Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the

Primary Grades

Module 4: Measurement
LESSON 1 Time Measure
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Convert one time measure into another;

 Compute for the exact amount of time between two given times; and
 Solve word problem involving time measurement.

Did You Know?

 It would take someone typing 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, around 50
years to type the human genome.
 Measuring time by the Sun, Moon and Stars. As the sun moves across the sky,
shadows change in direction and length, so a simple sundial can measure the
length of a day. It was quickly noticed that the length of the day varies at different
times of the year.

Let's Discuss
Time measurement is very important for us to learn because we are using it almost
the whole day everyday. In Did You Know?, the words minutes, hours, days and years
are all measure of time. How long is each of these? Study the table and the examples that
follow.
1 min (minute) = 60 s (seconds)
1 h (hour) = 60 min
1 day = 24h
1 week = 7 days
1 month = 30 days (April, June, September, November)
31 days (January, March, May, July, August, October, December)
28 days (February on Regular year)
29 days (February on leap year)
1 y (year) = 365 days (366 on a leap year)
1 decade = 10 y
1 century = 100 y

In converting from one unit to another, the rule is:

From bigger to smaller unit multiply
From smaller to bigger unit divide
Example 1: Convert the measurement to the indicated unit.
a. 15 days = _______hours b. 24 min =______sec
Solution:
a. 24 hours = 1 day
24 h ours
15 days x =360 hours
1 day

Thus, 15 days = 360

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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b. 1 minute = 60 seconds
60 sec
24 min x =1440 sec
1 min

Thus, 24 min = 1 440 sec

Example 2: Addition and Subtraction of time.
a. Add 5 h 38 min and 3 h 49 min to find its sum.
b. Jin started watching his favorite show at 9:01 a.m. and finished it at 12:30 p.m.
For how long did he watched the show?
Solution:
a. Add the measures of hours and the measures of minutes.
5 h 38 min
+ 3 h 49 min
8 h 87 min Conversion: 60 min = 1 h
Thus, 87 min = 1 h 27 min
8h
+ 1 h 27 min
9 h 27 min
The sum is 9 h 27 min.
b. To find the time spent, use the formula below:
Amount of Time Spent = Time Finished – Time Started
hour minute
Time Finished 12 30
- Time Started 9 01
Time Spent 3 29

The time spent watching the show is 3 h and 29 min.

Example 3: Grae went biking. He left at 9:30 a.m. and arrived at 2:15 p.m. How long did
he travelled?
Solution: Subtract 9:30 a.m. from 2:15 p.m.
hour minute
Time Finished 2 15
- Time Started 9 30
Time Travelled
Observe that the number of minutes in the minuend is smaller than that of the
subtrahend. In this case, rename the 2 h as 1 h and 60 min, and regroup 60 min with 15
min to make 75 min. Then proceed to subtraction.
hour minute
Time Finished 1 75
- Time Started 9 30
Time Travelled 45
Since the number of hours in the minuend is smaller than that in the subtrahend,
we can always add 12 hours because of the fact that time is modulo 12. It means that the
number of hours in the minuend will become 13. We can now subtract.
hour minute
Time Finished 13 75
- Time Started 9 30
Time Travelled 4 45
Thus, Grae went biking for 4 h and 45 min.

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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Let's Recall

1 min = 60 s
1 h = 60 min 1 month = 28 to 31 days 1 century = 100 years
1 day = 24 h 1 year = 365 or 366 days
1 week = 7 days 1 decade = 10 years

Let's Practice
A. Answer the following.
1. 12 min =____sec
2. 42 h =____day
3. 5 h =____sec
4. 90 min =____hours
5. 120 sec =____min
6. 1 hour =_____minutes
7. 2 days =_____hour
8. 3 hours =_____minutes
9. 1 day =___hours
10. 72 hours =____days

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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B. Write the time below each clock.

C. Find the time or elapsed time.

1. 3 hrs 43 min after 7:15 a.m. ______
2. 9 hrs 4 min before 10:00 p.m. ______
3. 6 hrs 25 min after 10:35 a.m. ______
4. 4 hrs 56 min before 9:38 p.m. ______
5. Between 3:54 AM and 10:15 p.m. ______

D. Solve the following problems.

1. A bus leaves for Daegu at 4:30 p.m. It takes 1 h and 25 min to reach there. At
what time will the bus reach Daegu?
2. The duration of a film show is 3 h and 15 min. It starts at 6:30 p.m. When will it
end?
3. The Orient Express arrived at Busan at 11:55 a.m. The train was 1 h 25 min late.
What was the scheduled arrival time of the train?
4. Joseph visited a fashion show. He stayed there for 2 h and 30 min and went
back home. If he reached the fashion show at 8:45 p.m., what time did he leave
his house?
5. Joon travelled 2 h and 45 min by bus and 4 h 45 min by train. Calculate the time
he spent travelling.
6. David left home at 4:30 p.m. to meet his friend. He came back after 3 h and 25
min. What time did he came back?
7. Malia arrived at school at 7:30 a.m. and left for home at 12:45 p.m. How long
did she stay in school?
8. A circus show started at 6:15 p.m. and ended at 9:30 p.m. What was the
duration of the show?
9. Allison started her homework at 5:30 p.m. and finished it at 9:15 p.m. How
much time did she take to finish her homework?
10. Stiles studies for 3 h and 45 min. He starts studying at 8:05 p.m. At what time
does he finish?

Let's Create
Answer the following questions as creatively as possible.
1. What if there is no concept of time?
2. What if time was not categorized into years, months, hours, minutes and
seconds?

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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LESSON 2 Length, Mass, and Volume

Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Convert units of measure of length, mass, and volume from smaller to larger
and vice versa; and
 Solve word problems involving units of measure of length, mas and volume.

Did You Know?

 Popularly known as Cagayan River, the Rio Grande de Cagayan in Cagayan
Valley in the Northeastern part of Luzon is the longest and largest river in the
archipelago. It is 505 kilometers long and traverses through the provinces of
Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino.
 The moon orbit around earth is elliptical. At perigee, the moon comes as close as
363 104 km. At apogee, the moon comes as far 405 696 km.

Let’s Discuss
The length of Cagayan River is 505 km. kilometer (km) is a unit of length or
distance; hence, it may also be expressed in other units such as meter (m), decimeter
(dm), and so on. For mass, the units used in the metric system are kilogram (kg), gram
(g), centigram (cg), and so on. On the other hand, the units used for volume are liter (L),
milliliter (ml), and so on.

For the lesson, we will learn the units presented on the table below.
Study the table and the examples that follow.

Metric Units of Length Symbol Equivalent in meters

kilometer km 1000 m
hectometer hm 100 m
dekameter dam 10 m
meter m 1m
decimeter dm 0.1 m
centimeter cm 0.01 m
millimeter mm 0.001 m

Metric Units of Mass Symbol Equivalent in grams

kilogram kg 1000 g
hectogram hg 100 g
dekagram dag 10 g
gram g 1g
decigram dg 0.1 g
centigram cg 0.01 g
milligram mg 0.001 g

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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Common Units of Mass Benchmark

1 milligram Mass of a dash of salt
1 gram Mass of a paper clip
1 kilogram Mass of a pair of shoes
1 metric Mass of a car

Metric Units of Volume Symbol Equivalent

kiloliter kl 1000 liters
hectoliter hl 100 liters
dekaliter dal 10 liters
liter l 1 liter
deciliter dl 0.1 liter
centiliter cl 0.01 liter
milliliter mL 0.001 liter

To review, when converting from one unit to another, the rules are:
from bigger to smaller unit --- multiply
from smaller to bigger unit ---divide
Length Mass Volume
1 m = 100 cm 1 kg = 1000 g 1 L = 1000 mL
1 km = 1000 cm

Example 1: How many meters are there in 21 kilometers?

Solution: 1 km = 1000 m; So, 21 km = 21 x 1000 = 21 000 m.
2
Example 2: 18 g is equal to ______ milligrams.
3

Solution: 1 g = 1000 mg. Thus, 18 g/

2 (
1 1000mg
1 g/ )
= 18500 mg.

Example 3: How long is 1225 m in kilometers?

Solution: Convert 1225 m to km. Thus, 1225 m/ ( 1000

1 km
m/)
= 1.225 km

Example 4: Seawater contains 35 g of salt per liter. How many grams of salt are there in
2000 mL of seawater?
Solution: 35 g of salt per liter is the same as 35 g of salt per 1000 mL. (1 L = 1 000 mL).
Hence, 2 x 35 g = 70 g of salt of seawater in 2000 mL of seawater.

Let's Do These
First make an estimate of the length, mass, and volume of the objects. Then do the
actual measurement for you to compare your estimate with the actual one. Be sure to
consider the appropriate unit to use. For instance, for shorter objects, the unit to use may
be centimeter or meter while for long distances the more appropriate unit is kilometer.

Station 1: Measure of Length

Materials: pencils, meter stick, and tape measure
Station 2: Measure of Mass

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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Materials: weighing scale, pebbles, books, and pencils

Station 3: Measure of Volume
Materials: containers of mineral water, soft drinks, and shampoo

Let’s Recall
 Some units of measure for length are centimeter, meter, and kilometer; for
mass and gram and kilogram, while those of volume are milliliter and liter.
 100 cm = 1 m; 1000 m = 1 km
Let's Practice
 1000 g = 1 kg
A. Givethe1000
equivalent
mL = 1measure.
L
Measure of Length Measure of Mass Measure of Volume
1. 1 km = _____m 1. 400 mg + 2 g=____g 1. 2.5 L = _____mL
2. 7 dm = _____m 2. 3 g + 7 g =____cg 2. ¼ L = _____mL
3. 30 mm = _____m 3. 2 kg + 8 hg =_____g 3. 3 ½ L = _____mL
4. 679 dm = _____m 4. 60 mg + 4 g=_____g 4. 2400 mL = _____L
5. 1738 cm = _____hm 5. 2 g + 100 mg =_____kg 5. 860 mL = _____L

B. Solve the following.

1. Sara bought 500 mL of mustard oil, 250 mL of coconut oil and 2 L of refined oil.
What is the total quantity of the 3 oils together?
2. A milkman sold 46 L 200 mL of milk on 3 days of a week and 53 L 195 mL of milk
in next 2 days. What quantity of milk did he sell in 5 days?
3. There are 26 bags of flour. If each bag is 5 kg, what is the total weight of the flour?
4. Making 3 dozen muffins requires 12 ounces of sugar. How much sugar is needed
for making one dozen muffins?
5. The capacity of the milk boiler is 2 L 500 mL of milk. If 1 L 200 mL of milk is put
into the vessel then how much more quantity of milk can be filled in the vessel?

Let's Create
From the given facts below, pose as many problems as you can.
Given Facts: A bottle of 500 mL alcohol costs ₱ 95
A bottle of 1 L alcohol costs ₱ 180
Example: How much will one save if he buys one Bottle of 1L alcohol than two
bottles of 500 mL alcohol?

LESSON 3 Perimeter
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Visualize the concept of perimeter;
 Find the perimeter of figures; and
 Solve word problems involving perimeter.

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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Did You Know?

 The coastline of the Philippines is about twice as long as that of the United States
of America.
 Trillion pesos-bills laid end to end would circle the world 3 882 times.

Let’s Discuss
Though the Philippines is small in terms of land area, yet its coastline is very long
because our country is an archipelago comprising of 7 641 islands. Since coastline
surrounds a certain place, then it can be compared to the perimeter of a figure. The word
perimeter comes from the Greek word perimetros which is a combination of the terms-
peri which means “around” and metron meaning “measure”. Perimeter, therefore, is the
distance around the figure or the sum of all the side lengths of the figure.

Let’s Do These
Perform the following activities.
Activity 1
Find the perimeter of the classroom in terms of number of steps.
Activity 2
Use a drinking straw to measure the perimeter of the bulletin.
Activity 3
Find the perimeter of a chalk-board using a meterstick.

Let’s Recall
 Perimeter is the distance around the figure.
 To find the perimeter of figure, simply add all its side lengths.

Let’s Practice
A. Find the perimeter of the following figures.

1. 2. 3.
7 cm 6 in 10 m

2 cm 4 in 11 m
7m
3 in

4.
5.
7 cm
4 ft
2 cm
5 ft 2 ft
5 cm
3 ft 4 ft
6 cm
3 ft 6 ft

B. Find the missing side length (n) of

the following figures.
1. 2.

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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21
8 n

n 27
Perimeter = 41 Perimeter = 76

3.

Perimeter = 52
C. Find the perimeter of the following

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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1. a rectangle measuring 7 cm by 4 cm 9. an equilateral triangle with sides 21 cm

2. a square with side 8 cm
3. a rectangle with sides 15 mm & 8 mm
4. a square with sides of 2 1/2 cm
5. a rectangle with sides 9 cm and 7 cm
6. a rectangle with sides 31/2 cm & 11/2 cm
7. a regular pentagon with sides 7 cm
8. a square with sides of 1.2 m
10. a regular hexagon with sides 1l mm
11. a regular pentagon with sides 40 cm
12. a regular octagon with sides 9 mm
13. a square with sides 0.8 m
14. a regular decagon with sides 4.5 cm
15. a regular nonagon with sides 0.6 m

D. Solve the following problems.

1. The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 dm while its length is 15 dm. How wide is it?
2. For his project in science, Alvin cut a piece of wood into five sides. The perimeter of
the resulting pentagonal board is 65 dm. If the measure of the four sides is 9 dm, 12
dm, 14 dm, and 15 dm, then what is the length of the fifth side?
3. How long is one side of the square if its perimeter is 100 cm?
4. A rectangle has a perimeter of 70 cm. Its length is 3 cm more than its width. Find the
width of the rectangle.
5. A rectangular school yard is 120 m long and 90 m wide. How many complete runs
around it must a runner make to be sure he sure he has run 2 km?

Let’s Create
Do the following:
1. Draw as many rectangles whose perimeter is 30 and whose length and width are both
natural numbers. Label the length and width. How many rectangles can you make?
2. Use rubber bands on geo boards to create shapes with the following perimeter:
a. a triangle with a perimeter of 16 units
b. a square with a perimeter of 18 units
c. a rectangle with a perimeter of 12 units
d. a figure with a perimeter of 9 units

LESSON 4 Area
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
 Visualize the concept of area;
 Find the area of two-dimensional figures; and
 Solve word problems involving area.

Did You Know?

 The largest city in the Philippines is Davao City. With an area of 2 211 sq. km, it
is about three times the size of the national capital, Metro Manila.

Let’s Discuss
If perimeter is the number of units around a figure, then area is the number of
square units contained in a figure. For instance, below are two squares – the small gray
square and the big white one. The gray square has a side of 1 unit so its area is 1 sq unit.

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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The number of gray squares that can fit inside the white square is the area of the white
square. This shows that area is the number of square units that a figure can contain.

1 sq unit

Let’s Do These
After you have worked on the formula of the square an rectangle in small groups,
let us now summarize the main ideas using the squares we used earlier.
What is the area of the bigger square? Using the small square as unit of measure,
we can find the area of the bigger square by placing as many small squares inside the big
square.

Observe that the big square has a side of 3 units. If there are three squares in the
first layer, then there would three each in the second and third layers since a square’s
sides are congruent.

Therefore, the area of a square can be solves by multiplying the side by itself or
side times side.
Area of a Square = side x side or s2
The area of a rectangle is just an extension of that of a square. Let us find the area
of the triangle below by using the same 1 square unit tiles.

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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The illustration below shows that the length of a rectangle is 4 units while its
width is 3 units.

Therefore,
Area of a Rectangle = length x width
=4x3
= 12 square units

Let’s Recall
 Area is the number of square units that can fit in a figure.
 The formula for the area of a square and rectangle are:
o Area of a Square = side x side
o Area of a Rectangle = length x width

Let’s Practice
A. Use the given 1-unit square tile to estimate the area of the given squares and
rectangles.
1 square unit

1. 4.

2.

5.
3.

B. Find the area of the following.

1. 2.
s = 5 cm w=8m

l = 12 m

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 Module in SPEC 108: Teaching Math in the
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3. w = 7 mm 4. s = 0.8 in

l = 21 mm

C. Solve the following word problems.

1. A piece of plywood was cut so its length was 8 feet by 4 feet. What is the area of the
wood?
2. A book had a length of 5 inches and a width of 10 inches. What is the area of the
book?
3. A rectangle swimming pool was 9 meters wide with a surface area of 90 square
meters. What is the length of the pool?
4. An envelope from the post office is 3 inches wide with a total area of 30 square
inches. What is the height of the envelope?
5. A book had a length of 5 inches and a width of 8 inches. What is the perimeter of the
book?
6. Wendy bought some wrapping paper for Christmas that was 5 feet long and 2 feet
wide. What is the area of the wrapping paper she bought?
7. Rachel was cutting out some fabric for a friend. She cut a piece that was 5
centimeters wide and had an area of 20 cm2. How long was the piece?

Let’s Create
Do the following.
1. Draw as many rectangles whose area is 48 square units and whose dimensions are
natural numbers. Find the perimeter of these rectangles. When is the perimeter
biggest? Least?
2. Use rubber bands on geoboards to create rectangles with a perimeter of 24 units.
How many rectangles can you make? Does the area of the rectangles vary?

Module 4 : Measurement
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Let’s Reflect
Make a Journal on How to Teach Measurement the Easy Way.

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