Analog

Filters

Chebyshev Lowpass Filter Design

Define :
K
| H ( j ¢) | =
2

1 + 2C N2 ( ¢ / ¢p )
1 ( normalized
| H LPp ( j ¢) | =
2

1 + 2C N2 ( ¢) prototype,
¢p =1)
Where :
CN( ¢ ) is the Nth order chebyshev
polynomial.
CN( ¢) = cos(Ncos-1 ¢) 0£ ¢ £1
CN( ¢) = cosh(Ncosh-1 ¢) ¢>1

e is the ripple parameter 0 < e < 1

sets the ripple amplitude in the ripple
passband 0£ e £1

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Example : N=1
CN( ¢) = cos(cos-1 ¢) 0£ ¢ £1
CN( ¢) = cosh(cosh-1 ¢) ¢ > 1
i.e CN( ¢) = ¢.
1
| H LPp ( j ¢) | =
2

1+ 2
¢2

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Generation of Higher order polynomials:

CN( ¢)

Nth Polynomial :
CN( ¢) = cos(Ncos-1 ¢)
(N+1)th Polynomials
CN+1( ¢) = cos((N+1)cos-1 ¢ )
Let a = cos-1 ¢
then CN+1(a) = cos((N+1) a)
= cos(Na + a)
Follows:
1.) CN+1(a) = cos(N a)cos(a) - sin(N a)sin(a)
Also
2.) CN-1(a) = cos(Na)cos(a) + sin(Na)sin(a)
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By adding CN+1(a) & CN-1(a) we get :

CN+1(a) + CN-1(a) = 2cos(Na)cos(a)
substituting back a = cos-1 ¢
CN+1(a) + CN-1(a) = 2cos(N cos-1 ¢) cos(cos-1 ¢ )
= 2 ¢ cos(N cos-1 ¢ )
Follows :
CN+1( ¢) = 2 ¢ CN( ¢ ) - CN-1( ¢ )

Example: N = 1
C2( ¢ ) = 2 ¢ C1( ¢ ) - C0( ¢ )
= 2 ¢. ¢ - 1
= 2 ¢2 - 1

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For N = 2

C3( ¢) = 2 ¢C2( ¢ ) - C1( ¢ )

= 2 ¢ (2 ¢ 2 - 1) - ¢
= 4 ¢3 - 3 ¢

Table of Chebyshev polynomials

Note :w= ¢ in the table

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Properties of CN and |HLP(j ¢)|

N = 2 : even
1
| H LPp ( j ¢) |= 1/ 2
1+ 2
C ( ¢)
2
2

¢=0
C22 (0) = (2 ¢2 - 1) 2 ¢=0 =1
1
P1 | H LPp ( j 0) |= N even
2 1/ 2
1+
N = 3 : odd

1
| H LPp ( j ¢) |= 1/ 2
1+ 2
C ( ¢)
2
3

¢=0
C32 (0) = (4 ¢3 - 3 ¢) 2 ¢=0 =0
P2 | H LPp ( j 0) |= 1 N odd
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Fig: Chebyshev prototype low pass response

P3 ¢ =1
C N2 ( ¢) ¢ =1 = [cos( N cos -1
(1))]2

= 1 all N

1 all N
| H ( j1) |=
2 1/ 2
1+
1 c¢ = f(N, )
P4 | H ( j1) |>
2
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P5 There are N maximum and minimum

points between ¢ = 0 and ¢ = 1

P6 For ¢ > 1 |H(j ¢)| is monotonically

decreasing function and :
1
| H ( j ¢) |»
2 N -1 ¢ N
¢ >> 1
P7 Construction of stable and causal transfer
function HLP(s)
1
H LP ( s ) H LP (- s ) = ¢ = - js
1 + 2C N2 ( ¢)

Factor this part by collecting all poles

located in the left - half plane.
Chebyshev poles lie on a ellipse

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P8 The ripple amplitude in dB is given by :

æ 1 ö
dB = -10 log10 ç 2 ÷
è1+ ø
2
= 10 log10 1 +

Fig: Prototype Chebyshev denominator polynomials

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Example :

Fig: Low pass filter specifications

1 db ripple:
1 = 10log10(1 + e2)
1.2589 = 1 + e2
e = 0.5088
¢ ³ 5 : -40 dB: |H(j ¢)|2 £ 10-4
By trial and error: N = 3 will satisfy this
requirement.
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From the table giving the Chebhshev

prototype denominator polynomial (Table 10.3)
the prototype transfer function is:
k
H LPp ( s ) = 3
s + 0.988s 2 + 1.2385s + 0.491
N odd : H LP(0) = 1
Therefore K =0.491
Butterworth / Chebyshev Filters
Let e = 1 « 3 dB
dM ( ¢) æ -N ö
¢= c¢ =1
=ç ÷N
d ¢ è2 2ø
Chebyshev Butterworth

Stopband Attenuation (SBA)

SBA(dB) @ 6(N-1) + 20loge + 20log ¢
Chebyshev Additional dB Butterworth
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The order N for a Chebyshev approximation is
determined as follows:

If the response at ¢ = s¢ is required to be 1/A,

then the filter order is determined from the
following equation.

cosh -1 ( A2 - 1 / )
N³
cosh -1 ( s¢ / ¢p )
Where ¢p is the pass band cutoff frequency and
e is the passband ripple.

The order can also be computed as:

æ 10 As
ö
-1 ç 10 -1 ÷
cosh ç Ap ÷
ç 10 10 - 1 ÷ø
N³ è
æ
-1 ç ¢ö
s ÷
2 cosh
ç ¢p ÷ø
è
where Ap and As are, respectively, the pass
band ripple and stop band attenuation in dB,
and s¢ is the stop band edge frequency.
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Previous Example:

Fig: Low pass filter specifications

1 db ripple:
1 = 10log10(1 + e2)
1.2589 = 1 + e2
e = 0.5088
1
10 log10 ( 2 ) = -40
A
A = 100, ¢p = 1.0, ¢ = 5.0
s

Putting in the values in the equation for N, we get

N ³ 2.6059, i.e N = 3 14