CORNELL NOTES 5

Team JAGA
Investigating High
Joderon Nimes
School Science Aimee Pareño
Teachers’ Readiness for George Labayog
Amethyst Castro
Implementing Formative
Assessment Practices
 Techniques in Identifying
Coding in Qualitative Data Thematic Analysis Summary Qualitative Data Analysis
Themes

In Vivo Coding Word Repetition Content Analysis

This allows codes to reflect the perspectives

Words that occur a lot are often seen Using content analysis, researchers can
and actions of the participants. In vivo coding
as being salient in the minds of quantify and analyze the presence, meanings,
helps researchers attain an in-depth

respondents. and relationships of such certain words,

understanding of the direct stories, ideas and
themes, or concepts.
meanings that are expressed by research
participants.

Process Coding Indigenous Category Narrative Analysis

With Process coding, you use codes to
communicate an action in the data. Codes will
typically be gerunds that end with “ing”. Another way to find themes is to look
Process coding isn’t meant to be a standalone for local terms that may sound
method of coding, but just one technique to unfamiliar or are used in unfamiliar It is used to understand how research
use along with other coding techniques. ways.


participants construct story and narrative
Process coding is helpful when you want to from their own personal experience
understand actions in the data. You can
catalogue both observable activities (running,
singing, eating), or conceptual actions
(thriving, adapting, struggling).
 Techniques in Identifying
Coding in Qualitative Data Thematic Analysis Summary Qualitative Data Analysis
Themes

Open Coding
Key-Words-in-Context Discourse Analysis
Basically, you read through your data several
times and then start to create tentative labels In this technique, researchers identify
for chunks of data that summarize what you key words and then systematically
It aims to understand how language is used in
see happening (not based on existing theory – search the corpus
of text to find all

real life situations.

just based on the meaning that emerges from instances of the word or phrase.
the data). Record examples of participants’
words and establish properties of each code

Descriptive Coding Compare and Contrast

Descriptive coding is a first cycle method of
coding that involves reading through
Thematic Analysis
The compare and contrast approach
qualitative data, and coding passages is based on the idea that themes
according to topic. Descriptive codes are represent the ways in which texts are a method for analyzing qualitative data that
often in the form of a noun, and summarizes either similar or different from each entails searching across a data set to identify,
the topic of the data. other analyze, and report repeated patterns (Braun
“Tagging” and using “Hashtags” in social


and Clarke 2006). It is a method for
media is a widely used version of descriptive
describing data, but it also involves
coding. Descriptive codes identify the topic,
interpretation in the processes of selecting
but don't derive further meaning from the
codes and constructing themes.
data, or add much insight into what the
participant is thinking. To derive meaning
from data, use alternative coding methods
such as in vivo coding or values coding.
 Techniques in Identifying
Coding in Qualitative Data Thematic Analysis Summary Qualitative Data Analysis
Themes

Structural Coding
Structural coding is a first round coding
method where you code your data according
to research questions or topics. It enables you
systematically collected and analysed.2 It is
to take a large set of semi-structured data,
and structure it into smaller pieces for further
analysis.
Transitions Grounded Theory
Grounded theory (GT) is a research method
concerned with the generation of theory,1
Another linguistic approach is to look
which is ‘grounded’ in data that has been
for naturally occurring shifts in
thematic content
used to uncover such things as social
relationships and behaviors of groups, known
as social processes.

Value Coding Connectors

Values coding is a method of coding that
delves into the subjective nature of the A look carefully at words and phrases

human experience. In particular, values

that indicate relationships among
coding deals with labeling the values,
things
attitudes and belief systems that are
expressed by participants.
 Annotations:

Coding on Qualitative Data

Coding is a qualitative data analysis strategy in which some aspect of the data is
assigned a descriptive label that allows the researcher to identify related content across
the data. How you decide to code - or whether to code- your data should be driven by
your methodology. But there are rarely step-by-step descriptions, and you'll have to make
many decisions about how to code for your own project.
Some questions to consider as you decide how to code your data:
1.What will you code?
2.Where will your codes come from?
3.How will you apply your codes to your data?
4.What will be coded?
5.How will you explain the coding process?
6.How will you report the results of your coding process?
7.How will you code collaboratively?

 Annotations:

Techniques in Identifying Themes

The article described a dozen techniques used by social scientists to discover themes in
texts in this article. The techniques are drawn from a variety of epistemological and
disciplinary perspectives. They range from quick word counts to laborious, line-by-line
examination. Some methods are better suited for short answers to open-ended questions,
while others are better suited for rich, complex narratives.

 Annotations:

Thematic Analysis

This paper comprises: (i) analytical importance of theme, (ii) meaning of theme, (iii)
meaning of category, (iv) theme and category in terms of level of content, and (v) theme
development. This paper offers a conceptual clarification and a pragmatic step by step
method of theme development that has the capacity of assisting researchers understand
how theme is developed.

 Annotations:

Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative data analysis is a process of gathering, structuring and interpreting

qualitative data to understand what it represents.
Qualitative data is non-numerical and unstructured. Qualitative data generally refers to
text, such as open-ended responses to survey questions or user interviews, but also
includes audio, photos and video.
Businesses often perform qualitative data analysis on customer feedback. And within this
context, qualitative data generally refers to verbatim text data from sources such as
reviews, complaints, chat messages, support centre interactions, customer interviews,
case notes or social media comments

 References:

Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: A

twenty-first-century approach. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(2), 708–739.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377

Farley, J., Duppong Hurley, K., & Aitken, A. A. (2020). Monitoring implementation in
program evaluation with direct audio coding. Evaluation and Program Planning, 83,
101854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101854

Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1),
85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569.

Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in
qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis.