General Mathematics 1

1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 1
VERTICAL LINE TEST
BASIC CONCEPTS OF FUNCTION  Graph of a relation is a function if any vertical
line drawn passing through the graph
RELATION intersects it at exactly one point.
 Any set of ordered pairs. Example:
 Domain – set of all first elements of the
ordered pairs.
 Range – set of all second elements.
Examples:
A = {(1,2), (0,3), (3,4), (4,6)} Evaluating Function
B = {(2,2), (4,4), (6,6), (8,8)}  Substituting the value of the function at the
C = {(2,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)} number assigned to a given variable.
D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)} Example 1: Given f(x) = 3x – 5
Find the value of the function if x = 3.
FUNCTIONS Solution: f(3) = 3(3) − 5
 A relation or rule of correspondence between f(3) = 9 − 5
two elements (domain and range) where each f(3) = 4
element in the domain (x) corresponds to Answer: f(x) = 3(x) – 5, f(3) = 4
exactly one element in the range (y).
Examples: Example 2: Given n(x) = 3x2 + 5x − 3
Relations with function: (x,y) Find the value of the function if x = 1, x = −1
A = {(1,2), (0,3), (3,4), (4,6)} Solution: n(1) = 3(1)2 + 5(1) − 3
B = {(2,2), (4,4), (6,6), (8,8)} n(1) = 3(1) + 5(1) − 3
In table: n(1) = 3 + 5 − 3
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 n(1) = 5
Y 2 4 6 8 10 12 Solution: n(−1) = 3(1)2 + 5(1) − 3
n(−1) = 3(−1)2 + 5(−1) − 3
X 4 -3 1 2 5 p(−1) = 3(1) + 5(−1) − 3
Y -5 -2 -2 -2 0 n(−1) = 3 − 5 – 3
In Image: n(−1) = −5
Answer: n(x) = 3x2 + 5x − 3, n(1) = 5 & n(−1) = −5

Example 3: Given f(x) = 5x + 1

Find the value of the function x = h + 1.
Solution: f(h + 1) = 5(h + 1) + 1
f(h + 1) = 5h + 5 + 1
f(h + 1) = 5h + 6
Answer: f(x) = 5x + 1, f(h + 1) = 5h + 6

1
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 2
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
OPERATIONS OF FUNCTION  function written inside of another function

COMBINE FUNCTION (f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)]

 performing basic arithmetic to form a new Example 5: f(x) = x2 + x – 1, g(x) = 2x
function f[g(x)] = (2x)2 + 2x – 1
f[g(x)] = 4x2 + 2x – 1
ADDITION: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Example 1:f(x) = x – 1, g(x) = – x + 4 Example 6: f[g(3)] = x2 + x – 1, g(3) = x + 2
f(x) + g(x) = (x – 1) + (–2x + 4) g(3) = 3 + 2 = 5
f(x) + g(x) = x – 1 – 2x + 4 f(5) = 52 + 5 – 1 = 29
f(x) + g(x) = – x + 3 f[g(3)] = 29

SUBTRACTION: (f–g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Example 2: f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = –x + 4
f(x) – g(x) = (2x – 1) – (–x + 4)
f(x) – g(x) = 2x – 1 + x – 4
f(x) – g(x) = 3x – 5

MULTIPLICATION: (f*g)(x) = f(x) * g(x)

Example 3: f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x2
f(x) * g(x) = (2x – 1)(x2)
f(x) * g(x) = 2x3 – x2

DIVISION: (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)

Example 4: f(x) = x + 5, g(x) = 2x2 + 9 – 5
 factor polynomials
g(x) = 2x2 + 9 – 5
g(x) = (2x – 1)(x + 5)

f(x) / g(x) = (x + 5) / (2x – 1)(x + 5)

f(x) / g(x) = 1 / 2x – 1

2

Lesson 3
MODELLING A FUNCTION
Function can be illustrated as a machine where there
is the input and the output.
Figure 3.1. Function as a Machine
f(x) = y
Since output (y) is dependent on input (x), we can
say that y is a function of x.
Word Problem 1: give a function D that can
represent the distance a car travels in t time if
distance (D) is a function of time (t) and every hour
the car travels 45 kilometers.
Solution:
Every hour, the car travels 45 kilometers, therefore
the distance function is given by D(t) = 45t
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
Functions that require more than one formula in
order to obtain the given output and represented by
a combination of equation.
Word Problem 2: Smart Plan
Costs ₱250.00 monthly with 500 free text messages.
Additional messages are charged ₱1.50 each.
Represent the monthly cost using the function t(m),
where m is the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution:
3
General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Word Problem 3: Peanut bar
Costs ₱50.00 per piece but if you buy more than 5
pieces, the price marks down to ₱48.00 per piece.
Represent the cost in terms of the number of
chocolate bars bought.
Solution:
Word Problem 4: Rico is a senior high school
student who commutes from home to school which
is 10 km apart.
Two modes of transportation:
1. Jeepney – ₱10.00 fare for the first 4 km
travel and ₱0.50 for each additional km.
2. Tricycle – ₱12.00 fare for the first km travel
and ₱1 for each additional km.
A. If you are Rico and decided to ride in a jeepney,
how much will be your fare?
f(k) = ₱10.00 + (₱0.50)(k = 10km – 4km)
f(6) = ₱10.00 + (₱0.50 * 6km)
f(6) = ₱13.00
B. If you decided to ride in a tricycle how much will
be your fare?
f(k) = ₱12.00 + (₱1.00k)
f(9) = ₱12.00 + (₱1.00 * 9km)
f(9) = ₱21.00
Word Problem 5: Light Rail Transit System Line 1
Costs ₱20.00 for the first four stations and ₱5.00 for
each additional station over the proposed fare.
a. Find the fare function f(x) where x
represents the number of stations traveled
b. Find the proposed fare for 15 stations
c. Find the proposed fare for 20 stations
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
George Polya’s 4 – Step Rule Lesson 3

1. Understanding the problem Rational Functions, Equality and

2. Devise a plan Inequality
3. Carry Out the plan
4. Look back

I. UNDERSTANDING
Let x = number of stations traveled.
x – 4 = number of stations traveled over and above
4 stations

II. PLAN Rational Expression

If we travelled up to 4 stations we must pay P20, we  Ratio or quotient of two polynomials.
can represent it as f(x) = 20 for 0 < x ≤ 4
But if we travelled more than 4 stations, there will
be additional ₱5.00 every station, we will now
obtain f(x) = 20 + 5(x – 4).
Simplifying the equation:
Rational Function, Equation, and Inequality
f(x) = 20 + 5x – 20
f(x) = 5x
The fare function is f(x) = 5x

III. CARRY OUT THE PLAN

To find the fare charge for 15 stations the fare
function f(x) = 5x will be used and 15 will be
substituted to the function
f(15) = 5(15) Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
=75
1. Simplify the rational expression
By evaluating the function we obtained f(15) = 75

IV. LOOK BACK

Check whether we arrived at the correct solution
you can use table or graph. Thus, the proposed fare
for 15-station travel is ₱75.00
f(20) = 5(20)
= 100
The proposed fare for 20 – station travel is ₱100.00

4

2. Multiply rational expressions
3. Add and subtract rational expressions with
like denominators
4. Add and subtract rational expressions with
unlike denominators
5
General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
I. Rational Equation
 Equation containing at least one rational
expression with a polynomial in the numerator
and denominator.
Example 1:
Step 1: Find Least Common Denominator (LCD).
The LCD of the given fractions is 2(x − 1)(x + 1)
Step 2: Multiply LCD to both sides of the equation
to eliminate the fractions.
Note: Apply cross multiplication if and only if you
have one fraction equal to one fraction.
Step 3: Simplify the resulting equation using the
distributive property and then combine all like
terms.
2(2) − 2(x + 1) = (x − 1)(x + 1)
4 − 2x − 2 = x2 − 1
x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
Step 4: Solve the simplified equation to find the
value/s of x.
x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x − 1) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
x = −3 or x = 1
The possible solutions are -3 and 1.
Step 5: Check each solution by substituting in the
original equation and reject any extraneous root/s.
When x = 3:
When x = 1:
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
II. Rational inequality Step 4: Plot the critical values on a number line,
 Inequality which contains one or more rational breaking the number line into intervals.
expressions.

Step 5: Substitute critical values to the inequality to

determine if the endpoints of the intervals in the
solution should be included or not.

When x = –3:
2 ≥ 2 (x = −3 is included in the solution)

When x = 1:
Undefined ≥ 2 (x=1 is not included in the solution)
Step 6: Select test values in each interval and
substitute those values into the inequality.

Example 2:
Step 1: Put the rational inequality in the general
form where > can be replaced by <, ≤ and ≥.
When x = –5: 2.33 ≥ 2 (x = −5 TRUE)

Step 2: Write the inequality into a single rational When x = –1: 1 ≥ 2 (x = −1 FALSE)
expression on the left-hand side.

When x = 3: 5 ≥ 2 (x = 3 TRUE)
Note:
Note: One side must always be zero and the other
a. If the test value makes the inequality TRUE,
side is always a single fraction, simplify the
then the entire interval is a solution to the
fractions if there is more than one fraction.
inequality.
Step 3: Set the numerator and denominator equal to b. If the test value makes the inequality FALSE,
zero and solve. The values you get are called then the entire interval is not a solution to the
critical values. inequality.
Numerator: x + 3 = 0
x = −3 Step 7: Use interval notation to write the final
Denominator: x − 1 = 0 answer.
x=1

6

Lesson 4
Domain, Range, Intercepts, Zeroes,
and Asymptotes
Domain
 Set of first coordinates of a relation
 Value of x that will NOT make the
denominator of the function equal to zero.
1. Equate the denominator to zero
2. Solve for x
 This value is the restriction so that the
function will not give an undefined
function.
In notation, D= (-∞, x) ∪ (x, ∞)
Range
 Set of second coordinates.
1. Change f(x) to y
2. Solve for x
a. Cross multiplication
b. Distribute y
c. Simplify the equation
d. Factor the left side of the equation
e. Remove common factor, getting the value of x
f. Equate the denominator to 0 to look for the
value/s of y that will NOT make the function
undefined.
 Range is real values of y that will make a
real value for the function.
In notation, R= (-∞, y) ∪ (y, ∞).
X-I ntercept
 Occurs at the zeros of the numerator that are
not zeros of the denominators.
Zeroes
 Values of x which make the function zero.
 Numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the
graph of the function.
1. Equate the function to 0
7
General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Y-Intercept
 Occurs at r(0), provided that r(x) is defined at x
= 0.
1. Evaluate the function at x = 0
Asymptote
 Imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and
closer as the x or y increases or decreases its
value without limit.
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
The vertical line x = a – if the graph increases or
decreases without bound as the x values approach a
from the right or left.
1. Reduce the given function to simplest form
2. Find the zeroes of the denominator that are
not zeros of the numerator.
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
The horizontal line y=b – if f(x) gets closer to b as x
increases or decreases without bound.
1. Compare the degree of the numerator n and
the degree of the denominator d.
 If n < d, the horizontal asymptote is y= 0
 If n = d, the horizontal asymptote y is
the ratio of the leading coefficient of the
numerator a, to the leading coefficient of
the denominator b. That is y = a/b
 If n > d, there is no horizontal
asymptote.
SLANT/OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTE
Line that is neither vertical nor horizontal; occurs
when the numerator of (x) has a degree that is one
higher than the degree of the denominator.
1. Divide the numerator by the denominator by
either using long division or synthetic
division.

GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTION
1. Get the Domain & Range.
2. Get the x & y intercepts.
3. Get the Vertical Asymptote.
4. Get the Horizontal/Oblique Asymptote.
5. Have a Table of Values
Note: Avoid using the value of x-intercept and
vertical asymptote as value of x.
6. Plot the values
a. x & y intercepts
b. vertical asymptote
c. horizontal asymptote
d. table of values
General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 5
One to One Functions
 If the value in the range corresponds to the
value in the domain
If domains x1 ≠ x2, then, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Figure 4.1. One to One Function
Solution:
1. Assume values of input or the x-value.
 The function is a one to one function if it
never takes the same value twice in range
and every single value in the domain (x)
corresponds to a unique value of f(x) or y-
value.

Graph of One-to-One Function

 If f is a one-to-one function then no two points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2), have the same y-value.
Therefore, no horizontal line cuts the graph of
the equation y = f(x) more than once.

Figure 4.2. Graph of One to One Functions

Determine if the function is one-to-one by

Horizontal Line Test
A graph passes the Horizontal Line Test if each
horizontal line cuts the graphs at most once. A
function f is one-to-one if and only if the graph y =
f(x) passes the horizontal line test.

8
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 6
One-to-one Property of Exponential
Exponential Functions, Equations, and Equation
Inequalities If x1 ≠ x2, then bx1 ≠ bx2. Conversely, if bx1 =
bx2, then x1= x2
Exponential Expression x-1
Example A: 4 = 16
a ∙ b x-c + d, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1 4x-1 = 42
Exponential Exponential Exponential x–1=2
Equation Inequality Function x=2+1=3
An equation An inequality Function of the
involving involving form F(x) = bx,
exponential exponential where b > 0 and
Property of Exponential Inequalities
expressions. expression. b≠1 If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
F(x) = (1.8)x or increasing for all x. This means that bx < by if and
5x-3 = 625 2x x+1
5 –5 ≤0 only if x < y.
Y = (1.8)x
Figure 5.1. Exponential Expressions Example A: 3x < 9x-2
3x < (32)x-2
Rules of Exponents
Multiplication Rule m n m+n
3x < 32(x-2)
a ∙a =a
Division Rule 3x < 32x-4
am ÷m ann = amn
m-n
Power of a Power Rule (a ) = a x < 2x – 4
Power of a Product Rule (ab)n = anbn 4 < 2x – x
Power of a Fraction Rule 4<x
Zero Exponent a0 = 1 If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
Negative Exponent decreasing for all x. This means that bx > by if and
Fractional Exponent only if x < y.
figure 5.2.Rules of Exponents

Image 5.1. Example b

9
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 7
COMPOUND INTEREST
Real-Life Situations Using  A starting amount of money, Principal, can be
Exponential Functions invested at a certain interest rate that is earned at
 Population Growth the end of a given period of time. If the interest
 Exponential Decay rate is compounded, the interest earned at the
 Compound Interest end of the period is added to the principal, and
this new amount will earn interest in the next
EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND period.
POPULATION GROWTH  If a principal P is invested at an annual rate r,
compounded annually, then the amount after t
 Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of
years is given by A = P(1 + r)t.
time. If y0 is the initial amount, then the quantity
y after t units of time is given by y = y0(2)t/T. Example: Mrs. Quezon invested P100,000.00 in a
company that offers 6% interest compounded
Example: At t = 0, there were initially 20 bacteria.
annually.
Suppose that the bacteria double every 100 hours.
t = 0 Investment = P100,000
t=0 Number of Bacteria = 20 t = 1 Investment = P100,000(1.06) = P106,000
t = 100 Number of Bacteria = 20(2) t = 2 Investment = P106,000(1.06) = P112,360
t = 200 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)2 t = 3 Investment = P112,360(1.06) = P119,101.60
t = 300 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)3 t = 4 Investment = P119,101.60(1.06) = P126,247.70
t = 400 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)4 t = 5 Investment = P126,247.70(1.06) = P133,822.56
Exponential Model: y = 20(2)t/100 The investment is worth P133,822.56 in 5 years.
Exponential Model: y = 100,000(1.06)t
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND
HALF-LIFE THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL
 Half-life of a radioactive substance – time it FUNCTION
takes for half of the substance to decay.  While an exponential function may have various
 If a half-life of a substance is T units, and y0 is bases, a frequently used base is the irrational
the amount of substance corresponding to t = 0, number e, whose value is approx. 2.71828.
then the amount y of substance remaining after  Natural Exponential Function: f(x) = ex
t units of time is given by y = y0(1/2)t/T.
Example: A large slab of meat is taken from the
Example: Suppose that the half-life of a certain refrigerator and placed in a pre-heated oven. The
radioactive substance is 10 days and there are 10g temperature T of the slab t minutes after being
initially.
placed in the oven is given by T = 170 – 165e0.006t
t=0 Amount of Substance = 10g degrees Celsius. Round off values to the nearest
t = 10 Amount of Substance = 5g integer.
t = 20 Amount of Substance = 2.5g
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t = 30 Amount of Substance = 1.25g T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54
Exponential Model: y = 10(1/2)t/10

1
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 8
Important Properties
Representing Real-Life Situation  Change of base formula logbx = logax/logab
Involving Logarithmic Function  The change of base formula allows you to use
your calculator to evaluate the logarithms in
Logarithm order to use the calculator, a must be either 10
 The exponent to which a fixed value, base, or e.
must be raised to produce that number.
Real-Life Situation Using Logarithmic
Function
The Richter Scale
Earthquake Magnitude on a Ritcher Scale
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by

Figure
Where8.1. Logarithm
E (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40 is the energy released by
Logarithmic Function: Let a and b a positive
number with a is not equal to 1. The logarithmic
function with base a, denoted by logax is defined by
y = logax if and only if x = ay The formula indicates that the magnitude of an
earthquake is based on the logarithm of the ratio
Types of Logarithms between the energy it releases and energy released
1. Common Logarithmic Function by a reference earthquake.
 Logarithmic function with base 10 denoted
by log10 or simply log. The Decibel
 f(x) = log10 x Sound Intensity
In Acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is
2. Natural Logarithmic Function
 Logarithmic function to the base e
denoted by loge. Where I is the sound intensity in watts/m2 (the quantity 10-12 watts/m2 is the least audible sou
 f(x) = loge x

Properties of Logarithms of a Function

1. Let a be a positive number with a ≠ 1. Let x > 0,
y > 0, and n be any real number.
2. The logarithm of a product is the sum of the
logarithms. logaxy = logax + logay
3. The logarithm of a quotient is the difference of
the logarithms.

1
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 9
Example 3: Common Logarithms
Logarithmic Function, Equation, logx2 = 2
and Inequality Change to exponential form
x2 = 102
Equation Inequality Function x2 = 100
Function of the x = 10 & −10
An inequality that
An equation in a form x = 10
involves
form of logarithms f(x) = logbx
logarithms
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)
log2(2x)=log2(14) log2(x)<log2(14) g(x)=log3x Logarithmic Inequality

Inequalities in which one (or both) sides
Restrictions on the value of b and x in the involving a logarithm.
logarithmic expression logbx in solving logarithmic Property of Logarithmic Inequalities
equations and inequalities: Given the logarithmic expression logbx
1. b can any positive real number except 1. 1.
If 0 < b < 1 then x1 < x2
2. x can any real number  If and only if logbx1 > logbx2
3. The entire expression logbx can any be real 2.
If b > 1 then x1 < x2
number (hence, can be negative number)  If and only of logbx1 < logbx2

Logarithmic Equation Example 1: log2(2x + 3) > log2(3x)

One to One Property of Logarithmic Function 2x + 3 > 3x

For any logarithmic function f(x)=logbx, if 2x − 3x > 3
and only of logb(u) = log2b(v), then u = v. x<3
Solution Set: 0 < x < 3
Example 1: Logarithms with the same bases
log2(x) = log2(14)
When the base is less than 1, the previous intuition
Log expressions being equal say that the argument
is essentially reversed: the larger side is now the
must be equal
one with the smaller exponent.
x = 14
Example: log1/2(3x) > log1/2(2x + 3)
Example 2: Negative inside the logarithms Given inequality implies that 3x < 2x + 3
logb(x2 − 30) = 3x < 2x + 3
logb(x) (x2 − 30) = x 3x − 2x < 3
x2 − x − 30 = 0 3x − 2x < 3
(x −6)(x + 5) = x<3
0 Solution Set: 0 < x < 3
x = 6 & −5
Negative inside the logarithms is not acceptable
x=6

1
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 10
Example 1: A bank offers 1.5% annual simple
Simple Interest interest rate for a particular deposit. How much
1. Lender or creditor – “source of funds” person interest will be earned if 1 million pesos is
(or institution) who invests the money or deposited in this savings account for one year?
makes the funds available. P = 1,000,000 I = Prt =
2. Borrower or debtor – “user of funds” person r = 1.5% = 0.015 (1,000,000)(0.015)(1)
(or institution) who owes the money or avails t = 1 year I = 15,000
of the funds from the lender.
3. Origin or loan date – date on which money is Example 2: When invested at an annual interest rate
received by the borrower. of 7%, the amount earned 11,200Php of simple
4. Repayment date or maturity date – date on interest in 2.5 years. How much money was
which the money borrowed or loaned is to be originally invested?
completely repaid.
I = 11,200 P = I/rt =
5. Time or term (t) – amount of time in years the
r = 7% = 0.07 11,200/(0.07)(2.5)
money is borrowed or invested; length of time
t = 2.5 P = 64,000
between the origin and maturity dates
t = # of months/12
t = # of days/360 (banker’s rule) Example 3: Ricky borrowed 25,000Php and paid
6. Principal or present value (P) – amount of 1,250Php interest for 6 months. What was the rate
money borrowed or invested on the origin of interest?
date. I = 1,250 r = I/Pt =
7. Rate of Interest or simply rate (r) – annual P = 25,000 1,250/(25,000)(0.5)
rate, usually in percent, charged by the t = 6 months = 0.5 years r = 0.1 = 10%
lender, or rate of increase of the investment.
8. Interest (I) – amount paid or earned for the use Example 4: How long in years will it take for
of money. 17,300Php to amount to 20,000Php at 11.25%
9. Maturity Value or Future Value (F) – amount simple interest?
after t years that the lender receives from the
I = 20,000 – 17,300
borrower on the maturity date. I = 2,700 t = I/Pr =
F=P+I 2,700/(17,300)(0.1125)
P = 17,300
t = 1.4 years
Simple Interest r = 11.25% = 0.1125

Interest charged on the principal alone for the
entire duration or period (t) of the loan or
investment at a particular rate (r)
I = Prt
t = I/Pr
P = I/rt
r = I/Pt