Roy

alUni
ver
sit
yofBhut
an
Ji
gmeNamgy
elEngi
neer
ing
Col
l
ege

Semi
nar

Repor
ton

Fi
ref
ight
ingsy
stem

Depar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ing
Submi
tt
edby

Zangl
a(05180184)

1
Acknowl
edgement

Iwoul
dtot
hanka
llt
utor
sforgi
vings
uchoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpl
oreour
sel
vesf
ort
hebe
tt
erme
ntsof
s
tudy.Anda
llt
het
utor
sandf
ri
endsf
ora
ssi
st
ingmedur
ingmys
truggl
e.

2
Abst
ract
Thi
sre
por
tgi
vesa
nove
rvi
ewi
deaoff
ir
ehydr
ants
yst
em us
edi
nsubs
tat
iont
rans
for
mer
.
Fur
the
rmor
ethes
afe
ty,r
eli
abi
li
tya
nde
ffi
ci
enc
yar
eimpr
ove
d.Mor
eove
r,i
tpr
ovi
dest
ype
sof
pumpsa
ndmot
orus
ed.Anda
lsoa
dva
nta
gesa
nddi
sadva
nta
gesoft
hef
ir
ehydr
ants
yst
em.
El
ect
ri
cals
afe
tyi
nthet
ran
sfor
meri
sthemos
timpor
tanta
spe
ct,be
caus
efa
il
ureoft
rans
for
mer
c
oul
dpr
ovet
obehi
ghl
ydi
sas
trous
.Oneoft
hef
reque
ntc
ost
lye
vent
sofpowe
rdi
st
ri
but
ion
t
rans
for
meri
s‘Tr
ans
for
meronf
ir
e’.Tr
ans
for
merf
ir
eca
nle
adt
osi
gni
fi
cantdi
rec
tandi
ndi
rec
t
c
ost
,po
ten
tia
ltoc
asua
lt
ie
sandr
esul
ti
ngl
ia
bil
it
ie
s.Thi
spa
per
sde
scr
ibe
saboutt
hehi
ghve
loc
it
y
wa
ters
pra
yfi
repr
ote
cti
ons
yst
emus
edf
orpowe
rtr
ans
for
mer
sat132/
33kvs
ubs
tat
ion.

3
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
Acknowl
edgement 1
Abst
ract 2
I
ntr
oduct
ion 4
Needsoff
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem 5
Schemat
icdi
agr
am off
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem 6
Chapt
er1.
Classi
fi
cat
ionoff
ir
epr
otect
ionsy
stem 6
Fi
reDet
ect
ionSy
stem 6
Fi
ref
ight
ingsy
stem 7
Chapt
er2.
Classi
fi
cat
ionofpowert
ransf
ormerf
ir
epr
otect
ionsy
stem 7
1.Del
ugeSy
stem 7
2.Fi
xedWat
erSpr
aySy
stem: 7
3.
Wat
erMi
stsy
stem 8
4.Pr
e-act
ionWat
erMi
stSy
stem 8
Chapt
er3.Somecomponent
soff
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem 9
SmokeSensor 9
Temper
atur
eSensor 9
Fl
ameSensor 9
Mi
crocont
rol
l
er 9
Rel
ay 10
Li
ghtEmi
tt
ingDi
ode 10
Jockeypumps 10
Chapt
er4.
Theneedf
ormoder
nfi
ref
ight
ingsy
stems 10
Themoder
nser
gef
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem 11
Chapt
er5:
Fir
efi
ght
ingpr
ecaut
ionsi
npowersubst
ati
on 13
Concl
usi
on 14
Ref
erences Er
ror
!Bookmar
knotdef
ined.

4
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Asmode
rns
oci
et
yta
kesuni
nte
rrupt
ede
lec
tri
ci
tys
uppl
yforgr
ant
ed,e
lec
tri
calut
il
it
ypr
ovi
der
s
a
rei
ncr
eas
ingl
yme
asur
edbyt
her
eli
abi
li
tyoft
hei
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
eus
edt
ode
li
verpowe
rto
c
ons
ume
rs.A s
ingl
eunpl
anne
dout
agec
annotonl
yca
usee
conomi
cdi
sas
terbuta
lsoundul
y
da
mageaut
il
it
ypr
ovi
der
’sgoodna
me.Cons
ume
rss
howl
it
tl
epa
ti
enc
eandl
essunde
rst
and
ingof
t
hec
ompl
exi
ti
esne
ces
sar
ytopr
ovi
deuni
nte
rrupt
ede
lec
tri
cals
ervi
ce.Oneoft
hemos
timpor
tant
pi
ece
sofe
qui
pme
nti
nanys
ubs
tat
ioni
sthepowe
rtr
ans
for
mer
.Oi
lfi
ll
edpowe
rtr
ans
for
mer
s
a
lsopos
ethel
arge
stf
ir
eri
ski
nanys
ubs
tat
ion.Fi
repr
ote
cti
ons
yst
emsde
signe
dspe
cif
ica
ll
yto
a
ddr
esst
heuni
queha
zar
dspos
edbypowe
rtr
ans
for
mer
sar
ede
signc
ons
ide
rat
iont
hatmus
tbe
r
ecogni
zeda
ndunde
rst
ood.

A t
ypi
cal1
17/
15.
2KV,
37/
50/
62.
5-MVA powe
rtr
ans
for
merc
anc
ont
ai
n muc
h mor
e oi
l.
Tr
ans
for
meri
sfi
ll
edwi
thoi
lfors
eve
ralr
eas
onst
hemos
timpor
tantofwhi
chi
sins
ula
tion.
Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,oi
lisus
eda
sac
ool
anta
nda
sdi
el
ect
ri
cfl
uidpr
eve
nti
nga
rci
ng,t
hee
lec
tri
cal
br
eakdownofga
sesa
ccompa
nie
dbyt
hedi
scha
rgea
ndr
esul
ti
ngi
oni
zat
ionknowna
scor
ona
.
Typi
cal
lyt
rans
for
mer
sha
vebe
enp
rot
ect
edus
inga“
bir
dca
ge”us
ings
mal
lk-
fac
torde
luge
noz
zle
stha
tha
vel
imi
te
dwa
ters
pra
ythr
ow.Thi
sli
mit
eds
pra
ycove
rager
esul
tsi
nthene
edf
or
pi
pinga
ndnoz
zlehe
adst
obei
ncl
osepr
oxi
mit
ytot
het
rans
for
mera
swe
lla
sre
qui
ri
nga
n
e
xce
ssi
vea
mountofnoz
zle
stopr
ote
ctt
het
rans
for
mer
.

Whe
nafir
eoc
cur
sinat
rans
for
merat
reme
ndousa
mountofe
ner
gyi
sre
lea
sedt
hatc
anb
equi
te
vi
ole
nta
ndc
ata
str
ophi
ctot
hee
nvi
ronme
nta
nde
qui
pme
nts
urr
oundi
ngt
het
rans
for
mer
.The
pi
pingoft
hebi
rdc
agec
anbeda
mage
dint
hei
nit
ia
lst
age
soft
hee
ventr
esul
ti
ngi
nse
ver
edwa
ter
l
ine
sanda
nin
eff
ect
ives
uppr
ess
ions
yst
em.

I
t’
ses
sent
ia
ltoha
vef
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emi
nsubs
tat
ionduet
ofol
lowi
ngbe
nef
it
s,i
tss
ave
sthe
e
qui
pme
ntf
rom da
mage
,pr
eve
ntt
hel
ossofl
if
eandl
ossofe
qui
pme
nt.Andr
egul
art
ri
al
ope
rat
ionoft
hes
yst
emi
sne
ces
sar
ytode
tec
tanyf
aul
t.

5
Needsoff
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem
Fi
ref
ight
ings
yst
emi
soneoft
hei
mpor
tanta
ndi
nte
gra
lpa
rtsoft
hepl
antf
romas
afe
typoi
ntof
vi
ewa
str
ans
for
meroi
lishi
ghl
yinf
lamma
blea
ndc
anc
aus
egr
eatha
zar
d.I
tss
ave
sthe
e
qui
pme
ntf
rom da
mage
,los
sofl
if
eandl
ossofe
qui
pme
ntc
anbepr
eve
nte
dandr
egul
art
rai
l
ope
rat
ioni
sne
ces
sar
ytode
tec
tanyf
aul
torde
fic
ienc
yint
hes
yst
em.

Howf
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emwor
k?

I
nca
seoff
ir
e,t
hehos
esa
rec
oupl
edt
other
espe
cti
vehydr
anta
ndaj
etofwa
teri
sdi
rec
ted
t
owa
rdst
hes
eatoft
hef
ir
e.Thes
yst
emi
saut
oma
ti
cst
othee
xte
ntt
hatwhe
neve
rthepr
ess
urei
n
t
hepi
pingne
twor
kdr
opst
hebe
yondapr
ese
tva
lue
,si
gna
lisgi
vent
ost
artt
hehydr
antpu
mpby

me
anso
fpr
ess
ures
wit
ch.

6
Fi
gur
e1:Fi
ref
ight
ings
yst
em
Figur
e2:Hi
ghve
loc
it
yspr
inkl
er
syst
em
Schemat
icdi
agr
am off
ir
efi
ght
ingsy
stem

Chapt
er1.
Classi
fi
cat
ionoff
ir
epr
otect
ionsy
stem
Fi
reDet
ect
ionSy
stem
De
tec
ti
onoff
ir
eati
nci
pie
nts
tagepl
aysve
ryi
mpor
tantr
olea
site
nabl
esi
nsuppr
ess
ingt
hef
ir
e
byme
ansoft
hef
ir
efi
ght
inge
qui
pme
nta
ndpr
eve
nti
tfr
omde
vel
opi
ngi
ntoama
jorf
ir
e.
De
tec
ti
onoff
ir
e

 Vi
sua
l(pr
ese
nceofpe
rsonne
lisr
equi
redt
ocommuni
cat
etot
hec
onc
erne
daut
hor
it
ie
s)

 Aut
oma
ti
c(wi
tht
heus
eofde
tec
tor
s)

• Thi
ssys
temwi
llp
rovi
dea
lar
msi
gna
latt
hei
nit
ia
lst
ageoff
ir
e.

• De
tec
tor
sar
eloc
ate
dats
tra
tegi
cpos
it
ionsi
nthea
reac
ove
redbyt
hiss
yst
em.

7
 • De
tec
tor
sar
ear
range
dinz
one
ssot
hatt
hea
reaoff
ir
eca
nbee
asi
lyi
dent
if
ied.

• I
fanyoft
hede
tec
tor
sinaz
onei
sac
tua
teda
naudi
ocumvi
sua
lsi
gna
lwi
llbe
gi
vent
othec
ont
rolpa
nel

Fi
ref
ight
ingsy
stem

The e
xti
ngui
shi
ng s
yst
ems whi
cha
re nor
mal
lye
mpl
oye
dfor pr
ote
cti
on of va
rious
e
qui
pme
nt/
bui
ldi
ngsa
repor
tabl
eandmobi
lef
ir
eext
ingui
she
rs,hi
ghve
loc
it
ywa
ters
pra
y
s
yst
em,hydr
ants
yst
em,hi
ghve
loc
it
ywa
ters
pra
ysys
tem,s
pri
nkl
ers
yst
em,me
dium v
eloc
ity
wa
ters
pra
ysys
tem,wa
termi
sts
yst
em,t
ota
lfl
oodi
ngs
yst
em us
ingc
arbondi
oxi
dea
nddr
ain
a
nds
ti
rty
pes
yst
em.

Chapter2.
Classi
fi
cat
ionofpowert
ransf
ormerf
ir
epr
otect
ion
syst
em
Thepowe
rtr
ans
for
merf
ir
epr
ote
cti
ons
yst
emi
sbr
oad
lyc
las
sif
iedi
ntof
ourc
ate
gor
ies
:

1.Del
ugeSy
stem:Thi
ssys
temus
esope
nspr
ayh
eadsa
tt
ache
dtoapi
pings
yst
emc
onne
cte
d
t
oawa
ters
uppl
ythr
oughava
lvet
hati
sope
nedbyme
ansofade
tec
ti
ons
yst
emi
nst
al
le
dint
he
s
amea
reaa
sthes
pra
yhe
ads
.Whe
ntheva
lveope
ns,wa
terf
lowsi
ntot
hepi
pings
yst
ema
nd
di
scha
rge
sthr
ougha
lls
pra
yhe
adsa
tt
ache
dtot
hes
yst
em.Thi
stypeofs
yst
emus
eshi
ghvo
lume
s
ofwa
terwhi
chma
yle
adt
oot
herpos
tfi
rec
lea
nupi
ssue
sorc
ont
ami
nat
edr
unof
f.

8
 Fi
gur
e3:De
lugeSys
tem
2.Fi
xedWat
erSpr
aySy
stem:
Thi
ssys
temi
ssi
mil
art
oade
luges
yst
em;howe
ver
,thewa
ter
di
scha
rgep
oint
sar
ede
sign
edt
ocr
eat
eas
pra
ypa
tt
ernuni
quet
othepa
rti
cul
ara
reore
qui
pme
nt
be
ing pr
ote
cte
d.The wa
ters
pra
y he
adl
oca
ti
onsa
nd s
pra
y pa
tt
erna
ret
ai
lor
edt
othe
a
symme
tri
cals
hapeoft
hee
qui
pme
ntbe
ingpr
ote
cte
d.Thea
dde
dbe
nef
itoft
hee
qui
pme
nt
s
pec
ifi
cde
sig
nist
hec
ont
roloff
ir
espr
eadt
hroughi
ncr
eas
edwe
tt
ingofe
qui
pme
ntund
ert
he
i
nfl
uenc
eoft
hef
ir
e.El
ect
ri
calt
rans
for
mer
scont
ai
ningoi
lar
ecommonl
ypr
ote
cte
dbyf
ixe
d
wa
ters
pra
ysys
tems
.

3.
Wat
erMi
stsy
stem:Thi
ssys
temi
ssi
mil
art
othef
ixe
dwa
ters
pra
ysys
tem wi
tha
nadde
d
be
nef
itofus
ings
igni
fi
cant
lyl
esswa
terbye
mpl
oyi
ngs
pec
ialdi
scha
rgehe
adsc
rea
ti
ngwa
ter
dr
opl
et
sca
ll
edmi
st
.A wa
termi
sts
yst
emi
sge
ner
all
yde
fine
dbyt
hedr
opl
et
ssi
zec
rea
ted.
Dr
opl
ets
izea
ret
ypi
cal
lyl
esst
han1000mi
cronsa
ndde
li
ver
edbyahi
ghpr
ess
ure
dpump.The
wa
terdr
opl
et
scr
eat
eami
stt
hat
’s
a
ll
owsagi
venvol
umeofwa
tert
o
c
rea
teal
arge
rsur
fac
ear
eae
xpos
ed
t
othef
ir
e.Sma
ll
erdr
opl
et
sfa
cil
it
at
e
l
arge
rhe
ata
bsor
pti
ont
ocoolt
hef
ir
e.

9
 Fi
gur
e4:
Wat
ermi
stsy
stem

4.Pr
e-act
ionWat
erMi
stSy
stem:Thi
ssys
temus
esa
utoma
ti
cspr
inkl
ersa
tt
ache
dtopi
ping
s
yst
emc
ont
ai
ninga
irwi
thas
uppl
eme
nta
lde
tec
ti
ons
yst
emi
nst
al
le
dint
hes
amea
rea
sast
he
s
pri
nkl
ers
.Sys
tema
cti
vat
ionma
yre
qui
rebot
has
igna
lfr
om t
hede
tec
ti
ons
yst
ema
ndt
hehe
at
a
cti
vat
ionofas
pri
nkl
er.Pr
e-a
cti
ons
yst
emsa
reus
edt
opr
ote
cta
rea
swhe
ret
her
isko
ffa
lse
di
scha
rgeorl
eaka
gemus
tbeke
ptt
oana
bsol
utemi
nimum.Thi
ssys
tem ha
sre
cent
lys
een
i
ncr
eas
edoc
cur
renc
eofus
eint
rans
for
merf
ir
esu
ppr
ess
ionbe
caus
eofwa
terc
ons
erva
ti
on,
gr
eat
eri
mmuni
tyt
ofa
lsei
nit
ia
ti
on a
nd gr
eat
era
bil
it
yto
c
ont
rolf
ir
espr
ead.

Fi
gure5:Pr
eacti
onwat
er
Chapt
er3.Somecomponent
spr
isoff
nkl
er ir
efighti
ngsy
stem

SmokeSensor
:As
mokede
tec
tori
sade
vic
etha
tde
tec
tss
moke
,typi
cal
lya
sani
ndi
cat
orof
f
ir
e.Comme
rci
al
,indus
tri
al
,andma
ssr
esi
dent
ia
lde
vic
esi
ssueas
igna
ltoaf
ir
eal
arms
yst
em,
whi
lehous
ehol
dde
tec
tor
s,knowna
ssmokea
lar
ms,ge
ner
all
yis
sueal
oca
laudi
bleorvi
sua
l
a
lar
mfr
om t
hede
tec
tori
ts
elf
.Smokede
tec
tor
sar
etypi
cal
lyhous
edi
nadi
sk-
sha
pedpl
ast
ic
e
ncl
osur
emos
tsmokede
tec
tor
swor
kei
the
rbyopt
ic
alde
tec
ti
on(
phot
oel
ect
ri
c)orbyphys
ica
l
pr
oce
ss(
ioni
zat
ion)
,whi
leot
her
sus
ebot
hde
tec
ti
onme
thodst
oinc
rea
ses
ens
it
ivi
tyt
osmoke
.
Se
nsi
ti
vea
lar
msc
anbeus
edt
ode
tec
t,a
ndt
husde
ter
,smoki
ngi
nar
easwhe
rei
tisba
nne
dsuc
h
a
stoi
le
tsa
nds
chool
s.Smokede
tec
tor
sinl
argec
omme
rci
al
,indus
tri
al
,andr
esi
dent
ia
lbui
ldi
ngs
a
reus
ual
lypowe
redbyac
ent
ralf
ir
eal
arms
yst
em,whi
chi
spowe
redbyt
hebui
ldi
ngpowe
rwi
th
aba
tt
eryba
ckup.Howe
ver
,inma
nys
ingl
efa
mil
yde
tac
heda
nds
mal
le
rmul
ti
plef
ami
lyhous
ings
,

10
as
mokea
lar
misof
tenpowe
redonl
ybyas
ingl
edi
spos
abl
eba
tt
ery.

Temper
atur
eSensor
:The
ses
ens
orsus
eas
oli
d-s
tat
ete
chni
quet
ode
ter
minet
het
empe
rat
ure
.
The
yus
ethef
acta
ste
mpe
rat
urei
ncr
eas
es,t
hevol
ta
gea
cros
sadi
odei
ncr
eas
esa
taknownr
ate
.
(
Tec
hni
cal
ly,t
hisi
sac
tua
ll
ythevol
ta
gedr
opbe
twe
ent
heba
sea
nde
mit
te
rofat
rans
ist
or)
.By
pr
eci
sel
yampl
if
yingt
hevol
ta
gec
hange
,iti
sea
syt
oge
ner
atea
nana
logs
igna
ltha
tisdi
rec
tly
pr
opor
ti
ona
ltot
empe
rat
ure
.The
reha
vebe
ens
omei
mpr
ove
ment
son t
het
echni
quebut
,
e
sse
nti
al
lyt
hati
showt
empe
rat
urei
sme
asur
ed.Be
caus
ethe
ses
ens
orsha
venomovi
ngpa
rts
,
t
heya
repr
eci
se,ne
verwe
arout
,don'
tne
edc
ali
bra
ti
on,wor
kunde
rma
nye
nvi
ron
ment
al
c
ondi
ti
ons
,anda
rec
ons
ist
entbe
twe
ens
ens
orsa
ndr
eadi
ngs
.Mor
eove
rthe
yar
eea
syt
ous
e.
Fl
ameSensor
:Thi
sFl
ameSe
nsorc
anbeus
edt
ode
tec
tfi
res
our
ceorot
herl
ights
our
cesoft
he
wa
vel
engt
hint
her
angeo
f760nm-1100nm.I
tisba
sedont
heYG1006s
ens
orwhi
chi
sahi
gh
s
pee
dandhi
ghs
ens
it
iveNPN s
il
ic
onphot
otr
ans
ist
or.Duet
oit
sbl
acke
poxy,t
hes
ens
ori
s
s
ens
it
ivet
oin
fra
redr
adi
at
ion.

Mi
crocont
rol
l
er:I
tist
hehe
artoft
hes
yst
emwhi
chc
ont
rol
sal
lthea
cti
vit
ie
soft
rans
mit
ti
ng
a
ndr
ece
ivi
ng.Ami
croc
ont
rol
le
r(a
lsoMCUorµC)i
saf
unc
ti
ona
lcomput
ers
yst
em-
on-
achi
p.I
t
c
ont
ai
nsapr
oce
ssorc
ore
,me
mor
y,a
ndpr
ogr
amma
blei
nput
/out
putpe
riphe
ral
s.Mi
croc
ont
rol
le
rs
i
ncl
udea
nint
egr
ate
dCPU,me
mor
y(as
mal
lamoun
tofRAM,pr
ogr
am me
mor
y,orbot
h)a
nd
pe
riphe
ral
sca
pabl
eofi
nputa
ndout
put
.

Rel
ay:Ar
ela
yisa
nel
ect
ri
cal
lyope
rat
eds
wit
ch.Ma
nyr
ela
ysus
eane
lec
troma
gne
ttoop
era
tea
wi
tc
hingme
cha
nis
mme
cha
nic
all
y,butot
herope
rat
ingpr
inc
ipl
esa
rea
lsous
ed.Re
laysa
reus
ed
whe
rei
tisne
ces
sar
ytoc
ont
rolac
irc
uitbyal
ow-
powe
rsi
gna
l(wi
thc
ompl
et
eel
ect
ri
cali
sol
at
ion
be
twe
enc
ont
rola
ndc
ont
rol
le
dci
rcui
ts
).

Li
ghtEmi
tt
ingDi
ode(
LED)
:Al
ight
-emi
tt
ingdi
ode(
LED)i
sat
wo-
lea
dse
mic
onduc
torl
ight
s
our
cet
hatr
ese
mbl
esaba
sicpn-
junc
ti
ondi
ode
,exc
eptt
hata
nLEDa
lsoe
mit
sli
ght
. Whe
nan
LED'
sanodel
eadha
savo
lta
get
hati
smor
epos
it
ivet
hani
tsc
athodel
eadbya
tle
astt
heLED'
s
f
orwa
rdvol
ta
gedr
op,c
urr
entf
lows
.El
ect
ronsa
rea
blet
ore
combi
newi
thhol
eswi
thi
nthede
vic
e,
r
ele
asi
nge
ner
gyi
nthef
ormofphot
ons
.Thi
sef
fec
tisc
all
ede
lec
trol
umi
nes
cenc
e,a
ndt
hec
olor
oft
hel
ight(
cor
res
pondi
ngt
othee
ner
gyoft
hephot
on)i
sde
ter
mine
dbyt
hee
ner
gyba
ndga
pof

11
t
hes
emi
condu
ctor
.

Jockeypumps:A j
ocke
ypumpi
sas
mal
lpumpc
onne
cte
dtoaf
ir
espr
inkl
ers
yst
emt
o
ma
int
ai
npr
ess
urei
nthes
pri
nkl
erpi
pes
.Thi
sist
oens
uret
hati
faf
ir
espr
inkl
ers
yst
emi
s
a
cti
vat
ed,t
her
ewi
llbeapr
ess
uredr
op,whi
chwi
llbes
ens
edbyt
hef
ir
epumpsa
utoma
ti
c
c
ont
rol
le
r,whi
chwi
llCa
uset
hef
ir
epumpt
ost
art
.

Fi
gur
e6:
Jockeypump

Chapt
er4.
Theneedf
ormoder
nfi
ref
ight
ingsy
stems
Thene
edf
orus
eoft
rans
for
merf
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emsha
sbe
endi
scus
sedf
orma
nyye
arsa
nd
va
rie
ti
esofpr
act
ic
esha
vee
vol
ved.Somet
rans
for
mer
sha
vebe
enc
ons
truc
teda
nda
rei
nus
ewi
th
f
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emswhi
leot
her
sha
venof
ir
esuppr
ess
ions
yst
emsi
nst
al
le
d.Tr
ans
for
merf
ir
es
a
rer
arebutt
hei
mpa
ctt
heyha
vei
shuge
.Eve
nthoug
hat
rans
for
meri
nvol
vedi
naf
ir
ewi
lll
ike
ly
bede
str
oye
dal
mos
timme
dia
tel
y,t
hef
ir
e’se
ffe
ctona
dja
cente
qui
pme
nta
nds
truc
tur
esc
anbe
c
ont
ai
neda
ndt
her
efor
emu
stbec
ons
ide
red.Anunc
ont
ai
nedf
ir
eca
ndoas
igni
fi
canta
mountof
da
magea
ndr
esul
tinapr
olonge
d,uns
che
dul
edout
age
.

Re
sul
tsofa
nunc
ont
ai
nedt
rans
for
merf
ir
eequi
ppe
dwi
thwa
terf
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emsi
nte
nde
dto
e
xti
ngui
sh at
rans
for
merf
ir
e.Conve
nti
ona
lfi
ref
ight
ing s
yst
emsha
ve pr
ove
ntoc
omba
t
t
rans
for
merf
ir
ese
ffe
cti
vel
ybutt
heyc
ons
umel
argequa
nti
ti
esofwa
tera
ndt
her
efor
ere
qui
rea
c
ompl
exdi
mens
ioni
ngoft
hef
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
em.Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,t
hedi
scha
rge
dwa
terc
anbe
c
ont
ami
nat
edwi
tht
rans
for
meroi
landwi
llne
edt
obec
oll
ect
edf
orl
at
erpr
oce
ssi
ng.A
di
sadva
nta
geoft
het
radi
ti
ona
lwa
terf
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
emi
stha
titi
sst
art
edbyoneoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
woc
ondi
ti
ons
:aBuc
hhol
zre
layt
ri
poradi
ff
ere
nti
alpr
ote
cti
ont
ri
p.The
reha
vebe
en
c
ase
swhe
naBuc
hhol
zre
layi
ssue
dthet
ri
pcomma
ndwi
thoutar
ealf
aul
tins
ideoft
he
12
t
rans
for
merduet
oage
inga
nds
eal
ingpr
obl
ems
.Wa
tergoti
nsi
deoft
heBuc
hhol
zre
layt
husi
ts
c
ont
act
s“gotc
los
ed”a
ndt
het
rans
for
mert
ri
ppe
d.

Themoder
nfi
ref
ight
ingsy
stem
Themode
rnf
ir
efi
ght
ings
yst
em us
esani
tr
oge
ninj
ect
ions
yst
em.Thi
ssys
temi
sde
signe
dto
pr
eve
ntt
anke
xpl
osi
ona
ndf
ir
edur
ingi
nte
rna
lfa
ult
s,a
nde
xti
ngui
sht
hee
xte
rna
loi
lfi
reson
t
rans
for
mert
opduet
ota
nke
xpl
osi
on,bus
hingf
ir
ese
tc.Thes
yst
ems
hal
ldr
ainaqua
nti
tyofoi
l
f
romt
het
ankt
opt
ore
duc
ethet
ankpr
ess
urea
ndi
nje
cthi
gh-
pre
ssur
eni
tr
oge
nga
stot
hel
owe
r
s
ideoft
het
ankt
ore
duc
eth
eoi
lte
mpe
rat
urea
tthet
opoft
het
anki
nor
dert
oext
ingui
sht
hef
ir
e.

I
faf
ir
eoc
cur
sasar
esul
tofaf
ail
urei
nat
rans
for
mer
,the
nthet
rans
for
meri
sne
arl
yal
waysa
t
ota
lwr
it
eof
f.Howe
ver
,thet
ota
lcos
tofat
rans
for
merf
ir
eist
ypi
cal
lyi
ntheor
derof2-
3ti
mes
t
hec
ostoft
her
epl
ace
mentt
rans
for
mer
 andc
ani
nunf
avor
abl
eeve
ntsbema
nyt
ime
sthec
ostof
t
het
ran
sfor
mer
,eve
nwi
thouti
ncl
udi
ngt
hec
ostofl
ossofs
uppl
yforc
ust
ome
r.

Exc
ess
iveove
rhe
ati
ng,e
xtr
eme
lys
eve
res
hor
tci
rcui
ts
,fa
ult
sint
heoi
landl
ight
nings
troke
sma
y
c
aus
eaf
ir
eont
rans
for
mer
s.Tr
ans
for
merf
ir
esa
rer
arebutt
hei
mpa
cti
sgr
eat
.Eve
nthougha
t
rans
for
meri
nvol
vedi
naf
ir
eli
kel
ywi
llbede
str
oye
dal
mos
timme
dia
tel
y,t
hef
ir
e’se
ffe
cton
a
dja
cente
qui
pme
nta
nds
truc
tur
esc
anbemi
ti
gat
eda
ndt
her
efor
emus
tbec
ons
ide
red. An
unc
ont
ai
nedf
ir
eca
ndoas
igni
fi
canta
mountofda
magea
ndr
esul
tinapr
olonge
dand
uns
che
dul
edout
age
.

Fort
rans
for
mer
sofhi
ghr
ate
dpowe
randvol
ta
gesa
bove123kV i
sus
ualt
opr
ovi
deaf
ir
e
pr
ote
cti
ons
yst
em,us
ingwa
ters
pra
yfi
xeds
yst
ems
,commonl
yca
ll
edt
rans
for
mer“
del
uge
”or
“
fir
ewa
ter
”sys
tems
.
Thi
ssys
temi
sac
ti
vat
edt
hroughf
lamede
tec
tor
sift
het
rans
for
meri
sins
tal
le
dout
door
s,orby
s
mokede
tec
tor
s,i
fthet
rans
for
meri
sins
tal
le
dindoo
rs.Fi
repr
ote
cti
ons
yst
em ofat
rans
for
mer
ma
ybedi
vide
dint
o:

 Wa
terBa
seda
ndMi
stSys
tems
:fi
repumps
;wa
ters
pra
yfi
xeds
yst
em/
noz
zle
s;va
lve
s;
va
lve
scompone
nts
;pi
ping.

• Fi
reDe
tec
ti
onSys
tem:f
ir
ede
tec
tor
s;c
ont
rolpa
nel
;ca
bli
ng.

Fi
res
uppr
ess
ionr
equi
reme
ntma
ybemi
ti
gat
edwhe
nthet
rans
for
meri
sloc
ate
dre
mot
el
yfr
om

13
t
hes
truc
tur
eandot
here
qui
pme
nt,ort
hebur
ningoi
lca
nbec
ont
ai
ned.

Pr
ote
cti
onoft
hepl
ants
truc
tur
eanda
dja
cente
qui
pme
nt,a
swe
lla
sre
duc
ingha
zar
dst
ope
rsonne
l,
wa
rra
ntsf
ir
esuppr
ess
ioni
nmos
tca
ses
.

I
nsomec
ase
s,us
eofl
ess
-fl
amma
blei
nsul
at
ingf
lui
dsma
ymi
ti
gat
ethene
edf
orf
ir
esuppr
ess
ion
a
nds
houl
dbec
ons
ide
reda
sana
lt
erna
ti
ve.

I
scommonpr
act
ic
etha
tindus
trys
tanda
rdsa
ndi
nsur
anc
ere
qui
reme
ntsi
ncl
udef
ir
esuppr
ess
ion
a
ndf
ir
ewa
ll
sfort
rans
for
mer
scont
ai
ninga
sli
tt
lea
sabout1,
900lofc
ombus
ti
bleoi
lwhe
re
a
cce
pta
bles
epa
rat
ion/
bar
ri
ersf
rombui
ldi
ngsa
ndot
here
qui
pme
ntc
annotbea
chi
eve
d.

F
ir
ewa
ll
s
– Cha
pt
Fe
r
i
g 5:
ur
e F
7:
fii
r
r
eef
i
wg
ah
l
l
st
ing pr
eca
uti
ons i
n
powe
rsubs
tat
ion

Thes
tri
ctpr
eca
uti
onsmus
tbet
ake
ntol
ockof
fthee
qui
pme
ntwhe
nst
affa
repr
ese
nt.The
rei
s
a
lsot
heus
edofs
and,bl
anke
tandf
ir
ehos
es.Fi
redoor
sar
eave
ryi
mpor
tantme
ansofl
imi
ti
ng
t
hes
pre
adoff
ir
e,a
ndve
nti
la
ti
ngs
yst
emss
houl
dal
sobepr
ovi
dedwi
tha
utoma
ti
cshut
downi
f
notwi
tha
utoma
ti
cda
mpe
rsi
nthee
ventoff
ir
e.Fi
redr
il
lisa
lsoi
mpor
tanta
nds
houl
dnotbe
ne
gle
cte
donabui
ldi
ngs
it
e.

Ca
bli
ngma
yal
sobeac
aus
eofs
eri
ousf
ir
eswi
thr
isksofe
xte
nsi
veda
maget
othei
nst
al
la
tion
a
ndda
nge
rtot
hepe
rsonne
l.Lows
mokea
ndf
umec
abl
esa
renowa
vai
la
blei
nanumbe
roff
orms
,
mos
tofwhi
chwi
llr
educ
ethef
lamma
bil
it
yaswe
lla
sca
usi
ngl
esspoi
sonousga
stober
ele
ase
d
whe
nthe
yar
ehe
ate
d.

Thedcs
uppl
ie
s(UPSs
upp
lie
s)a
rep
art
ic
ula
rlyi
mpor
tanta
ndvul
ner
abl
epa
rtofa
nyi
nst
al
la
tion.
The
yar
ege
ner
all
yde
rive
dfr
oms
tat
iona
ryba
tt
eri
eswhi
chgi
vesof
ffl
amma
blea
ndt
oxi
cga
ses
.

14
Ba
tt
eri
ess
houl
dbei
nse
par
ater
oom wi
tha
nac
idr
esi
st
antf
loor
,spe
cia
lli
ght
ingf
it
ti
ngs
,a
s
uit
abl
esi
nka
nda
dequa
tewa
ters
uppl
ie
s.I
tiswi
set
oha
vea
nac
idr
esi
st
antdr
aina
ges
yst
em.
Ther
oommus
tbepr
ope
rlyve
nti
la
tedbuts
unl
ightmu
stnotbes
hinedi
rec
tl
yont
othec
ell
.

Concl
usi
on
Thefir
efi
ghti
ngequi pmenti sanindi
spensableonetoensuremaxi mum protecti
on
agai
nstfi
re.I
t’sal
soensur essafetyoffi
refighter
s.I
nsubstati
onitisusedf ort
he
prot
ecti
onoft r
ansformersandr eact
orsandi ti
sempl oy
edtobr i
ngaboutf undament
al
changeinthenatur
eoft hei nf
lammableliquid,
whichisconver
tedtemporar i
lyi
ntoan
emulsi
onwhi chcannotbur n.

15
Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
Dr
es,
J.(
n.d.
).Wi
ki
pedi
a.Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tp:
//www.
fi
ref
ight
ing.
com

googl
e.(
n.d.
).Ret
ri
evedf
rom www.
fi
ref
iht
ingpr
ec.
com

wi
ki
pedi
a.(
n.d.
).Ret
ri
evedf
rom ht
tp:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g

16