STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

1. Types of Structures and Loads

 Introduction
 Classification of Structures
 Loads
 Structural Design

2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 Idealized Structure
 Determinacy and Stability
 Equations of Equilibrium
 Application of the Equations of Static Equilibrium

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3. Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses

 Common Types of Trusses
 Classification of Coplanar Trusses
 The Method of Joints
 Zero-Force Members
 The Method of Sections
 Compound Trusses
 Complex Trusses
 Space Trusses

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4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
 Shear and Moment Functions
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam
 Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame
 Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition

5. Cables and Arches

 Cables Subjected to Concentrated Loads
 Cables Subjected to a Uniform Distributed Load
 Three-Hinged Arches

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6. Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures

 Influence Lines
 Influence Lines for Beams
 Influence Lines for Trusses
 Maximum Influence at a Point due to a Series of Concentrated Loads

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

1. TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 INTRODUCTION

Structure - a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Important examples: Important to account:

‣ Buildings ‣ Safety
‣ Bridges ‣ Esthetics
‣ Towers ‣ Serviceability
‣ Economic constraints
‣ Environmental
constraints

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

TIE RODS
- structural members subjected to tensile force

rod bar

angle channel

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

TIE RODS
- structural members subjected to tensile force

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

BEAMS
- usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads

simply supported beam cantilever beam

fixed-supported beam continuous beam

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

BEAMS
- usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

COLUMNS
- members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads (and bending)

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

COLUMNS
- members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads (and bending)

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

TRUSS
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves
as a single object.

compression

tension

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

TRUSS
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves
as a single object.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

CABLES
- structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Unlike tension ties, however, the external load is not applied along
the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

CABLES
- structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Unlike tension ties, however, the external load us not applied along
the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

ARCHES
- structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
secondary loadings involving shear and moment.

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

ARCHES
- structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
secondary loadings involving shear and moment.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

FRAMES
- often used in buildings and re composed of beams and columns that
are either pin or fixed connected.

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

FRAMES
- often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns
that are either pin or fixed connected.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

SURFACE STRUCTURE
- made from a material having very small thickness compared to its
other dimensions.

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 LOADS

Design Codes

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

Volume I – Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)

Volume II – Bridges

DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards 2015

Volume 5 – Bridge Design
Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures

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 LOADS

Dead Loads

Dead loads consists of the weights of the various structural members

and the weight of any objects that are permanently attached to the
structure.

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 LOADS

Dead Loads

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 LOADS

Dead Loads

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 LOADS

Sample Problem No. 1

A floor beam is used to support the 1.83 m width of a lightweight plain

concrete slab having a thickness of 102 mm. The slab serves as a
portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its bottom is
coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.44-m high, 305-mm thick
lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of
the beam. Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter
length of the beam.

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 LOADS

Sample Problem No. 1

Concrete slab:
305 mm
(23.6 kN/m3) (0.102m) (1.83m) = 4.405 kN/m

Plaster ceiling:
(0.24 kN/m2) (1.83m) = 0.439 kN/m
2.44 m
Block wall:
(16.5 kN/m3) (2.44m) (0.305m) = 12.28 kN/m
__________

102 mm Total Load = 17.124 kN/m

0.915 m
0.915 m

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 LOADS

Live Loads

Live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weight of objects temporarily placed on a structure,
moving vehicles, or natural forces.

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 LOADS

Wind Loads

When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind
loading.

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 LOADS

Wind Loads

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 LOADS

Earthquake Loads

Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction

with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the structure.

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 LOADS

Earthquake Loads

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 LOADS

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion
for their designs.

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 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion
for their designs.

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 LOADS

Other Natural Loads

Several other types of live loads may also have to be considered in the
design of a structure, depending on its location or use. These include
the effect of blast, temperature changes, and differential settlement of
the foundation.

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 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Load Combinations

Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration

to both material and load uncertainties.

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

2. ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

IDEALIZED MODELS

typical “pin-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection detail connection detail

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

IDEALIZED MODELS

typical “roller-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection detail connection detail

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

IDEALIZED MODELS

pin support pin-connected joint fixed support fixed-connected joint

torsional spring support torsional spring joint

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

IDEALIZED MODELS

P
P

L/2 L/2
L/2 L/2

actual beam idealized beam

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES

Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction

(1) light cable

(2)

rollers

rocker

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

light cables
rollers & rocker

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES

Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction

(3) smooth contact surface

(4) smooth pin-connected collar

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES

Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction

(5) smooth pin or hinge

(6) fixed support

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

smooth pin or hinge fixed support

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES

Type of Connection Idealized Symbol Reaction

(7)

slider

fixed-connected
collar

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

fixed-connected collar

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Idealized Structure

IDEALIZED MODELS

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Idealized Structure

IDEALIZED MODELS

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Idealized Structure

IDEALIZED MODELS

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Idealized Structure

IDEALIZED MODELS

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Tributary Loadings

ONE-WAY SYSTEM

4.8 kN/m2

0.75m

0.75m

0.75m

3m 1.5m 0.75m

1.5m

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 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Tributary Loadings

ONE-WAY SYSTEM 7.2 kN/m

4.8 kN/m2

3m

10.8 kN 10.8 kN

10.8 kN
5.4 kN 5.4 kN
3m 1.5m

1.5m

1.5m 1.5m

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 2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

 IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Tributary Loadings

TWO-WAY SYSTEM

3m
4.8 kN/m2
3m

1.5m

3m

3m

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