistors,
capacitor, Power LED, 5V jumper in an integrated circuit.

The jumper should not be placed when the power supply is greater than 12V and separate 5V
should be given through 5V terminal to power the internal circuitry.ENA & ENB pins are speed control
pins for Motor A and Motor B while IN1& IN2 and IN3 & IN4 are direction control pins for Motor A and
Motor B.

The L298N Motor Driver Fig(3.7)is a controller that uses an H-Bridge to easily control the
direction and speed of up to 2 DC motors.
78M05 Voltage regulator will be enabled only when the jumper is placed. When the power supply is less
than or equal to 12V, then the internal circuitry will be powered by the voltage regulator and the 5V pin
can be used as an output pin to power the microcontroller

Fig.(3.7) LN298 Motor Drive

S.no Name Specifications

1. Double H bridge drive chip LN298N

2. Voltage +5 v

3. Driver voltage 5V-35V

4. Drive current 2A

5. Max power 25 W

6. Dimensions 43x43x26mm

7. Weight 26g

Table (3.7) Motor Drive Specifications

Rack and Pinion

A rack and pinion Fig(3.8) is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear the pinion
engaging a linear gear is known as Rack and Pinion .
 Together, they convert rotational motion into linear motion. Rotating the pinion causes the rack
to be driven in a line. Conversely, moving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to rotate. A rack and
pinion drive can use both straight and helical gears.

Helical racks, while being more affordable, have proven to increase side torque on the datums,
increasing operating temperature leading to premature wear.

Fig.(3.8) Rack and Pinion

Straight racks require a lower driving force and offer increased torque and speed per percentage
of gear ratio which allows lower operating temperature and lessens viscal friction and energy use. The
maximum force that can be transmitted in a rack and pinion mechanism is determined by the tooth pitch
and the size of the pinion as well as the gear ratio.

S.no Specification Rating

1. Length 15Inch
2. Width 11cm
3. Weight 90g
4. Material Plastic
5. Construction 3D printedS
6. Pinion Outer Diameter 6 cm
7. Pinion width 1 cm
Table(3.8)Rack And Pinion Specifications
Telescopic Railing
Telescopic Rails Fig(3.9) Heavy are designed specifically for industrial applications. They are
ideal for applications with frequent movements, high loads, minimal deflection and high precision.
The telescopic rails have a load capacity of up to 2 ton/pair.

Fig.(3.9) Telescopic Railing

The Difference in expanded and length is the distance that the duster travels across the board(18
inches)

White Board

A whiteboard Fig(3.10) (also known by the terms marker board, dry-erase board, dry- wipe
board, and pen-board) is a glossy, usually white surface for making non-permanent markings.
Whiteboards are analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface allowing for rapid marking and
erasing of markings on their surface.

Fig.(3.10) White Board

The popularity of whiteboards increased rapidly in the mid-1990s and they have become a
fixture in many offices, meeting rooms, school classrooms, and other work environments.
CONCLUDING REMARKS

This chapter dealt about the Overall Circuit Diagram, its working and cost Estimation of the Mini
Project. The development of each hardware modules is explained in the next chapter.
 CHAPTER 4

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE

INTRODUCTION

Hardware development is the complex effort that includes the creation and optimization of
electronics, electrical and mechanical system elements that performs various computational processes.
This chapter deals about the hardware development of the automatic whiteboard cleaner and its
revisions.

EXPLANATION OF CONSTRUCTION

The start of the design was combining two planks of wood in to one folding piece via a
hinge mechanism Fig.(4.2). This draft was discarded to impracticality of needing a folding holder
since it would be stationary and unmoved once set.

Fig.(4.2) Base Set Of The Proposed Hardware

The second Draft, the one that the current hardware is built on, is combining the already
existing wooden planks into a single large unmoving piece. This is done by placing a joint along the
meeting point of both boards and using a plank the length of the boards with a small width as the
joining material.
 The bottom of the board had two long thin pieces of wood nailed at the edges for elevation
and footing Fig.(4.3).

Fig.(4.3) Cut Section View Of Motor

The duster Fig(4.4) portion of the hardware is building using a thin rod like piece of wood
with a felt like material nailed to it. The material used as the cleaning agent is a buffer tool that was
cut into a thin strip.

Fig.(4.4)Duster Material Position

The top side of the board also has two pieces of wood nailed to its edges to house the desk
railings on each side and to secure the whiteboard in place when it is fitted.

The Whiteboard is then fitted into place and had two small blocks of wood on each side to
prevent any form of shaking or sliding.The Duster is was not fitted at this stage
INSTALLATION OF MOVING COMPONENTS

The next step in the construction is the fitting of the moving parts Fig(4.5). The first to be
installed is the desk railings. The top part of the railings was removed and the bottom portion was
taken out for installation and was nailed in to place using a wide headed screw.

Fig.(4.5) Railing Attached With Rack And Pinion Set Up

The top part of the railing was installed after. This part repeated initially when nails were
used due to the interference of the sliding motion caused by the nails hitting the top part of the
railing

Fig.(4.6) Motor Cut Section View

The Rack was the next part to be installed and it was done by drilling holes into the two
pieces. After screwing the rack to the top portion of the railing, the two separate pieces were glued
together. Initially the rack was supposed to be stuck to the railing by using hot glue but the adhesive
was not strong enough to hold the rack when force was applied.
 The motor was attached by placing it into the hole made as stated in Fig(4.6) and was fitted
by applying foam on the sides with an acrylic strip holding it down from the top. The hole was
mildly adjusted to pinion, that was attached to the motor, to better align with the rack.

Fig.(4.7) Motor Cut Section View

The Slot for the Motor is Made by using a hacksaw. The Slot will be padded with foam
sheets so that the motor won’t vibrate or move from the slotted area. The Motor is set into the slot
without the foam pad for testing purposes, in the final build it is cushioned by foam sheets and held
down by an acrylic strip

Fig.(4.8) Motor Cavity

The Motor Fig(4.8) itself was changed in the process due to the first motor lacking initial
torque
EXPLANATION OF FINAL OUTCOME

After the installation of the moving parts, only the duster was left to be fitted. At first the
duster was fitted using a L-shaped metal bracket on either side to hold it in place but it was able to be
done due to difficulties in drilling a hole into the bracket is shown in Fig(4.9).

Fig.(4.9) Final Out Come Of The Proposed Hardware

The next alternative was using acrylic. A similar L-joint was made with the acrylic and fitted.
Though the duster was able to move across the board, there was a significant slant during the wiping
process and was not able to cover the entire board at all due the slant.

The joint was further secured by using two bolts at each end. This reduced the slant
significantly but after a short while the joint broke as it could not withstand the shearing force.

The joint is now revised to be a single unit that is bridged on both side while fitting the duster
under the bridge. This removed the slanting almost completely and had no visible sign of wear.

The Duster has a small issue of not having enough surface pressure to wipe the board
properly. Thus, a small amount of foam sponge was added on top the duster strip to provide the
required pressure. The Board Cleaner now works as intended.
 COST OF HARDWARE

S.NO NAME QUANTITY COST

(INR)
1 Rack and pinion 2 950
2 Railings 2 450
3 White board 1 350
S4 Duster material 1 25
5 Ply wood 1 100
6 Dc series motor 1 150
7 Motor drive 1 150
8 12v AC to DC adaptor 1 370
9 Interface cable 1 26
10 Connecting wires 10 20
11 Arduino UNO 3 1 400
12 Glue 1 20
13 Other supplementary 3 20
Total 3031

Table (4.5) Cost Of hardware

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This chapter describes about the process of designing, correcting and installing of the
proposed hardware into a working model.
 Chapter 5

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

The proposed hardware is run with an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller coded with
embedded C. The basic outline of the code involves using delays to keep running the motor
until the duster has reached its desired position and reverse the motor for the same length of time.

The Arduino is interface with the LN298 Motor Driver which is connected to the
terminals of the motor. The Motor Driver is connected to the Arduino by 2 pins for each terminal
of the motor. The program revolves around the operation of these 2 pins.

ALGORITHM

Embedded C language algorithm is used to develop the set of instructions that is to be

followed to operate the duster. Algorithm is a set of rules or instructions to be followed by the
Arduino controller. It is a limited sequence of well-defined instructions. Embedded C is a well-
received programming language in software field for developing electronic gadgets. Any
processor used in electronic system is correlated with embedded software.

 Step 1: Start the program.

 Step 2: Define pin number for the motor.

 Step 3: Initialize values for the counting of the motor forward and reverse

motion. Step 4: Set the Motor to move forward.

 Step 5: delay is set for 5 seconds.

 Step 6: Set the motor to move

in reverse. Step 7: Delay is set

for 5 seconds.

 Step 8: The process is looped.

Flowchart
Program Development Step

 The pin connected to the button is set as an input

 The Pins connected to the motor’s positive and negative terminals, pin 10 and 11
respectively, is declared as an output

 The readings from the pin connected to the Button is stored in a variable called “Button”

 The “If” condition is used to check if the Button is pressed(It becomes “HIGH” when
pressed and “LOW” when not)

 The Motor is made to move Forward for 5 seconds by energizing the positive terminal of the
motor

 The Motor is made to move in Reverse for 5 seconds by turning of the positive terminal and
energizing the negative terminal. The if loop is exited
5.5 Concluding Remarks

The software operation of the board is reviewed in this chapter

 CHAPTER 6

TESTING AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

Time to complete the cleaning of the board using this system is average 8.000 sec. On the other
hand, while using the manual process the time of cleaning is about 25 sec which is about four times of
machine time. The proposed white board cleaner takes less time than other previous models. The duster
creates less noise than other motorized cleaners. Sufficient pressure has been included during the
operation due to the attachment of the brush to side reels of the white board which helps to clean the
board very effectively and efficiently. Change of brush is very easy and does not affect any other part
while changing. The system is only applicable to the whole board cleaning. Partial cleaning of the board
is not possible through this system. Is some lagging in to start the motor, averagely it is optimum. For
controlling the positions of the positions of the shaft we have created an Android application called rack
and pinion.

WHITE BOARD POSITIONING

used the platform called MIT app inventor for the application development. The application has
buttons such as forward, backward, and stops.

Fig.(6.1) Duster Starting Position

In the Fig(6.1) below forwarding, the operation is explained. Through the ARDUINO is given
and rack and pinion move forward direction and motor running in a clockwise direction
 In this command given through Arduino uno application is forward ward direction and motor
running in the clock wise direction Fig.(6.2).

Fig.(6.2) Duster Material Ending Position

If the command given through mobile application is back ward. Shaft moves in the back ward
direction and the motor running in the anti-clock wise direction Fig.(6.3).

Fig.(6.3) Duster Material Back To Original Position

As and when stop button in the proposed hard ware is pressed. The motor stops at the current
position due to this shaft also stops suddenly.
Result Analysis

The white board is able to be effectively run and complete the task with no issues. The
motor is slower, when compared to the rated max RPM, when the max rated load is applied but this is
due to the load of the railings and duster mechanism

S.no Rating Result

1. DC Motor RPM with (No load) 60 rpm

2. DC Motor RPM with ( load) 20 rpm

3. Forward Wipe Time 5 seconds

4. Reverse Wipe Time 5 seconds

5. Total Operation Time 10 seconds

6. Total No. of Wipes to clean the 2 wipes per cycle

white board

Table.(6.3) Motor Output And Analysis

The Duster used to rub the boards wipes across the board horizontally and the duster itself is 17 inches
long and an inch wide. The duster uses duster cloth(Cotton Wool) glued with foam to provide adequate
pressure

The current operation only wipes the board as a whole at once but can be programmed later on to
wipe only certain parts without any changes to the hardware.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this chapter the testing of advanced health monitoring system is made and the
respective observations are tabulated and analysed
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1] Sonia Akhter*, Anindo Saha, Md. Rayhan Parvez Koushik, Md. Asaduzzaman, Razoana,
Islam Shorna, Md. Moudud Ahmed,” Automatic Whiteboard Cleaner Using Microcontroller
Based Rack and Pinion Mechanism”, International Conference on
Mechanical, Industrial and Materials Engineering 2015 (ICMIME2015), pp. 11-13 December 2015.
2] S. Joshibaamali, K. Geetha Priya, “Automatic duster machine”, International
Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE). Vol. 12, Issue
1, March 2015.
3] Sunil R. Kewate, Inzamam T. Mujawar, Akash D. Kewate “Development of new smart
design to erase the classroom blackboard of schools/colleges”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical
and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Vol III, Issue III, March 2016.
4] S.Nithyananth, A. Jagatheesh, K. Madan, B. Nirmalkumar, “Convertable four wheels
steering with three mode operation”, International Journal of Research in Aeronautical
and Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2321-3051.
5] Dong Yeop Kim, Jae Min Lee, Jongsu Yoon, et al. “Wall shape recognition using limit
switch module”, International Journal of Control Theory and Computer Modeling
(IJCTCM), April 2014.
6] Mojtaba Khaliliana, Ali Abedi, Adel Deris Zadeh. Energy Procedia. 2012; 14:1992– 1997
7] Deepjyoti Choudhury, “Real Time and Low-Cost Smart Home Automation System Using
Internet of Things Environment”, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering,
Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.225-229, 2019.
8] Sonia Akhter*, Anindo Saha, Md. Rayhan Parvez Koushik, Md. Asaduzzaman, Razoana,
Islam Shorna, Md. Moudud Ahmed,” Automatic Whiteboard Cleaner Using Microcontroller
Based Rack and Pinion Mechanism”, International Conference on
Mechanical, Industrial and Materials Engineering 2015 (ICMIME2015), pp. 11-13 December 2015.
9] S. Joshibaamali, K. Geetha Priya, “Automatic duster machine”, International
Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE). Vol. 12, Issue
1, March 2015.
10] Sunil R. Kewate, Inzamam T. Mujawar, Akash D. Kewate “Development of new smart
design to erase the classroom blackboard of schools/colleges”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical
and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Vol III, Issue III, March 2016.
 Appendix

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode (10, OUTPUT);
pinMode (11, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
digitalWrite (11, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
delay(4500);
}